1768-1774

Moldova, Bessarabia, Valahia, Aegean Sea

the collision of Russian and Turkish interests in the Commonwealth speech (see the Barski Confederation)

the victory of Russia

Kychuk-Kainardzhi World

Russian- turkish war 1768-1774 (Turkish title: 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı) is one of the key wars between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. The main goal of the War from Russia was to receive an exit to the Black Sea, Turkey expects to receive the Podolia and Volyn promised to her, expand their possessions in the Northern Black Sea and in the Caucasus, to capture Astrakhan and establish a protectorate over the Commonwealth speech.

During the war, the Russian army under the command of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turkish troops in battles at Large, Kagule and Kozlugi, and the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet under the command of Alexei Orlova and Grigory Spiridov defeated the Turkish fleet in the Chios battle and with Chesma.

The war was preceded by: a complex European diplomatic game, which Russia and France led against each other, as well as a political crisis in the commitory speech. The result of French and Polish intrigues Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III announced the war of Russia, taking advantage of the pretexts of the Russian army in the Commonwealth. On the side of Turkey, the Crimean Khanate, including Nekrasovtsev, and the Dubrovnitsky Republic fought on the side of Turkey. In addition, the Turkish government has enlisted the support of Polish confederate rebels. From Russia, in addition to the regular army and the fleet, the fighting was led by the detachments of the Don, Teresk, Malorosiysk and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, including the Flootilla of the Zaporozhtsev, as well as Kalmyki. The course of the war on the territory of the Ottoman Empire in 1770, with the support of the Russian fleet, the uprising of the Greeks of Peloponnes was raised, and in 1771 Egypt and Syria rebelled.

On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Kychuk-Kainardzhi Treaty with Russia. The result of the war ended in the victory of the Russian Empire, its composition entered the first lands in the Crimea: Kerch and Yenikale fortresses (the rest of the Crimea was joined to Russia 9 years later - in 1783), territory on the northern coast of the Black Sea (including important fortresses - Azov, Kinburn, Taganrog) and in the North Caucasus, and Crimean Khanate formally gained independence under Russia's protectory. Turkey paid Russia to the end of 4.5 million rubles. Russia received the right to possess the military fleet on the Black Sea.

• 1 prehistory conflict
• 2 Direct reasons
• 3 course of war
  • 3.1 Campaign 1769
  • 3.2 Campaign 1770
    • 3.2.1 Actions 1st Army
    • 3.2.2 Actions of the 2nd Army
    • 3.2.3 Mediterranean Sea
    • 3.2.4 Caucasus
  • 3.3 Campaign 1771
    • 3.3.1 Overall situation and plans of the parties
    • 3.3.2 Taking Crimea
    • 3.3.3 Actions on the Danube
  • 3.4 Peace Negotiations in 1772-1773
  • 3.5 Campaign 1773
  • 3.6 Campaign 1774
• 4 results of war
• 5 Marine Campaigns
• 6 cm also
• 7 Notes
• 8 literature
• 9 Links

Background conflict

The reason for the exacerbation of Russian-Turkish relations was the events in the commitory speech. The foreign policy of the Russian Empire since the 1760s, under the influence of Nikita Panin, was intended to create a "northern chord" - the Union of Northern States (Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden and Commonwealth) with the support of England in opposition to the European Hegemony of France and Austria. At the end of September 1763, the King August III king died in the Commonwealth and the usual parties parties began. The election of the king intervened Russia, and in 1764 her candidate was elected - Stanislav understood. The struggle of the parties continued after the election of the king. Russia, together with Prussia, again put forward the question of dissidents, Russian troops were introduced into a compolatory company, and the Russian envoy in Warsaw Prince Repnin was so vigorously defended the interests of his government and dissidents, which at every step allowed illegal actions that came out, in the end, before arrest More prominent and influential members of the Seima.

To counteract Russian influence in 1768, a confederation was formed, with the support of Catholic powers - France and Austria - entered into an unsuccessful struggle with Russian and Polish government troops. Once in a difficult situation, the confederates appealed for help to the port. Jewels were collected for bribing influential persons in Constantinople. The French government actively supported the petition of the Poles and used all sorts of measures to quarre Turkey with Russia. For a long time, this policy did not give results. The Russian ambassador to Turkey A. M. Obriszov assured Sultan that Russian troops would be derived from the Commonwealth in February 1768. The French government was displeased with the activities of his ambassador, and sent him to help Saint-at, and then a special agent of Toloi. The latter persuaded the confederates to give up Volyn and the Podoliyas of Turkey if it had to help confederates. This offer changed the position of Turkey, which began to look for an excuse for interference in Polish affairs.

Direct reasons

During the hostilities against the Bark Confederation, the detachment of those who considered themselves in the Russian military service, among which there were Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, pursuing confederates, entered the city of the Balta of the Khanskaya Ukraine, invading, so on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, and then burned the city of Dubossara on the Dniester where the Turkish Tatar defenders were hidden. This caused a diplomatic scandal. On September 25 (October 6), 1768, the Ottoman Great Vizier invited O Obresskov to himself, he cost him offensively and rudely and ordered to conclude into a seven castle, this was the announcement of war in Ottoman. October 29 (November 10) was announced to collect the Turkish army for a trip to Russia.

In response, Catherine II declared War of Turkey by Manifesto from 18 (29) of November 1768. The port accused Russia's gap. Russia, according to her, repeatedly broke the prisoners, built fortresses near the borders of Turkey, intervened in the affairs of the compulculation, seeking to limit the liberty liberty and contributing to the election of the "man from among the officers, unworthy to be the king and from the last name and the ancestors whose no one was king "; Finally, the Russian troops ruined the name. Catherine turned to a circular note to the European courtyards, in which he tried to explain and prove the justice and to direct Russian politics and point out the injustice of the ports incited by the opponents of Russia.

Liberation Obresskov from a seven lock

Winter has passed in preparation for military action. Turks and confederates tried to negotiate joint actions. In the fall of 1768, Russia spent two recruit sets. Catherine II approved the proposal of the Orlich brothers Send a Russian fleet to the Mediterranean Sea and to ignore the antiturique uprising among the Christian peoples of the Balkans. Nikita Panin and Russian Ambassador in England I.G. Chernyshov agreed with the British on helping and the organization of the fleet.

The course of war

Campaign 1769.

Russian troops were divided into 3 armies: the main, under the superior of General-General Prince A. M. Golitsyn (up to 71 thousand with full staffing, including 10 thousand Cossacks), gathered at Kiev; The second army, General-Anshuf Rumyantsev (up to 43 thousand), was supposed to protect the southern borders of Russia from the invasions of the Tatars and was located in Poltava and Bakhmuta; The third army, Annefa General Olite (up to 15 thousand) - Lutsk was appointed as an avant-garde of the main army.

The fighting began 15 (26) January 1769. The Crimean Tatars crossed the border of Russia and produced a raid on Elisavetrrad Province and Slavsherbia, and on the way back to the Kiev Voivodeship Commonwealth. From the Russian side, the detachment of General-lieutenant Versea is March 6, I took Azov and on March 19, a detachment of Brigadier Zhedez took Taganrog.

The main army at the end of March focused on Old-Konstantinova. The Moldovan clergy appealed to the Russian army with a request to join Moldova and promised promotion. Golitsyn decided to step despite the fact that the army was not equipped - in the shelves intended for crossing the Dniester, on April 11, 44,531 people were held (infantry 27 187, cavalry 10 574, 1087 artillery players, 5683 uniform), beyond Golitsyn It was up to 6 thousand Don Cossacks. On April 15, the Russian army forced the Dniester and on April 19 with a fight approached the fortress Khotyn. But Golitsyn did not have a siege artillery, and he could not grow in Emory, since food took only 8 days, and therefore on April 24, the army crossed back to the podolia. Golitsyn decided for the Dniester waiting for the approach of the main forces of the Turks and then give them a general battle. As a result, the next 2 months he was inactive.

Wanting to distract the attention of the Turks from Podolia and at the same time get close to the main army, Rumyantsev (34,459 people, including 6 thousand small and 3 thousand Don Cossacks) at the beginning of May, went through the Dnieper and headed for Elisavetgrad, regarding the general Guarantor Berg (3800 people) to produce a diversion from Bakhmut to Crimean Peninsula. 16 thousand Kalmykov and 3 thousand Don Cossacks joined the Berg.

Meanwhile, on May 21, the main army of the Turks crossed through the Danube, and the confederates, encouraged by the retreat of Golitsyn, tried to capture Lviv. The offensive of the Turk went slowly due to difficulties in the device of bridges on the Danube and poor food supply. However, thanks to the inaction of Golitsyn, during the day they managed to collect very large forces on the bottom, and on June 3, the Grand Vizier translated his army across the river Prut, settled down with the main forces (up to 100 thousand) in a row of grave and then headed for Benders , intending to go to Elisavetgrad. In addition to the army of the Vizier, there were 20 thousand Turks in Bender, 35 thousand Turks, in Dubossara, up to 40 thousand Tatars and up to 40 thousand Tatars were Khotyn. On June 19, the Turks forces up to 20 thousand people tried to go through the Dniester from Khotyn, but were thrown back by the Avant-garde of the main army under the command of General Major Prince Prozorovsky.

