Crimea 1944 Tatars. Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

Deportation Crimean Tatars in Last year Great Patriotic War was a mass eviction of local residents of Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Mari ASSR and other republics Soviet Union.
This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the occupiers.

Crimean collaborators

The eviction was carried out under the control of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in May 1944. The order to deport the Tatars, allegedly members of the collaborationist groups during the occupation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was signed by Stalin shortly before that, on May 11th. Beria substantiated the reasons:

Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944;
- the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas;
- a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars;
- the deportation of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.

In May 1944, the government of the Soviet Union did not yet have all the figures regarding the real situation in the Crimea. After the defeat of Hitler and the calculation of losses, it became known that 85.5 thousand newly minted "slaves" of the Third Reich were actually stolen to Germany only from among the civilian population of Crimea.

Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noise". Schuma is an auxiliary police, but in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72,000, 15,000 communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former Krasnoy collective farm.

Main allegations

After the retreat, the Nazis took part of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. The other part (5,381 people) were arrested by the security officers after the liberation of the peninsula. Many weapons were seized during the arrests. The government feared an armed rebellion by the Tatars due to their proximity to Turkey ( latest Hitler expected to be drawn into the war with the communists).

According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war years, 35,000 Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, handed over communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were supposed to be exiled and confiscate property.

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to historical homeland became that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of real acts specific people but on a national basis.

Even those who did not contribute to the Nazis were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. In the partisan detachments, 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and end up on the side of the enemy were reflected in this mass character.

The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to crowding, lack of food and drinking water. In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war. 191 Tatars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from mass starvation in 1946-1947.

Speculation on history is the most terrible kind of speculation. Because the result of such actions is the growth of hatred. And the result of hatred can be new war or a new conflict. Therefore, the rule is this: if you want peace and friendship, don't let's speculate on history; if you want to sow a future war, immediately start pedaling the topic, distorting facts and whipping up emotions.

I don’t want to talk about the Eurovision Song Contest at all. Instead of a competition of national identity of the peoples of Europe, which he once thought of, he turned into a vivid manifestation of vice, singing for some reason almost always on English language. To make it clear? It doesn't need to be clear. Write the name of the song, tell us what it is about, and we will enjoy Greek, Polish, Bulgarian and German languages. But since the meaning of the competition has been lost, and it has completely reborn, then participation in this competition is not at all important for our country, it must be treated without aspiration. Knowing full well that this is a politically biased show, working on the principle of liberals “it doesn’t matter how people vote, it’s important how the jury thinks, which no one knows!”. This means that nationally colorful performers who sing in Russian (and certainly not in English) should be sent to Eurovision. Buranovsky grandmothers - just right. In 2017, I would send Sergey Shnurov there. Let him show. Will talk. Will sing. Looking at it, we will certainly enjoy it. And as there who votes and considers - so to us on it all the same! A frivolous competition, where talent does not solve anything, should be treated with humor, not seriously.

But enough about this truly miserable glossy competition, inflated with advertising to incredible proportions. The current results of Eurovision, on which the enemies of our country are speculating, require only one thing from us: an honest story about what happened in the Crimea in May 1944. Why did the leadership of the USSR decide to evict the Crimean Tatars and how was this done? It is important to tell the truth - there are many speculations on this topic. Well, and that the ultimate goal of speculation on this topic by Kyiv and Washington with Brussels is the organization of bloodshed in Crimea - this is so obvious to the naked eye.

So let's start.

The Great Patriotic War, which began on June 22, 1941, quickly reached the Crimea. Already on September 24, 1941, seven German divisions, together with the Romanian corps as part of the 11th German Army of the Army Group South, under the command of General Erich von Manstein, began an attack on the Crimea from the territory of the occupied Soviet Ukraine through the Isthmus of Perekop. Without going into details of the course of hostilities, we note that in 1941 the Germans failed to take the Crimea and Sevastopol. May 7, 1942 Commander of the 11th Wehrmacht Army General Manstein launched Operation Bustard Hunting. The result was the defeat our Crimean Front and a sharp increase in the onslaught of the Nazis on Sevastopol. The heroic defense of Sevastopol, the main base of the Black Sea Fleet, lasted 250 days and nights. On July 1, 1942, the resistance of the defenders of Sevastopol was broken, and only separate groups of Soviet soldiers and sailors fought for the next couple of weeks.

