Nizhny Novgorod province.

Landscaping and planning 25.09.2019

Landscaping and planning

The Vladimir-Suzdal princes looked with interest at the lower course of the Oka and the Volga. For them, to gain a foothold at the mouth of the Oka meant solving strategic problems - to firmly stand on the trade route, which since ancient times was the Oka and Volga for different peoples, and to secure their southern and eastern borders, in particular, from the Volga Bulgars, who had their fortifications on the river banks and often who made trips to northeastern Russia

From the very beginning of its centuries-old history, the Nizhny Novgorod land played a significant role in the life of the Russian state, being a surprisingly colorful and significant region of the Volga region. None important historical event Kievan Rus, Moscow State, Russian Empire, Soviet Union did not pass without the participation of Nizhny Novgorod (Gorkovites). The Nizhny Novgorod region was a stronghold of patriotism, a major center of entrepreneurship and trade, the birthplace and development of the most famous folk crafts, the cradle of national science and culture.

The whole country is rightfully proud of Ivan Kulibin, Kuzma Minin, Valery Chkalov, Maxim Gorky. Glorious for its historical past and being revived today, the Nizhny Novgorod Fair welcomes guests from all over the world. The golden Khokhloma won world fame and recognition. The legendary lake Svetloyar, the holy Diveevo land, the mysterious places of the Old Believer Kerzhents reveal their beauties to numerous tourists.

Many scientific achievements associated with Nizhny Novgorod scientists. From ancient times to the present day, the Nizhny Novgorod land has remained and will remain an inseparable part of history and culture. Russian state, its source further development.

Settlement history

The history of the Nizhny Novgorod land goes back to hoary antiquity. Archaeological excavations have shown that tribes of the Balakhna Neolithic culture lived on the territory of our region in the III-II millennium BC. It got its name from the most typical site excavated near the modern city of Balakhna. Balakhna residents settled in small settlements of 25-30 adults. The villages were located in compact groups. In addition to the vicinity of Balakhna (Bolshoe Kozino, Maloye Kozino), archaeologists discovered such groups in the area of the cities of Pavlovo, Dzerzhinsk (Gavrilovka, Zhelnino, Volodarsk), Gorodets (Serkovskaya, Sokolskaya), Nizhny Novgorod (in Sormovo, Molitovka, on the Moss Mountains). The sites of the Balakhnin people were found on the Linda River (Lindovskaya, Ostreevskaya), in Povetluzhye, in the valley of the Tesha River and in other places. Balakhna people were hunters and fishermen. Judging by the found tools, they knew how to grind, polish, chisel and saw stone, and make pottery. They knew weaving from plant fibers. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, they learned to smelt metal, knew hoe farming, and were engaged in animal husbandry. A few kilometers southeast of the Seima station, archaeologists discovered the Seima burial ground, which dates back to the 15th - 12th centuries BC. Fragments of vessels, bronze cast chisel-shaped socketed axes, large spearheads, knives, and daggers were found here. Along with bronze tools, flint tools were also found: arrowheads, saws, and fragments of drilled tools. In addition, there were unexpected finds - jade objects, an amber bead, although there are no deposits of jade and amber in the region. The finds of this site testify to the extensive connections of ancient people from northern seas to Central Asia and Baikal. The most valuable materials were included in the exposition of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. The excavations of other sites and burial grounds tell about the life and occupations of people of the Bronze and Iron Ages: the Churkinsky burial ground (near the town of Balakhna), the Sergachsky burial ground, discovered in Kozhina Sloboda (I - III centuries AD), Gaginsky and Khirinsky - near the city Arzamas (middle of the 1st millennium AD), Bogorodskoye, Rusinikhinskoye, Odoevskoye, Devil's settlements on Vetluga. In the 1st millennium AD, Mordovian tribes lived along the rivers Tesha, Pyana, Alatyr, Kudma, Oka. In Povetluzhye - Mari. Muroma occupied a small territory along the Oka before its confluence with the Volga. In the XII century, the first Slavic settlements appeared at the mouth of the Oka. Farmers from the southwest, from the principalities of Kievan Rus at the time of its collapse, and from the northwest, from the Vladimir-Suzdal land, seeped into free sparsely populated lands and settled in families and groups along the banks of the Oka and Volga. The Slavs settled among the indigenous people, mastering, first of all, the lands of today's Gorodetsky, Balakhna, and Borsky districts.