Golitsyn learned that the Vizier goes to Rumyantsev, and decided to confuse his plans. On June 24, he again crossed the Dniester and on July 2, by beating the Turks counterattack during a 6-hour battle, heeded Khotin, without daring how to assault. The garrison of the fortress experienced great difficulties with food and especially with fodder. Vizier, fearing for the fate of the fortress and receiving exaggerated information about the forces of Rumyantsev, refused to invasion in Novorossia and moved to Khotyn, but, having reached on 20 July to a row of the grave, he stopped in indecision. Only Tatars were sent to Khotin under the supervision of Devlet-Hire (25 thousand) and followed by the corps under the command of Moldova Pasha (30 thousand). On July 22, the Russian army reflected the attempted Devlet-Hire to break through Khotin's blockade. On July 25, Moldova Pasha joined Tatars. Deciding that the general battle is inevitable, Golitsyn stopped the siege of Khotina and gathered all his troops into a common camp, expecting attacks of the Turks. However, having assistance to the garrison Khotyn, Moldova Pasha took defense. Golitsyn did not decide to attack himself, with a fight crossed through the Dniester on August 1 and on August 3, she was located at Prnyaginin. Golitsyn's re-retreat looked like a defeat and encouraged the Turks. Sultan Mustafa III appointed Moldova-Pasha with a new Vizier. Former Vizier, his translator and the Lord of Moldova Grigory Kallimaki were executed for the poor supply of the army, treasure and alleged treason.

14, 23 and 29, the Turks made attempts to cross the Khotyn through the Dniester. The strongest attack took place on August 29. The main forces of the new Vizier (up to 80 thousand) attacked Bruce and Saltykov's squads, but were discarded by the river during the 12-hour battle. The losses of the Turks were only killed by more than 3,000 people, the loss of Russians - 182 killed and 337 wounded. On September 6, the Turkish detachment of 9 or 12 thousand took to protect his forage places the premotable strengthening on the left bank of the Dniester opposite Khotin. Because of the spill of the Dniester, he could not cross the back and was cut off from his main forces. Golitsyn ordered five shells (Weisman, Smelter, Kashkin, Kechoenikov, Sukhotyn) to attack the Turks in the evening at 9 o'clock. darkness in the bayonet attack the whole Turkish squad was destroyed most of The Turk was a pinch of bayonets, a part was captured, the part was drowned while trying to escape the flood. Russian army killed 94, 511 people were injured.

These victories of the Russian army, as well as the lack of food and the rebellion that occurred in the Turkish army, forced Moldovans-Pash to retreat to Yassam, and then to a row grave. A significant part of his troops ran away, and left under the Hankin Devlet-Gary after the retreat of the Turks also went to the rumble of the grave. On September 9, Khotyn was without a fight busy with Russian troops, after which Golitsyn was departed to a mezhibogo to get close to his shops. At the same time, he sent the detachment of the lieutenant of Elmpt to Iassam, who were busy on September 26. Vizier retreated to Isakchu, and Crimean Khan, having learned about it, dismissed his troops. On the left bank of the Danube remained only minor Turkish garrisons. Elmpt, bringing Moldova's inhabitants to oath Catherine II and leaving a small detachment in Moldova under the boss of the proorpeskoy, in early October returned to the podolia.

Meanwhile, the Empress, dissatisfied with the defensive nature of the actions of Golitsyn, produced him in General Field Marshals and recalled from the army. In his place, she was appointed Rumyantsev on August 13, who arrived in the 1st Army on September 18; The 2nd army was entrusted to General Annefu Count P. I. Panin. Since the Turks went beyond the Danube, and the Confederates were scattered, the Rumyantsev in view of the onset of the cold placed the renewal of hostilities before spring and placed the troops of the main army on the apartments between the Dniester, Bug and Zbruch. However, to protect Moldova, the detachment that was in it was strengthened and was instructed by the Lieutenant-General Shtofelna. On November 21, Russian troops occupied Bucharest and advanced advanced detachments to the left bank of the Danube. The course of the winter of the Turks repeatedly tried to knock off the housing of the shtofelna from the Valahia, but unsuccessfully.

On September 17, Count Panin joined the command of the 2nd Army. This time on the right bank of the Dnieper in the ranks of the 2nd Army was 30,752 people. (as well as 1333 patients and 1914 people on vacation). Panin received the order of Catherine to master Benders, but for the lack of siege artillery, it was limited to raids on this fortress of the units of Count Wittgenstein and Major General Zorich. On October 27, the 2nd Army began a departure to winter apartments and was located on the Uman-Poltava-Bakhmut line. Overall, during the campaign of 1769, the troops of the 2nd Army were limited to small shocks at border points; The expedition made in June, the Expedition of General Berg in Crimea did not have success: the grass in the steppe burned, and the detachment was forced to return. However, the maneuvers of the 2nd army, which covered the huge space from the Azov Sea and almost to the most Hotest, was the actions of the main army of the Vizier and crimean Tatars And significantly promoted the success of the main army.

Also in 1769: the detachments of Cossacks and Kalmykov under the command of General-Major Medema successfully acted in Kuban and the North Caucasus and influenced the adoption by Kabardinians and other residents of the Kuban of Russian citizenship; On July 29, the first squadron of the Mediterranean fleet came out of Kronstadt and went around Europe to the Aegean Sea; On Don Vice-Admiral A. N. Senyavin began to recreate the Don (Azov) flotilla; In September, the Totleben detachment for joint actions with Irakli II arrived in Georgia.

Campaign 1770

Actions 1st Army

According to the Military Action Rumyantsev, the main army should finally clear from the Turks of Valachia and Moldova and prevent the crossing of their main army through the Danube, and the 2nd, acting in connection with it, is to master benders and protect the southern borders of Russia. An important appointment was given to the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean: he had to support the Greek uprising in the sea and the archipelago and try to penetrate Dardanelles, threatening Constantinople (the first Archipelago Expedition).

In turn, using the lowarity and separation of the Moldovan corps under the command of Shtofelna, the Turks planned to defeat him and regain Moldavia and Valahius. Sultan appointed a new Vizier and the new Crimean Khan. At the beginning of May, the main army of the Vizier consisted of up to 150 thousand and was preparing to cross through the Danube in Isacche.

The housing of the Toodhelnus all winter led heavy fights in Valahia, carried the big losses from the plague and by the spring of 1770 it was unlikely to have even 10 thousand in the ranks. Therefore, in view of the Turkish threat, 5 (16), 1770 Rumyantsev ordered to leave Bucharest and the entire Corps of Nutofelna Focus the chamorette and falleces. On April 23, leaving a compulsory compassion for the cover of the rear of the building under the command of General-lieutenant Christopher von Essen (about 10 thousand), the main army left the winter apartments and moved to Khotin. On May 15, Rumyantsev crossed the Dniester. With the exception of the Moldovan Corps, the number of the main army on May 2 was 38,822 people (infantry 19,474, cavalry 6399, artilleryrs and engineers 1631, Cossacks 449, recruit 3544, unroyed 5203 and patients 2122; 296 guns and 16 thousand losses). Another 3598 recruit did not have time to arrive at the beginning of the campaign. The camp in Khotina Rumyantsev left 4 infantry shelf of an incomplete kit for learning recruits and receiving recovering (that is, about 26 thousand dollars left in the ranks of the main army) and on May 25 spoke south.

The offensive of Rumyantsev, who hurried to prevent the Turks in Moldova, was extremely slowed down by the spring dishthele, as well as the spread of the plague in the Danube Principles. On June 9, Rumyantsev got a camp on the left bank of the rod y with. Cysitor (30 wool from Ias). On June 11, the new commander of the Moldavian Corps repinn, who replaced sustainably deceased from the plague of the shtofelna, crossed the left bank of the rod to connect with the avant-garde of the main army. The number of repove the repoven did not exceed 4-5 thousand people, as he left the rod on the right bank of all his mergers (700 people) under the team of Potemkin and all his Cossacks and Hussar. Thus, before the decisive battles in the main army, Rumyantsev had no more than 30-31 thousand fighters and 5 thousand unfortunate, he was opposed to the main army of the Vizier (up to 80 thousand people) and the Crimean Tatars (up to 70 thousand).