In the occupied territory of Crimea, the Nazis deployed their instruments of terror. In this sense, Crimea did not differ from Belarus, Ukraine or Latvia, where immediately upon the arrival of the "German liberators" mass executions began and concentration camps were built. During their stay in Crimea, the Nazis shot 72,000 Crimeans, tortured more than 18,000 in prisons and camps. In addition to the civilian population, 45 thousand Soviet military personnel who were captured were destroyed. The local "Dachau" was the state farm near Simferopol "Red", which was converted into a death camp. It contained both Soviet prisoners of war and residents of the Crimea. During the occupation, daily executions alone took the lives of more than 8 thousand people.

In the Crimea, the Germans were not original. Like everywhere else they , local "elements" were used to guard the concentration camps. It is no secret that many Nazi death camps (in particular, Sobibor) were guarded by Ukrainian nationalists. According to testimonies, the camp at the Krasny state farm, according to the same German "scheme", was guarded by Tatar volunteers from the 152nd battalion of the Shuma auxiliary police. The Nazis began their favorite tactic of pitting peoples against each other, which we saw in full after the coup d'état in Ukraine, during the unfolding Donbass tragedy. Where the population was not multiethnic, other methods of division were used. That is why we see such strange things when in one Bryansk region, populated in the countryside mainly by Russians, there was the Lokotsky district and the Dyatkovo district. In the first, self-government and a brigade under the command of Kaminsky, who fought against the partisans, functioned, and in the second, full-fledged Soviet power operated and the Germans did not meddle there at all. And this is within the framework of one Russian region! Someone helped the Germans fight partisans and civilians, others destroyed the invaders.

So if you tell the truth, then tell it all ...

Here is what the head of the partisan movement of the USSR P.K. Ponomarenko wrote to Stalin on August 18, 1942: “The Germans are using all means to involve in the fight against partisans ... contingents from our population of the occupied regions, creating military units, punitive and police detachments from them . By this they want to ensure that the partisans get bogged down in the fight not with the Germans, but with formations from local population... Frantic nationalist propaganda is going on around the formations ... This is accompanied by the incitement of national hatred and anti-Semitism. Crimean Tatars, for example, received orchards, vineyards and tobacco plantations taken from Russians, Greeks, etc.”

When it comes to collaborationism during the Nazi occupation of Crimea, many people only remember the Crimean Tatars. For the most part, this myth was the result of a national tragedy - the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people. However, it should be noted that, firstly, not all Crimean Tatars chose the path of collaborationism. Secondly, not only the Crimean Tatars collaborated with the occupation administration. People who were active accomplices of the occupiers were appointed to the positions of heads of local self-government. By the way, V. Maltsev was appointed to the position of the Yalta burgomaster. The one that on the night of 1 August 1946, together with General Vlasov and other senior officers of the so-called "Russian Liberation Army" (ROA), was hanged in the courtyard of the Butyrka prison. An important role was played by collaborationist combat formations that helped the Wehrmacht in the fight against the Crimean partisans. Their number for the entire period of occupation was as follows: in the Russian and Cossack units - about 5 thousand people, in the Ukrainian parts - about 3 thousand people, in the parts of the eastern legions - about 7 thousand people and in the Crimean Tatar formations - from 15 to 20 thousand people. Since June 1943, a recruiting center for the Vlasov "Russian Liberation Army" has appeared on the peninsula. Needless to say, he was not popular. If among the Crimean Tatars the Germans easily played on national contradictions, then from the Russians for all the time they hardly managed to recruit only a few thousand people into the ranks of the ROA (including those languishing in concentration camps). And then closer to the beginning of 1944, at least a third of them went over to the side of the partisans.

