Interethnic conflict Israel and Palestine. Terms of the UN Resolution on Conflict Resolution

Arab-Israeli conflict

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a confrontation between a number of Arab countries, as well as Arab paramilitary radical groups supported by part of the indigenous Arab population of the Palestinian territories controlled (occupied) by Israel, on the one hand, and the Zionist movement, and then the State of Israel, on the other. Although the State of Israel was only created in 1948, in fact, the history of the conflict spans about a century, starting in the late 19th century, when the political Zionist movement was created, which marked the beginning of the struggle of Jews for their own state.

Arab countries (Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Iraq and other Arab countries) and the Jewish state of Israel have been and are participating in the conflict. During the conflicts, many armistice agreements were concluded between different countries, but the conflict still continued and every year it becomes more and more aggressive both on the part of the Jews and on the part of the Arabs. There are more and more reasons for war and goals in it. But most main goal Arabs is the creation of a sovereign state in Palestine, which was to be created after the UN resolution of November 29, 1947.

Within the framework of a large-scale Arab-Israeli conflict, it is customary to single out the regional Palestinian-Israeli conflict, caused, first of all, by the clash of the territorial interests of Israel and the indigenous Arab population of Palestine. V last years it is this conflict that is the source of political tension and open armed clashes in the region.

Causes of the conflict

Determining the complex of reasons that gave rise to the conflict, the following should be noted:

Historical and territorial (claims of Palestinian Arabs and Jews to the same land and different interpretations of the history of these territories);

Religious (the existence of common or closely located shrines);

Economic (blockade of strategic trade routes);

International legal (non-compliance by the parties with the decisions of the UN and other international organizations);

International political (on different stages manifested themselves in the interest of various world centers of power in catalyzing the conflict).

Historical roots of the conflict

Arab-Israeli conflict

Historical roots of the conflict

Palestine - Territory ancient history... Around the XI century. BC. Hebrew tribes began to penetrate the territory of Palestine, creating their states here (Israel and Judah). Later, Palestine was part of the states of the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies and Seleucids, was a province of Rome and Byzantium. Under the Romans, the oppressed Jewish population was dispersed throughout the other countries of the Mediterranean region, and partly assimilated with the local Christian population. In 638, Palestine was conquered by the Arabs, it became one of the provinces of the Caliphate called al-Falastin. It was during this period that the territory of the country began to be populated by the Arab peasants-fellahs. Muslim domination in Palestine lasted for almost 1000 years. In 1260-1516. Palestine is a province of Egypt. Since 1516, this territory was part of the Ottoman Empire, being part of either Damascus vilayet or Beirut vilayet. Since 1874 in the Ottoman Empire the Jerusalem region has been allocated, which is governed directly from Istanbul. In 1917, during the First World War, Palestine was occupied by British troops and became (from 1920 to 1947) a British mandate. At the beginning of the XX century. Palestine began to be perceived by international Jewish circles, organized at the first Zionist congress in Basel in 1897, as a hotbed of Jewish statehood. The Zionist organization began to take practical steps to Jewishize the country. During this period, the construction of Jewish cities and settlements is underway (such cities as Tel Aviv - 1909, Ramat Gan - 1921, Herzliya / Herzliya / - 1924, Natanya - 1929 were created), Jewish immigrants from Europe, America, Asia, Africa. In Palestine, already largely overpopulated, lacking free land and water resources, conflicts began to flare up between the Arabs who took root here almost fifteen hundred years ago and the arriving Jews.

For the first time, the idea of ​​creating separate Arab and Jewish states in Palestine emerged in the 30s. In 1937, the British Royal Commission proposed a plan for dividing the mandated territory into three parts. The first, covering the territory of northern Palestine, which included Galilee and part of the coastal strip, was intended for a Jewish state. The second sector that occupied Samaria, the Negev, southern part the right bank of the Jordan, as well as the cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, territorially separated from them, was supposed to serve to create an Arab state. Finally, the third sector, according to the commission's plans, was to remain under the neutral mandate management of Great Britain. This sector, along with the Judean Mountains having an important strategic position, included the shrines of the Muslim, Jewish and Christian culture: Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth. The outbreak of the Second World War prevented the implementation of this plan. After the end of the world war, the question of the partition of Palestine was revived. Jewish organizations reminded of the horrors of the Holocaust and demanded the immediate proclamation of the State of Israel. The scheme for the partition of Palestine, proposed by the UN in 1947, was very different from the plans for the pre-war political reorganization of the region. According to Resolution No. 181 of the UN General Assembly, the Jewish state significantly increased its area at the expense of the Arab territories in the south. From the neutral international zone, for which it was originally supposed to allocate 1/10 of the territory of Palestine, only a small enclave remained, which included Jerusalem and Bethlehem with the nearest suburbs. This territory was to be governed by the UN administration with the help of a special elected body and be completely demilitarized. The planned territory of the Jewish state included three, and the Arab - four unconnected areas of the territory. The UN resolution violated ethnic parity. Due to the desert spaces of the Negev, the territory of the Jewish state turned out to be larger than the Arab one, which did not correspond to the ethnic picture of post-war Palestine: in 1946, there were only 678 thousand Jews out of 1,269 thousand Arabs.

In Palestine, only a Jewish state was created - Israel (1948). Peaceful coexistence on one land of two hostile states with different religious and cultural foundations, with vaguely defined artificial boundaries was impossible.

This one of the longest-running regional conflicts of our time has been going on for over 60 years. In general, the history of the conflict can be divided into several key stages: the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 (the first war), the Suez crisis of 1956 (the second war), the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973. (3 and 4 Arab-Israeli Wars), Camp David Peace Process 1978-79, Lebanon War 1982 (Fifth War), Peace Process 90s (Camp David Accords 2000) and The 2000 Intifada, which began on September 29, 2000 and is often defined by experts as the "sixth war" or "war of attrition."