The actions of the main army in this campaign were brilliant and marked by victories of 17 (28) June 1770 with a row of the grave, 7 (18) of July 1770 at Large and July 21 (August 1) 1770 during the kagule, where the Turks suffered a terrible defeat despite the fact that Rumyantsev was able to put only 17 thousand people against them. The rank of General Field Marshal became a reward for Rumyantsev for Kagul. The consequence of the victory during the kagule was the new successes of the Russian army. Repnin took the fortress Ishmael on July 26 and Kilia on August 19, and the needlster - Akkerman on September 28. On November 9, after heavy fighting, the Turks left Brailov. Battles for Brailov Detachment General Major Nikolai Glebova lost about 700 killed and 2100 wounded. On November 14, Gudovich again entered Bucharest, on December 28, Keechikov took Kraiov. For winter apartments, the main army is located in Moldova and Valahia.

Actions of the 2nd Army

In the 2nd Russian Army, at the beginning of the 1770 campaign, 75,837 people were listed - 40,837 regular troops (of which 5,761 non-building), 20 thousand Cossacks and 15 thousand Kalmykov, and 3320 recruits were required to arrive at the 2nd army Siege artillery from Kiev. The 2nd Army was divided into 3 parts: the main building under the direct command of the Count Panin, aimed at Bender, the Berg body on the left bank of the Dnieper - for action against the Crimea, and against the Classes of the Prozorovsky. Berg's housing was 21,124 people (infantry 4521, cavalry 1569, unroyed 1034, Cossacks 4 thousand, Kalmykov 10 thousand), the corps of Prince Prozorovsky had to 14,000 - regular cavalry up to 1500 people, up to 7.5 thousand Cossacks and 5 thousand kalmykov; To protect the rear and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, up to 11 thousand people were used and moreover, 2391 Cossacks on ships were the Dnieper flotilla.

On March 20, the 2nd Army made winter apartments, on June 7, Panin crossed the Bug, July 2 through Dniester. Fearing the plague, Panin decided to take Bender's not storming, but by bombing and earthworks. On July 15, the Siege Bender began. Panina Corps at that time was 33,744 people (including non-trial) - 18,567 infantry, 3574 artilleryrs and engineers, 6375 cavalry, 4398 Cossacks, 830 patients and 16 thousand horses. The Turkish garrison numbered more than 12 thousand people and had a stubborn resistance, it was not possible to break the siege and bombardments. Understanding the need for assault, Panin requested significant reinforcements from Rumyantsev so that in the event of failure it was possible to continue the siege. He had to wait, as the 1st army led active actions at this time. Finally, on September 15, the detachments from the 1st Army were sent to Bendram and Panin decided on assault. For attack, Panin was able to allocate only 11 thousand cases of infantry, about 2.5 thousand cavalry and 2.5 thousand Cossacks. On the evening of September 15, blowing up the mine, concluded under the fortress tree, the troops of the 2nd army went to the attack. The fight was all night all night, both army showed courage and disadvantage, but the military art of the Russians turned out to be higher and at 8 am 16 (27) of September 1770 the Turks surrendered. During the assault, the city completely burned down. Among the storms were the premier Major Mikhail Kutuzov and Khoruzhij Emelyan Pugachev. Overall, for all the time the siege, Bender of Russian loss amounted to 6236 people (1672 killed and dead and 4564 wounded), the Turks lost more than 7 thousand killed, 5390 prisoners and 348 guns.

In addition to actually hostilities, on the instructions of Catherine II, throughout the year, Panin led negotiations with Tatars. A result of these negotiations and military successes of Russia, the Nogai Tatars of the Budzhan, the Uzan, the Self-Kulsky and Jambulak Horde decided to postpone from Turkey and take the patronage of Russia.

Success and other buildings of the 2nd army have achieved. On September 10, the prozorovsky destroyed the Ochakov garrison squad, the losses of the Turks accounted for up to 3 thousand people. On September 24, before the Romanius Major Major Detack from the Berg body attacked Tatars and drove them back for the pin, Tatars lost up to 2 thousand. The loss of Russians in both cases were insignificant.

After the capture of Bender on the military council of the 2nd Army, it was decided that it was impossible to organize the siege of Ocakov this year. October 6, leaving in Bender 5 thousandthly garrison, the 2nd army moved to the Dnieper for winter apartments. Panin expected to receive the Feldmarsh Rod for his merits, but Catherine II remained unhappy with the losses of the 2nd Army and the ruin of Bender. "What is so much to lose and so little, it was better not to take," she said, having received news about the capture of Bender. It was unlikely that Panin was fairly reproached, but he did not receive Chin Feldmarshal and, considering himself offended, asked for a replacement. On November 19, Catherine dismissed him in retirement.

Mediterranean Sea

The 1st squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet 17 (28) of February landed the landing in the sea. However, the actions on land ended for Russian troops of failure due to the underestimation by the Russian command of the force of the Turks in Greece and the revaluation of the power of Greek rebels. At sea, the events developed completely differently. On June 26 (July 7), almost simultaneously with the Kagul defeat, the Turks were defeated by the sea: their fleet in the Chesmen Bay was burned by the Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Grigoria Spiridov and the counter-admiral of John Elfinson under the general command of Count Alexei Orlova.

Caucasus

The Transcaucasian Totleben detachment consisted of 1 infantry shelf, 4 squadrons, 12 guns and 5 Cossack hundreds (that is, about 3 thousand people). Russia's allies were Karli-Kakhetsky Tsar Irakli II and Imeretic Tsar Solomon I. However, the relationship between allies was not charged. Russian Volunteer Lieutenant Colonel Choglokov decided to shift Totleben and take advantage of Russian troops to capture power. Totleben ordered Choglockov to arrest, but he was helped to flee to Tiflis. Choglockov made from Tiflis denunciation to St. Petersburg, that Totleben or went crazy or plotd treason. Excited by this, Totleben accused Irakli's intrigues. Under such conditions, military actions could not go successfully. In the spring of 1770, when Irakli and Totleben moved together to the Turkish fortress Akhaltsikhe, barcias were again between them. Totleben separated and went to Imereti, and Irakli, remaining alone, was forced to retreat. The Turks tried to surround it, but on April 20, Irakli won in the battle of Aspyndse. Imereti Totleben took Kutaisi on August 6, then moved to Poti, breaking down the 12-thousand squad of the Turks on the road. The siege of the time began on October 3, but it was unsuccessful. Totleben and Solomon acted separately, absolutely not believing with each other. In the autumn of Catherine II, having considered that Totleben brings more harm than good, he replaced him with Major General Sukhotin. Sukhotin did not believe in the possibility of taking the Poti and in the winter of 1771 he removed the siege. Because of this, the investigation was even started over dry, but meanwhile, Ekaterina recognized the useless troops for the Caucasus useless, and in the spring of 1772, the Transcaucasian detachment returned to Russia, leaving in Georgia a lot of Russian deserters in Georgia.

Campaign 1771

General situation and plans of the parties

Military failures forced the Turkish command to think about their reasons and reorganize their army. Mustafa III ordered not to use irregular troops at the main theater of hostilities due to their unreliability. Vizier made his main army only from regular troops - Yanychar, the number of the Turkish army decreased, but the discipline has improved. Campaigns 1769 and 1770 Russian artillery was horrified on the Turk, the Turkish artillery was nervy and therefore ineffective. With the help of French specialists, the Turks settled the production of lightweight cannons and by the summer of 1771 60 guns of the new sample arrived in the army of the Vizier. The full superiority of the Russian army in the field battles on the one hand, and the persistent defense of the Turks Bender and Brilov on the other, forced Sultan and Vizier to change their tactics - they decided to defend key fortresses strong garrisons and only in a convenient case go to the offensive big forces. Understanding its military weakness, on June 25 (July 6), the Turks concluded a convention with their old enemy - Austria, in which Turkey pledged to pay Austria to 10 million pirasters and transfer to her a small Valachia, if the Turks will return to the Turks of all conquered by military tools Russia land. The Turks even paid to the Austrians a deposit of 3 million piastra and hoped to draw Russia to the war on two fronts, and they themselves were going to focus on the defense of the Right Bank of the Danube, Dardanell, Ochakova and the Crimea.

Crimea for Russia was the main goal of the campaign of 1771. Perennial diplomatic efforts of Catherine, Rumyantsev and Panina gave the result - the Crimean Tatars did not want to fight. The discord among the Tatars caused the replacement of the Sultan Khan Kaplan-Gray to Selim Geraia. Catherine decided to take advantage of this and take the Crimea forces by the 2nd Army under the command of General-Annef Prince V. M. Dolgorukova. The task of the 1st Army was the defense of Valahia and Moldova, as well as Rumyantsev received the authority from Catherine to lead directly with the vizier of peace negotiations.

