Branch features of the food industry.

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The food industry is a part of the entire industry, uniting a set of homogeneous food and processing enterprises, characterized by the unity of the consumer purpose of the final product produced. food purpose, processing, as a rule, raw materials of agricultural origin and having a specific material and technical base in the form of a system of machines and apparatuses and the corresponding staff of food workers.

The food industry was formed on the second, i.e. particular stage of the division of labor. Both the food and processing industries of the agro-industrial complex are, first of all, industries with all the characteristic features of industrial production. The division into processing and food industries is conditional. The final consumer product of both industries is a food product with all the specific requirements for its manufacture. At the enterprises of the processing industry, food raw materials or a food product are produced for further processing in Food Industry and a food product ready for direct consumption - canned food, butter, cheese, meat products, etc. Therefore, these industries, as a rule, in the practice of planning and accounting are summarized in one group of food industries and are called the food industry, as, for example, light industry, consisting of much more heterogeneous industries - footwear, textiles, clothing.

Branches of the food industry produce both means of production - objects of labor (group A) and consumer goods (group B). in the marketable products of these industries, group A accounts for approximately one-third, and group B, two-thirds. Group A products in the processing industry of the agro-industrial complex are much higher and amount to 70%, but they are completely or almost completely consumed in the food industry itself for the production of the final food product. Based on this, the food industry can be defined as a set of industries and individual industries specialized in the production of food products.

The food industry includes more than 40 specialized industries, sub-sectors and individual industries compared to 2006, their number increased by 2.2 times, which is associated with the splitting of large specialized enterprises into smaller joint-stock companies, as well as the creation of a large number of new enterprises. The predominant forms of ownership are mixed and private, which account for 50.4% and 34.6% of the output, respectively. From 2002 to 2004, the volume of food industry production increased by 31.2%, and in 2006 compared to 2005 - by 7%. The production capacities of existing enterprises and especially their technical level not only make it possible to increase the production of the most important types of food, but also lead to large losses of agricultural raw materials. All of them are united, first of all, by the unity of the consumer purpose of the specific product being produced - a food product, which, in turn, determines the specific requirements for the feedstock, the technology used, the system of machines and the entire material and technical base and personnel. Food industries are classified into different areas depending on characteristic features that underlie the formation of the industry - from the purpose of the product, the nature of the raw materials used, the technology used, etc.

The food industry includes sectors: mining, processing, manufacturing. The extractive industries include salt, fishing and a part of the non-alcoholic industry - mining, bottling mineral waters. The remaining branches of the food industry are divided according to the stages of processing food raw materials and the production of a food product into: processing and food and flavor industries. This is nothing more than the various stages of processing raw materials and producing the finished product.

Depending on the characteristics of the organization of production, seasonal and non-seasonal industries are distinguished. Seasonal industries include, as a rule, most of the processing industries, i.e. industries specialized in the primary processing of seasonal agricultural raw materials and partly the fishing industry.

According to the method of processing raw materials and semi-finished products, i.e. Depending on the technology used and, accordingly, the system of machines and apparatus used, the food industry is divided into industries with a predominance of a biochemical, microbiological and chemical basis and industries with a predominant mechanical basis for processing objects of labor. The industries using instrumental processes include: fat, alcohol and sugar beet industries, industries that use machine systems: sugar-refining, confectionery, alcoholic beverage industry, secondary winemaking - bottling and packaging, flour-grinding and pasta, etc.

The food industry is closely connected with all sectors National economy. It accounts for a significant part of the goods transported by various modes of transport.

Pishcheviks are the largest customers of the construction. But especially close and family ties have developed between the food industry and agriculture. It was the objectively established close relationships between these major industries that formed the agro-industrial complex. Therefore, the food industry in the aggregate can also be considered as part of the agro-industrial complex, and the processing industry as its integral organic component.

The food industry undoubtedly dominates among industries in terms of the share of its gross domestic product, national and net income. Food workers produce more than a fifth of the entire industry according to the indicated indicators, although they make up only about 7% of its personnel and the same meager share is represented in the cost of basic production assets, in the entire production apparatus. The food and processing industry is an integral part of the entire industry and the agro-industrial complex. This circumstance makes it, on the one hand, a representative of the most leading branch of the national economy and, on the other hand, the final link and the basis of the food complex. The leading role of industry in the system of the national economic complex and the entire national economy is well known and obvious. It is industry that technically equips and re-equips the entire national economy, generates and supplies advanced industrial technologies to other industries. Finally, it produces more than half of the output and national income.

The belonging of the food industry and the processing industry to the entire industry and the agro-industrial complex once again confirms its leading role in the sphere of material production and the socio-economic life of society. And, of course, she has the right to demand an adequate attitude towards herself from the same society whom she feeds, and not from the established strong residual principle to her needs.

In conditions of insufficient resources for industrial processing, it is advisable to stimulate the deepening of the processing of raw materials, to develop the production of products that are as ready to use as possible packaged and packaged, well-formed. This will increase the output of final products in terms of value per unit of agricultural raw materials, trade turnover and the flow of funds to the budget.

Food companies are attractive investment opportunities. New construction of enterprises should be carried out at the expense of private investments, funds from local budgets, and partially borrowed funds from the federal budget on a repayable basis. The implemented modern technologies for storage, unloading and transportation of food products make it possible to create a modern infrastructure and provide support to small firms in the form of giving them the opportunity to use modern equipped facilities. It is necessary to concentrate resources on priority areas for the development of the most efficient industries and resource-saving technologies. In addition, the system for marketing food industry products needs to be improved. The purchase of food for federal and regional funds should be carried out by state contractors on a competitive basis using stock exchanges, wholesale markets and fairs.

Institutional policy in the food industry must undergo a fundamental change. In the reconstruction of the food industry, agro-industrial integration is important, carried out in market forms: financial and industrial groups, concerns, agricultural firms and other formations for the production, processing, storage and sale of agricultural products and food.

For the development of the food industry, Government program on modernization of production in the food industry and ensuring the competitiveness of products.

Providing the population with food is of exclusively social and political importance. The destinies of people depend on how uninterrupted and sufficient according to medical standards the supply of the population with basic foodstuffs. Deterioration in the nutrition of the population entails irreversible demographic changes, increases social and interregional tension and creates a threat to the internal security of the state.

