The amount of reserves and distribution of minerals.

France has one of the main (in Europe) centers for the extraction of iron ore (Lorraine) and oil (the southern basin between Bordeaux and Toulouse). Also in the northwest is the Nord-pas-de-Calais coal basin, only not very large. In the north-east of France, part of the small Saar-Lorraine coal basin belongs. There are 3 deposits of uranium ores (in the southern half of the country), one - iron ore (Sumon), one - potassium salts (near the city of Bern), 2 (La Rouquette and Saint-Julien) - aluminum ores.

Water and forest resources.

Provision of resources for total river flow per capita is on average from 2.5 to 5 thousand m3 per year. In the south-west of the country there is a reservoir with a capacity of 1-5 billion m3. not far from its shores there are deposits of oil and tin ores.

The forest cover of France is quite small. The main forests are located in the mountainous part of the country, in the east and southeast, a little in the south and southwest.

Assessment of natural resources for the development of industry.

There are too few minerals in France for the development of industry. Only the fuel industry and, in part, ferrous metallurgy can be provided with the country's internal mineral resources. Of the resources of the world's oceans, those that contribute to the development of the fuel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy are relatively close.

The relief of the territory and its influence on the location of agriculture.

In the east (Alps) and south (Perineas) of the country, the terrain is elevated (no more than 2000 m). But, since the elevation is not too great, it does not interfere with agriculture very much. Forests are located mainly in elevated areas, and the main part of cultivated land is located in the northwest and slightly north of the Perinei (which, by the way, are used for pastures). The main part of France is land (altitude no more than 1000 m above sea level), which is used both for pastures and for crops. Agriculture is equally intensive everywhere, with the exception of the Brittany peninsula, but the reason for this is not the relief.

Agro-climatic resources.

France in the humid humid zone. The main part of this country is located in the temperate subbelt, the sum of active temperatures is 22000-40000 (late varieties of cereals, corn for grain, sunflower, sugar beet, soybeans, in the south - rice, grapes). In the south and southwest - subtropics (the climate is slightly arid), the sum of active temperatures is 40000-80000 (cotton, late corn, olives, citrus fruits, tea, tobacco ...). There is an area with a cold-temperate climate (10000-22000, rye, wheat, legumes, flax, potatoes, fruits, berries).

Soil and plant resources.

There is no danger of desertification. Most of the country, its center, northeast and west, are lands used both for pastures and for crops. North of the river The Loire and in the south are cultivated lands (without a share of pastures). Further south and near the English Channel are forests. In France, there are some of the main areas for the production of wheat, sugar beets, and flax.

Assessment of natural resources for the development of agriculture.

Agro-climatic resources are favorable for the conduct and development of agriculture, since there is enough moisture for plants (humid climate for the most part), and enough heat for crops with a medium and long growing season. Land resources are also favorable. There are almost no underused and unused lands, most areas are occupied by cultivated land, a lot of land adapted for pastures. The availability of resources for the total river flow per capita is relatively low (≈ 2.5-5 thousand m3 per year), but sufficient for the country.

Detailed solution topic Topic 6 in geography for students in grade 10, authors V.P. Maksakovskiy A basic level of 2017

• Gdz Geography workbook for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Using the maps of the atlas, describe the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use standard plan characteristics of the EGP of the country (see the plan on p. 233).

Task 2. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has so many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Plot republics and monarchies on a contour map. Also use Table. 2 in Applications.

Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. The modern monarchs of Europe wield limited power or simply perform a ceremonial role.

Task 3. Using the mineral map of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing natural conditions for the development of the country's (region's) industry.

Task 4. Using fig. 44, give a description of foreign Europe as the main region of immigration of the population. Select countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Get from fig. 44 as much information as possible.

In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, while in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from countries Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. At the same time, there is a migration of the population within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from the less economically developed countries of Europe (the Balkans, Spain, Italy) to the more developed ones, primarily to the UK.

Task 5. Using the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, describe the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with mono-ethnic, bi-ethnic, and multi-ethnic populations.

Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. The Ural family is represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.

Task 6. Using fig. 45 and physical map foreign Europe in the atlas, classify the millionaire cities of the region according to their EGL. Determine the cities located: 1) on the sea coasts; 2) at the mouths of rivers; 3) away from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) away from the seas. Reflect the results of the classification in the table. In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?

In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?

In Belarus, Spain, Poland.

Task 7. Using the text and drawings of the textbook, maps of the atlas and tables 22-27 in the "Appendices", specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and the largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. According to Figures 21-26, establish where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from to foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the entire industrial output of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry was especially developed. Such car brands as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the United States and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows), Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, Canada.

Task 8. Using a map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore pools; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including maritime).

Examples of ferrous metallurgy centers focusing on: 1) hard coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, the Urals in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).

Task 9. With the help of fig. 49 identify crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the middle and southern European types of agriculture. Set the similarities and differences. For an explanation, also use the agro-climatic map in the atlas.

The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock, as well as pig and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. For the South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, the predominance of crop production is characteristic, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).

Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and seaports of the region on the contour map. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

The transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).

Task 11. Using the plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a message about cultural and historical sights. Why did they become major centers of tourism?

There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol of London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also on Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Towering above Trafalgar Square are two more sights of London - the London National Gallery and the Portrait Gallery. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located five minutes walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is the Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the Treasures of the British Crown. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.

London, like Paris, are the oldest cities in Europe, its cultural centers.

Task 12. Make a project for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe dedicated to acquaintance with the objects of the World Cultural Heritage. Suggest one or two route options.

European countries have a large number of attractions that are listed world heritage UNESCO. To get acquainted with them, you can make 2 routes, one will pass through Northern Europe, some countries of Central Europe and the UK. The second route will pass through the countries of Central Europe.

1 route (main points):

Suomenlinna fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drotningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geiranger fjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg castle (Denmark) - Runestones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk area -Ellshout (Rotterdam, The Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, The Netherlands) - 17th century concentric canals in the Singelgracht (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) - Historic city center of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in Spienne (Mons, Belgium) - Stonehenge megalithic monuments (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)

2 route (main points):

Radziwill Palace and Park Complex in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historic Center of Warsaw (Poland) - Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (Oswiecim, Poland) - Royal salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka) , Poland) - Historic center of Krakow (Poland) - Historic center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Holy Trinity Column in the city of Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral ( Speyer, Germany) - St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)

Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Determine the main branches of its industry and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production was formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers of the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, Bochum.