Taking Crimea

The 2nd Army (about 30 thousand regular troops and 7 thousand nakov) spoke out of Poltava on April 20 and moved to the south along the Dnieper, without experiencing problems with the supply. A newly built Azov flotilla was already combed in 1771 and assisted from the sea. Sultan could not collect the army sufficient to protect the Crimea. Varna had to come from Anatoly 50 thousand worst for the transfer to Ochakov, however, the threat from Solomon I and Irakli II forced Sultan 40 thousand from them to send to Georgia. 30 thousand Sultan was forced to keep in Constantinople, as the Russian fleet in the Aegean Sea prevented the supplies to Constantinople and the Ottoman capital was on the verge of a hungry riot. 40 thousand had to be directed to the defense of Dardanell. Arriving in June in the Crimea Turkish landing was small and his commander even refused to disembark.

On June 12, Dolgorukov came up to the perekop, who defended 50 thousand Tatars and 7 thousand trains under the personal command of the Crimean Khan. On June 13-15, the Russian troops took the storming of the Perekopian line, the garrison of the perk was surrendered to 15 (26) June 1771. On 22 June, the Russians entered Gözlev (Evpatoria) and June 29 (July 10), 1771 Dolgorukov took Cafu (Feodosia). A separate detachment of Major General Prince Shcherbatova (about 4 thousand people), which coming from the genusk in the Arabaty Spit, June 18 seized the Fortress of Arabat, June 21 (July 2) 1771 without resistance took Kerch and June 22, Yenikale. Total Crimea was taken in 16 days. The resistance of the Turks and the Tatars turned out to be weak, and the Crimean fortresses were in poor condition. On September 5, leaving the garrisons in Crimea under the general team of Prince Shcherbatov, the 2nd Army headed for winter apartments to Dnipro. The Azov Flotilla ranked Kerch's Pier. Selim Gerai fled, and the Tatars independently elected new Khan pro-Russian-minded Sahib Graya, who began peaceful negotiations with Russia, which Catherine sought.

Actions on Danube

The main army of Vizier was located in Babadag and numbered up to 40 thousand people and 200 guns, there were up to 80 thousand in the garrisons of Danube fortresses and 15 thousand people in the garrison. The Russian 1st Army on May 16 was 77 thousand soldiers and up to 7.5 thousand nakov. However, Rumyantsev was needed to send 10 thousand soldiers and 2 thousand nakov into speech to collect the province and guard of stores and 5.9 thousand in guard and garrisons of fortresses; In addition, the wounded and patients were 8.5 thousand, another 1.9 thousand were listed in the absences in Russia, and Nesol was 6 thousand. So directly for the fighting remained 45 thousand soldiers and up to 5.5 thousand Cossacks . Rumyantsev divided them into 3 divisions. The 1st Division (including the reserve corps) under the team of the Rumyantsev was located in Moldova, it was 21.6 thousand soldiers (infantry 16 219, cavalry 4961, artillery players 474) and 1.5 thousand Cossacks. The 2nd or Bucharest division under the Olings team defended the front from the mouth of Jalomitz to the touro and then on the river Olte. It was in the ranks of 13.3 thousand soldiers (infantry 9930, cavalry 2955, artilleryrs 451) and up to 1.5 thousand Cossacks. The 3rd division under the command of the Weisman - 10.1 thousand soldiers (infantry 7103, cavalry 2758, artillery players 280) and 2.5 thousand Cossacks, and above that, Cossacks in 19 courts. Weisman acted from Brailov to the mouth of the Dniester. Due to the difficulties of the supariza of the supplies (the army was still mainly supplied from the speech of the joint) and the presence of a strong flotilla of the Turks of Rumyantsev, on the Danube On the left bank and break it there in the general battle. Under his leadership, the entire year was built by vessels for the future crossing.

The location of the 1st division was convenient for supply, but on the other hand, Rumyantsev for the entire campaign could not use it in business. All the severity of fighting fell on the 2nd and 3rd divisions. February 15 Oliz with 3130 people of infantry and 347 cavalry attacked the fortress by Zhuju, who surrendered on February 24 (March 7) 1771. Turks lost up to 4,000 killed and 84 guns, Russians - 179 killed and 820 wounded. On April 7, Oliz died, after him, the command of the Bucharest Division took N. V. Repinn. Repnin decided on May 25 to collect his strength from the Turkish fortress of the tournament for assault. Taking advantage of this, on May 26 to 6 thousand Turks from the goalkeeper attacked the Russian garrison in Joze (707 people). Repnin rushed to the rescue, passed in 4 days 120 miles, but late for several hours - May 29, the garrison of Juggurg surrendered. Inspired by success, the Turks tried to go to the offensive against the 2nd Division, but all their attacks were unsuccessful. In total, in battles on May 26 - June 13, the Turks lost only killed more than 2 thousand, the loss of Russian 502 killed and wounded. Rumyantsev demanded to beat off Zhurmon, but the situation in the 2nd division was difficult. On paper, it was a formidable force, for example, 12 infantry regiments were listed in it (the state of the shelf of 1550 fighters) and 5 separate grenadier battalions (for comparison in the Crimean campaign of the 2nd Army, 11 infantry regiments participated), but in these shelves by the summer of 1771 It remained half to a third personnel. Bucharest Division suffered from diseases, lack of food, ammunition and transport, while she needed to hold the long front. These conditions were impossible offensive. Repnin took a sick leave and on June 25, the division was headed by Background Essen. 7 (18) August 1771 Essen tried to return to Zhurmon, but suffered a defeat, having lost their killed or injured almost all officers, and only 514 killed and 1795 wounded. After that, the two armies continued to play hide and seek with each other.

And in October, Tactics Rumyantsev still brought success. On October 9, a small Russian squad approached Joze and departed. Osseliev, October 13, the Turks attacked the sedeller's detachment on the Argesh River and Russians retreated, losing 73 killed. The Turkish command decided that it was a convenient moment for the capture of Valahia and finally the concentrated army of the Turks with a number of about 30 thousand cavalry and 7 thousand infantry 20 (31) of October 1771 attacked Bucharest, but Russian troops under the command of Essen won, having lost only 55 killed And 199 wounded, the Turks lost up to 2000 killed and 350 prisoners. The Turkish army retreated for the Danube, for the persecution and complete defeat of the Turks at the division von Essen was not enough forces. October 24 (November 4) 1771 Cavalry squad of the Lieutenant Colonel Kantemir (up to 1.5 thousand people) took it to sorrow almost without resistance, capturing 50 guns.

The 3rd division in 1771 made 4 successful raids on Isaccha and Tulcha fortress. And if the first three were made by small detachments, then 19 (30) October 1771 Weisman crossed through the Danube already at the chapter of 4 thousand infantry, 1 thousand cavalry and 20 guns. The shocked by the number and courage of the landing, the Turks almost did not resist. Weisman took and turned Tulchu, Isakchu and Babadag to Ruins. Simultaneously with the Lesman, a detachment of General-Major A.S. Miloradovich (1740 soldiers and 320 Cossacks) captured Machin and Girso. The total detachments of Weisman and Miloradovich captured 214 guns, 58 ships and great amount Ammunition and the province, transported on the left bank of the Danube of 16 thousand civilians. Turks lost more than 1,400 people killed and 179 prisoners, Russian losses of only 27 killed and 134 wounded. October 27, all Russian detachments crossed back.

Peace negotiations in 1772-1773

And Russia and Turkey was very necessary peace. March 1772 Rumyantsev and Vizier Mussin-Zade agreed on the truce. Thanks to its vivid victories, Russia has been entitled to count on favorable conditions. However, Austria was dissatisfied with the fact that Russia claims to Danube Principles and from the fall 1771 was demonstratively preparing for war. Catherine II believed that the Austrians were bluffing, but, given the position of their ally Friedrich II (he began separate negotiations with Austrians), she decided to leave the Danube principalities by the Turks. For the course of 1772, Russia, Prussia and Austria settled the contradictions among themselves mainly by the section of the Commonwealth. The Austrian Chancellor Kaunitz and Friedrich offered to the Empress mediation for the conclusion of peace with the Sultan; But Catherine insisted in direct negotiations with the Turks. Almost all 1772 and until February 11, 1773, negotiations went to Fokshans and Bucharest; None of the port representatives decided to take responsibility for recognizing the independence of Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire, and in the spring of 1773 the war resumed.

Campaign 1773

During April and May 1773, Russian detachments of Weisman, Count Saltykov and Suvorov made a number of successful search for the right bank of the Danube, and on June 9, Rumyantsev himself switched to the Danube ya with the main forces. Gurobala (about 30 litters lower than a sylitude). On June 18, he approached the Silistria, mastered her advanced fortifications, but for further action Against the fortress recognized his forces insufficient, and learning about the approximation of 30 thousand army of Noman-Pasha, retreated to Gurobal.