The first war broke out immediately after the proclamation of the independence of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. The armed contingents of five Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon occupied a number of territories in the southern and eastern parts of Palestine, reserved by UN decisions for the Arab state. Then the Arabs occupied the Jewish quarter in Old Jerusalem. The Israelis, meanwhile, took control of the strategically important road leading from the coast to Jerusalem, passing through the Judean Mountains. By early 1949, militias were able to occupy the Negev as far as the former Egyptian-Palestinian border, with the exception of the narrow coastal strip of the Gaza Strip; this strip remained under Egyptian control, and it is now that it is usually called the Gaza Strip, although according to a 1947 UN decision, the Arab Gaza Strip should be much larger in area. The Jordanian army managed to gain a foothold in the West Bank of the Jordan and in East Jerusalem. The part of the West Bank occupied by the Jordanian army came to be regarded as part of the Jordanian state. The February-July 1949 negotiations, which led to an armistice between Israel and the Arab countries, secured a temporary border between the opposing sides on the lines of military contact at the beginning of 1949.

The second war broke out seven years later. Under the pretext of protecting the Suez Canal, nationalized by the Egyptian government, and hitherto owned by European companies, Israel sent its troops to the Sinai Peninsula. Five days after the start of the conflict, Israeli tank columns captured the Gaza Strip, or rather what remained of it to the Arabs after 1948-1949, occupied most of the Sinai and reached the Suez Canal. In December, following a joint Anglo-French intervention against Egypt, UN troops were deployed in the conflict area. Israeli forces left Sinai and the Gaza Strip in March 1957.

The third war, called the Six-Day War for its transience, lasted from 5 to 10 June 1967. The reason for it was the intensification of the bombing of Israeli military facilities by Syrian aircraft in early 1967. During the Six-Day War, Israel practically destroyed the Egyptian air force and established its hegemony in the air. The war cost the Arabs the loss of control over East Jerusalem, the loss of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Sinai and the Golan Heights on the Israeli-Syrian border.

The periodic armed clashes that followed the Six Day War gave way to a new escalation of the conflict on October 6, 1973. On the day of the Jewish religious holiday Yom Kippur, Israeli army units were attacked from Egypt in the Suez Canal region. The Israelis managed to break into Syria and encircle the Egyptian Third Army there. Another strategic success of Tel Aviv was the crossing of the Suez Canal and the establishment of its presence on its western bank. Israel and Egypt signed an armistice agreement in November, which was secured by peace agreements on January 18, 1974. These documents provided for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the territory of Sinai west of the Mitla and Gidi passes in exchange for a reduction in the Egyptian military presence in the Suez Canal zone. A UN peacekeeping force was deployed between the two opposing armies.

On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty at Camp David (USA), which ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years. In accordance with the Camp David agreements, Israel returned the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and Egypt recognized Israel's right to exist. The two states have established diplomatic relations with each other. The Camp David accords cost Egypt expulsion from the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States, and its President Anwar Sadat his life.

On June 5, 1982, tensions escalated between Israelis and Palestinians who took refuge in Lebanon. It culminated in the fifth Arab-Israeli war, during which Israel bombarded Beirut and areas of southern Lebanon, where the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) militant camps were concentrated. By June 14 ground troops Israel went deep into Lebanon to the outskirts of Beirut, which was surrounded by them. After massive Israeli shelling of West Beirut, the PLO evacuated its militias from the city. Israeli forces left West Beirut and the main part of Lebanon by June 1985. Only a small area in southern Lebanon remained under Israeli control. On the night of May 23-24, 2000, under pressure from international peacekeeping organizations and taking into account the opinion of its citizens, who did not want to pay with the lives of soldiers for the military presence in foreign territory, Israel completely withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon.

In the late 1980s, real prospects for a peaceful way out of the protracted Middle East conflict were outlined. It broke out in the occupied territories in December 1987. popular uprising Palestinians (intifada) forced the Israeli authorities to seek a compromise. On July 31, 1988, King Hussein of Jordan announced the termination of his country's administrative and other ties with the West Bank of Jordan, and in November 1988 the independence of the State of Palestine was proclaimed. In September 1993, with the mediation of the United States and Russia, a declaration was signed in Washington, opening new ways to resolve the crisis. In this document, Israel gave its consent to the organization of the Palestinian National Autonomy (but not the state), and the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist. In accordance with the Washington Declaration, an agreement was signed in May 1994 on the gradual introduction of Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip during a five-year transition period (initially in the Gaza Strip and the city of Ariha / Jericho / in the West Bank). In the subsequent period of time, the territory in which the jurisdiction of the PNA began to be exercised gradually expanded. In May 1999, when the temporary status of the PNA expired, the Palestinians tried a second time - and on more serious grounds - to proclaim their independence, but were forced to abandon this decisive step under pressure from the world community.

Overall, the five Arab-Israeli wars have demonstrated that neither side can inflict decisive defeat on the other. This was largely due to the involvement of the parties to the conflict in the global confrontation of times cold war... The situation in terms of resolving the conflict has qualitatively changed with the collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the bipolar world.

Changes in the world led to the fact that the Arab-Israeli confrontation emerged from the system of global confrontation between the USSR and the United States. In the process of resolving the conflict, significant positive changes emerged, which, in particular, were evidenced by the Palestinian-Israeli agreements in Oslo in 1992 (the main point of which is Israel's gradual transfer of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to self-government to Palestinian representatives), the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty 1994, Syrian-Israeli peace talks 1992-1995 etc.

In general, the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s were marked by cardinal changes in the process of peaceful settlement of the Middle East conflict. The "crown" of the whole process was the recognition by Israel of the PLO as a representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the exclusion from the "Palestinian Charter" of the clause denying Israel's right to exist.