Task 14. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook and a selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, give a short presentation about one of the countries (of your choice).

When preparing a message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. The area of ​​the territory is 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people According to the state structure, it is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living.

The level of urbanization of the country is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. The ethnic composition of the population is dominated by Germans (92%).

Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated mainly in the industrial production sector and the service sector. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% - production. The agricultural sector makes up 0.5-1.5% of GDP, which employs the same number of the economically active population of the country.

Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% of agricultural products are produced by animal husbandry. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. The second place in importance is occupied by pig breeding.

Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and a member of the G7.

Task 15. Using the maps of the atlas, put on the contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural regions, highways and seaports of one of the countries of foreign Europe (of your choice).

Task 16. Review the material of part I of the textbook and topic 6 "Foreign Europe", as well as the tables of "Appendices" and write out in a notebook all the information and figures related to Germany. Use your abstract for a more complete description of the economic and social geography of this country.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of the FRG is its location at the crossroads of the trans-European trade and transport routes of the latitudinal and meridional directions, the availability of access to the Baltic and North Seas.

According to the form of government, Germany is a parliamentary republic, and according to the form of administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.

In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the United States, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita, it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.

The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.

In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.

Mechanical engineering is focused on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. Great Britain, the Czech Republic, there are enterprises of this industry in almost every city.

The automotive industry was especially developed. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.

The country has developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The copper industry stands out from the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry.

The transport network of Germany belongs to the multicenter.

Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of productivity of field and horticultural crops and livestock productivity. The industry is characterized by the predominance of animal husbandry. Breed mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the needs of the population for food. Of the food crops, wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beet are of the greatest importance.

The international specialization of Germany is the export of cars, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronic products, ships, chemicals and products light industry.

Task 17. Work in a notebook

17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) the size of the territory; 2) population; 3) the level of urbanization. Draw your own conclusions.

By area

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. In Europe there is a part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).

By population

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among the countries of Europe there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people, and less than 1 million.

By level of urbanization

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with a percentage of urbanization above 80% are the dwarf states and the most economically developed countries in Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by the influence of climate. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

17.3. Using the tables, figures and text of topic 6, determine which countries in the region are in the top ten countries in the world in the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products. Present the data obtained in the form of a table.

17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual journey along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). Often the Danube is called an "international" river, as it flows through the territory of 10 states: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. The main feature of the Danube is the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the most muddy among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. The territories of the water basin covered by the Danube along its entire length have the most diverse landscape. These are high-altitude regions with glaciers, mountain ranges of medium height, covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. In the lower reaches, the Danube forks, and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.

17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates of Western Europe.

San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. It is located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by the territory of Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is completely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, rising above the hilly plain of the foothills of the Apennines. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all the sights are concentrated. The visiting card, as well as the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country), is the medieval complex "Three Towers of San Marino", located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

17.6. Determine the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying the topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

When compiling maps on this topic, the following methods were used:

The cartographic method, with which you can trace the structure of the industry;

Movement signs that are used to show the spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena (for example, transport routes, population migration, etc.);

Icon method (reflecting the volume of production by country);

Qualitative and quantitative background method.

Block of self-control and mutual control

Test knowledge of a specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries of foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?

Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.

2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?

Answer: Of these, let Hungary and Serbia use the Danube waterway for access to the sea, since they have no access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of these countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.

3. Which of the following foreign European ports belong to the category of world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?

Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)

4. Which of the following areas are highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?

Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are the characteristics of a Western European city?

In the center of such a (Western European) city, there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which the narrow streets of the old city with residential buildings, shops and buildings diverge radially. In the old city, architectural and historical sights are usually preserved. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.

2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy economy in Eastern Europe?

In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). In Eastern Europe, in contrast to the countries of Western Europe, the focus on coal as a source of energy has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region are also oriented towards coal basins.

3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?

In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. Ore deposits predominate in the southern part, and fuel resources are much smaller here.

4. What are the characteristics transport system foreign Europe?

The transport system of the region belongs to the Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But it ranks first in the world in terms of the provision of a transport network. It is characterized by high traffic density, great importance of international and transit traffic. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe, the role of the capital is not played by the largest city of this country?

Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.

2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?

Answer: Monaco has the highest population density (more than 10,000 people/km2). Also, high density is typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. How can you get from the North to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland peninsula?

Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Seas. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.

4. What industries are most typical for industrial regions and nodes that have formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal fields?

For the industrial areas formed in the capital regions, mechanical engineering, electronics, and the food industry are typical. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (processing of fish and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry.

5. Which metallurgical plants operate on imported raw materials and fuel?

Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate on imported raw materials and fuel. Such combines are found in Italy (Taranto), in Germany, France, Great Britain.

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of population immigration?

Europe is characterized by the "aging of nations", when the proportion of the elderly population is increasing and the proportion of people of young and working age is sharply declining. When superimposed on this is still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, the countries of Europe for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of soldiers in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has increased dramatically. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).

2. Why is there a sharp preponderance of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?

These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always political centers shit So Rome became the modern capital of Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was transferred from Rome to other cities.

3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, 60-80% falls on industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - on agriculture?

Southern European countries have more favorable agroclimatic resources compared to the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This allows the active development of agriculture, a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves of mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.

4. Why do oil monopolies conduct exploration and production of oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?

Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires expenses for the delivery of this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries pursue an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries in order to reduce the dependence of the country's energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, the development and production of oil on its territory is carried out.

5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?

Agricultural lands in Norway occupy 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, heavily dissected by fjords and cut through by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has a long coastline and is washed by the seas from 3 sides. As a result, fishing has developed.

6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?

The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through the territory of such countries as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. Also, the river is navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, together with climatic conditions region (the Rhine does not freeze during the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are large cities characterized by a high level of industrial development.

7. Why Europe has been and remains the main area of ​​international tourism?

This region has a rich history and cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.

8. Why is the state of the environment, as a rule, the most threatening in depressive old industrial areas?

In the old industrial regions, coal was the main energy resource. When coal is burned, large amounts of particulate matter and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the state of the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which human activities are carried out there.

Specify:

1. In which of the following countries does the population speak the languages ​​of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?

Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.

2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?

Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is characteristic of Italy, Germany and France.