Currently, the agro-industrial complex of Russia employs 40% of all workers in the sphere of material production, more than a quarter of all the country's production assets are concentrated. Until 2002, about 97% of food products were created in this area, and the population spent three quarters of their income on their purchase. The current credit, tax, pricing and investment policy, the constant rise in prices for material and technical resources, transport services, energy resources, the increasing price disparity, as well as the ineffective state intervention in the stabilization and development of the agro-industrial complex economy have put many food and processing industries on the verge of bankruptcy. The lack of resources for a number of food products, caused by a drop in the volume of their production, is compensated by food supplies by import, the volume of which is growing annually both in quantity and in assortment. The main consumers of imported food are large industrial centers.

The restructuring of food industry sectors should be carried out in the following areas: improving the location of processing enterprises in order to form specialized zones for the production and processing of basic marketable products; priority support for sugar-producing industries, vegetable oil, meat and dairy products with a long shelf life, mainly in agro-industrial regions; development of small enterprises in individual and hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, it is necessary to create conditions for the sale of insolvent processing enterprises to domestic investors, who have a great demand for such enterprises when they are granted benefits from the state.

The role and importance of the food industry is determined by the fact that it produces a food product, food. From the point of view of human life, of all mankind and its civilization, all other branches should serve it and be, as it were, secondary.

In the strategy for the development of the national economic complex of Russia until 2010, food industry sectors are given priority as an industry that ensures the country's food security.

Merger types.

As already mentioned, mergers and acquisitions activities involve not only the unification of business entities, but also the allocation of structural divisions. Based on this, we will divide all mergers and acquisitions into two groups - business expansion and business spin-off.

Business expansion

The main classification of mergers and acquisitions is based on the types of activities being combined. According to this sign, mergers and acquisitions are divided into:

horizontal;

vertical;

Horizontal mergers involve the union of companies operating and competing in the same area of activity. This type of merger provides a competitive advantage over other players in that particular market segment through economies of scale and capital growth. It should be noted here that such mergers, as restricting competition, can be regulated by the state through a system of antimonopoly measures. Some of the most notable recent examples of this type of merger include the merger of Chase Manhattan and Chemical Bank, the merger of food industry giants Guinness and Grand Metropolitan.

Vertical mergers are the associations of companies belonging to different stages of the same production process. In this case, the merger takes the form of "forward integration" or "backward integration". For example, a rolled metal plant is merged with a machine tool plant (“forward integration”, that is, a merger with a company related to the next stage of the production process) or, say, with a company engaged in mining iron ore("integration back", that is, a merger with the company of the previous stage of the production process).

The most striking examples of Russian practice are the acquisition by NK LUKOIL in 1998 of a controlling stake in the Romanian oil refinery Petrotel, the formation of the Siberian Aluminum holding around the Sayan Aluminum Plant (which included plants for the production of aluminum rolled products, the production of aluminum foil and aluminum cans) .

This type mergers provide an increase in the technological efficiency of production, a reduction in transaction costs (participants in such vertically integrated schemes supply each other with an intermediate production object at much lower prices or even free of charge), better information exchange within the combined company, which ultimately leads to a significant reduction in intermediate costs and, after all, the total cost of producing the final product.

Conglomerate mergers involve the amalgamation of companies from different, unrelated industries or geographies.

There are three types of conglomerate mergers:

The role of the food industry

The food industry in Russia is thousands of large, medium and small enterprises different shapes property, which produce almost 20% of the total industrial output. The largest part of the sold products is drinks, meat and dairy products, tobacco products, bread and bakery products, fats.

The food industry includes industries that provide the population with food. More than other industries, it is connected with agriculture, since it receives raw materials from it (grain, milk, potatoes, sugar beets, etc.) and is part of the agro-industrial complex. Great importance have intersectoral ties between the food industry and mechanical engineering, energy and other industries.

The food industry is closely connected with all branches of the national economy. A significant part of the goods transported by various modes of transport falls on its share. Pishcheviks are the largest customers of the construction. No particularly close and downright family ties were established between the food industry and agriculture. It was the objectively established close relationships between these major industries that formed the agro-industrial complex. Therefore, the food industry in the aggregate can also be considered as part of the agro-industrial complex, and the processing industry as its integral organic component.

The role and importance of the food industry is determined by the fact that it produces a food product, food. That says it all. From the point of view of human life, of all mankind and its civilization, all other branches should serve it and be, as it were, secondary. It is not for nothing that in the famous triad "well-fed, dressed, shod" even among the most necessary in the first place is the product of the food industry.

But not only this, of course, determines the place and role of the front industry in the system of the national economy, industry and agro-industrial complex.

The food industry undoubtedly dominates among industries in terms of the share of its gross domestic product, national and net income. Food workers produce over a fifth of the entire industry according to the indicated indicators, although they make up only about seven percent of its personnel and an equally tiny share in the value of fixed production assets, in the entire production apparatus.

The food and processing industry is an integral part of the entire industry and agro-industrial complex. And this circumstance makes it, on the one hand, a representative of the most leading branch of the national economy and, on the other hand, the final link and the basis of the food complex.

As part of the agro-food complex, it is the food industry that forms both food sub-complexes and agro-industrial systems - sugar beet, oil and fat, grain.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in my opinion, it should be said about the importance of the development of the food industry, as it contributes not only to meeting the necessary needs of the population, but also to expanding the export potential of the country. For the development of this industry, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the growth of production, it is necessary to implement a number of measures both at the legislative and government levels. It is necessary to reduce the tax burden on food producers, which will increase the investment potential of enterprises, to take measures to stimulate the technical re-equipment of enterprises and the introduction of the latest technologies and equipment.

Placement of the food industry.

Location of food industry enterprises based on their specific characteristics.

Enterprises producing perishable and non-transportable products are located in the areas of their consumption.

Enterprises processing raw materials that are not transportable and cannot withstand long-term storage are located in the production zones of this raw material (enterprises of the canning, dairy, wine-making, fish and other industries).