However, since mid-1996, the dynamics of the negotiation process and Palestinian-Israeli relations have changed for the worse. This was due to the internal political changes in Israel, the problems of building a Palestinian state. At the same time, the culminating moment of this period was the visit in September 2000 of the leader of the opposition right-wing Likud party, Ariel Sharon, to Jerusalem, where he made a provocative statement in which he stated that he would "use all democratic means to prevent the partition of Jerusalem." a response to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who proposed dividing Jerusalem into two parts, Western - Israeli and Eastern - Arab. With this provocative speech, the Intifada 2000 began, which marked the beginning of the modern Middle East crisis.

Positions of the parties

The position of Israel's supporters

The Zionist movement, on the basis of which the State of Israel was created, sees Palestine as the historical homeland of the Jewish people, and proceeds from the assertion that this people has the right to their own sovereign state. This statement is based on several basic principles:

The principle of equality of peoples: like other peoples who have their own sovereign state, Jews also have the right to live in their country and rule it.

The principle of the need to protect Jews from anti-Semitism : the phenomenon of anti-Semitism, culminating in the targeted genocide against Jews ( Holocaust) Nazi Germany in the first half 1940s years, forcing Jews to organize in self-defense and find territory that would serve as a refuge in the event of a repetition of the disaster. This is only possible with the creation of a Jewish state.

The principle of the historical homeland: as shown by numerous anthropological and archaeological studies, on the territory of Palestine starting from XIII century BC e. Jewish tribes lived, from the 11th to the 6th century BC. e. there were Jewish states. The predominant presence of Jews in this territory continued after the conquest of the last Jewish state of antiquity, Judea, by the Babylonian kingNebuchadnezzar II , over the next centuries, with the alternate transfer of land from hand to hand, and until the uprising Bar Kokhba in 132 n. e., after which a significant number of Jews were expelled by the Romans from the country. But even after this exile until the 5th century AD. e. Jewish majority remained in Galilee ... In Judaism, this territory is called "Eretz Yisrael", which means "Land of Israel". It was promised to Jacob (Israel) by God as the Promised Land that He intends for the Jews. Since the emergence of the Jewish people, one of the fundamental and preached ideas of Judaism is the connection of this people with the land of Israel.

A group of public organizations representing the interests of Jews,expelled from Arab countries in the 1948-1970s, whose descendants make up up to 40% of the population of Israel , believes that the territories acquired by Jews in Israel are disproportionately less than the real estate they lost during the exile, and the material losses of the Palestinians driven from their lands are also less than the losses of the expelled Jews.

The position of Israel's opponents

• Arab states and local Arabs were initially categorically against the creation of the State of Israel on the territory of Palestine.
• Radical political and terrorist movements, as well as the governments of some countries, fundamentally deny Israel's right to exist.
• With a tendency of strengthening fundamentalist sentiments in the Arab world since the second half XX century The Arab position is complemented by the spread of a religiously dictated belief that this territory is part of the primordially Muslim lands.
• Opponents and critics Of Israel believe that politics this state in the occupied territories moved to racism and apartheid by gradually depriving Palestinians of their land and grossly violating their rights.

Stages of confrontation

Analysis of the dynamics of the conflict allowed us to identify 4 main stages of the confrontation.

At the first stage (until May 14, 1948), the conflict was purely local. It is very difficult to determine the specific subjects of confrontation, because in each camp there were forces that were inclined to both dialogue and confrontation. In general, the responsibility for the escalation of tension at this stage, in our opinion, should be relatively equally divided between the parties. But it should also be noted that the initially more compromising and peaceful attitude of the Jewish leaders (which was embodied in public statements and the Declaration of Independence).

The next stage lasted from the outbreak of the 1948 war to the end of the 1973 war. This period of confrontation became the bloodiest, and it can be confidently called the core of confrontation. During these 25 years, there have been five (!) Full-scale military clashes. They were all won by Israel. The wars were either started or, to one degree or another, provoked by the Arab states. There was no systematic peace process during this period (with the exception of the extremely rare post-war peace negotiations).

The third stage of the conflict (from 1973 to 1993) is characterized by the beginning of the peace process, a series of strategic negotiations and peace agreements (Camp David, Oslo). Here some of the Arab states changed their positions and entered into peace negotiations with Israel. However, the positive sentiment was somewhat overshadowed by the 1982 war in Lebanon.

Since 1994 it has been counting down modern stage conflict. The military confrontation turned into the area of ​​terrorism and anti - terrorist operations. The peace process has become systemic, but far from being completely successful. The resolution of the conflict has become an international task, which involved international mediators in the process of peaceful settlement. At this stage, all parties to the conflict (with the exception of some radical terrorist groups) finally realized the need for a peaceful solution to the conflict.

The current events

On November 27, 2007, Ehud Olmert and Mahmoud Abbas agreed to begin negotiations and come to a final agreement on a Palestinian state by the end of 2008. However, it was not possible to do this, negotiations were interrupted at the end of December 2008 in connection with the conduct of Operation Cast Lead by Israel in the Gaza Strip against the Hamas group. Israel explained the conduct of Operation Cast Lead by the need to end years of rocket attacks from Gaza, which killed more than 1,300 Palestinians and 14 Israelis.

In 2009, negotiations with Fatah continued with the participation of Israel's new Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the new US President Barack Obama. On June 21, Netanyahu came out with his plan for a Middle East settlement, within the framework of which he expressed his consent to the creation of a Palestinian state with limited rights, if the Palestinians recognize Israel, as national house the Jewish people, and obtaining guarantees of the security of Israel, including international ones.

In November 2009, the Israeli government announced a ten-month moratorium on construction in Jewish settlements in the West Bank, but the moratorium did not satisfy the Palestinian side as it did not concern East Jerusalem.