3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.

Statement 2 is true for France, Finland.

Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.

Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.

Statement 5 is true for Germany, Switzerland.

Can you:

2. From memory, determine the countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia?

Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 - Portugal; 3 - Austria.

4. Name the country of foreign Europe, where there is practically no rural population?

Answer: Monaco, Vatican.

5. Exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?

Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.

Choose the correct answer:

1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.

Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.

2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Dutch.

Answer: Parisian agglomeration.

3. Of the capital cities of the region on the sea coast are: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.

Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.

4. Most of the oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (in the world ranking 13th place as of 2016 according to OPEC).

Find out the country:

1. The island country of Western Europe, in the past distinguished mass emigration in the USA. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.

Answer: Ireland.

2. A country located on a peninsula in northern Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.

Answer: Sweden.

3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, the population of which speaks four state languages.

Answer: Switzerland.

Practical work No. 6

Assessment of natural preconditions

for the development of industry and agriculture in India.

Working process:

Using the text of the textbook, atlas maps, the knowledge gained in the course of the 7th grade course, and additional literature, build a diagram showing the influence of India's natural conditions and resources on the development of its industry and agriculture;

Exemplary view scheme ” Influence natural prerequisites on the development farms India ”:

Give an economic assessment of the country's natural resource potential, highlighting the most promising directions development of the Indian economy;

Using the text "Industry and Economy of India" below, write out the main features of the development of India's industry, economy;

Make a conclusion about the influence of natural conditions and resources on the development and specialization of the Indian economy.

Industry of India

is one of the largest industrial powers in the developing world.

The fuel and energy industry of the country is developing at a faster pace, however, domestic fuel consumption is provided mainly by firewood, dung, and agricultural waste.

concentrated in the northeast of the country in the valley Damodar. This causes expensive transportation. Oil production is underdeveloped (only in large in the Upper Assam region and on the shelf near Bombay).

Oil refining is much better developed (mainly on imported raw materials), mainly in ports: in Bombay, Madras, in the Delhi region.

In the structure of the energy balance, about 60% is accounted for by TPPs

38% for HPPs

2% at nuclear power plants

India has become the 9th nuclear power in the world. There are 7 power units operating in the country and 7 are under construction.

The mining industry works mainly for the domestic market, only mica, manganese, and bauxites.

The demand for non-ferrous metals is met through imports and the corresponding production is also to seaports.

A high level of development in the country has reached (more than 40 enterprises). The country's needs for tractors, motor vehicles, radios, televisions are met mainly through domestic production. The machine tool industry provides the textile and sugar industries with machine tools. At the same time, complex machine tools and equipment are almost not produced in the country.

The traditional industry for India is light industry (especially textiles). This industry is dominated by small and home producers (from 70% inup to 95% in leather). The Indian government is restricting the construction of weaving factories and is pursuing a similar policy in other traditional industries (for the benefit of small consumers).

Artistic crafts are strongly developed in the country:

Sewing with gold on silk, carving on Ivory, sandalwood and mahogany, chasing on silver, Kashmiri shawls, carpet weaving.

general characteristics economy of India

By absolute dimensions industrial production is one of the 10 largest powers in the world, but in terms of the level of national product per capita, it only closes 100 states.

India occupies the 1st place in the world in the collection of tea, 2-4 places in the collection of rice, jute, sugar cane, bananas, wheat and cotton. India is one of the top twenty countries in terms of coal production and, for the production of cement, steel, electricity, the development of basic. But in terms of industrial output per capita, it lags far behind economically. .

In general, India is an industrial-agrarian country. From the colonial period, it inherited the economic structure typical of the former colonies, i.e. with a predominance of agricultural production.

However, unlike most other colonies in India, even before gaining independence, there were a number of relatively developed industries of light and: Jute, cotton, sugar, tobacco, leather, and mining industry (coal mining, manganese and iron ores, mica, precious stones). There were cement, glass, paper enterprises.

But the key sectors of heavy industry were absent or were poorly developed - metallurgy, chemistry, and the electric power industry. The country's economy was dominated by foreign capital (mainly).

After gaining independence, the public sector began to play a very important role in the country's economy. It accounts for almost all coal mining, 80% of the capacity of power plants, all copper production, 75% of oil refining, 80% of steel production, 50% of the production of machine tools.

Fully under the control of the state, communication enterprises, defense industry, gold mining and strategic raw materials.

Private monopolies are also rapidly developing in the country (they are given benefits).

Indian big business is concentrated mainly in big cities and the most developed areas - Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi, Madras.

INDIA

India is , consisting of twenty-nine states, six and . All states and two union territories ( and the National Capital Territory of Delhi) have their own elected government. The remaining five union territories are administered by an administrator appointed by the central authority and are therefore under the direct control of the President of India. AT Indian states were reorganized along linguistic lines . Since then, the administrative structure has not changed much.

All states and union territories are divided into administrative and governmental units called districts. There are over 600 districts in India . Districts are in turn divided into smaller administrative units. .

Hydrology

Inland waters India is represented by numerous rivers, which, depending on the nature of the food, are divided into “Himalayan”, full-flowing throughout the year, with mixed snow-glacier and rain food, and “Dean”, mainly with rain, monsoon food, large fluctuations in runoff, flood with June to October. On all large rivers, a sharp rise in the level is observed in summer, often accompanied by floods. River , which gave the name to the country, after the partition , turned out to be the largest part of .

The largest rivers, originating in the Himalayas and for the most part flowing through the territory of India, are and ; they both fall into . The main tributaries of the Ganges are and . Their low banks cause catastrophic floods every year. Other important rivers of Hindustan are , , and also flowing into the Bay of Bengal , and and flowing into the Arabian Sea - the steep bank of these rivers does not allow their waters to overflow. Many of them are important as sources of irrigation. There are no significant lakes in India.

The most remarkable coastal regions of India are in Western India and - swampy lower reaches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas in India and Bangladesh . Part of India are two archipelagos: coral west of the Malabar Coast; and , - a chain of volcanic islands in .

Climate

The climate of India is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing . The Himalayas serve as a barrier to cold winds, thus making the climate in most of India warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet . The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwest winds of the summer monsoon, which provide much of India with rain between June and October. . India is dominated by four main climates: , , and .