Thus, talking about collaborationism in the environment only Crimean Tatars is fundamentally wrong. It is also important to note that, according to the 1939 census, the Crimean Tatars were the second largest nationality of the peninsula - 19.4% (218,179 people) of the total population (Russians - 49.6%, 558,481 people). Therefore, based on the national policy pursued by the Nazis, they were a priority even compared to the Ukrainians, of whom at that time there were only 13.7% on the territory of the peninsula. And the Germans directed their main efforts to opposing the Russians and the Crimean Tatars to each other. However, not all representatives of the Crimean Tatar people have chosen this path. For example, the head of the Southern Headquarters of the partisan movement, Comrade Seleznev, closer to the spring campaign of 1944 for the liberation of Crimea, reports in a radiogram: “The atrocities, robberies, and violence of the Germans exacerbate and embitter the population of the occupied territories. Dissatisfaction with the occupiers is growing daily. The population is waiting for the arrival of the Red Army. It is characteristic that Crimean Tatars are turning into partisans en masse». So, the commissar of the 4th partisan brigade was Mustafa Selimov. In the brigade itself, there were 501 Crimean Tatars, which was about a quarter of its strength. In general, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars came to the defense of our country along with its other peoples. In particular, Abdraim Reshidov served as commander of a bomber aviation regiment. Throughout the war, he made 222 sorties and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Fighter pilot Ahmet Khan Sultan personally shot down 30 German aircraft, for which he was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 15 fascist tanks were hit by guns under the command of Seitnafe Seitveliev during the defense of Odessa, in the battles near Kerch and Sevastopol, in the Battle of Kursk and during Operation Bagration.

During the 26 months of the struggle against the invaders, 80 partisan detachments with a total number of over 12.5 thousand people, as well as 220 underground groups and organizations, operated in Crimea. During this time, more than 29 thousand German soldiers and policemen were destroyed, more than 250 battles and 1600 operations were carried out. In response to the actions of the partisans, the Nazis began to commit atrocities. For example, in the mountainous Crimea, 127 settlements were burned and destroyed. In the Greek village of Laki on March 24, 1942, the Germans burned 38 people alive. In the village of Ulusala (now Sinapnoye), which is located 18 kilometers southeast of Bakhchisaray, in the upper reaches of the Kacha River, the Nazis burned 34 people alive - old people, women and children. Moreover, all of them, with the exception of one person, were Crimean Tatars.

In May 1944 Crimea was liberated by our army. And almost immediately a decision was made to deport the Crimean Tatars. In addition to the Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians were evicted from the peninsula. The Crimean Tatars, of course, suffered the most. However, when evaluating these events, one must understand the conditions under which decisions were made, what cruelty was done around by the Nazis and their accomplices, and what a terrible war our country participated in.

On May 10, 1944, a note by L.P. Beria with a draft decision on the deportation of the Crimean Tatars fell on Stalin's desk. Then a decision is made State Committee Defense (GKO), which included the following items:

• All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction is to be assigned to the NKVD of the USSR.
  
• Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction: a) Allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food up to 500 kg per family. The property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household lands remaining in place are accepted by local authorities ... Livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products should be accepted with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm. To entrust the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the People's Commissariat for Meat and Dairy Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR from July 1 this year. g. submit to the Council of People's Commissars proposals on the procedure for the return of livestock, poultry, agricultural products received from them according to exchange receipts to special settlers.
  
• ... Allocate for each echelon with special settlers, within the time limits agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary care for special settlers on the way ... provide all echelons with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.
• ...To give special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for household equipment up to 5,000 rubles per family with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

The operation to deport the Crimean Tatars began on May 18, 1944, that is, almost a week after the liberation of the peninsula. And already On May 20, 1944, a telegram was sent to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria.

“We hereby report that the operation to evict the Crimean Tatars, which began in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year, is completed today, May 20, at 4 p.m. destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be sent today.

In addition, the regional military commissariats of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Glavupraform of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev. Of the 8,000 people of the special contingent sent on your instructions to the Moskovugol trust, 5,000 people are also Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were deported from the Crimean ASSR During the eviction of the Tatars, 1,137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5,989 people Weapons were seized during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46,603 units In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888, ammunition - 326,887 units

During the operation, no excesses took place Kobulov, Serov, Simferopol.

One of the widespread myths says that all Crimean Tatars were evicted. It is not true. Members of the Crimean underground and members of their families, front-line soldiers and their relatives were exempted from eviction. They left in place or even returned back to the Crimea women who married representatives of other nationalities. In 1967, a decree was adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Council, which removed accusations of collaborationism from the Crimean Tatars and recognized them as full-fledged Soviet citizens. But the Crimean Tatar people could return to their small homeland only in 1989, after the post-war deportation was declared illegal. Today, when Russia regained Crimea, the Crimean Tatar language has become one of the three state. “The Crimean Tatars returned to their land. I believe that all necessary political decisions must be made that will complete the process of rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar people, decisions that will restore their rights and good name in full,” President Putin said in his address on March 18, 2014.