In the areas of raw material bases, enterprises are also located that are distinguished by a special raw material intensity of production. These include sugar factories, oil mills.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture. It is found almost everywhere where people constantly live. This is facilitated by the widespread use of raw materials, as well as the widespread consumption of food products. The food industry can be divided into two groups of industries: a) using raw agricultural raw materials (sugar, canning, fish, oil milling); b) using raw materials that have been processed (pasta, bakery, confectionery).

The production facilities of the first group are located mainly in the areas of production of the corresponding agricultural raw materials: sugar - in the Central Black Earth region, oil - in the North Caucasus.

The industries of the second group produce either perishable products or those whose transportation is more expensive than the transportation of raw materials, so the main factor in their placement is consumer, they are concentrated mainly in densely populated areas, in large cities.

And finally, the dairy and meat industry is located both in the areas of meat production and in the areas of consumption of products. At the same time, industries that produce canned products are guided by raw materials, and perishable products are oriented towards the consumer.

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What role of the food industry you will learn from this article.

Importance of the food industry

The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Its effective development makes it possible to compensate for the existing differences in the food supply of the population living in different regions of the country. Because not each of them has the same natural resources and conditions. Manufactured concentrates, canned food, frozen fruits and vegetables are stored for a long period and are subject to deterioration during transportation.

This industry is closely related to agriculture, as it receives raw materials for the manufacture of products - milk, grain, meat, seafood, vegetables and fruits. We can say that the food industry is part of the agro-industrial complex.

What is the importance of the food industry?

First of all, she satisfies the basic needs of the population for essential foodstuffs through a diverse range of products. Also, its products are an important export commodity. The volume of gross output reflects the standard of living of the state and shows the state of the agro-industrial complex. Therefore, it is of paramount importance.

Features of the food industry:

ubiquity and mass use;
ubiquity of placement;
low transportability of agricultural raw materials.

It is considered the most dynamic and rapidly changing industry in the world, as its production is directly directed to the consumer. Because of this, the food industry is very susceptible to the smallest market fluctuations. In addition, the product range is constantly updated.

As we have already mentioned, the food industry is closely related to agriculture. Therefore, its significance is also determined by the following:

Breeding of fish, animals, allowing to maintain their population in the world.
Growing vegetables and crops takes place in compliance with all requirements.
Extraction of useful and important minerals, even those that a person cannot immediately find.
Food products are processed for safe consumption.
Production of products for ready meals and semi-finished products.

This industry produces not only food, but various threads, wool, and so on. Thanks to it, we have the opportunity to purchase proven and high-quality products: before they hit the shelves, they are tested for safety and quality. This is confirmed by special documents and certificates.

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Introduction

Chapter1 . The role and importance of the food industry in a market economy

Chapter2 . Food security of Russia and the conditions for self-sufficiency of the country with the main types of products

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of the work is as follows. Ensuring the food security of the country is one of the priority tasks of the state policy and depends on the efficiency of the functioning of the production sectors of the food complex, since it is through the food industry that food funds are formed and strategic food reserves are created. The state of the food market depends on the share of deep processing products in its structure. Not only the standard of living of the population, but also its physical survival depends on the volume of food production, their assortment, quality and price. Therefore, the food industry in the system of the national economic complex of the country (region) is rightfully classified as a special strategic and socially significant industry.

In general, over the years of reforms, the situation in the food industry is characterized by a decline in the production of all basic food products, a significant reduction in the range of manufactured products, a crisis state of most enterprises, and aging of fixed production assets, especially their active part.

In the food industry of the Russian Federation, there are currently more than 30 sub-sectors, uniting about 15 thousand enterprises.

The purpose of the work is to give a general description of nutrition in the economy, and the tasks of the work involve analyzing the role of the food industry in the economy and characterizing its current state.

Chapter1 . The role and importance of foodeva industry in the marketeconomics

The country's food industry is one of the largest industries, includes dozens of sub-sectors, united in four blocks: food flavoring, meat and dairy, fish and flour and cereal industries. These industries include more than 5.0 thousand large enterprises and 15 thousand small businesses specializing in the production of food products by processing both primary raw materials (sugar, fruits and vegetables, meat and dairy, flour and cereals, tobacco), and secondary (bakery, pasta, confectionery, distillery, brewery, etc.).

At the expense of food industry products, food funds are formed by 80-85% and strategic food reserves are created in the country (canned food, dry mixes, etc.). Qualitative assessment domestic food market depends on the share of deep processing products in its structure. And, ultimately, not only the standard of living of the population, but also its physical survival depends on the volume of food production, their assortment, quality and price. Therefore, the food industry in the system of the national economic complex of the country is rightfully considered to be one of the special strategic socially significant industries that, together with agriculture, ensure food security, and through it - economic and national independence, ultimately - the statehood of the country. In this regard, ensuring food security in all countries is one of the priority tasks of state policy, even in comparison with the military one. Proceeding from this fundamental goal, it has historically developed that in all countries there is a constant search for new ways to ensure it, to improve the mechanism of relations between agriculture and the food industry through the formation of various regional associations and complexes.

The objective basis for the development of regional complexes is the division and cooperation of labor, as a result of which various types of activities are isolated as industries and sub-sectors, which leads to the concentration of a certain number of enterprises in the territory of each region. At the same time, it appears a complex system connections and relations between the participants of regional production, which determines the need for labor cooperation. But at the same time, simple cooperation does not mean that a complex has already been formed.

Simple cooperative ties between agriculture and industry have always existed, even A. Smith noted their stable presence.

A. Marshall, applying the concepts of "differentiation" and "integration" to economic relations, argued that a number of European countries at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for a movement that seems promising for organized cooperation in the processing of dairy products, the manufacture of butter and cheese, and the purchase of inventory for farms and the sale of farm products.

A.V. Chayanov in his works also substantiated the need to develop cooperative ties that unite the production, processing and sale of agricultural products.

The problems of cooperation and agro-industrial integration were considered in the works of K. Marx, F. Engels “the capitalist mode of production completes the break of that original .... union of agriculture and industry, which connects the infantile and undeveloped forms of both with each other. But at the same time, it creates the material prerequisites for a new, higher synthesis - the union of agriculture and industry.