To meet the Turkgers who stopped at Kaynari was sent to Weisman, who was attacked on June 22 and defeated the enemy, but at the same time he was killed himself. Despite this victory, Rumyantsev still did not consider themselves quite strong for offensive actions and retreated back for the Danube. Then the Turks themselves switched to the offensive: In early July, a strong detachment invaded them into small Valachia and took Kraiovo; But they undertaken (in August and September) attempts against Zhevhevo and Girsov ended in failure.

Empress persistently demanded the resumption of decisive offensive actions for the Danube; However, the Rumyantsev in view of the last time of the year did not recognize this possible, but limited himself to the expulsion (at the end of September) to the right bank of the Danube detachments of General Ungerna and Prince Dolgorukova for cleansing from the enemy of the entire Bulgarian territory to the line nois - Varna. These detachments were broken by the Turks from Karasu, but after an unsuccessful attack of Ungerna, Varna returned to the left bank, where the entire Army of Rumyantsev was located on winter apartments; On the right bank, only Girs was busy with Suvorov's squad.

Extremely displeased incompleteness of the past campaign of Rumyantsev decided to penetrate the Balkans in the spring of 1774, contrary to the fact that his army was very weakened, that he left the strong Turkish fortresses in her rear and that the enemy fleet prevail on the Black Sea. To facilitate the actions of the Rumyantsev army and distracting the attention of the Turks, our squadron in the archipelago was strengthened, and the 2nd Army was appointed for the siege of Ochakov.

In 1773, the Russian fleet acted in Eastern Mediterranean, taking attempts to plant a landing. After an unsuccessful storming of the Fortress Modon from the Greek coast, a two-month siege of Beirut was taken, which ended with the taking of the city thanks to the support of the friends of the Shakhov.

Campaign 1774 years

The campaign of 1774 opened in the 2nd half of April: Corps c. Kamensky and Suvorov switched to Danube, they cleared the Babadag region from the enemy, took the city of Bazardzhik, and on June 9, the Turks had to go to Kozlugi. Following the advanced corps, the Danube main forces of Rumyantsev (at a Silistria, Turatuk and Gurobala) moved to the left bank.

Meanwhile, Kamensky and Suvorov after the victory of Kozlugi came to noine and started her blockade. The appearance of the detachment of the Zaborovsky Brigadier from Chalakivak, the reports were noisy with Constantinople, solved the fate of the campaign. Panic fear mastered the Turks; The garrison was noisy raised the rebellion, and although Vizier pacified him, however, he himself came to be convinced of the impossibility of continuing the war. Since the request of him about the truce was Rumyantsev rejected, they began to negotiate the world, and 10 (July 21) a Küchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty was signed.

Results of war

Following the results of the war, the Crimea was declared independent of Turkey. Russia received a large and small cabardium, Azov, Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, with the steppe between Dnipro and Bug adjacent to him. Russian ships could freely walk in Turkish waters; Russian subjects received the right to use all the benefits that were used within Turkey the Allied Turks peoples; The port recognized the title of Russian emperors and pledged them to call them with Padishah, gave amnesty and freedom of religion to the Balkan Christians, provided representatives of Russia to take on the role of defenders of Slavs and apply for them. The port pledged to also extend the amnesty to Georgia and Mingrelia and not to take more grant of the grades and the decklocks. Russian filed received right without any fee to visit Jerusalem and other sacred places. Russia, in turn, expressed consent to the court of Sultan of the Messenger or Plenipotentiary Minister of the second rank and consuls with translators to protect the interests of Russian merchants in different cities Turkey. Further, Russia has pledged to bring troops from Georgia and Mingrelia, so that the local fortresses are protected by Turkish, and the native garrisons. For military costs, Turkey pledged to pay Russia 4.5 million rubles. On January 13, 1775, Kychuk-Kainardzhi world was approved by Sultan.

The contract was very unprofitable for Turkey, and one did not provide for Russia more or less prolonged world for Russia. The ports strongly tried to evade the exact execution of the contract - it did not pay the contribution, then did not miss Russian ships from the archipelago to the Black Sea, it agitated in the Crimea, trying to multiply there the number of his adherents. Russia agreed that the Crimean Tatars recognize the spiritual power of Sultan as the head of Muslims. This gave Sultan the opportunity to exert on the Tatars and political influence.

Sea campaigns

see also

• Kychuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty
• Dmitriev, Anton

Notes

1. Irakli II. Xpohoc.
2. Solomon I. XpoHoc.
3. History of Wars (Encyclopedia for Children). M.: Avanta, 2007. P. 277
4. Petrov A. N. Chapter I. Turkish army in the era of war 1769-1774. // The influence of Turkish wars from half past century on the development of Russian military art. - SPb.: Military printing house, 1893. - T. I. - p. 32.
5. Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982. Article "Russian-Turkish Wars of 17-19 BB."
6. Veselo Feodosius Fedorovich. Brief history of the Russian fleet (from the beginning of the development of navigation until 1825) // Meslago F. Brief history of the Russian fleet. - Mr.: NKVMF NKVMF Military Publishing House, 1939. - 304 p. Edition 2nd. Chapter VII. p. 93.
7. Isabel de Madariaga. Russia in the Epoch of Catherine Great. - M.: New Literary Review, 2002. - 310 p.
8. Isabel de Madariaga. Russia in the Epoch of Catherine Great. - M.: New Literary Review, 2002. - 330 p.
9. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - P. 109.
10. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - P. 119.
11. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - p. 158.
12. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - P. 299.
13. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - P. 305.
14. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - p. 313.
15. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - P. 193.
16. Buturinin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h - St. Petersburg, 1829.- T. I. - P. 20.
17. Bourning D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h. - St. Petersburg., 1829.- T. I. - P. 21.
18. Buturlin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h - St. Petersburg, 1829.- T. I. - p. 23.
19. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - p. 246.
20. Buturinin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h - St. Petersburg., 1829.- T. I. - S. 24.
21. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - p. 251.
22. ORDER P. A. Rumyantseva X. F. Shtofelna about the appointment by his commander of the corps in Moldova. http://www.vostlit.info/texts/dokumenty/russ/xviii/1740-1760/rumjancev_p_a/sb_dok_tom_ii/81-100/87.phtml?id\u003d
23. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. I. - p. 312.
24. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 31.
25. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 69.
26. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 220.
27. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 83-84.
28. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 70.
29. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 89-90.
30. Chronological index of hostilities of the Russian Army and Fleet. - St. Petersburg., 1908.- T. I. - P. 113.
31. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - P. 172-175, 178, 183.
32. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.272, applications
33. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.289.
34. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.279-281, applications
35. Chronological index of hostilities of the Russian Army and Fleet. - St. Petersburg., 1908.- T. I. - p. 121.
36. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.300.
37. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.329.
38. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.335-336.
39. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.338.
40. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.344.
41. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.- T. II. - p.335.
42. A.V. Potto. Caucasian War. Volume 1. From ancient times to Yermolov. 1899. http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/potto/kavkaz/index.html#_ftn2
43. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - S.58-60.
44. Isabel de Madariaga. Russia in the Epoch of Catherine Great. - M.: New Literary Review, 2002. - 360 p.
45. Buturlin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h. - St. Petersburg., 1829.- T. I. - P. 64.
46. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.52,60.
47. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.53.
48. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.61.
49. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.187.
50. Buturlin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h - St. Petersburg, 1829.- T. I. - pp. 65-66.
51. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.182.
52. Chronological index of hostilities of the Russian Army and Fleet. - St. Petersburg., 1908.- T. I. - p. 138.
53. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.185-186.
54. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - S.60-61.
55. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.300-307.
56. Buturinin D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Catherine II and Emperor Alexander I: 2 h. - St. Petersburg., 1829.- T. I. - P. 55-56.
57. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.23.
58. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.8-13.
59. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - P.80-91.
60. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.301-302.
61. Chronological index of hostilities of the Russian Army and Fleet. - St. Petersburg., 1908.- T. I. - P. 136.
62. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.153.
63. Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1874.- T. III. - p.156-169.
64. Russian marines took Beirut and Paris // Victor Butchers, "Independent Gazeta", 03/28/2008
65. Beirut (Phoenician) Expedition

Literature

• Petrov A. N. War of Russia with Turkey and Polish Confederates from 1769-1774. - St. Petersburg., 1866.
• Vasilenko N. P. Turkish Wars of Russia // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg., 1890-1907.
• Raz Rass-Efendia, Ottoman Minister of Foreign Affairs, about seven-year struggle of Turkey with Russia (1769-1776). - St. Petersburg., 1854.
• Nestry-Efendi M. Notes Mohammed Nezhati-Efendi, Turkish Captive in Russia in 1771-1775. / Lane With a tour. and preface. V. Smirnova // Russian Starina, 1894. - T. 81. - № 3. - P. 113-134; № 4. - P. 179-208; № 5. - P. 144-169.
• Lebedev A. A. At the origins of the Black Sea Fleet of Russia. Azov Flotilla Catherine II in the struggle for the Crimea and in the creation of the Black Sea Fleet (1768-1783) - SPb.: IPK Gangeut, 2011. - 832 p. - ISBN 978-5-904180-22-5
• Bourning D. P. Picture of Russia's wars with Turkey in the reign of Empress Ekaterina II and Emperor Alexander I. - St. Petersburg., 1829.
• Marine Atlas Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Volume III. Military historical. Part One.: Edition of the Main Staff of the Navy, 1958.