Today, only enemies can try to incite hatred of Russians and Tatars. Enemies of the people - in full measure, because suffering and blood in new conflicts always fall to the lot of the people. And who can wish their people war and suffering? Only the enemy...

But do we need to remember history? Of course. But we only need to talk about what brings us together, makes us strong and fills us with pride. What about scary pages? Were. But they passed. Closed. Mistakes acknowledged, crimes condemned. Dot.

Here's what to talk about. You can even sing. And what is very unifying, and it will sound beautiful. A song about the Yalta Conference of the Three Allied Powers! She walked throughalmost a year after the liberation of the Crimea - from February 4 to February 11, 1945, and in her I. V. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill, foreign ministers, representatives of the general staffs of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain took part in the work. It is here b an agreement was reached on a United Nations conference, which began on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco. In fact, on February 11, 1945, the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain publicly announced their determination to establish the UN.

This is how Crimea once again became the center of world politics. This should be remembered, spoken and sung about.

(The article uses materials from my joint book with Dmitry Belyaev, which, and now more.

P.S. This is how they speculate on history, a good example.

Tomorrow in Ukraine is the "day of remembrance" of the Crimean Tatars deported in 1944. A doubtful date, even taking into account the fact that the heirs of the Land of the Soviets recognized the illegality of the event in relation to civilians.

After Jamala won Eurovision with a song about "Stalin and Crimea" it became especially interesting to figure out what really happened in 1944.

We go to Wikipedia, and the first thing we see:

"Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS - a unit of Crimean Tatar collaborators who fought on the side Nazi Germany in the second half of 1944".

No reproaches at present, only historical facts:

The desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the army in the first months of the war took on a mass character (about 20 thousand people, that is, the vast majority of those called up).

According to some reports, in December 1941, representatives of the Crimean Tatar community from Turkey, Edige Kyrymal and Mustegip Ulkusal, traveled to Berlin and negotiated with Hitler on the creation of a separate Crimean Tatar state!

During the occupation of the Crimea by German soldiers, Muslim committees were organized there, which "conducted, on the instructions of the German intelligence agencies, the recruitment of Tatar youth into volunteer detachments to fight the partisans and the Red Army."

In 1943, the Turkish emissary Amil Pasha came to Feodosia, who also called on the Tatar population to support the activities of the German command.

The ratio of Tatars in german army and in partisans more than 30 to 1.

These were the circumstances that forced Stalin (I do not presume to justify his actions in any way) to literally “cleanse” the Crimea. At the same time, for example, in the United States, the entire Japanese population was placed in concentration camps as possible accomplices of the enemy. Wartime realities, nothing more. Where, tell me, is the day of the Japanese genocide? I'll tell you more, the Japanese seem to have forgiven and forgotten Hiroshima, Nagasaki and 110,000 Japanese with American citizenship who were sent to concentration camps.

There are many stories according to which the Crimean Tatars, who were taken out of the peninsula, had an extremely difficult time. They were not given water and food, they did not bury the dead (200 people out of 200 thousand transported). However, they miss the fact that everyone was starving (including the Russians), and for the Red Army, which transported the Tatars, they were all potential enemies and traitors.

There is an opinion that Stalin saved the Crimean Tatars from lynching, which would inevitably await them after the war. The people could not forgive betrayal, revenge would be much more cruel than deportation.

Here are some unproven facts pointing to "mercy" on the part of the leader:

It was allowed to take "personal items, clothes, household equipment, utensils and food" for the family.

According to the decree, a doctor and two nurses with medicines were to be present at each echelon (the number of dead and sick suggests otherwise).

It was ordered to allocate land, household plots and even issue loans for construction.

And I remind you that these were hungry, impoverished times. In which none of the Russians or other nationalities even counted on food, let alone any money.

It is quite possible that the victims would have been much greater if there had been no deportation. If the plans of the Crimean Tatars, under the influence of the SS, were realized, how many people of other nationalities would die? What would happen to the long-suffering peninsula now?

Today, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatars, banned in Russia, is actively appealing to memory, trying to arouse anger and anger at Russia in the Crimean Tatars. Perhaps the fact of deportation is the only thing the association is trying to manipulate. They want recognition of a "genocide" that never happened. And frankly erase from memory the fact that tens of thousands of their ancestors were on the side of Nazism.