On September 2, 2010, direct negotiations between the PNA and the Israeli government were resumed. However, these negotiations are in jeopardy due to contradictions in

the Israeli government on the extension of the moratorium on the construction of settlements, and because of the reluctance of the Palestinian Authority to continue direct negotiations if the moratorium is not extended.

The current stage of the development of the conflict.

Since 1987, Palestine has been rocked by pogroms and bloodshed. It all started with the Intifada on December 7 of the same year. Then the Palestinian Arabs held demonstrations in the Gaza Strip. The reason was the twenty years of occupation of the Palestinian territories. The Israelis staged an armed suppression of the Intifada. As announced in 1990 by the International Red Cross, Jews killed more than 800 Palestinians, arrested more than 16,000. The intifada negatively affected the Israeli economy, budget cuts led to significant unemployment [11].

On November 15, 1988, the PLO proclaimed the creation of the state of Palestine with the capital Jerusalem, after which the peace process begins in the Middle East. To strengthen peace in 1991, at the initiative of the United States and the USSR, the Madrid Middle East Peace Conference was held. On Thursday 28 September 2000, Ariel Sharon announced that he was not going to divide Jerusalem into Arab and Jewish parts. This statement provoked violence in Jerusalem from September 29 to October 6. Palestinian youth threw stones at the police. By the end of the first day, over 200 people had been injured and 4 Palestinians killed. The next day, Israeli police began to storm the Muslim part of Jerusalem. More than 80 Palestinians have died. On October 4, Arafat met with Israel's new Prime Minister Bakr, but no agreement was signed. The situation in Palestine and on the Lebanese-Israeli border was heating up. Hezbollah has abducted several Israeli army soldiers.

War and its aftermath

Now, as in 1982, there was only one force left in Lebanon from which the Israeli authorities want to get rid of - Hezbollah.

The war began on 12 July 2006 with an Israeli army attack on Lebanon. At first glance, the purpose of the war is to return the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers, but then it becomes clear that the United States is behind this war and the real goal is to involve Iran and Syria in the war.

The Israeli army carried out a naval and air blockade of Lebanon. Every day, the Tsahal carried out rocket attacks throughout Lebanon, which was the result of numerous civilian casualties. As in the first war, Israel's only adversary was Hezbollah. This time, the Israeli forces did not manage to penetrate far, no one expected such a strong rebuff from Hezbollah. Israel bombed all of Lebanon from the air, when a Shiite organization bombed northern Israel with its rockets, including the second most economically developed Israeli city, Haifa. Hezbollah killed more than 160 Israeli soldiers, when Israel has only 80 Hezbollah fighters and about 1000 Lebanese civilians (that is, more than 70% of the killed Lebanese were civilians, these figures, once again, prove to us the brutality of the Israeli military). On August 11, the UN issued a ceasefire resolution and on August 14, the war ended with a Hezbollah victory. 5,000 UN soldiers were sent to the conflict area. Chief of the Israeli General Staff Dan Halutz said that "Israel will throw Lebanon back 20 years." And so it happened, this war completely destroyed the infrastructure of Lebanon, throwing it back 20 years. More than 160 bridges and more than 200 highways were destroyed.

Conclusion

Throughout the work, we studied the history of the emergence of the Arab-Israeli conflict and its impact in the political and economic sphere in our time. Having studied and analyzed this topic, we came to the following conclusions:

The Middle East can be used as a motive and reason for the start of the World Civilization War, the logical outcome of which could be a nuclear confrontation between the superpowers.

After numerous wars between Israel and Arab countries, many humanitarian problems have arisen, the main ones of which are the following:

The problem of Palestinian refugees and Israeli settlers

The problem of prisoners of war and political prisoners

The problem of the daily bombing of Israel and the Palestinian Authority

And also, having familiarized ourselves with the events in the Middle East, we propose our way out of the situation in Palestine: the Israeli government must abandon the Zionist policy and establish equality between all segments of the population in order to solve the problem of Palestinian refugees. Also, Israel must return the Golan Heights of Syria, which it occupied in 1967, which belong to it under international law.

The history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been dragging on for more than a dozen years. Exacerbations alternate with thaws. The confrontation has many reasons: geopolitical, religious, economic and ideological. In modern history, practically all the states of the Middle East are involved in the conflict between the countries of Palestine and Israel. In addition, the conflict concerns the interests of other states of the world community.

Ancient times

Now it is difficult to imagine, but once upon a time peace reigned in the ancient lands of Palestine. Arabs and Jews coexisted in this area in ancient times. They have lived in what is now Palestine since the 12th century BC. This continued until the creation of the Roman Empire. The Romans drove out the Jews, while the Arabs continued their existence in the Palestinian lands. Later, Palestine was part of Byzantium, the Arab Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, the territory came under the control of Great Britain.

Return of Jews to Palestine

By the 20th century, Jews accounted for about seven percent of the inhabitants of Palestine, the rest of the population was Arabs. The Zionist organization, formed by small Jewish communities, in 1897, at a congress in Basel, decided to Jewishize Palestine, as historical homeland people. The active settlement of the Palestinian territory by Jews began after the end of the First World War. Then the dominance over the region was transferred to Great Britain. This was the beginning of the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine.

The British Foreign Secretary began to promote the idea of ​​the return of the Jewish people to the land of Palestine. One of the steps towards the implementation of this idea was a letter from the minister to the leader of the Zionist movement, according to which Palestine was established as the hearth of the Jewish nation.

Causes of the conflict

It is necessary to consider in more detail what is the cause of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. The main indicator that gave impetus to the formation of the conflict was the territorial issue. At the time of the mass resettlement of Jews, Palestine was already densely populated by Arabs, who had been living there for about one and a half thousand years. The Arabs quite rightly considered themselves the indigenous inhabitants of the state and did not want to share territorial and Natural resources of their country.