Links

• Sakovich P.M. Actions of Suvorov in Turkey in 1773 on the Runivers website.
• Tarla E. V. Chesmensky fight and the first Russian expedition to the archipelago.
• Archipelago expedition 1770-1773 Articles, documents, notes, memoirs.

Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774) information about

By 1768, the situation in which the war between Russia and Turkey was inevitable. The Russians wanted to get access to the Black Sea, while the Turks wanted to expand their empire at the expense of the Black Sea lands of Russia.

As a result, the Russian-Turkish war broke out 1768-1774. This war was started by the Turks suddenly. Crimean Khan hit the southern borders of Russia, and began promoting the country deep into the country. At this time, the major forces of the Turkish army were focused on the shore of the Dniester, preparing to make a campaign to Kiev. In addition, Turkey attracted his huge fleet to war, which acted in the Black Sea. The power of the Turkish army was huge. The Turk was numerically more than Russians. In addition, a sudden attack factor played a huge role. Russia was not ready for war, as a result in the early years, the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Passed with the advantage of the Ottoman Empire.

Russian Empress I understood that the army needs a hero, a person in which soldiers believe. As a result, the command of the Russian army took the Rumyantsev P.A., the hero of the seven-year war. In September 1769, the Russian army, under the command of Rumyantsev, entered Iasi, was later captured by Bucharest. The second grouping of Russian troops was sent to Don, where they managed to capture the fortress of Azov and Taganrog.

In July 1770, the first major battle of this war took place. It happened on the banks of the Largy River. Rumyantsev, the number of the army of which at times was inferior to the number of the Turkish army, won a glorious victory, which forced Ottomans to retreat. On July 5, another major victory was obsessed, this time on the sea. The Russian fleet, under the command of Spiridov and Orlov, reinforced Europe and entered the Chesmen Bay, where the Turkish fleet was located. Russians won an important maritime victory.

Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 continued, and in 1772 another significant event happened in it. From Poland, another Russian army was sent to Turkish land, which was commanded by Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. This, still young, the commander in 1773 forced the Danube River and captured the important Turkish fortress of Turtukai. As a result of the successful military company Suvorov, Rumyantsev, as well as due to victories russian fleetThe Ottoman Empire suffered defeat behind the defeat and lost its power. Turks could not resist for a long time, they were more likely to resist. In 1774, Rumyantsev concluded a peace treaty with Turks. It happened near the town of Kychuk Kainardji. According to the results of this peace treaty, Russia received the Kabarda fortress in the Caucasus, as well as the Kerch and Yenikale fortresses, which were located on the shores of the Azov Sea. In addition, the Ottoman Empire passed the land between South Bud and Dnipro. That is the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. It was finished.

Although a peace treaty was signed between Russia and Turkey, everyone understood that it was rather a truce than the world. Turkey needed a passage, since the Russian troops over the past three years of the war applied Ottomans one major defeat after another. Russia needed a world to suppress the peasant war under the leadership of Pugachev, which began in 1773.

War initiative 1768-1774 He came from the Ottoman Empire. Remembering the past victories, the Turks dreamed of throwing Russia from Zaporizhia, Azov and the North Caucasus and restore the position of the XVII century, when the Black and Azov seas were "in-house lakes" of the Ottoman Empire. The strategic task of Russia, on the contrary, was mastered the coast of black and Azov SelaWhat was dictated by the needs of the country's development. The lack of access to the southern seas deprived the country the opportunity to lead a wide external trade.

In addition, being an agrarian country, Russia was forced to be content with central regions weakened, while fertile black mills in the south of the country were not used because of the military danger from the Vassal of the Turkish Empire - Crimean Khanate. In the XVIII century As its military and international authority grows, Russia sought to change this state of affairs.

Crimean tatars. Gravyra V. Melnikova in Figure E. Korneeva. 1809

The foreign policy situation in Europe favored Turkey's plans. The strengthening of Russia's position in the Commonwealth was disturbed by England, France, Austria and Prussia. The last two sought to divide the Polish-Lithuanian lands among themselves and Russia. Petersburg has also hoped to keep under his influence the weakening day of the day the compassion.

In 1764, thanks to the support of Russia, the Polish magnate Stanislav Schnislavsky was erected to the TRON of the Commonwealth, the former chief of the heart of Empress Catherine II was erected. At the request of Russia, he provided equal rights to Catholics and "dissidents" (Orthodox Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as the Germans-Protestants). This law caused a sharp discontent of the Polish nobility (gentle). In 1768, indignant shutters created a confederation in the bar and rose against the king, at the same time pursuing and exterminating Orthodox.

The Russian troops were sent to pacify the rebellion. As they succeed in the fight against confederates, Turkey's claim to Russia intensified. First, from the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, A. M. Obszrovkova demanded that Russian troops in Poland did not approach the border with the speech of the associate ownership of Turkey and left the podolia. The ambassador pulled with the answer, and in the meantime, the Russian troops have fallen serious blows and approached the Turkish border. Sultan's subjects were victims of combat clashes: Turks, Moldovans and Tatars. The magnates appealed for help to the Ottoman Empire, and soon the Turks demanded that the conserved bring Russian troops from the Commonwealth and restore the exclusive rights of Catholics. Following this, the Russian ambassador was arrested, which meant the beginning of the war.

In the upcoming campaign, Turkey hoped to create a huge numerical advantage in its favor. The Turks assumed that Russia would exhibit 100-150 thousand soldiers and officers, while themselves were ready to mobilize 400 thousand people. This powerful army from the territory of the Danube principalities (Turkish possessions in Valahia, Moldova and Bessarabia) was to invade with compassion, defeat the Russians there, and then start the offensive in the depths of Russia. An active support promised Sultan Crimean Khan Crimea Gray.

Russia's lack of fleet in black and Mediterranean Seas Allowed Turkey, according to its strategists, do not take care of the safety of the rear.

For Russia, the war with Turkey in the midst of the Polish crisis was undesirable. However, the Russian commander in case of a collision with Osmans had their own plan. Russian troops were to lead an offensive on three directions. The first army of General Prince A. M. Golitsyn (90 thousand people) moved from Kiev to the Danube principalities. The second army of General P. A. Rumyantseva (35 thousand) from Ekaterinoslav applied to the Crimea. A separate building unfolded hostilities in the Caucasus. It was planned that a strong detachment of the ships of the Baltic Fleet under the command of General-Anshufa Count Alexey Grigorievich Orlova, Brother Ekaterininsky Favorita Gregory Orlova, will enter the Mediterranean Sea and will go to the shores of Turkey, in order to pull out the part of the Turkish forces from the main front on the Danube.

Although by 1768, both powers (especially Turkey) were determined, their willingness to war was far from ideal. The Turkish army compared to the Russian was rather backward. In addition, the Turks could not immediately assemble their hypothetical 400 thousand on the Danube. Most of their forces were scattered through the low-unity expanses, and to transfer them to Europe, months were required. Russians were also not ready for a long war. Shelves in Poland did not possess complete set Soldiers and weapons, most of the military supplies turned out to be unsuitable. CashReleased for the maintenance of troops were spent on other needs, and some simply turned out of them.

New, 1769 began for Russia from misfortune. In January, the hordes of the Crimeans collapsed to her southern outskirts. This invasion of Tatars has become the last in the history of Russia. Russian government There was information about the preparing raid, because most of the border provinces managed to reflect the invasion. However, one, located in the upper flow of the Ingul River and its influx of Ingoles, the so-called New Serbia, where Serbian and Russian immigrants lived, was scary. Tatars were captured by several thousand people, captured cattle and other property. The campaign headed the Crimea Girl himself, who died in this expedition. His successor was equally aggressive in relation to Russia, Devlet-Giri IV. 5,569, once again showed the danger of the Crimean threat. The solution of this problem could only be the elimination of the Khanate and the accession of the Crimea to Russia.

G. X. Kilian. Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. 80s. XVIII century

The main events of the war unfolded on the Danube. In the spring of 1769, the Army of Prince A. M. Golitsyn on the off-road and in terrible bad weather began an offensive towards the Turkish border. Afterceding the fortress Khotyn, Golitsyn lost a lot of soldiers from diseases and therefore was forced to remove the siege and retreat back to the Dnieper. However, the Turk of the case did not matter. Food ended in Khotin, and Osmans left the fortress. In September 1769, Golitsyn joined Khotin, and the body of the Lieutenant General of Count I. K. Elmpta took the city of Iasi. Residents of Moldova, in most Orthodox, in the appeal of their clergy, Catherine II swore. And in November 17b9g. Russian troops joined Bucharest. However, this was not saved Golitsyn. For weak successes, he was recalled and replaced by Peter Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796), showing a bright colonical talent during a seven-year war.