In the domestic economic literature, the agro-industrial complex (AIC) as an object of study appeared only in the early 70s. Initially, the integrated set of agro-industrial activities was distinguished only at a formal, abstract-theoretical level. As agro-industrial integration deepened, the economic theory devoted to the problems of the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex was further developed. However, as an integrated system and structural element The national economic complex of the agro-industrial complex was formed by the mid-80s. At the same time, an attempt was made to manage the agro-industrial complex as a whole, at the same time the scientific direction of research into the agro-industrial complex as a single diversified production and economic formation in the system of the national economy. The problems of its development, optimization of the structure of the agro-industrial complex and various integrated formations were considered by many prominent Russian scientists (S.A. Andryushchenko, A.A. Anfinogentova, V.R. Boev, A.G. Zeldner, E.N. Krylatykh, M.L. Lezina, A. A. Nikonov, V. A. Tikhonov and others). However, among them there was no single point of view regarding the definition of the agro-industrial complex and the principles for the formation of its spheres.

So, V.A. Tikhonov imagined the agro-industrial complex as a combination of a number of sectors of the national economy focused on the production of food and non-food commodities made from agricultural raw materials. Branches were united by him into several groups in accordance with the production functions performed.

The first group includes agricultural production and industries specializing in the manufacture of final products: food, non-food consumer goods, raw materials for export. It was considered a complex-forming core.

The second group includes capital-producing industries that provide this core with means of production of industrial origin.

The third group included industries that specialized in production services. It included: logistics and marketing, transport and communications, agrotechnical and veterinary services, operation of water management systems, i.e. all the functions of the agro-service that constituted the infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex, the sectors of the sphere of circulation (retail trade in food and some non-food products made from agricultural raw materials, the public catering system), ensuring the delivery of the end products of the agro-industrial complex to the consumer.

I.I. Salnikov considered the agro-industrial complex as economic category, reflecting the totality of economic relations associated with the production of agricultural products, their procurement, storage, processing and sale, united by a single goal - to satisfy the needs of the population in high-quality food products.

A.A. Nikonov considered the most general criteria for the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex to be the creation of an optimal structure that meets the requirements of proportionality of the agro-industrial complex, ensuring the achievement of the best final results.

E.N. Krylatykh considered the agro-industrial complex based on the content-semantic approach. She singled out a target approach that indicates the ultimate goal of the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex: a subject approach, showing which commodities produced in the agro-industrial complex is emphasized, and a structural approach that determines the structure of the agro-industrial complex.

If we turn to the classification of agro-industrial complex sectors that was in force in the country, then usually three main areas were distinguished in it, revealing the functional-industrial cut.

The first sphere is a set of industries (sub-sectors) of industry that provide agriculture, light and food industries and other industries included in the agro-industrial complex with means of production. This also includes the agroservice industries serving agriculture.

The second sphere is directly agriculture, which includes the branches of plant growing and animal husbandry.

The third area - industries that process, store and sell products.

In addition to the functional - branch, Yu.G. Binatov distinguishes the following structural sections in the agro-industrial complex: territorial - production, associated with the social division of labor; technological, representing a set of technologically integrated industries for the production of final agricultural products; food and raw materials, in which grain, sugar beet, fruit and vegetable, wine-making, potato, meat, dairy and others stand out; organizational and managerial, including a set of organizational forms and management bodies.

In modern conditions, according to V.N. Kryuchkov, the following should be added to the listed sections: nature management, which reflects the levels of use of biological potential and methods of intensive impact on nature; socio-demographic, revealing stratification, sex and age composition; criminal law, including the legal, shadow, criminal branches of the economy.

In connection with the expansion of the necessary areas of research when considering the problems of the development of the agro-industrial complex, new concepts of "agro-system" appeared, which, unlike the agro-industrial complex, "represent an association of elements that give it properties that neither its elements nor their sum have." Briefly, the agrosystem can be characterized as a system of systems (agriculture, animal husbandry, land reclamation, etc.) that has a synergistic effect, i.e. self-organization effect. The regional agricultural system is considered as a set of parts of the agro-industrial production of the region, the close and stable relationship and interdependence of which form an organic reproductive integrity.

The regional agro-food system (agri-food sector) is "a complex of industries that are in relationships and connections with each other and perform food and nutritional functions in a given region."

In methodological terms, when considering regional agro-industrial complexes, it was recommended to clarify the composition of its industries, since, being part of the national economic agro-industrial complex, its territorial component does not include all spheres and industries. They are fully represented only at the national macro level. So, at the regional level (meso level), the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex is sharply narrowed, in many of them there is no tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for the food and processing industries, etc. At the district level (micro level), not everywhere there is even its own processing industry, not to mention mechanical engineering, i.e., the lower the level of the regional agro-industrial complex, the less the number of industries that form it, as a rule, the higher it is, the more its level of complexity.

Some authors include in the agro-industrial complex forestry, light industry, processing agricultural raw materials (hide, flax), agricultural and road construction industries, transport and other organizations, trade, catering and consumer cooperation. As you can see, a generally recognized structure, a list of industries included in one or another area of the agro-industrial complex, and the principles of interaction between them have not yet been formed. Rather, it resembles an abstract entity that has been formed to a greater extent in economic literature than a real-life diversified association, all the more managed and planned from a single center.

Apparently, therefore, created in 1986 management structure Gosagroprom, on the basis of excessive centralization, overorganization, in the absence of real levers for managing the most complex diversified system, was recognized as inefficient and reorganized already in the early 90s. And although over the years of the existence of Gosagroprom, the departmental disunity of agriculture and the food industry was formally eliminated, the task of ensuring planning, financing and managing the agro-industrial complex as a whole, for which it was created, was not solved. Integration of agriculture and enterprises processing their raw materials did not take place, although the sectoral ministries of the food industry were liquidated.

In our opinion, in the conditions of the formation of market relations in the study of the problems of the development of the regional agro-industrial complex, the main thing is not so much in its sectoral composition, but in the availability of real existing relationships, emerging about the development of integrated formations and interaction between industries involved in the production, processing, transportation, sale of the final products of the agro-industrial complex and the distribution of net income between them. However, we can assume that as a result of the transformations, there was an even greater disintegration of all branches of the agro-industrial complex, including agriculture and the food industry for the primary processing of agricultural raw materials.