Another important reason for inciting hatred in the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine was religious factor... Incompatible ideologies, the location on the same territory of shrines, cultural and historical values ​​of the two peoples for more than a decade have prevented the settlement of differences.

Impact of World War II

The Second World War and its aftermath marked a new milestone in the history of the conflict between Palestine and Israel. The facts that served the development of the conflict were the massive emigration flows of Jews to Palestine and the growth of terrorist groups on the part of both opponents.

During the war, about two hundred thousand Jews arrived in Palestine. Thus, by 1947, the population of Palestine consisted of almost a third of Jews. In addition, dissatisfaction with British rule grew among the Arabs. The country's Arab population made several attempts to overthrow the British authorities, which encouraged the resettlement of Jews. It also provoked the creation of various Arab and Zionist terrorist movements.

Formation of the State of Israel

In connection with the aggravated situation in Palestine and the increased number of armed clashes between Arabs and Jews, Great Britain turned to the world community for help in resolving the conflict. This issue was submitted to the UN General Assembly in November 1947. As a result, world political leaders at the UN adopted a resolution on the creation of a new state.Thus, Palestine was divided into three parts: Jewish Israel, Arab Palestine and neutral territory - the city of Jerusalem. It has become the most important event in the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine.

This decision could not suit the Arabs in any way. This was due to the fact that Israel was allocated a territory of three thousand square meters more than for the Arab state, although the numberArabs living in Palestine outnumbered the Jewish population.

Arab states immediately responded to the UN resolution, and in 1948 the first Arab-Israeli war began. From that moment on, the conflict between the countries of Palestine and Israel grew into a larger-scale Arab-Israeli conflict.

War for independence

The war lasted a year. Six Arab states opposed Israel. The most active opponents of Israel were Egypt, Syria and Lebanon. As a result of the war, Israel not only defended its right to be called an independent state, but also recaptured another 7,000 square kilometers of Palestinian land. The Arab state planned in the resolution was never created.

The territories not captured by Israel were divided between Egypt and Jordan. During the war, nine hundred thousand Arabs fled from Palestine. More than five hundred thousand Jews were expelled from the Arab countries and settled in Israel.

Suez Crisis

Another aggravation of the Arab-Israeli conflict came in 1956. The initiators of the hostilities, called the "Suez Crisis", were France and Great Britain, opposing the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt. Israel joined the European states, while Egypt was supported by the United States and the USSR. This time, luck was with the Arab side of the conflict. Having won the war, Egypt effectively became the leader of the Arab community. Later, the president of this particular country initiated the creation of an anti-Israeli coalition.

Six Day War and the Day of Judgment

The next war began eleven years later. After the Arabs closed the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez to Jewish ships, Israel went on the offensive. In just six days, the Israeli army managed to capture a significant part of strategically important territories and expand its possessions.

Another attack followed from Syria and Egypt seven years later. This was the fourth war in the chronology of the Arab-Israeli conflict. On October 6, on the holy day for the Jews - the Day of Judgment - the Arabs attacked Israel. The confrontation lasted twenty days, the Israeli army repelled the attack.

Peace treaty

Subsequently, Jews began to massively settle in the occupied territories, which was actively supported by the Israeli government. The world community called this step an occupation and condemned it in UN Resolution No. 242. According to this resolution, Israel was supposed to liberate the occupied territories, except for those that were captured during the first war in 1948. However, this decision did not suit both opposing sides, and the resolution was rejected.

The first step towards peace between Israel and Egypt was taken in 1977. The Egyptian President visited the Jewish state, thereby acknowledging its existence. Many Arab leaders viewed this act as a betrayal. Thus, in the Arab league, there was a split between supporters of a peace agreement with Israel and protesters. The main opponents of peace with Israel were Libya, Syria and Algeria. These countries have declared a political and trade boycott of states and companies that recognize Israel's independence. In 1978, a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel through US mediation. Under this agreement, Israel liberated the Sinai Peninsula.

Relations with the Arab League

In the 1980s, Israel's relations with Lebanon worsened. The fifth war has come. The Israeli army launched air strikes on the places of concentration of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The Israeli government withdrew its troops from Lebanese territory only at the beginning of the third millennium. This was largely influenced by pressure from peacekeeping organizations.

The Arab uprising that broke out in the occupied territory forced the Israeli government to seek peaceful ways settlement of the aggravated situation. The settlement of the conflict resulted in a peaceful alliance with Jordan and attempts to proclaim the independence of the State of Palestine.

As a result of the agreements reached in 1993, the PLO recognized the independence of Israel, which, in turn, recognized the right to exist of the Palestinian National Authority and pledged to withdraw its troops from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Over the next years, the peace process slowed down several times, which was associated with a change of government in Israel and new armed actions on the part of both opponents. The absence of clearly marked borders of states prevented the conclusion of peace. Difficulties have also arisen in connection with the increase in the number of terrorist groups of radical Arabs and Israelis.

It is difficult to briefly describe the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine, as this story continues today. Over the years of confrontation, there are great amount aggravation of the conflict and attempts to settle it peacefully. Today, the most active enemy of the state of Israel is the Islamic movement.Hamas, which came to power in Palestine in 2006.

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict has once again developed loudly. Without stopping for centuries, political, territorial, national, and God knows what kind of conflict again hit the front pages. What is the reason for such a long confrontation with the presence of Turkey and the United States?

Conflict between Palestine and Israel - where the roots come from - development history in brief

The original cause of the conflict is buried deep in the years. Palestine and Israel are the closest neighbors, which are located in the same region of the Middle East. Thus, Jews and indigenous Arabs coexisted quite peacefully in this region. However, in early XIX century, the Jewish component began to grow sharply. There are many reasons for this - firstly, the natural population growth, and secondly, the movement "to their homeland", to Jerusalem, of the Jews. But the situation has worsened since the Second World War and the genocide of the Jews. Then, driven by the horrors of the Nazism of the Third Reich, the Zionites moved to Palestine. As a people that did not have their own lands, the Jews were "on bird's rights."