As mentioned above, Rumyantsev first began to move away from linear tactics, replacing it with a more advanced building - attack by columns and rifle chains. For Rumyantsev, there was a concern for soldiers and their needs not only in battle, but in peacetime. He encouraged the initiative of officers, trusting the commanders to make decisions on their own. His views were divided by most of the prominent Russian military, in particular the Orlov brothers, G. A. Potemkin and, of course, A. V. Suvorov.

Meanwhile, it was decided to attack Turkey where she is not waiting for it, namely in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of the Ottomans of Greece. The preparation of the expeditionary naval corps was given special attention. By 1769, five squaders created from 50 Baltic ships of various classes. The general command was instructed by A. G. Orlov. The government of Catherine II hoped to the uprising of the Greeks, dissatisfied with Turkish dominion. Therefore, Orlov was supposed to call the peoples conquered by the Turks to rise against the oppressors. Great luck turned out to be the fact that England, entitled with France (the ally of Turkey), did not prevent military operations of Russia.

In July 1769, the first squadron came out of Kronstadt. He was headed by Admiral G. A. Spiridov. He had to fulfill a very difficult task: to pave the way for other vessels from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea in conditions when one of the great naval powers - France was hostile to Russia, and the Russian fleet itself did not have on the path of the sea bases.

The weather was also against the Russians: frequent storms, hurricane winds were detained sails and rigging. However, the crews coped with difficulties, and the long transition was swallowed by a squadron into an excellent, skillful and bold connection. Following Spiridov, the second escade of the counter-admiral D. Elfinson was followed.

The French Cabinet offered to attack the Russian fleet immediately after the passage of the Gibraltar Strait, connecting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. But Louis XV found this operation dangerous, and Russian squadrons were safely passed by Gibraltar.

In February - May 1770, Russian ships came to the seas (southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, also called Peloponnese). A rebellion broke out in the sea, but he was not supported in other parts of Greece. Several Russian landings landed for the aid of the Greeks, but this operation brought little benefit. Turks drowned the Greek blood uprising. By order of Orlov, the Russian squadron moved to the islands of the Aegeo-Gom of the Sea (archipelago) to enter into battle with the Turkish fleet.

June 23 (July 4) 1770. Russian intelligence found that Ottoman ships are anchored in the Strait at the Island of Chios. Soon there was a number marine battles In the Chios Strait, the most important of which came the Chesme battle.

The Ottoman fleet under the command of Kapan-Pasha Hasan-Bay stood at the Chesmen Bay, who had powerful coastal artillery. The Turkish squadron counted 16 linear ships, 6 frigates and about 50 auxiliary vessels, possessing 1400 guns. Ships stood on anchors built into two curved as crescents, lines. The construction was so dense that the gun fire could only lead the first to the sea, line.

The direct leadership of the battle was carried out by Admirals G. A. Spiridov and S. K. Greig. The Russian fleet inferior in the number of Ottoman (9 linear ships, 3 frigates, 1 bombarded! Ship and 17 auxiliary; only 740 cannons). But the Russians had an advantage in the maneuver: they could have all the ships and guns, sending their fire against the first line of the Turkish fleet, while the second line of Ottomans remained without action.

On the morning of June 24 (July 5), the Russian ships were built into the kilvater column and in the wind began to quickly adopt the Turkish fleet. Approaching 0.5 Cable, Russians, against the then naval techniques, without stopping, turned out and gave a powerful cannon volley on the enemy. Then the fierce battle.

The Russian linear ship "Eustafius" (flagship of the first squadron), on board who was Admiral Spiridov and the brother of the commander-in-chief Fedor Orlov, took the Ottoman flagship of Rial Mustafa to the boardingman. On the top deck "Turka" began a fire, which spread into the powder cellar. The colossal explosion shocked the surroundings, and the Turkish flagship disappeared from the water surface in counting seconds. The explosion of "Rial Mustafa" is the front of the death of death and "Eustafia", but thanks to the coordinated actions of the team, most of its members were saved - they were missing eight sailors.

Commander-in-chief Alexey Orlov, seeing an explosion, found the whole team, including his brother, and, as he later recalled, "he felt that he had fainted, but soon he had come to himself, ordered all the sails and rushed his ship on the enemy" . Having lost the flagship ship, the Turks were confused. The captains were ordered to chop the anchor ropes and to go into the inner raid of the bay covered batteries. The latter turned out to be a trap: the Russians locked Ottomans in the bay, and the Turkish guns could not fire on Russian courts, since they prevented their own ships.

June 25 (July 6) the Russians did not undertake new attacks, and the Turks were calculated on a small respite. But against the usual (then the ships did not lead the fighting in the dark) the night from June 25-26 did not bring them peace. At the proposal of Spiridov, it was decided to attack in the dark with the help of branders (corporate ships). The outcome of the battle was solved by the skillful actions of the crew of one of the branders under the command of Lieutenant D. S. Ilina. Despite the tree of Turkish guns, he led the flaming ship to the side of the 84-cannon Ottoman vessel. Soon "Osman" caught fire and exploded. His burning fragments scattered across the bay and set fire to the remaining Turkish ships. By morning, June 26 (July 7), the Ottoman fleet was destroyed.

The Russian fleet has demonstrated the extraordinary courage, professionalism and innovation of the commander. They resolutely broke the "classic" rules of their time. The participants of the Chesme battles were generously awarded Catherine II, and Alexey Orlov received the title of Chesmersky Count. But alone, even if the big, the maritime battle could not immediately lead to the outcome of the war favorable for Russia. Moreover, the Turks with the help of the French partially restored the military fleet.

Now his word was to say the army on the main front in the Danube Principles. Here the troops of Rumyantsev twice defeated Turks in a row of grave 16 (27) of June and on the Large River 7 (18) of July 1770. The combined forces of the Turks and the Crimean Tatars were made against the place at the place of failures of Largy in the rod against the Russians. The opponents of Russia left on the battlefield about 1000 people killed, while Russian losses amounted to 29 people. The biggest battle of the Danube campaign of 1770 occurred on June 21 (July 2) of 1770 at the River Kagul. Here, Rumyantsev, having 27 thousand soldiers and officers and 118 guns, broke the Turkish army with a number of 150 thousand people at 150 guns.

The success of the Russian army was explained by the fact that Rumyantsev ignored the rules of linear construction, which were adhered to Ottomans. He applied a new method of rapprochement with the enemy - put forward the main forces to the place of battle by several columns under the cover of advanced detachments. This made it possible to put an enemy a sudden blow to such a force whom the Turks did not expect. To reflect the possible attack of the Turkish cavalry, the Russians were built into a special combat order - divisional kare (rectangular infantry construction, artillery was installed at its corners, and inside the cavalry was located).

With the beginning of the battle, Russian infantry and guns were reflected in the fire of Ottak, making them significant losses. After that, due to the ranks of the infantry, the cavalry unexpectedly appeared, which overturned the enemy, turning him into flight. For these victories, General Rumyantsev was awarded the Order of St. George 1st degree and was produced in Field Marshals. Subsequently, for the actions for the Danube, he was awarded the title of Count Zadunaysky. In July - October 1770, the Russians were traded by the fortresses of Kilia, Akkerman and Izmail. Special strategic value He had Izmail, launched the yield of the Danube to the Black Sea. But soon, in addition to the Turk, a new threat has arisen for the Russian army. Rumyantsev noted that his army melts from epidemics, bad water and food, and offered to start negotiations. However, Turkey, supported by Austria, did not want to go for any agreements. In 1772, the situation has changed. This year, Russia, Prussia and Austria, found a compromise in the Polish issue and held the first section of the Commonwealth.

In Istanbul, the news about the section of the Commonwealth made a painful impression. Turks did not exclude that Europeans are able to agree on the division of ports, and therefore agreed to negotiations that began in the summer of 1772 in Fokshans. However, the agreement failed to achieve. Russians demanded the independence of the Crimean Khanate, which threatened the loss of the sovereignty of Crimea and his transition to Russia. Osmans did not agree with this, and the war continued.

In 1773, the Army of Rumyantsev began forcing the Danube. To distract the attention of the enemy from crossing the main group of troops, individual Russian detachments moved through the Danube at various points. In the campaign of "false crossings", a detachment A V. Suvorov was especially distinguished, which was intelligence in the Turkish fortress of Turtukai.

The Suvorov detachment included 700 infantrymen and 200 equestrian Don Cossacks. The walk of his detachment forced the Danube at night 10 (21) May 1773 in 20 rowing courts.