If we consider the agro-industrial complex as an object of state regulation, then its mechanism (in 1986-1991) was reduced mainly to centralized subsidies, compensations for agricultural production and allocated capital investments in its areas with a high degree of profit taking and depreciation. However, the food industry in the former agro-industrial complex was assigned a secondary role, as evidenced by the ratio of capital investments between agriculture and the food industry, which was 10:1 (in the USA - 1:13). It was during these years that stagnation began to be observed in the technical and technological level of development of almost all branches of the food industry. Currently, enterprises are independently adapting to market conditions in an ever-changing chaos of transformations and in the absence of any industry coordinating principle.

Therefore, in methodological terms, based on the realities of today, we consider it possible and expedient to consider the food industry as an independent industry (structure) in the system of the food complex of the country (region), by which we mean the totality of industries directly related to the production of food products (production of raw materials, its processing, storage and sale).

As a result of the long-term existence of a planned economy in Russia, an orthodox functional system of the food complex was formed, which was distinguished by a rigid determination of the channels for the movement of products along the entire technological chain (Fig. 1), when interconnected enterprises did not have the opportunity to choose channels for the sale of products and practically did not bear responsibility for the sale of their products , which, of course, was reflected in its quality. The role of food industry enterprises was outlined within a very limited space and powers: suppliers of raw materials in the face of purchasing government organizations and wholesalers distributing manufactured products. Subsidies paid from the state budget to support producers of raw materials and fixed wholesale and retail prices that were in force throughout the country destroyed the competitive environment, deprived enterprises of the opportunity to benefit from manufactured products and motivate the production process itself.

Rice. 1.1 - Scheme of interaction between food industry enterprises within the framework of the food complex in a planned economy

food industry economy

Over the years of reform, the institutional structure of the food complex has undergone significant changes. First, the independence of both food industry enterprises and raw material suppliers in terms of choosing the supply of their products has grown disproportionately. Secondly, structures that did not exist before appeared at all levels of food chains, the importance and role of many of them is growing quite rapidly: food corporations, various intermediaries, private wholesale and retail trade enterprises etc. The movement of commodity and cash flows became much more complicated and required a corresponding increase in financial resources for its maintenance, mainly due to short-term loans from commercial banks (Fig. 2).

Market transformations have radically changed and expanded the interaction of food industry enterprises with new market structures both within the country and abroad (near and far). In order to increase the efficiency of enterprises, almost all restrictions that remained in the planned economy have been removed. Enterprises have access to various markets that are rapidly emerging in the country (the market for means of production, raw materials, labor, stock, investment) and foreign markets. At the same time, the state of all branches of the food industry can be judged by the volume, quality and specific gravity of domestic products of deep processing in the food market of the country (region). Yes, in developed countries share of deep processing products in retail is 85-90%, in developing countries - 15-20%, in Russia - up to 30%.

Rice. 1.2 - The movement of commodity flows and funds of interconnected structures of the food complex in modern conditions

Chapter2 . Food security of Russia and the conditions for self-sufficiency of the country with the main types of products

Food security is a relatively new term borrowed from the UN. Previously, in our country, the food problem was considered in a different system of terms, mainly related to the military-strategic aspects of the food problem. Part of the aspects of the food problem, relating to the gross production of food raw materials and the economic availability of food for all categories of the population, the availability of the state food and material reserve and the crisis supply of the population with vital products, has been sufficiently resolved. At the same time, the last decades of the Soviet economy were characterized by an extreme imbalance in the consumer food market, associated with the policy of indefinite freezing of state retail food prices, which ultimately led to the disappearance of products from store shelves (limiting the physical availability of food) and the emergence of a shadow economy.

Russia's transition to the UN-FAO terminology, which is mainly focused on developing countries suffering from a constant shortage of food resources and massive malnutrition, is not so much an introduction to global standards, but a consequence of the systemic degradation of both the agri-food sector of the economy and society, in which malnutrition has become massive phenomenon.

In other words, the need for a new conceptual apparatus is connected mainly not with the transition to a market economy, but with Russia's rollback to the level of developing countries. The total caloric intake dropped from 3350 kilocalories per day in 1990 to 2200 in the crisis year of 1998 - lower than the average for African countries. Data on food consumption per capita are now periodically provided. They are disappointing. The food basket is unlikely to provide a lower limit to the survival of the population.

Today, food security refers to the access of all people at any time to the food necessary for a healthy and active life. When food security is achieved, food is available in sufficient quantity, its supply is relatively stable, and everyone in need can get food. Accordingly, national food security is understood as such a situation in which all members of society actually enjoy the right to adequate food or food resources, and in principle there is the necessary amount of food. Achieving food security at the level household means ensuring an adequate quantity of food in a particular area, a relatively stable supply of food and ensuring that every person in need of food in a given area has the opportunity to obtain it in order to lead a healthy and productive life.

Sufficiency and continuity of food availability and access. The concept of sufficiency is of particular relevance in relation to the right to food, as it highlights a number of factors to be taken into account in determining whether a particular food item or diet can be considered as the most appropriate in the circumstances for the purposes of Article 11 Pact. The notion of sustainability is intrinsically linked to the notion of adequate nutrition or food security, as it implies the availability of food for both present and future generations.

Accessibility includes both economic and physical accessibility. Affordability implies that personal or household financial expenditures for adequate food rations should be at a level that does not compromise or undermine the satisfaction of other basic needs.

Economic access refers to the existence of any purchasing mechanism or entitlement that enables people to obtain food and is an indication of how well it satisfies the requirements for the realization of the right to adequate food.

Physical accessibility implies that sufficient food should be available to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals such as infants and children. younger age, the elderly, the handicapped, the terminally ill, and those in need of constant medical care, including the mentally ill.