In most of India, there are three seasons: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwestern (June - October); relatively cool and dry with northeasterly predominance (November - February); very hot and dry transitional (March - May). During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual precipitation falls. The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are the most humid (up to 6000 mm per year), and on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - (about 12000 mm). The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (less than 100 mm in , dry period 9-10 months) and the central part of Hindustan (300-500 mm, dry period 8-9 months). The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year. On the plains, the average January temperature increases from north to south from 15 to 27 °C, in May it is 28-35 °C everywhere, sometimes reaching 45-48 °C. During the wet period, temperatures in most parts of the country are 28 °C. In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1 ° C, in July 23 ° C, at an altitude of 3500 m, respectively -8 ° C and 18 ° C.

The main centers of glaciation are concentrated in the Karakoram and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar range in the Himalayas. The glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snow drifts from the slopes. The average height of the snow line decreases from 5300 m in the west to 4500 m in the east. Due to glaciers are retreating.

Flora and fauna

India is located in the Indo-Malayan zoogeographical region and is one of the countries in the world with the highest . India is the birthplace of 7.6% of all species , 12.6% of all , 6.2% of all , 4.4% of all , 11.7% of all , and 6.0% of all . Many , such as forests - the rainforests of the southwestern Ghats, characterized by unusually high levels ; in total, 33% of India's plant species are endemic . Over the millennia of the economic development of India, the natural vegetation cover in most of its territory has remained little, however, it is very diverse: from the tropical rainforests of the Andaman Islands, , and Northeast India, up to Himalayas. On the plains of the interior regions of Hindustan, secondary from , , , , sparse forests and thorny shrubs of anthropogenic origin. In the mountains, monsoon forests from , , , , . In the northeast of the peninsula, deciduous mixed forests grow with a predominance of , on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats - evergreen mixed forests .

To the main trees of India belongs , widely used in medical preparations. Under the sacred tree (see ), the image of which was found on seals in , attained enlightenment after many years of meditation in .

The high population density of India and the transformation of natural landscapes have led to the impoverishment of the country's wildlife. Over the past decades, the expansion of human economic activity has posed a threat to the wild world of the country. In response to this, a number of national parks and reserves were created, the first of which appeared in . AT was adopted in India » and " » in order to preserve and protect its habitat; in addition to this, in The Forest Conservation Act was passed . Currently, there are more than 500 national parks and reserves in India, including 13 biosphere reserves. , four of which are part of ; 25 wetlands have been officially registered as protected areas .

Population

Number, resettlement

Place

Us.

Place

Us.

13 662 885

2 997 114

11 954 217

2 621 063

5 180 533

2 394 434

5 021 458

2 359 331

4 562 843

Natural prerequisites for the development of industry. 1. Natural prerequisites for the development of industry. Foreign Europe has quite a variety of minerals that have long been involved in economic turnover, therefore they are greatly depleted and do not fully satisfy the needs of the region. The main features of their geography are determined by the tectonic features of the structure of the territory of this region (Fig. 1). Further. The northern part of the region has a predominantly platform structure. The most ancient and stable territory within its boundaries is formed by the Baltic Shield. In the east of foreign Europe is the ancient East - European platform, covered with a powerful sedimentary cover. In the south - a zone of young folding. The rest of the territory is dominated by a young platform, formed on the site of the Hercynian folding, which flowed in the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is characterized by a combination of platform areas with intermontane depressions and foredeeps. Baltic Shield. Enlarged map. Rice. 1. Tectonic structure of Foreign Europe.

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Natural resources

"What is PTC in geography" - Plants. Land. The main ranks of PTK. Structure and interrelations of PTK. Types of PTK. Animals. Water. Ptk. The main types of PTK. ? Inland waters. PTK mountains. Climate. Lesson 1. The concept of a natural complex. Freshwater. Marine. Plains PTC. 2. To the textbook edited by A. I. Alekseev. What is PTC. 1. Relief. The law of natural zoning.

"Arctic Desert" - Bird Market. The southern border of the Arctic landscapes runs in Russia at about the 75th parallel. The vegetation here is poor, sparse and poorly developed. Recently, groups of tourists regularly come to the North Pole. These include most of the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Because of the permafrost, the soil is torn, and frost cracks are formed.

"Deserts and semi-deserts" - The settled population is concentrated in the oases. Desert animals live in burrows or burrow into the sand. Desert types. Oases. Why doesn't it rain in deserts? Animals. Other animals, such as the camel, can go without water for a long time. Head: geography teacher Lyubov Vladimirovna Pivovarova Executor: student of the 6th "B" class Lilia Sapukova.

"Zone of mixed forests" - Now forests cover 30% of the area of ​​the zone. Vegetable world. Pheasant. Under you is a birch tree, silk grass ... White birch, curly birch. The climate of the forest zone. Forest animals. Use of zone resources. Hedgehog. The average July t is from +16° to +24°С, and in January from -8° to -16°С. Animal world. Reduction of the species composition of flora and fauna.

FOREIGN EUROPE

GEOGRAPHICAL SPECIFICITY

Europe from the Greek "zurope" - the country of the West, from the Assyrian "ereb" - darkness, "sunset", "west" (Asia from "asu" - "sunrise").

Features of the geographical location
1. The territory of foreign Europe (without the CIS countries) is 5.1 million km 2, and the total area is about 10 million km 2. The length from north to south (from the island of Svalbard to the island of Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
2. Relief "mosaic" of its territory: 1:1 - lowlands and elevated territories. Among the mountains of Europe, most of the average height. The borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create obstacles for transport links.
3. High degree of indentation of the coastline.
4. Maritime position of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km.
5. The "depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
6. Neighborly position favorable for integration processes.
7. Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, tk. located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far advanced into the ocean - "a large peninsula of Eurasia."
8. Diversity of natural resources, but non-complex distribution by country, many deposits are largely depleted.

CONCLUSION: profitable EGP, good prerequisites for the development of the economy.

POLITICAL MAP OF EUROPE

Until the mid-1980s, there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.

6 largest by territory: France, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Finland.

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Most are sovereign states, 34 are republics, 14 are monarchies.

Principalities: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra.
Duchy: Luxembourg.
Kingdoms: UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Spain, Sweden.

They are all constitutional monarchies.

Theocratic monarchy: papacy - Vatican.
Federations: Germany, Belgium, Austria, FRY, Spain.
Confederation: Switzerland.