After the retreat, the Nazis took part of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. The other part (5,381 people) were arrested by the security officers after the liberation of the peninsula. Many weapons were seized during the arrests. The government was afraid of an armed rebellion of the Tatars because of their proximity to Turkey (the latter Hitler hoped to draw into the war with the communists).

According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war years, 35,000 Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, handed over communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were supposed to be exiled and confiscate property.

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to their historical homeland was that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of the real deeds of specific people, but on a national basis.

Even those who did not contribute to the Nazis were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. In the partisan detachments, 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and end up on the side of the enemy were reflected in this mass character.

The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to crowding, lack of food and drinking water. In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war. 191 Tatars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from mass starvation in 1946-1947.

On the eve of the war, Crimean Tatars made up less than one-fifth of the peninsula's population. Here are the 1939 census data (*1):

Nevertheless, the Tatar minority was in no way infringed on their rights in relation to the "Russian-speaking" population. Rather the opposite. State languages The Crimean ASSR was Russian and Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on national principle: in 1930, national village councils were created: Russian 207, Tatar 144, German 37, Jewish 14, Bulgarian 9, Greek 8, Ukrainian 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2 each. In addition, national districts were organized. In 1930 there were 7 such districts: 5 Tatar (Sudak, Alushta, Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Balaklava), 1 German (Biyuk-Onlar, later Telman) and 1 Jewish (Fraydorf) (*2). In all schools, children of national minorities studied in their native language.

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. We quote the memorandum of the deputy. People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and Deputy. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:
"... All those drafted into the Red Army amounted to 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars ... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from the Crimea ..." (*3).
Thus, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the Red Army was almost universal. This is confirmed by the data for individual settlements. Thus, in the village of Koush, out of 132 drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 deserted (*4).

Then the servitude to the German occupiers began.
"From the very first days of their arrival, the Germans, relying on the nationalist Tatars, without openly plundering their property, as they did with the Russian population, tried to ensure good relationship to the local population"(*5) - wrote the head of the 5th partisan district Krasnikov.
Already in December 1941, the German command began organizing the so-called "Muslim committees". Under the leadership of the Germans, armed detachments of "self-defense" began to form. Many Tatars were used as guides for punitive detachments against partisans. Separate detachments were sent to the Kerch Front and partly to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they took part in the battles against the Red Army. But most of all they became famous for the massacres of civilians.

Here it is appropriate to recall one of the main arguments of the defenders of the "repressed peoples":
"The accusation of betrayal, actually committed by certain groups of Crimean Tatars, was unreasonably extended to the entire Crimean Tatar people." (*6).
Say, not all Tatars served the Germans, but only "separate groups", while others were partisans at that time. However, an anti-Hitler underground also existed in Germany, so now the Germans should be recorded as our allies in the 2nd World War? Let's look at specific numbers.
Let us turn to the data of N.F. Bugay himself:
"According to approximate data, more than 20 thousand Crimean Tatars were in the units of the German army stationed in the Crimea" (*7).
That is, taking into account the information given in the above-cited note by Kobulov and Serov, practically the entire Crimean Tatar population of military age. It is significant that this unseemly circumstance is actually recognized in a very characteristic publication (" The book forms the documentary historical basis of the ongoing Russian Federation measures for the rehabilitation of outraged and punished peoples" (*8)).

And how many Crimean Tatars were among the partisans? On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and ... 6 Tatars (* 9). As of January 15, 1944, according to the party archive of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, there were 3,733 partisans in Crimea, of which 1,944 were Russians, 348 Ukrainians, and 598 Tatars (*10). Finally, according to a certificate on the party, national and age composition of the Crimean partisans for April 1944, among the partisans were: Russians - 2075, Tatars - 391, Ukrainians - 356, Belarusians - 71, others - 754 (* 11).