To achieve full sudden sudden, the ships despair from the coast quite far from the turkey on the influx of the Danube River Argers, and then reached the Danube. In the meantime, the Cossacks were imperceptibly overwhelmed by the Danube on the horses and under Turtukate met with infantrymen. The attacked suddenly 4 thousandth Turatuky garrison opened an erratic tooth fire, which interfered with Russian. With thunder "Hurray!" The soldiers rushed at the assault. Unaware of the small number of attackers, Osmans fled, leaving 1500 people killed. Having destroyed the fortifications, the Russians left Turtukay, which Turks soon returned. But 16 (27) June Suvorov attacked the fortress again and again crushed her 5 thousandthly garrison.

Meanwhile, Rumyantsev gave an order to force the Danube with the main part of the first army. The avant-garde of the main forces 7 (18) June attacked the 6-thousand detachment of the Turks and with the move captured the Pontoon Bridge 30 km from the Silistria. From 9 (20) to 10 (21) June 1773. The main forces of the Danube Army were transferred to the Danube, and the building G. A. Potemkin began the siege of the Silistria. Large calls of the Russian Army under guard left on the left bank of the Danube. This measure was reasonable, since Rumyantsev did not turn out for the complete defeat of the Ottoman army, and he in November 1773 heaved the army to wintering on the left bank.

Since the spring of 1774, Russian troops resumed active actions on the regenerate Danube. The main forces of the Danube Army conducted the struggle for the powerful Turkish fortresses of Rushchuk and Siller. To distract the Ottoman troops from the Siller and the Highway, the detachments of A. V. Suvorov and M. F. Kamensky were allocated from the Danube Army and M. F. Kamensky, who independently fell on the noisy and Bazarzhik. 2 (13) June 1774 Kamensky took the Bazarzhik.

9 (20) June, the 18-thousand squad of Suvorov moved towards Kozlugi. The road went through a dense forest. Suddenly, the Russian avant-garde was attacked by the surpassing forces of Osmans. In a serious battle, the Turks managed to overthip the Cossack Connection, and Suvorov, with a small group, the soldiers turned out to be cut off from his own and almost died. Suzdal and Sevsky infantry shelves rushed to the revenue. They made their way to Suvorov, and soon the remaining Russian forces gathered around them. Suvorov decided to move forward, despite the attacks of the Turks. Finally, the Russians left the forest to an open field ... right on the 40,000 Ottoman army, about which the Russian approach was not even guessed to the goats. Ottomans opened an instrument fire, but Suvorov adopted an unprecedented decision - to attack! With the despair of the doomed Russian infantry and the Cossacks rushed to the enemy. The fire mowed their ranks, but Suvorov detachment continued to approximate Ottomans, hoping the enemy's famous Russian bayonet attack. The determination of the Russians had a success. Panic began in Turkish shelves, soldiers, not listening to officers, ran. On the battlefield, the Russians captured 29 guns and 107 banned.

Admiral S. K. Greig. Johgraving D. Walker from the original D. G. Levitsky. 1788

Successful were the actions of the Russian army and on other fronts. In 1771, for combat operations in Crimea, the second army was formed led by Annef Prince, V. M. Dolgorukov, was formed. Supported the actions of the ground forces, the newly created Azov military flotilla, composed of the ships of a new class, called "newly interconnected". They resembled small frigates or gunboats, had a small sediment 2.5 m, but possessed strong artillery. On each ship was installed 12-16 guns by a caliber of up to 12 pounds and several two or three-way morrt. In total, 10 "new invented" ships and 65 smaller subsidiary ships were built. In 1771, the army of Dolgorukov seized the Crimea. For this success, the Dolgorukov was awarded the Order of St. George 1st degree, a golden sword with diamonds and the title of Crimea.

After the capture of Crimea, the base of the Russian squadron was transferred from Taganrog to Kerch. Now the Azov Flotilla should have protected the Crimean coast from Ottoman landings. The Russian fleet inferior to Turkish in the number and class of ships, but was not afraid of battles. For example, June 23 (July 4), 1773. Two "newly internet" ship under the command of the captain of the 2nd rank of Ya. G. Wang Kinsbergen not far from Balaclava led a 6-hour battle with three linear ships and one small vessel of the Turk. Turkish ships, having received serious holes, were forced to leave. This happened everywhere. Therefore, the Ottomans, having a powerful fleet in the Black Sea, did not manage to plant a landing in the Crimea.

G. A. Potemkin at the head of the cavalry regiment. M. M. Ivanov.

Results of war

The battle of Kozluggie put a point in the war. The spinning port resources were exhausted, and the Turks agreed to negotiations. The world was beneficial for Russia. In the Urals and Volga since September 1773, the uprising of Pugacheva was hung, and Catherine II was striking to complete the war. The world was concluded 10 (21) July 1774 in the Bulgarian village of Kychuk-Kai-Narjei.

The Black Sea city of Kerch, Yenikali, Kinburg, as well as Kabarda in the North Caucasus, were departed to Russia. Russia has received the right to have a military and merchant fleet on the Black Sea. Shopping vessels could freely go to the Mediterranean Sea through Turkish Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles. Danube principalities remained for Turkey, but Russia could now defend the rights of Orthodox.

Turkey was obliged to pay the contribution of 4 million rubles. But the most significant loss of the brilliant port was the recognition of the independence of Crimean Khanate, which subsequently led to his accession to Russia.

September 25 (October 6), 1768 began the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. - One of the key ones in the meaning of wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires, as a result of which Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, land between Dnipro and Bug were attached to Russia, and Crimean Khanate gained independence under Russia's protectorate.

Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 It was a continuation of Russia's struggle for entering the Black Sea, against the aggression of the Ottoman Empire, which sought to expand its possessions in the Black Sea and in the Caucasus and capture Astrakhan. Turkey also opposed the strengthening of Russian influence in Poland, where in 1764 the Russian stanislav Stanislav Augustus was erected on the throne. The reason for the war was the rejection of Russia of the Turkish Ultimatum on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Poland, where they from 1768 were military actions against the Bark Confederation.

September 25 (October 6) 1768 Turkey, supported by France and Austria, began military operations against Russia in Ukraine and in the Caucasus.

The attempts of the Turks break into the ruffle of Russia were supplied with Russian troops under the command of P. A. Rumyantsev. Campaign 1768-1769 Ended for the Turks unsuccessfully, without bringing, however, the special success and the Russian army.

The fracture occurred in 1770, when military actions turned on the Lower Danube. Rumyantsev won a number of significant victories at Large and Cagule. At this time, the Russian squadron, under the command of G. A. Spiridov, for the first time in history, made a transition from Baltic Sea Around Europe to the eastern part of the Mediterranean, with the complete absence of its bases on the path and in the conditions of the hostile relations of France. As a result, she was in the rear of the Turkish fleet. Successfully overcoming the difficulty of semi-annual swimming, Russian sailors defeated the Turkish fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. Decisive wassea battle On the night of June 25-26, 1770 in the Chesmen Bay of the Aegean Sea off the coast of Malaya Asia. The Russian fleet (4 linear ships, 2 frigates, 1 bombardir and 4 brander), having met the Turkish fleet in the Chios Strait (15 linear and 70 other ships), forced him to retreat to the Chesmen Bay. As a result of strong artillery fire and attacks of branders, the entire Turkish fleet was destroyed. In 1771, Dardanelles were blocked, Turkish trade in the Mediterranean was undermined.

In June 1771, the 2nd Army of General V. M. Delgorukov seized the distortion, and then ranked Crimea. The 1st Army, acting on a wide front, despite the lack of forces, successfully reflected in June and October an opponent's attempt to break through to the left bank of the Danube. 1 (12) November 1772 Russia entered into an agreement with the Crimean Khan Sakhib-Gyrey, according to which Crimea was declared independent of Turkey and under the patronage of Russia.

In June 1773, the main forces of the Russian army crossed through the Danube. 9 (20) June 18-thousand The building of General A. V. Suvorov defeated 40-thousand from Kozlugi. Turkish corps, on the same day 15-thousand. The Turkish squad was broken by the Turtukov General I. P. Saltykov. Russian troops blocked the fortresses to the noisy, Rushchuk (Ruse) and Silistria, and the advanced detachment A. I. Zaborovsky moved through the Balkans.

The victories of the Russian troops forced Turkey to start peaceful negotiations, which ended with the signing of 10 (21) of July 1774. Kychuk-Kainardzhi world, according to which Crimea was declared independent and actually passed under Russian control. Russia also acquired a significant part of the northern coast of the Black Sea. The new border passed on Bugu and Kuban. In Crimea, Russia received the city of Kerch and the Fortress of Yenikale, and on the Black Sea coast of Northern Tavria - Kinburn fortress. The Russian fleet now had the right to a free passage through Bosphorus and Dardanelles.