The oldest republic is San Marino (from the 13th century), Swiss Confederation exists since the end of the 13th century.

Major political and economic alliances

The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002.

NATO members (14 countries): Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Belgium, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic. At the Prague Summit in November 2002, 7 new members were invited to the Alliance: Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. But they can become full members only in 2004.
EU members (15 countries): Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria. From January 2002 the number of countries in the EU will increase. From January 2004 the number of countries in the EU may increase due to Poland, Lithuania and other countries.

DIFFERENTIATION OF COUNTRIES BY THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Most of the countries belong to the industrialized group. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the "big seven countries of the West." A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural resources of world importance

Coal:

• Total reserves: 3rd in the world after Asia and America
• Hard coal: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
• Explored reserves: 3rd place after Asia and America
• Hard coal - 2nd place after Asia
• Brown coal - 3rd place after America and Asia
• For hard coal: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Great Britain
• Brown coal: Germany, Eastern Europe

Mining and chemical raw materials (potassium salts): Germany, France

Recreational resources: Southern Europe, France, etc.

Natural resources of regional importance

Forest

3rd place in the world after South America and the CIS

Forest cover - 32% - shares 3rd place with Zarub. Asia, yielding Latin America and CIS.

Most forested: Finland (59%), Sweden (54%)

Fish

Northern Europe (Norway, Iceland)

mineral

• Uranium ores: France, Sweden, Spain
• Iron ores: France, Sweden
• Copper ores: Poland, Finland, ex. Yugoslavia
• Oil: UK, Norway, Romania
• Gas: Netherlands, UK, Norway
• Mercury ores: Spain, Italy
• Bauxites: France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Sulfur: Poland
• Graphite: Czech Republic

Hydropower resources

Resources of total river flow per capita - 6 thousand m3 per year, less only in Asia

Hydropotential - in the penultimate place (lower only in Australia and Oceania). But the degree of development is high - 70% - 1st place in the world.

Agro-climatic resources

Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe

Land resources

World land fund: 134 million sq. km. Of these, foreign Europe accounts for 5.1 million square meters. km (the last place in the world). Per capita - 1 ha

The structure of the land fund of Europe in%: 29/18/32/5/16 (For reference: the structure of the land fund of the world in%: 11/23/30/2/34).

By the share of cultivated land - 1st place (29%)

The share of land under pasture (18%) is lower than the world average (23%), while the share of land under forest (32%) is higher (30%).

The largest proportion of land in the world is under settlements: 5%

Less than in other parts of the world, the share of unproductive land is 16%

The provision of arable land per capita is 0.28 ha, while the world average is 0.24-0.25 ha

POPULATION

Table 1. Demographic and socio-economic indicators of the world, foreign Europe and sub-regions of Europe

Indicators	The whole world	Foreign Europe	Northern Europe	Western Europe	Southern Europe	Eastern Europe
Area, thousand km 2	132850	5014	1809	1108	1315	782
Population in 1998, million people	5930	516,2	93,6	183,1	144,3	95,2
Birth rate, ‰	24	11	13	11	11	11
Mortality, ‰	9	11	11	10	9	12
natural increase	15	0	2	1	2	-1
Life expectancy, m/f	63/68	70/77	74/70	74/81	74/80	62/73
Age structure, under 16 / over 65	62/6	19/14	20/15	18/15	18/14	62/73
Share of urban population in 1995, %	45	74	84	81	65	64
GDP per capita in 1995, $	6050	1500	18500	19470	13550	5260

In Europe, there are 96 men for every 100 women.

Urbanization

Most of the countries of Foreign Europe are highly urbanized - Belgium (97%), the Netherlands and Great Britain (89% each), Denmark (85%). Only Portugal (36%), Albania (37%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (49%) belong to medium urbanized countries (the share of the urban population does not exceed 50%).

The largest agglomerations of Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr.

Megalopolises: English, Rhine.

A characteristic process is suburbanization.

Migration

Centers for international immigration: France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, in which over 10% of the total number of employees are foreign workers. Areas of emigration - countries of Southern Europe: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Serbia; Turkey, North African countries.

National composition

Most European countries belong to the Indo-European family.

Types of state by national composition:
• single-national(i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). Most of them are in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
• with a sharp predominance of one nation, but in the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
• binational(Belgium);
• multinational countries, with a complex and ethnically heterogeneous composition (Russia, Switzerland, FRY, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries there are complex problems of interethnic relations: Great Britain, Spain (Basques), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.

Religious composition of the population

The dominant religion is Christianity.

• Southern Europe - Catholicism
• Northern - Protestantism
• Medium - Protestantism and Catholicism
• Eastern - Orthodoxy and Catholicism
• Albania, Croatia - Islam

ECONOMY: PLACE IN THE WORLD, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in reserves of gold and currency, and in the development of international tourism.

The economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are members of the "big seven" Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest range of various industries and productions. But the balance of power between them has changed in recent decades. The role of the leader has passed to the FRG, whose economy is developing more dynamically on the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former "workshop of the world", has lost many of its former positions.

Of the rest of the countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. In contrast to the four main countries, their economy is primarily specialized in certain industries, which, as a rule, have won European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are especially widely drawn into world economic relations. The highest levels of economic openness have been reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.

A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where since the late 80s. there is a transition from the former system of public ownership and central planning to a system based on market principles. These post-socialist countries, which for a long time in their socio-economic development focused primarily on the Soviet Union (and the Baltic countries were part of it), are now more "looking" not at the East, but at the West of Europe. Such a change in orientation has a great impact on the sectoral and territorial structure of their economy, on the direction of foreign economic relations.

Industry: major industries.

The region produces more machine tools, industrial robots, precision and optical instruments, automobiles, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, and chemical fibers than the United States.

mechanical engineering- the leading industry of foreign Europe, which is its homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the total industrial output of the region and 2/3 of its exports.

Particularly great development has been Automotive industry. Such car brands as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), FIAT (Italian Automobile Factory Torino), Volvo (Sweden), Tatra (Czech Republic), are world famous. buses "Ikarus" (Hungary). In the UK, Belgium, Spain, and other countries, factories of the Ford Motor company operate.

Mechanical engineering, which focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations, including metropolitan ones.

Chemical industry in foreign Europe takes the second place after mechanical engineering. In particular, this applies to the most "chemicalized" country not only in this region, but also in the whole world - Germany.