So, even if we take the maximum of the given figures - 598, then the ratio of Tatars in the German army and in the partisans will be more than 30 to 1.
It is also very interesting to read the newspaper "Azat Krym" ("Liberated Crimea"), published in the occupied Crimea from 1942 to 1944. Here are some characteristic excerpts (* 12):
03/03/1942
After our German brothers crossed the historical ditch at the gates of Perekop, the great sun of freedom and happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea.
03/10/1942
Alushta. At a meeting arranged by the Muslim Committee, Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Fuhrer Adolf Hitler-effendi for the free life he gave to the Muslim people. Then they arranged a service for the preservation of life and health for many years to Adolf Hitler-effendi.
In the same issue:
Great Hitler - the liberator of all peoples and religions! 2 thousand Tatars Kokkozy (now the village of Sokolinoe, Bakhchisaray district) and its environs gathered for a prayer service... in honor of the German soldiers. We created a prayer for the German martyrs of the war... The entire Tatar people pray every minute and ask Allah to grant the Germans victory over the whole world. Oh, great leader, we tell you with all our hearts, with all our being, believe us! We, the Tatars, give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with the German soldiers in the same ranks!.. God bless you, our great Mr. Hitler!
03/20/1942
Together with the glorious German brothers, who arrived in time to liberate the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare to the whole world that we have not forgotten Churchill's solemn promises in Washington, his desire to revive the Jewish power in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, capture Istanbul and the Dardanelles , raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc. etc. The East is waiting for its liberator not from lying democrats and swindlers, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We swore an oath to make sacrifices for such a sacred and brilliant task.
04/10/1942
From a message to A. Hitler, received at a prayer service by more than 500 Muslims in the city of Karasubazar.
Our liberator! It is only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and dedication of your troops that we managed to open our prayer houses and perform prayers in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore and gave their word, signing up as volunteers in the ranks German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood. Your victory is the victory of the entire Muslim world. We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of the peoples, long life. You now have the liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - the gases Adolf Hitler.
In the same room.
To the liberator of the oppressed peoples, the son of the German people, Adolf Hitler.
With the arrival of the valiant sons of Great Germany in the Crimea, with your blessing and in memory of long-term friendship, we, Muslims, stood shoulder to shoulder with the German people, took up arms and began to fight to the last drop of blood for the great universal ideas- the destruction of the red Jewish-Bolshevik plague to the end and without a trace.
Our ancestors came from the East, and we were waiting for liberation from there, but today we are witnessing that liberation comes to us from the west. Perhaps for the first and only time in history it happened that the sun of freedom rose from the west. This sun is you, our great friend and leader, with your mighty German people.
Presidium of the Muslim Committee.
As we can see, Gorbachev with his notorious "universal values" had a worthy predecessor.

After the liberation of Crimea Soviet troops the hour of reckoning has come.

Comrade Stalin I.V. (* 13)
May 10, 1944
The organs of the NKVD and the NKGB are carrying out work in the Crimea to identify and seize enemy agents, traitors to the motherland, accomplices of the Nazi invaders and other anti-Soviet elements.

5995 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges...

By 1944, more than 20,000 Tatars had deserted from the units of the Red Army;

Taking into account the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.

We consider it expedient to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work as in agriculture- collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction.

The question of the resettlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed with Comrade Yusupov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan.

According to preliminary data, there are currently 140-160 thousand Tatars in Crimea. The eviction operation will start on May 20-21 and end on June 1st. At the same time, I am presenting a draft resolution of the State Defense Committee, asking for your decision.

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
L. Beria

Project
Decree
State Defense Committee(*14)
May 1944

GKO decides:

1. All Tatars must be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction is to be assigned to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars before June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:

a) Allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in the amount of up to 500 kg per family.

Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat and Dairy Industry; all agricultural products - the People's Commissariat of the USSR; horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat for Meat of the USSR; pedigree cattle - People's Commissariat of State Farm of the USSR.

Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.

To entrust the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the People's Commissariat for Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR from July 1 of this year. submit proposals to the Council of People's Commissars on the procedure for the return of livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them by exchange receipts to special settlers.

b) To organize the reception from the special settlers of property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by them in the places of eviction, send to the place a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consisting of: chairman of the commission comrade. Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade. Krestyaninov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR), comrade. Nadyarnykh (a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and the MP), comrade. Pustovalov (member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR), comrade. Kabanova (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), comrade. Gusev (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR).

Oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat and the MP (comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissariat for State Farming of the USSR (comrade Lobanova) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers (in agreement with Comrade Gritsenko) to the Crimea required amount workers.

c) To oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR in specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for the transportation of prisoners.

d) The People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR (comrade Miterev) to allocate for each echelon with special settlers, within the time limits agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary care for special settlers on the way.

e) The People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) to provide all echelons with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water. Allocate foodstuffs to the People's Commissariat for catering for special settlers on the way...