The issue of legislative consolidation of the right to good nutrition of Russian citizens and the country's food security strategy has been raised since the early 1990s. According to international humanitarian law. The right to adequate food, like all human rights, imposes three types or levels of obligations on states: obligations to respect, protect and fulfill. In turn, the obligation to fulfill includes both the obligation to facilitate and the obligation to provide. Russia, as the successor state of the USSR, cannot ignore the principles of fundamental human rights, enshrined in many acts international law starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In our current socio-economic situation, the norms of international humanitarian law at least provide a certain basis for a movement to change the status quo.

Ensuring food security in Russia involves the effective use of a wide range of measures of social economic policy that adequately takes into account both the specifics of the current and prospective reproductive situation within the country and the world economic and political situation.

One of the indicators of the level of development of the state is the presence of a national doctrine of food safety and quality (BKPP), which includes nationwide measures (the functioning of control bodies and organizations exercising this control, the adoption of relevant laws, GOSTs and other documents), as well as actions at specific enterprises production quality control systems. The production safety and quality system is one of the main components of the entire state system, as it ensures the reliable production of high-quality products.

The main criteria for assessing Russia's food security include:

The degree of satisfaction of physiological needs in the components and energy content of the diet;

Compliance with restrictions on the content of substances harmful to health in products;

The level of physical and economic availability of food for various categories of the population, including special consumers;

The degree of dependence of the country's food supply and the resource provision of the agro-industrial complex on import supplies;

The size of strategic and operational food stocks in comparison with standard requirements.

To control the state of food security in the country and regions, it is necessary to develop a monitoring system carried out in accordance with established state reporting.

The key problem of increasing the level of food security is the stabilization of agricultural production and its further development, changing its structure in accordance with market demand, and improving the quality of agricultural products.

To form a scientific basis for ensuring the country's food security, it is necessary to highlight the following areas:

Food security and its place in the system of national and economic security.

Conditions and factors affecting the level of food security.

Threats and risk management of food security.

Science-based approaches and principles for creating a reliable level of food security.

Information support of food security.

Modeling and integral indicators of food security.

Russia's food security in 2006 is about 80 percent ensured, which is exactly the amount of agricultural products produced for this purpose by domestic producers, Agriculture Minister Alexei Gordeev believes. 20 percent is accounted for by imports. According to the head of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, this primarily concerns meat, milk, and dairy products. If we talk about food security, he is sure, then the main thing here is the production of grain, the availability of its reserves and the possibility of deep processing. The main thing here is to reduce its losses and the amount of waste. At the same time, Gordeev believes, the discussion of this problem should go beyond Russia.

Space monitoring of food resources in the federal districts and regions.

Natural conditions and their dangerous impact on the functioning of the agro-industrial complex.

Forecasting global changes in the natural environment and measures to adapt to them to ensure food security.

Social aspects of food security.

Forecasting the physical and economic availability of food in Russia.

A system of practical measures for the implementation of the Federal Law "On the Quality and Safety of Food Products".

The current state of standardization and basic requirements for certification of food products.

Factors affecting the quality and safety of food.

Issues of creating domestic food products of a new generation and food additives.

Issues of state veterinary supervision.

Assessment of the state of nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation.

Monitoring the quality and safety of agricultural raw materials and food products.

Priorities of the scientific and innovative policy to ensure healthy and safe nutrition of the population of Russia.

Problems of quality control of imported and domestic food products.

Improving the domestic system of monitoring and distribution of products containing GMOs.

Scientific and methodological aspects of developing a strategy for food security in Russia.

The current state, prospects for the development of agro-industrial complex and their role in solving the problem of food security in Russia.

Food market and problems of ensuring food security in Russia: regional and sectoral aspects.

Industry specifics of food security in Russia

Regional features of food security.

Prospects for food security in Russia in connection with changes in the global situation.

Providing the population with food in crisis and emergency situations.

Food security of Russia and modern forms of attracting investments in the real sector of the agro-industrial complex.

Legislative and legal support of food security in Russia.

Staffing of food security in Russia.

Food security policy of international organizations (FAO, UNCTAD, WB, WTO, OECD) in the 90s of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI century.

Ensuring food security of individual countries of the world.

The role of international agricultural and food organizations in ensuring food security.

Prospects for Russia's cooperation with the FAO and the WTO.

International aspects of agrarian and economic policy to ensure food security.

Priorities economic strategy foreign countries to ensure food security.

The main directions of budgetary support for agriculture and commodity producers abroad.

Features of reforming the agro-industrial complex and ensuring food security in the CIS countries.

Importance of foreign trade policy in ensuring food security.

World and Russian experience shows that in order to prevent a food threat to Russia, at least the creation and constant maintenance of such food self-sufficiency is required, which guarantees the ability of the population to survive without compromising health in the face of internal and external threats.

The threshold value of food security factors is determined depending on the national, demographic and natural and economic characteristics of each region, which (factors) include differentiation of income and consumption, the average level of consumption of animal and vegetable protein, the level of poverty and poverty, degradation of the individual and family, growth mortality, including child and others, the level of average life expectancy.

It is clear that the lagging of agricultural production growth behind population growth, combined with a targeted reduction in production volumes in the main exporting countries, is fraught with a sharp reduction in supply in the international food market and a sharp jump in average world prices. Forecasts diverge only in the dynamics of price changes, which can develop both in a smooth and in a crisis scenario. According to the second, prices, for example, for grain can rise several times, reaching several hundred dollars per ton (as at the time, in the early 70s, energy prices increased several times). It is very difficult to predict the real dynamics of price increases, it will be determined management decisions exporting countries and the largest grain trading companies, under whose control is the world market. World prices are formed primarily on the US stock exchanges. The rise in world food prices will inevitably lead to an increase in the supply of raw materials on the world market, a fall in their prices (not excluding oil and natural gas), and hence to an additional decrease in the food equivalent of raw exports.

The result of changing global food market conditions is the inability of a number of import-dependent countries to purchase the required amount of food. This situation will provoke an internal food crisis, and it will most seriously affect those states that make the biggest bet on the purchase of food at the expense of the export of raw materials and energy carriers, such as the Russian Federation.