After the end of World War II, or rather in 1949, after Israel's admission to the UN, the rights of Jews to Israel became somewhat clearer. Having a claim to the territory of Palestine, the Israelis achieved the division of the state into two parts: Arab and Jewish. This was the beginning of the acute phase of the conflict.

The cause of the conflict is the resonance of the world solution and the irreconcilability of the parties. Both sides are actively involved in hostilities. First, the radical Zionists, who refused to accept the independence of the Arab part of Palestine. Secondly, a large number of Muslim countries simply did not accept a state like Israel. These were and are Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Hostilities began, during which the Israelis drove the Arabs back and conquered all of Palestine. The outflow of Arabs from Palestine to other Muslim countries and an influx of Jews into their state began.

What's going on there now?

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is relevant to this day, just as it was not resolved for the entire century. In December 2017, the ongoing confrontation made people talk about themselves after the statement by US President Donald Trump about the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Trump backed his decision by moving the American embassy from Tel Aviv to the holy city. Thus, Trump intends to show his conviction that this step will put an end to the solution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

This decision has sparked anger in Palestine and other Muslim countries. As a result of mass demonstrations in Israel near the border with Damascus, 10 people were injured, and as a result of clashes between Palestinians and Israelis from the west of the Jordan River, 90 protesters were injured. In addition, as reported by NTV.

The international community also reacted ambiguously to Trump's decision, in particular, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. He is very skeptical of him, explaining it this way:

“Declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel and moving the American embassy to this city is a senseless step in the eyes of Turkey. On our initiative, on December 13, Istanbul will host an emergency meeting of the leaders of the OIC countries. They will adopt a roadmap that demonstrates that Trump’s decision will not be easy to implement. ”

In addition, Erdogan believes that Israel is a terrorist state, about which he spoke unequivocally:

“We will not leave Jerusalem at the mercy of a terrorist state - a murderer of children, which has no other goals than occupation and plunder. We will resolutely continue our struggle, ”he said.

As if echoing him, representatives of other Muslim countries are rallying in the world. Classics - rallies, clashes, burning photographs of the American president and the US flag.

The Arab-Israeli conflict for many decades remains one of the most explosive among the Middle East "hot spots", the escalation of events around which could at any time lead to a new regional war, as well as significantly affect the system international relations generally.

The conflict between Arabs and Jews over Palestine began even before the creation of the State of Israel. The roots of the conflict go back to the period of the British Mandate and even earlier, when the position of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Palestine was determined by Islamic religious law, according to which the status and rights of religious minorities were lower than Muslims. Jews were then subjected to all kinds of discrimination by the local authorities, concentrated in the hands of representatives of the Arab nobility and by the local Muslim population. This situation could not but leave a mark on the relations between the two peoples.

In addition, the roots should be sought in the clash of psychologies of the two peoples: the Arab population, which was committed to the old religious traditions and the way of life, believed in the spiritual authority of the authorities and representatives of the Zionist movement, who brought with them from Europe a completely new way of life.

Since 1917, after the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in Palestine, relations between Jews and Arabs began to heat up and escalate into a political conflict that worsened every year. The conflict was fueled by the influence of Great Britain, and later of Germany and Italy, on the Arab population.

Since 1947, the war in Palestine for the creation of a Jewish national state was already in full swing. In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on the basis of UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181, adopted in November 1947. Arab countries reacted extremely negatively to what was happening by not recognizing Israel, which led to an escalation of the conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab countries. During the Arab-Israeli war (1947-49), Israel managed to defend its independence and take possession of West Jerusalem and part of the territory assigned to Palestine under the UN mandate. Iran did not participate in this war, which is associated with overcoming the grave consequences of the Second World War.

At the time of the next Arab-Israeli clash (Six Day War, 1967), Israel went deep into the Sinai Peninsula, captured the Golan Heights, the West Bank of the river. Jordan, Gaza and East Jerusalem.

However, in the 1970s, Iran continued to cooperate with Israel in terms of trade, as well as defense and security.

During the Yom Kippur War (1973), Iran provided little and implicit support to Israel in the form of fighters and other military equipment... The war ended with Israel's victory, and the defeated Arab OPEC countries imposed an embargo on oil supplies to countries supporting Israel, and greatly inflated the price of an oil barrel, which led to a state of "oil shock" in the world.

After 1979, Iranian-Israeli relations deteriorated sharply. The key idea raised in Iran at that time was the spread and expansion of the Islamic revolution outside the state. Israel, which has control over Jerusalem, where the al-Aqsa Mosque (the third holiest site in Islam) is located, has become a stumbling block.

In 1981, Iran rejected a plan to create Palestine in the West Bank. Jordan. Iran began to declare that Palestine should be created within its former borders and Israel's presence there undermines the interests of the entire Islamic world. Subsequent presidents of Iran promoted a negative attitude towards Israel, and built their own political course in an anti-Israeli spirit. On this basis, Iran acquired allies in the person of Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and other Arab countries.

In September 1980, the Iranian-Iraqi war over the border area began, taking over all the attention of Iran. Both belligerents received colossal financial and military aid from outside, as well as separate structures. In 1988, the war ended in a draw.

In 1995, Iran was subjected to sanctions by the United States, which were expressed by a ban on the supply of weapons, which Russia joined. Only by 2001 did Russia restore supplies.

In 1997, Khatami became the President of Iran, who was later replaced by Ahmadinejad. Khatami tried to bring Iran out of isolation and establish contacts with the West. However, he had to face religious leaders who were shaping anti-Israel public opinion.