3. Oblige the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan comrade. Yusupov, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR comrade. Abdurakhmanov and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek USSR comrade. Kobulov until July 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) Accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers of Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.

The resettlement of special settlers shall be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry.

b) In the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the direct accommodation of arriving special settlers.

c) Prepare horse-drawn vehicles for the transportation of special settlers, mobilizing the transport of any enterprises and institutions for this.

d) Ensure the supply of incoming special settlers personal plots and assist in the construction of houses with local building materials.

e) Organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the expense of the estimate of the NKVD of the USSR.

f) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR comrade. Beria, a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating stations for unloading echelons.

4. To oblige the Agricultural Bank (comrade Kravtsov) to issue loans to special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR in the places of their settlement for the construction of houses and for household equipment up to 5,000 rubles per family with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the SNK of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts... Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. to produce free of charge, in payment for the agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.

6. To oblige the NPO (comrade Khruleva) to transfer during May-July this year. to reinforce the vehicles of the NKVD troops stationed by garrisons in the areas of resettlement of special settlers in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, 100 vehicles "jeeps" and 250 trucks that were out of repair.

7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (comrade Shirokov) to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944, 400 tons of gasoline to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR and 200 tons to the SNK of the Uzbek SSR. Deliveries of gasoline to be made at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige the Glavsnabless of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (comrade Lopukhov) to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards of 2.75 m each at the expense of the sale of resources, with their delivery before May 15 of this year; transportation of NKPS boards to be carried out by one's own means.

9. Narkomfin of the USSR (comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. 30 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events.

Chairman of the State Defense Committee
I.Stalin

On April 2 and May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolutions No. 5943ss and No. 5859ss on the deportation of Crimean Tatars from the Crimean ASSR to the Uzbek SSR (* 15). The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, and already on May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported:

Telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria (*16)
20 May 1944
We hereby inform you that, on May 18, 2019, in accordance with your instructions, The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons numbering 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 trains will also be sent today.

In addition, the district military commissars of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Main Department of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.

Of the 8,000 people of the special contingent sent on your instructions to the Moskovugol trust, 5,000 people. are also made up of Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were deported from the Crimean ASSR.

During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5989 people.

Weapons seized during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46.603 pieces.

In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888 and ammunition - 326.887 pieces.

There were no incidents during the operation.

Serov
Kobulov

In addition to the Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship were evicted from the Crimea. The need for this step was justified by the following document:

I.V. Stalin (*17)
29 May 1944
After the eviction of the Crimean Tatars in the Crimea, work continues to identify and seize the anti-Soviet element, combing, etc., by the NKVD of the USSR. Bulgarians - 12075, Greeks - 14300, Armenians - 9919 people are currently living in Crimea.

The Bulgarian population lives for the most part in settlements between Simferopol and Feodosia, as well as in the Dzhankoy region. There are up to 10 village councils with a population of 80 to 100 Bulgarian residents in each.

During the period of German occupation, a significant part of the Bulgarian population actively participated in the activities carried out by the Germans to procure bread and food for the German army, assisted the German military authorities in identifying and detaining Red Army soldiers and Soviet partisans, and received "safeguard certificates" from the German command.

The Germans organized police detachments from the Bulgarians, and also recruited among the Bulgarian population to be sent to work in Germany.

The Greek population lives in most regions of Crimea. A significant part of the Greeks, especially in coastal cities, with the advent of the invaders, took up trade and small-scale industry. The German authorities assisted the Greeks in trade, transportation of goods, etc.

The Armenian population lives in most regions of Crimea. large settlements not with the Armenian population. The Armenian Committee organized by the Germans actively cooperated with the Germans and carried out a great deal of anti-Soviet work.

In the mountains In Simferopol, there was a German intelligence organization "Dromedar", headed by the former Dashnak general Dro, who led intelligence work against the Red Army and for this purpose created several Armenian committees for espionage and subversive work in the rear of the Red Army and to facilitate the organization of volunteer Armenian legions.

The Armenian national committees, with the active participation of emigrants who arrived from Berlin and Istanbul, carried out work to promote "independent Armenia".

There were so-called "Armenian religious communities", which, in addition to religious and political issues, were engaged in the organization of trade and small industry among the Armenians. These organizations provided assistance to the Germans, especially "through the collection of funds" for the military needs of Germany.