The food situation in global scale presents us with a special account. As shown above, it is naive to rely on outside help. The meaning of globalization lies in the competition on a global scale, during which the gaining countries gain even more, and the losers lose even more. It is necessary at a serious state level to assess the real needs of Russian citizens in basic vital food products, to assess production and stocks, that is, to draw up a balance, identify the most threatening positions and determine practical ways to immediately move towards correcting the current situation. Until now, there is neither a truthful answer to these questions, nor an appropriate responsible decision, including the fixation of target indicators, specific measures, and control mechanisms.

To ensure food security, it is necessary to formulate, plan and implement food policies that ensure the adequacy and stability of the food supply.

The adequacy of the food supply means that the total amount of supply (receipts) should potentially cover the total amount of demand in quantitative (energy saturation) and qualitative (availability of all essential nutrients) measurement. Food products should be safe for health (free from toxic factors and contaminants) and have good nutritional quality (taste, texture, freshness) and contribute to maximum life expectancy.

Stability of food supply and food availability:

* environmental sustainability,

* economic and social sustainability, ensuring people's access to food.

This implies a fair distribution of income, state and public support, and an insurance system.

Physical accessibility to food does not mean actual accessibility to food. The right to food must be linked to the right to the resources that make it possible. A number of diseases are associated with diets high in fat and/or sugar, due to prevailing consumption patterns, or due to poverty, where fat and sugar provide a source of calories (energy).

Levels of food security: global, national, community, household (family), individual.

The state of the legislative framework for food security in Russia. The rejection and even rejection by the ruling regime of the problems of agriculture and food caused an almost ten-year delay in the legislative, managerial and resource support of Russia's food security in the context of unstable market relations and the growing degradation of the agri-food base of the economy.

Conclusion

Main conclusions on the work

The food expansion of foreign food producers hinders the development of local enterprises;

The technological potential of enterprises does not match modern requirements: only 19% of the active part of the funds corresponds to the current level, 25% are subject to modernization, 41% - replacement;

High degree of depreciation of fixed production assets: at individual enterprises up to 75%;

Flaw working capital to purchase raw materials, renewal of fixed assets;

Reducing the resource base;

The tasks of state regulation and support of domestic food producers include the following:

Technical re-equipment and creation of new production facilities, introduction of new technologies;

Creation of favorable conditions for ensuring economic efficiency and financial stability of the enterprise, increasing the tax efficiency of industries;

Orientation of enterprises of the food and processing industry mainly towards the efficient use of the state's raw materials;

Improving the quality, improving the design of products manufactured by enterprises.

Changes in the socio-economic conditions taking place in our country require the development of tools that allow taking into account new economic conditions, modern tendencies development of the food industry, as well as adequate to modern requirements and the appropriate level of information technology.

The future of the food industry depends on the development of the country's economy. Food production is largely determined by the prospects for the development of the food industry, which is characterized by a number of external and internal conditions:

1. Dynamics of consumption of food products. For the first time in several decades, the country is experiencing a decrease in consumption, which should subsequently be replaced by a more or less significant increase. This "wave-like" nature of the dynamics of consumption changes the usual ideas about the best directions for the development of the food industry.

2. Cost characteristics of production facilities and resources used. The transition of the Russian economy to market relations dramatically changes the cost characteristics and traditional ideas about the competitiveness of various food products.

3.Stricter environmental requirements for production and rising costs associated with the use natural resources as well as environmental pollution.

4. "Aging" of production facilities. Power builds up rapidly production equipment, which has completed its service life and is subject to dismantling or modernization.

5. The need to modernize production equipment.

WITHlist of used literature

1. Analysis economic activity/ ed. V.A. Beloborodova M.: Finance and statistics, 2004 - 352 p.

2. Bakanov M.I., Sheremet A.D. Economic analysis. M.: Finance and statistics, 2005 - 288 p.

3. Bogatyrev A.N., Maslennikova O.A., Polyakov M.A. Agro-industrial complex of Russia: scientific and technical progress in a market economy (problems and solutions) Novosibirsk, editorial and printing association of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2004 - 200 p.

4. Bogatyrev A.N., Maslennikova O.A., Tuzhilkin V.I. et al. System of scientific and engineering support for food and processing industries of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. M., Food industry, 2005 - 318 p.

5. Marketing in agriculture / ed. G.A. Zeldner. M. INFRA-M, 2005 - 400 p.

6. Magomedov R.M., Agalarkhanov M.D. Development of agriculture in the region in the conditions of agrarian reform // Issues of structuring the economy, 2004, No. 3-4, p. 176 - 184.

7. Sheikhov M.A., Deftakova I.M. Economic regulation entrepreneurial activity in agriculture. // Issues of structuring the economy, 2004, No. 3-4, pp. 185 - 188.

8. Economics of the food industry: Textbook / Ed. Dan. Maslennikova O.A. - M.: Publishing complex of Moscow State University 1111,2006.-516s.

9. Economics of agriculture / ed. V.V. Kuznetsova. Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix, 2005 - 352 p.

10. economic security: production, finance, banks / ed. VC. Senchagov. - M.: CJSC "Finstatinform", 2005. - 621 p.

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The role of biology in human life

Everyone knows that plants not only saturate the air with priceless oxygen necessary for the respiration of all life on the planet, but also take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The importance of biology in the food industry cannot be overestimated, because everything we have is due to nature. Bread, various confectionery sweets, pasta and cereals are made from wheat alone. In addition, a person uses any parts of plants. For example, the seeds of legumes are edible. Garden trees and shrubs, as well as many vegetable crops, bear delicious fruits. Carrots, turnips, radishes and beets are sown for their roots. A variety of dishes are prepared from cabbage leaves, lettuce, spinach, sorrel and parsley. A flowering plants in flower beds, in the garden and greenhouses, they are bred for aesthetic reasons.

What does biology study?

Today it is a whole system of sciences, which includes the general laws of the existence of living nature, its forms and development. Depending on the object of study of biology (animals, plants, viruses, etc.), it has subsections:

zoology;
botany;
anatomy;
virology.

These sciences are also subdivided. For example, botany refers to:

mycology (studies mushrooms);
algology (explores algae);
bryology (deals with the study of mosses), etc.

Zoology includes:

Application in medicine

The practical importance of biology is enormous. Herbal treatment has been known since ancient times, but phytotherapy gained equality among other methods only in the last century. After clinical trials, medicinal products derived from plant materials entered the pharmacy. Now the scope of medicinal plants in official and traditional medicine is quite large.