Until the Second World War, the chemical industry focused mainly on hard and lignite coal, potash and table salts, and pyrites, and was located in areas where they were mined. The reorientation of the industry to hydrocarbon raw materials has led to the fact that it has moved "to oil". In the western part of the region, this shift found expression primarily in the emergence of large centers of petrochemistry in the estuaries of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, and Rhone, where this industry is combined with oil refining.

The region's largest hub of petrochemical production and refineries was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Scheldt in the Netherlands, near Rotterdam. In fact, it serves the whole of Western Europe.

In the eastern part of the region, the shift "to oil" has led to the creation of refineries and petrochemical plants along the routes of main oil and gas pipelines.

The main oil refining and petrochemical enterprises of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary were built on the route of the Druzhba international oil pipeline and gas pipelines, through which oil and natural gas were supplied from Soviet Union. In Bulgaria, for the same reason, petrochemistry has been "shifted" to the Black Sea coast.

AT fuel and energy economy In most countries of foreign Europe, the leading position was occupied by oil and natural gas produced both in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. The extraction and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium have declined sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the focus on coal is still preserved, and not so much on hard coal (Poland, Czech Republic), but on brown coal. Perhaps there is no other area in the world where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.

The majority of TPPs are also oriented towards coal basins. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in large cities. An increasing impact on the structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - is exerted by the construction of nuclear power plants, of which there are already more than 80 in the region. On the Danube and its tributaries, on the Rhone, upper Rhine, Duero hydroelectric power stations or their entire cascades were built.

But still, in most countries, with the exception of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, hydroelectric power plants now play a supporting role. Since the region's hydro resources have already been used by 4/5, more economical pumped storage power plants have been built in recent years. Iceland uses geothermal energy.

Metallurgical industry foreign Europe was mainly formed before the beginning of the era of scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy has developed primarily in countries that have metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

After the Second World War, large plants were built or expanded in seaports with a focus on importing higher quality and cheaper iron ore and scrap metal. The largest and most modern of the plants built in seaports is located in Taranto (Italy).

Recently, not large plants, but mini-factories have been built mainly.

The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy - aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production arose both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece), and in countries where there is no aluminum raw material, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum smelters are increasingly oriented towards raw materials coming from developing countries by sea.

copper industry received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.

timber industry, focusing primarily on the sources of raw materials, has become an industry of international specialization in Sweden and Finland, which have long been the main "forest shop in the region."

Light industry, with which the industrialization of foreign Europe began, has largely lost its former significance. The old textile districts, formed at the dawn of the industrial revolution (Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milan in Italy), as well as those that arose already in the 19th century. The Lodz region of Poland still exists today. But lately light industry has been shifting to Southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap labor. So, Portugal has become almost the main "clothing factory" of the region. And Italy in the production of shoes is second only to China.

In many countries, rich national traditions are also preserved in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glassware, metal products, jewelry, toys, etc.

AGRICULTURE: THREE MAIN TYPES.

For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landownership and small-scale land use by tenant peasants still predominate.

The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:

1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) South European.

For northern European type, common in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop production that serves it, fodder crops and gray bread.

Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, as well as pig and poultry farming. Animal husbandry has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become an industry of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork and eggs. It is often referred to as the "dairy farm" of Europe.

Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.

For southern European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although grain crops occupy the main place in the crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. Coast mediterranean sea- the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain, and especially the region of Valencia, is usually called "huerta", that is, "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. In the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. Greece has over 90 million olive trees. This tree has become a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the time of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.

In many cases, the specialization of agriculture acquires a narrower profile. So, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for cheese production, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of the production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world.

Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

NON-MANUFACTURING SPHERE

Transport: main highways and nodes.

The regional transport system of the region belongs to Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is much inferior to the systems of the United States and Russia. But in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is far ahead, ranking first in the world. Relatively short distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays a major role in the transportation of not only passengers, but also goods. The railway network in most countries is declining, and large new buildings in the 50-70s. were characteristic only for some countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).

The configuration of the region's land transport network is very complex. But its main frame is formed by the highways of the latitudinal and meridional directions, which are of international importance. The main latitudinal trans-European highways run as follows: 1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow, 2) London - Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul.

River routes also have meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) directions. The transport significance of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway is especially great.

The Danube is a "transnational arrow": Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, FRY, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine

Rhine: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, the Netherlands.

Drava: Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, FRY

Tisza: Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, FRY

Large transport hubs arose at the intersections of land and inland waterways. In essence, such nodes are also seaports, serving primarily international transportation. Many of the world's yurts (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre) are located in the estuaries of rivers that connect them with the hinterland. All of them have actually become one port industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of branches of the maritime economy and especially the so-called "port industry", working on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them is Rotterdam. The turnover of the port of Rotterdam is about 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the branches of the Rhine, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main sea gate for many European countries. It is connected with the hinterland by waterways along the Rhine and Moselle, railways and highways, and oil and gas pipelines.

Western Europe - good example how even large natural barriers cease to be an insurmountable obstacle to transport links. Numerous railways, roads and pipelines cross the Alps. Ferry crossings link the shores of the Baltic, North, and Mediterranean seas. Road bridges are thrown over the Bosphorus, across the Great Belt. Completed "project of the century" - the construction of a railway tunnel across the English Channel.

Science and finance: technoparks, technopolises and banking centers.

Following the example of "Silicon Valley" in the United States, many research parks and technopolises have also emerged in foreign Europe, which already largely determine the geography of science in a number of countries. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Cambridge (Great Britain), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, near Nice, the so-called "Valley of high technology" is being formed.

In foreign Europe there are 60 of the 200 largest world banks. Switzerland has long been the benchmark country-banker: half of all the world's securities are in the safes of its banks. The "economic capital" of the country, Zurich, stands out in particular. Recently Luxembourg and Frankfurt am Main have turned into a banker country. But still the largest financial center was and remains London.

Recreation and tourism

Foreign Europe has been and remains the main area of ​​international tourism. All types of tourism have developed here, the "tourism industry" has reached a very high level. Spain, France and Italy also invariably act as the leading countries of international tourism. Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary are also among the most popular countries for attracting tourists. And in such microstates as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist services have long been the main source of income. There are 100 tourists for every inhabitant.