The Armenian organizations formed the so-called "Armenian Legion", which was maintained at the expense of the Armenian communities.

The NKVD considers it expedient to carry out the eviction from the territory of Crimea of ​​all Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians.

L. Beria

Summing up the results of the eviction operations from the Crimea, Beria reported to Stalin:

State Defense Committee
Comrade Stalin I.V. (*18) July 5, 1944
In pursuance of your instructions from the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR, from April to July 1944, the territory of Crimea was cleared of the anti-Soviet spy element, and Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship were evicted to the eastern regions of the Soviet Union. As a result of the measures, 7,883 anti-Soviet elements were confiscated, 998 were spies, 225,009 people were evicted from the special contingent, 15,990 weapons were seized illegally from the population, including 716 machine guns, and 5 million ammunition.

23,000 fighters and officers of the NKVD troops and up to 9,000 people of the operational staff of the NKVD-NKGB bodies participated in operations in the Crimea.

L. Beria

According to the generally accepted opinion, all Crimean Tatars, without exception, were evicted, including those who honestly fought in the Red Army or in partisan detachments. In fact, this is not true:
"Members of the Crimean underground who operated behind enemy lines and members of their families were also exempted from the status of "special settler". So, the family of S.S. Useinov was released, who was in Simferopol during the occupation of the Crimea, was from December 1942 to March 1943 a member of the underground patriotic group, then was arrested by the Nazis and shot. Family members were allowed to live in Simferopol"(*19).
"... Crimean Tatars-front-line soldiers immediately applied with a request to release their relatives from special settlements. Such appeals were sent by the deputy commander of the 2nd Aviation Squadron of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Higher Officer School of Air Combat, Captain E.U. Chalbash, Major of Armored troops H.Chalbash and many others... Often, requests of this nature were granted, in particular, the family of E.Chalbash was allowed to live in the Kherson region" (*20).
Women who married Russians were also exempted from eviction:
Report addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria(*21) August 1, 1944
During the resettlement from the Crimea, there were cases of eviction of women by nationality of Tatars, Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians, whose husbands are Russians by nationality and left to live in Crimea or are in the Red Army.

We consider it expedient to release such women from the special settlement in the absence of compromising data on them.

We ask for your instructions.

V. Chernyshov
M.M. Kuznetsov

Let's end with one more quote: The Black Sea Greeks were evicted, but the Azov Greeks were left. Armenians were deported from Crimea, but the Republic of Armenia was not liquidated. Actually, there was no anti-Tatar, anti-Armenian, anti-Greek propaganda, as the Nazis did with their racial theory and their ethnocratic accomplices. The Stalinist regime proceeded from its own ideas about national security and geostrategic interests of the country"(*22). Let us add that based on these ideas, the "Stalinist regime" managed to win the war with the strongest enemy, to defend the independence and territorial integrity of our country.

Notes

1. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue. 1. / Comp. N.G. Stepanova. Simferopol: Tavria, 1988. P.72.
2. Ibid. P.66.
3. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments / Comp. N.F. Bugay. M .: Friendship of peoples, 1992. P. 131.
4. Archive of the Institute Russian history RAS (IRIRAN). F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.26. L.5. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... M .: "AIRO-XX", 1995. P. 148.
5. IRIRAN archive. F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.31. L.6. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions... P.145.
6. "Were loaded into trains and sent to the places of settlements ...". L. Beria - I. Stalin. Compiled by Bugay N.F. // History of the USSR. 1991, No. 1. P.160.
7. Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.146.
8. Ibid. C.2.
9. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue. 1. P.80.
10. Ibid.
11. IRIRAN archive. F.2. Section 2. Op.10. D.51b. L.3, 13. Quoted. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.146.
12. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. Moscow: Russian world. 1997. S.318-320.
13. Deportation. Beria reports to Stalin... // Kommunist. 1991, No. 3. P.107.
14. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.134-137.
15. Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P. 150-151.
16. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.138-139.
17. GARF. F.R-9401. Op.2. D.65. L.162-163. Cit. by: Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.140-142.
18. GARF. F.R.-9401. Op.2. D.65. L.271-272. Cit. by: Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.144.
19. Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.156.
20. Ibid. pp.156-157.
21. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.145.
22. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. P.320.