Against this background, in the early 2000s, the United States willingly supported Israel and drew the attention of the IAEA to Iran's actions. Iran signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty back in 1968 nuclear weapons and ratified it in 1970. Now the IAEA called on Iran to adopt the Additional Protocol to the NPT, which would allow unauthorized inspections of any facilities on Iranian territory for their compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In December 2003, Iran signs it in Vienna at the IAEA Headquarters. From that moment on, the world community was drawn into the discussion of the Iranian nuclear program. This document gives the IAEA the opportunity to agree to the implementation of Iran's nuclear programs. Iran has demonstrated complete openness in its actions in relation to international obligations.

The Iranian parliament has not yet ratified the protocol, so Iran does not consider itself obligated to report to the IAEA inspectors.

While Khatami was in power, he made possible attempts to get the IAEA to stop discriminating against Iran and to recognize its right to conduct nuclear research under the NPT, while indicating that, in accordance with this treaty, Iran has the right to carry out a full nuclear cycle, including uranium enrichment. ... However, over time, it became clear that the more persistently Iran proved its innocence, the more irreconcilable the position of the West became, which Israel fully shared. Therefore, starting in 2005, Iran sharply toughened its position and again drew the attention of the world community to Israel as the owner of real nuclear weapons.

In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in Iran. In June 2006, Ahmadinejad proposed holding a referendum not only in Iran, but also in Europe on the topic "What feelings do citizens have towards Israel?" Ahmadinejad denies that Iran has a nuclear bomb and believes that Iran has every right to nuclear development. He constantly focuses on the presence of nuclear weapons in other countries, especially Israel, and sees no reason to worry, because the era of nuclear weapons has passed.

Today Iran keeps the whole world in suspense. An open information war is being waged between Iran and Israel, the United States. New sanctions come into force, the UN receives regular reports from the IAEA, but this only leads to increased isolation of Iran. However, Ahmadinejad is developing its nuclear potential with renewed vigor. Each year, the IAEA collects new evidence supporting Iran's development of nuclear weapons. Iran continues to claim that the program is peaceful. The Iranian nuclear program is widely discussed. In early 2012, Israel began discussions with the United States about invading Iran and bombing nuclear facilities. For this purpose, negotiations are held regularly. Israel justifies its position by the fact that it fears for its future fate, so it is forced to act radically.

The Arab-Israeli conflict currently includes four parallel processes: the process of restoring peace between the Arabs and Israel; the process of the phased destruction of the country of Israel; the process of intensifying the Arab-Israeli conflict; the process of global confrontation between Muslim civilization and the rest of humanity.

Iran's nuclear program haunts neither Israel nor the entire world community.

On December 19, 2012, Israel launches an air strike on several facilities in Iran, which are believed to be elements of the infrastructure of the Iranian nuclear program. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force is making a somewhat unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city of Jerusalem.

An armed conflict can potentially develop into a regional or even world war, into which the United States, Arab countries, Russia, China, Great Britain and France and other states of the world will be drawn.

In the event the conflict continues, colossal damage is expected due to the bombing of nuclear facilities and military operations on the territory of Iran, in particular, where civilians will be under threat in the first place. This also applies to other countries of the Middle East region, which will subsequently be involved in the conflict. It is very important now not to let the conflict grow to a regional scale, and even more so to a global one.

The UN Security Council is obliged to intervene and create mechanisms to resist the deterioration of the situation in the region, as well as contribute to an early end to the armed conflict and the beginning of a peaceful settlement between the parties.

On December 19, 2012 at 6:00, Israel began to inflict pinpoint strikes on some of Iran's facilities, namely the Iranian nuclear facility Parchin, which is located 30 km southeast of Tehran. It was no coincidence that Parchin was chosen as the target. It was at this military base that IAEA inspectors and Israeli intelligence discovered the development of nuclear weapons. Iran began to enrich uranium up to 20%, which is absolutely unacceptable. This situation undermines the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program. enriched uranium within 5% is quite enough to support the operation of nuclear power plants.

In the spring and summer of 2012, satellite images of the Parchin military base were posted on the website of the Institute of Science and International Security (ISIS) for the judgment of the world community. Iran once again did not allow IAEA inspectors to check on the Parchin base. Based on this, Israel decided to launch preemptive strikes against the nuclear facility. The United States, in turn, supported him.

Iran immediately reacts to Israel's actions. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force makes a response unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city of Jerusalem.

The mobilization of American air and ground forces began. The United States is pulling its ground forces to the borders of Iran from Afghanistan and the Arabian Peninsula and naval forces from the Persian Gulf Now the world community is faced with the question: Should regional leaders decide to intervene in fighting, or will it all end with the bombing of nuclear facilities, as was the case in Syria and Iraq? How will the UN Security Council react?

A more dramatic situation is developing around Iran. Iran without the support of the Arab countries will not be able to resist the United States and Israel. How the conflict will end is unknown. Iran is unlikely to want to give up its nuclear ambitions, as Iraq and Syria have done.

The Arab-Israeli conflict today is one of the most acute international problems, and the problems of migration (Muslims to Europe and residents Central Asia to Russia) to modern world are also acute.

Sotskova V.P.

Literature

1. Rapoport M.A. Perception of Jewish immigration to Palestine by the Arab public in 1882-1948. - St. Petersburg, 2013 .-- 71 p.
2. Mesamed V. Israel - Iran - from friendship to enmity. URL: http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1266528060.
3. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.

Druzhilovsky S.B. Iranian-Israeli relations in the light of the development of the Iranian nuclear program. URL: http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2006/04-05-06a.htm.

For a more accurate understanding of the conflict that arose between Israel and Palestine, one should carefully consider its background, the geopolitical location of the countries and the course of conflict actions between the states of Israel and Palestine. The history of the conflict is briefly discussed in this article. The process of the confrontation between the countries developed for a very long time and in a very interesting way.