Environmental protection and environmental issues

As a result high density population, long-standing industrial and agricultural development of the territory, the natural environment of foreign Europe has become the geographical environment to the greatest extent human society. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time, this led to the aggravation of many environmental and environmental problems.

Some of them are related to open mining, combustion and chemical processing of high-ash (primarily brown) coal. Others - with the placement of a number of cities and agglomerations, metallurgical, oil and gas processing and petrochemical plants, nuclear power plants on the banks of the Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Vistula, on the coasts, others - with the spread of acid rain. Fourth - with the ever-increasing "density of cars", which in a number of urban agglomerations already reaches 250-300 cars per 1 km2. Fifth - with the spontaneous development of tourism, which has already led to significant degradation of the natural environment, both in the Alps and on the Mediterranean coast. Sixth - with a huge danger to the natural environment, which is created by catastrophes of supertankers, which often occur, especially on the approaches to the English Channel.

All countries in the region are pursuing a state environmental policy and are taking more and more decisive measures to protect the environment. Strict environmental laws have been issued, mass public organizations and the Green Party, promoting the use of bicycles, and expanding the network of national parks and other protected areas.

All this led to the first positive results. Nevertheless, in many countries the environmental situation is still difficult. First of all, this applies to the UK, Germany, Belgium, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in the western.

GEOGRAPHICAL DRAWING OF SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY.

The "central axis" of development is the main element of the region's territorial structure.

The territorial structure of the population and economy of foreign Europe was mainly formed back in the 19th century, when the natural resource was almost the main factor of location, and when the coal and metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, and other countries arose. After the Second World War, this structure was most influenced by the factors of labor resources and the benefits of the EGP, and more recently also by knowledge intensity and environmental factors.

In total, there are approximately 400 urban agglomerations and about a hundred industrial areas in the region. The most significant of them are located within the "central axis" of development, stretching across the territory of eight countries. Its core is the "main street of Europe" - the Rhine-Rhone line. 120 million people live within the boundaries of this "axis", and about half of the entire economic potential of the region is concentrated.

In foreign Europe, several more similar "axes" of a smaller scale can be distinguished. This is an industrial-urban belt stretching along the common borders of Poland, the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, the Danube "axis", stripes along the main oil pipelines, and some coastal zones.

Highly developed areas: the examples of London and Paris.

The most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, and services are the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris.

Both London and Paris have grown primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have served for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are large industrial centers, where high-tech science-intensive industries are widely represented, and Paris also produces the so-called "Paris products" (clothing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which it has been acting as a trendsetter for everything for several centuries. peace. But even more important is the fact that it is here that the largest banks and exchanges, the headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as the residence of many international organizations. In accordance with regional programs, unloading of the central parts of both metropolitan regions is being carried out.

Eight satellite cities have been built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities have been built in the vicinity of Paris.

Examples of other highly developed regions of foreign Europe are: the southern region of Germany with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, the "industrial triangle" Milan - Turin - Genoa in Italy, the industrial-urban agglomeration Randstad ("ring city") in the Netherlands. All of them are within the "central axis" of development.

old industrial areas.

No other region of the world has such a large number of old industrial areas with a predominance of basic industries as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of the stone coal basins. But even among such areas, the Ruhr stands out, which for many decades has been rightfully considered the industrial heart of Germany.

Within the Ruhr basin and adjacent areas, the Lower Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration has developed. Here, on an area of ​​9 thousand km2, 11 million people live and about a hundred cities are concentrated, including 20 large ones. There is probably no other such cluster of large cities in one territory anywhere in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km2. The Ruhr part forms a complex urban area with almost no gaps, which is usually called the "Ruhrstadt", that is, the "city of the Ruhr". In fact, this is really a single city, the western gate of which is Duisburg, the eastern gate is Dortmund, the "capital" is Essen, and the main "safe" is Düsseldorf.

Recently, the industry of the Ruhr, numbering several thousand enterprises, has undergone a significant reconstruction. In the 50s and 60s. The Ruhr was considered almost a classic depressive area. But today it would be wrong to put it in this category. In the Ruhr area, a large environmental program. The Rhine, which not so long ago was called the gutter of Europe, became cleaner, and fish appeared again.

Examples of other old industrial areas are Lancashire, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, South Wales in the UK, the Northern Region, Alsace and Lorraine in France, the Saarland, which is often called the "Little Ruhr", in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Upper Silesian region in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic . But most of them fall into the category of depression.

backward agricultural regions.

In foreign Europe there are still quite a few rather backward, predominantly agrarian regions. A striking example of this kind is the South of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country's territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% of those employed in industry. The per capita income here is almost two times lower than in the North. After the Second World War, due to the relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the South.

The state pursues a regional policy aimed at the rise of the South. It led to the construction of large metallurgical, petrochemical plants and other enterprises here. As a result, the South has ceased to be a purely agricultural area. However, the plants have almost no connection with the surrounding territory, since they work on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other parts of the country and to other countries.

Examples of other backward agrarian regions of foreign Europe are: the western part of France, the central and southwestern parts of Spain, Portugal and Greece. All of them are located outside the "central axis". The problem of the rise of backward regions is also relevant for many countries of Eastern Europe.

Areas of new development.

For a long-established territory of foreign Europe, areas of new development are generally not typical. Usually only the northern part of Scandinavia was referred to them. But the opening in the early 60s. large oil and gas basin in the North Sea has changed the situation.

By the beginning of the 90s. more than 250 oil and natural gas deposits were discovered on this "golden bottom". In addition, one of the world's largest gas fields is located off the coast in the Netherlands. The North Sea region satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe in oil and 2/3 of the needs in natural gas. Today, the sea is literally “stuffed” with drilling platforms; several thousand kilometers of pipelines have been laid along its bottom. But in this regard, there is a considerable environmental threat, not to mention fisheries, which have suffered irreparable damage.

The impact of international economic integration on the territorial structure of the economy.

Among the favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region are territorial proximity, high development of the territory, high level social economic development, good transport security, long-standing traditions of economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to a further merging of the territorial structures of the economy of individual countries, especially within the "central axis" of development. Border integration regions are being formed: between Germany and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.

Figure 1. Sub-regions of Foreign Europe.

Table 2. What some countries of Foreign Europe produce and export.