The rapid progress of science is successfully used in medical practice. It is the discoveries in this area that determine the importance of biology in medicine and characterize the current level of its development. For example, the study of genetics has led to the use of methods for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human diseases that are inherited. The progress of genetic engineering provides great prospects for the creation of bioactive components in medical preparations.

The practical application of biology often overturns the idea of therapy for many diseases. So, thanks to the development of genetics, the insulin gene was created and introduced into the genome of Escherichia coli. This strain has the ability to synthesize a hormone that is used to treat patients diabetes. Somatotropin (the hormone responsible for growth) and many other substances produced by the human body are produced today by the same method: interferon, immunogenic drugs.

Significance for agriculture

The laws of nature apply to many questions in various industries world economy, so the role of biology in modern society- one of the main ones. Increasing rates of the world's population, a decrease in the area occupied by agricultural crops, lead to a large-scale crisis in the future - the problem of nutrition. Accelerated production of products will be required.

wildlife system

Biology is a science that studies and analyzes the properties of living systems. However, it is not easy to define exactly what is included in this sphere. To do this, scientists have identified several signs by which the organism can be considered alive. The main of these properties are metabolism or metabolism, the ability to self-reproduce and self-regulate. With the help of science, a person learns the living world around him. But, besides the studying function, biology also has practical significance. Observance of its laws helps to understand what nature is a system in which everything is interconnected, and it is necessary to maintain a balance of various types of creatures. If you lose only one type of it, harm will be done to all other links. This knowledge is a weighty argument for persuading humanity of the need and importance of maintaining the ecological balance.

Man as a biological species

Another subsection is the sphere of study of the organism of higher beings. Biology in human life serves as the basis for the development of medicine, providing an opportunity to determine the properties and structure of the body. We, as representatives of a certain biological species, need to know the elementary features of our body in order to successfully exist in the modern world and make the right choice. This information will help you figure out how to arrange your diet, properly distribute physical and mental stress, how to save own health. Rational use of reserves human body can significantly improve its performance.

The main directions of modern biology

Knowledge of the laws of the existence of living organisms helps mankind to develop new species that are more suitable for growing in an unnatural environment. The importance of biology as a science is undeniable. Thanks to the use of its laws, crop yields and meat production have increased significantly, which is so necessary in a period of depletion of natural reserves. Mankind constantly faces many significant questions: "how to overcome incurable diseases", "how to prevent hunger", "how to prolong life", "how to learn to breathe without oxygen". Answers can only be suggested by nature itself, if you constantly explore the animals and the plant world. In the middle of the twentieth century, a separate branch of biology appeared - genetics. It is the science of information stored on a chromosome, like a movie on a CD. It explains what life expectancy depends on, what diseases a particular individual has, how, by changing the gene sequence, some positive properties can be multiplied and negative ones neutralized (for example, soybean modification increases yield and reduces ripening time).

Bioenergy

Another type of biology that studies the consumption and production of energy by living organisms. Green plants feed on carbon dioxide and emit, in addition to priceless oxygen, a certain part of the energy by absorbing sunlight. These factors in the process of oxygen production by plants were taken as the basis for the production of solar cells.

Nature is the best inventor

Even such ordinary and simple branches of biology as botany and zoology, in their time brought considerable benefits for the future:

tracking bats contributed to the discovery of echolocation (moving along the sounds reflected from objects);
the study of dog behavior made it possible to learn about conditioned reflexes, which, by the way, are also present in humans.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of biology in medicine. For example, trying to save humanity from chickenpox, scientists had to closely monitor the course of the disease, determine whether there were survivors after it, what changes occurred in the bodies of recovered patients. Thus, the first vaccines were developed - the prophylactic introduction of weakened smallpox bacteria into the body to create stable immunity. Modern biologists around the world are puzzling over how to deal with oncology, AIDS and other deadly diseases today. But for science it is only a matter of time.

Progress does not stand still

The modern increased importance of biology as a science is applied in several currents. To date, technologies for determining the structure of biopolymers have been improved. A method for reading and analyzing genetic information, including the determination of DNA nucleotide sequences, has been discovered. Following this, humanity is on the path of almost complete decoding of the genetic information contained in its chromosomes. This is one of the main achievements of biology.

This opens up opportunities for the invention of new technologies for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. In addition, today the role of biology in modern society is the purposeful creation of chemicals with pre-programmed properties, which will allow the identification and manufacture of new and effective types of medicines.

The creation of artificial organs also belongs to the current achievements of biology and medicine. Today, medical scientists are busy producing and using synthetic muscles, presenting artificially grown liver tissue and heart valves.

Biogas

Biology in human life is also capable of solving energy problems. One of the most progressive ways of extracting energy from plants is the production of methane. It is formed from biomass in the absence of contact with air. Many farms use plant and animal waste to produce methane at special biogas plants. With their help, you can heat homestead buildings. The operation of such units leaves clean environment, and their use requires minimal costs.

The healing power of nature

Man and nature are one. Mighty oaks, white birches, giant pines and spruces, virgin thickets of hawthorn, raspberry, dogwood, black and red elderberry, sea buckthorn and acacia, hazel and wild rose - all these forest tree species and medicinal berries are widely used in folk and traditional medicine. Phytoncides of wild onion, garlic, bird cherry, walnut, eucalyptus, essential oils cedar, pine, spruce saturate the forest air with a unique healing aroma. Phytotherapy helps patients with cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, genitourinary, respiratory, secretory-hormonal systems to recover.

Natural remedies for the treatment of diseases allow you to combine active prevention with the treatment of a specific disease. These medicines are obtained primarily from plants. Their healing power transmitted to the patient, helping to overcome the disease. A person should be grateful to nature for the priceless gifts that she generously scattered everywhere.

Every day the practical importance of biology in human life is increasing. Modern science uses a whole arsenal of medicinal plants that can have a therapeutic effect and prevent many human diseases. Further development of the modern world is real only in unity with nature, with the active use of biotechnology. To achieve the set goals, one cannot do without the deepest knowledge of the laws of the natural world.