Palestine is a small area in the Middle East. The state of Israel, which was formed in 1948, is located in the same region. Why did Israel and Palestine become enemies? The history of the conflict is very long and contradictory. The roots of the confrontation that arose between them lie in the struggle between Palestinian Arabs and Jews for territorial and ethnic dominance over the region.

The background of the long-term confrontation

Throughout its centuries-old history, Jews and Arabs have peacefully coexisted in Palestine, which was part of the Syrian state during the Ottoman Empire. The Arabs were the indigenous people in the region, but at the beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish part of the population began to grow slowly but steadily. The situation changed radically after the end of the First World War (1918), when Great Britain received a mandate to govern the territory of Palestine and was able to carry out its policy on these lands.

Zionism and the Balfour Declaration

Widespread Jewish colonization of the Palestinian lands began. This was accompanied by the propaganda of the national Jewish ideology - Zionism, which provided for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland - Israel. Evidence of this process is the so-called Balfour Declaration. It is a letter to the leader of the Zionist movement from the British Minister A. Balfour, which was written back in 1917. The Letter justifies the Jewish territorial claims to Palestine. The declaration was significant; in fact, it started a conflict.

Deepening of the conflict in the 20-40s of the XX century

In the 1920s, the Zionists began to strengthen their positions, the military association "Haganah" arose, and in 1935 a new, even more extremist, organization called "Irgun tsvai Leumi" appeared. But the Jews had not yet dared to take radical actions, the oppression of the Palestinian Arabs was carried out in a peaceful way.

After the Nazis came to power, the number of Jews in Palestine began to increase sharply due to their emigration from Europe. In 1938, about 420 thousand Jews lived on the Palestinian lands, which is twice as many as in 1932. The Jews saw the ultimate goal of their resettlement in the complete conquest of Palestine and the creation of the state of the Jews. This is evidenced by the fact that after the end of the war, in 1947, the number of Jews in Palestine increased by another 200 thousand, and already became 620 thousand people.

Israel and Palestine. History of the conflict, attempts to resolve it at the international level

In the 50s, the Zionists only got stronger (there were incidents of terror), their ideas about the creation of a Jewish state were given the opportunity to be embodied. In addition, they were actively supported. 1945 is characterized by a serious tension in relations between Palestine and Israel. The British authorities did not know a way out of this situation, so they turned to the UN General Assembly, which in 1947 took up the decision on the future of Palestine.

The UN saw a way out of the tense situation in two ways. At the department of the newly created international organization, a committee was established that dealt with Palestinian affairs, it consisted of 11 people. It was proposed to create two independent states in Palestine - Arab and Jewish. And also to form between them a no-man's (international) territory - Jerusalem. This plan of the UN committee, after a long discussion, was adopted in November 1947. The plan got serious international recognition, it was approved by both the USA and the USSR, as well as directly Israel and Palestine. The history of the conflict, as everyone expected, had to come to its end.

Terms of the UN Resolution on Conflict Resolution

According to the UN resolution of November 29, 1947, the territory of Palestine was divided into two independent states- Arab (area 11 thousand sq. km) and Jewish (area 14 thousand sq. km). Separately, as planned, an international zone was created on the territory of the city of Jerusalem. By the beginning of August 1948, the British colonists, according to the plan, had to leave the territory of Palestine.

But, as soon as the Jewish state was proclaimed and Ben-Gurion became prime minister, the radical Zionists, who did not recognize the independence of the Arab part of the Palestinian lands, began hostilities in May 1948.

The acute phase of the 1948-1949 conflict

What was the history of the conflict in countries like Israel and Palestine? How did the conflict begin? Let's try to give a detailed answer to this question. Israel's declaration of independence was a highly resonant and controversial international event. A lot of Arab-Muslim countries of Israel declared "jihad" (a holy war with the infidels) to him. The Arab League that fought against Israel included Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Thus, active hostilities began, in the center of which were Israel and Palestine. The history of the conflict of peoples forced about 300 thousand Palestinian Arabs to leave their native lands even before the start of the tragic military events.

The army of the Arab League was well-organized and numbered about 40 thousand soldiers, while Israel had only 30 thousand. The League's Commander-in-Chief was appointed. It should be noted that the UN called for peace and even developed a peace plan, but both sides rejected it.

At the beginning of the hostilities in Palestine, the advantage belonged to the Arab League of countries, but in the summer of 1948 the situation changed dramatically. Jewish troops went on the offensive and within ten days repulsed the onslaught of the Arabs. And already in 1949, Israel with a decisive blow pushed the enemy to the borders of Palestine, thus capturing its entire territory.

Mass emigration of peoples

During the conquest, about a million Arabs were expelled from the Palestinian lands by the Jews. They emigrated to neighboring Muslim countries. The reverse process was the emigration of Jews from the League to Israel. Thus, the first combat clash ended. This is the history of the conflict in countries like Israel and Palestine. It is rather difficult to judge who is to blame for the numerous casualties, since both sides were interested in a military solution to the conflict.

Modern relations of states

How are Israel and Palestine living now? How did the story of the conflict end? The question is unanswered, since the conflict has not been settled even today. Clashes between states continued throughout the century. This is evidenced by such conflicts as the Sinai (1956) and the Six Day (1967) wars. Thus, the conflict between Israel and Palestine suddenly arose and developed for a long time.

It should be noted that there has been progress towards achieving peace. An example of this can be the negotiations that took place in Oslo in 1993. An agreement was signed between the PLO and the State of Israel to introduce a system of local self-government in the Gaza Strip. On the basis of these agreements, in the next year, 1994, the Palestinian National Authority was founded, which in 2013 was officially renamed the State of Palestine. The creation of this state did not bring the long-awaited peace, the conflict between Arabs and Jews is still far from being resolved, since its roots are very deep and contradictory.