The country	Products of industrial production and export
Sweden	Automobiles, aircraft, ships, weapons, equipment for forestry and pulp and paper industry, paper, pulp, iron ore, medicines, livestock products.
Finland	Lumber, paper, pulp, equipment for the forestry and woodworking industries, marine vessels, dairy products.
United Kingdom	Machinery and equipment, aircraft, cars, tractors, weapons, oil, chemicals, fabrics, light industry products.
France	Cars, aircraft, ships, weapons, equipment for nuclear power plants, ferrous metals, aluminum, fabrics, clothes, perfumes, wheat, dairy and meat products, sugar, wines.
Germany	Automobiles, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronic products, weapons, chemicals, light industry products.
Spain	Automobiles, ships, electrical equipment, chemicals, metal ores, light industry products, citrus fruits, olive oil, wines.
Italy	Automobiles, ships, electrical equipment, weapons, chemicals, refrigerators, washing and office machines, textiles and garments, shoes, vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, wines.
Poland	Machinery and equipment, ships, coal, copper, sulfur, medicines, textiles, agricultural products.
Bulgaria	Electrical and electronic products, handling equipment, agricultural machinery, non-ferrous metals, clothing and tobacco products, canned food, wines, rose oil.

FRG CHARACTERISTICS

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, GENERAL OVERVIEW

Territory - 356.9 thousand km 2. Population - 81.6 million people. (1995). The capital is Berlin.

Germany is a state in Central Europe. It borders on the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech Republic. Poland, Denmark.

The peculiarities of the EGP played an important role in the development of the country: its location in the center of Europe, surrounded by economically highly developed states, at the intersection of major transport routes, and its coastal position.

Within the modern borders, Germany was formed by the unification in October 1990 of two states - the FRG and the GDR, the FRG included 5 lands of the GDR and East Berlin. As a result, the territory of the country grew by 43%, and the population - by 27%.

Germany is a parliamentary republic. According to the territorial and political structure - a federation consisting of 16 lands.

The executive power in the country belongs to the federal government, the president performs mainly representative functions.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES.

The natural conditions of the country are varied. The surface rises mainly from north to south. According to the nature of the relief, 4 main elements are distinguished in it: the North German lowland, the Middle German mountains (Black Forest, Swabian Alb, Franconian Alb, Rhine Slate Mountains). Bavarian Plateau and the Alps. The relief of the country was affected by glaciation and marine transgressions.

Among the countries of foreign Europe, Germany is distinguished by coal reserves (1st place) - mainly in the Ruhr, Saar, Aachen basins.

Enough large deposits natural gas are located in the north of Germany.

There are reserves of iron ore, but its quality is low. In the north of the German Plain there are significant deposits rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, favorable for living and farming.

big economic importance have rivers: Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Danube.

About 30% of the territory is covered with forests, but these are secondary forests, primary forests in the country have practically not been preserved.

POPULATION.

In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Western Europe. The country is characterized by a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth (especially in the eastern lands). The birth and death rates are equal (about 1%), but the population is growing due to the influx of immigrants from Southern Europe, Asia (Turkey).

The average density is 227 people / km 2.

Figure 2. Age-sex pyramid of Germany.
(click on image to enlarge image)

The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants are Germans, by the time of the reunification of the country there were more than 5 million immigrants, their number is increasing.

The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism); from other religions, Islam is widespread.

The level of urbanization is 87%.

ECONOMY

Germany is one of the most developed countries in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is second only to the United States and Japan.

The role of Germany in the MGRT is determined by its industry, which specializes in the production of high-quality products.

The sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of the FRG was strongly influenced by the forty years of separate development of the FRG and the GDR. Territorial disproportions in the country are very large: in 1994, the eastern lands provided about 4% of industrial production, although about 20% of the population of Germany lives in them.

In general, the share of manufacturing industries in the structure of industry is very high (more than 90%), the share of extractive industries is declining, and the share of science-intensive industries is growing.

Energy. Germany provides more than 1/2 of its needs through imports (oil, gas, coal). The main role in the fuel base is played by oil and gas, and the share of coal is about 30%. The structure of electricity generation: 64% - at TPPs, 4% - at HPPs, 32% - at NPPs. TPPs on coal operate in the Ruhr and Saar basins, in port cities, on natural gas - in the north of Germany, on fuel oil - in oil refining centers, other TPPs - on mixed fuel. Nuclear power plants are built outside the coal basins. HPPs operate mainly in the south of the country (on mountain rivers).

Ferrous metallurgy- one of the most important branches of specialization in Germany, but is currently in crisis. The main factories are concentrated in the Ruhr and the Lower Rhine; there are also in the Saar and in the eastern lands of Germany. Converting and rolling enterprises are located throughout the country.

Non-ferrous metallurgy- works mainly on imported and secondary raw materials. In terms of aluminum smelting, Germany in foreign Europe is second only to Norway. The main factories are in North Rhine-Westphalia, in Hamburg and Bavaria.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- the branch of specialization of Germany in the MGRT, it accounts for up to 1/2 of industrial production and exports. Major centers: Munich, Nuremberg. Mannheim, Berlin, Leipzig, Hamburg. Bavaria is the leader in the electrical industry. The automotive industry, marine shipbuilding, optical-mechanical, and aerospace industries are highly developed.

Chemical industry It is represented primarily by products of fine organic synthesis, the production of medicines, etc. The chemical industry is especially developed in the western lands (BASF, Hurst concerns), in the east it was in a state of crisis.

Agriculture- uses about 50% of the territory; the industry's contribution to the country's GDP is 1%, more than 60% of all production comes from animal husbandry, where cattle breeding and pig breeding stand out. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley. Germany is fully self-sufficient in grain. Potatoes and beets are also grown; along the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, horticulture, tobacco growing.

Transport. In terms of the density of transport routes, Germany occupies one of the first places in the world; Railways form the backbone of the transport network. In the total freight turnover, the main role belongs to road transport (60%), then rail (20%), inland water (15%) and pipeline. Of great importance are external maritime transport and air transport, which play a major role in the country's external relations.

Non-manufacturing sphere represented in Germany, as in a post-industrial country, by a wide range of various kinds activities: education, health care, management, finance. Among the 50 largest banks in the world are eight German ones. Frankfurt am Main is a fast growing financial center in Germany.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS.

In terms of total foreign trade, Germany ranks second in the world after the United States. The main trading partners of Germany are the EU countries, recently the markets of Eastern Europe and Russia have been mastered.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, the country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.