Formation of statehood

The Vladimir-Suzdal princes looked with interest at the lower reaches of the Oka and the Volga. For them, to gain a foothold at the mouth of the Oka meant solving strategic problems - to firmly stand on the trade route, which since ancient times was the Oka and Volga for different peoples, and to secure their southern and eastern borders, in particular, from the Volga Bulgars, who had their fortifications on the river banks and often who made campaigns in northeastern Russia. This area was very important commercially and militarily. Therefore, the struggle for these lands acquired a particularly acute character. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, 5 years after the founding of Moscow, in 1152, built a fortified city - Gorodets-Radilov (now Gorodets) on the left bank of the Volga, 60 km above the Oka mouth. In 1164, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky successfully opposed the Bulgars, and the mouth of the Oka became the place where Russian troops subsequently gathered before military campaigns. The campaigns of 1219-1220 were especially significant. The Volga Bulgars were defeated and were forced to ask for peace, which was concluded in Gorodets on difficult conditions for them. As a sign of consolidating success, Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich in 1221 founded a city at the confluence of the Oka and Volga, which he named Novgorod Nizhny. Nizhny Novgorod became an important military, economic and political point of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia - the center, the possession of which made it possible to control the main relations of Russia with the Volga region and the countries of the East. When the Mongol-Tatar invasion hit Russia, Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich did not respond to the request of the Ryazan princes for help. He wanted to fight the enemy himself. But using their numerical superiority, the Mongol-Tatars surrounded the guard Nizhny Novgorod regiment near Kolomna and defeated it in an unequal battle. N. Novgorod, deprived of defenders, was taken without a fight. In February 1238, after stubborn resistance, Gorodets was taken and burned. During the Mongol-Tatar yoke, despite the heavy oppression of the Tatar khans and exorbitant dues, N. Novgorod gradually recovers and grows stronger. By the end of the 13th century, it was mentioned in chronicles as the third city in the Vladimir principality after Vladimir and Suzdal, and in 1341 it became the capital of the independent Nizhny Novgorod principality, which occupied a vast territory. In the east, its border ran along the Sura River, in the southeast and south - along the Pyana and Serezha rivers. In the west, the border ran along the right bank of the Oka to Murom, then through the lower reaches of the Klyazma, including Suzdal and Shuya. In the north, the borders of the principality crossed the lower reaches of the rivers Unzha, Vetluga and Kerzhents. The main stronghold in the east was the Kurmysh fortress, founded in 1372. Along the border there were small fortresses-guards in which the border guards lived. The remains of such fortresses were found along the Pyana River in the Buturlin and Sergach regions. Russia has repeatedly rebelled against the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod did not stand aside either. In 1374, on the outskirts of Nizhny Novgorod, they defeated a large Tatar detachment, and the Khan's ambassador Sarayka and his entourage were imprisoned. Then, while trying to escape, they were killed. The Tatars retaliated for this with a raid of a large detachment along Zapyan. In 1377 Prince Arapsha appeared with an army near Nizhny Novgorod. The united Nizhny Novgorod-Moscow army came forward. The Russian army reached the Pyana River, but did not meet the enemy. Day after day went by, and the Mongol-Tatars still did not appear. The soldiers calmed down, took off their weapons. The intelligence service did not perform well. For such a loss of vigilance Russian army paid dearly. The secretly crept up detachments of the Arapshi defeated the Russians. This battle was called the Drunken Massacre. The victory on Pyan gave the Arapsha the opportunity to capture and plunder Nizhny Novgorod. The constant threat of enemy invasions, close economic ties accelerated the annexation of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow. In 1392, he became part of the Moscow principality, became a stronghold of Moscow on the Volga.

The birth of the largest economic center.

Since the XIV century in the Volga region there has been an intensified resettlement of Russians. They finally master the coastal territories of the Oka and Volga, penetrate into the depths of the Mordovian possessions. Nizhny Novgorod is gradually turning into a major economic center of the state. Craft developed here, its own coin was minted. Trade played an important role in the life of the city. Strong development was received by metallurgical and blacksmithing. Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen knew various methods of processing copper, bronze, silver and gold: casting. From the first years of the founding of the city, stone construction was carried out here, which was rare for the central strip. Pottery, gold embroidery, weaving, lace-making, embroidery, and the manufacture of painted wooden and clay toys were developed in the Trans-Volga region. And to this day, bright, with an unexpected combination of colors, multi-seated nesting dolls in Russian sundresses and scarves, which are now made in the Semenovsky district, are popular all over the world. Nizhny Novgorod region. Gingerbread boards were carved with great skill in the Trans-Volga region, with the help of which the famous Gorodets gingerbreads were printed. A special place was occupied (and is still occupied) by Gorodets woodcarving - "blind carving" - and art painting. Entire generations of handicraft carvers worked on artistic carving. It embodies the richest imagination of the masters. Finely crafted drawings depict wild chicory and dandelion leaves, vine with thin tendrils of shoots and heavy clusters of berries, fantastic flowers that do not exist in nature. Often carvers depicted mythological creatures - women with fish tails (siren) and men, the so-called "pharaohs". Light-colored ("Italian") windows under the roofs of houses, platbands, gates, as well as barks, barges, whitewashed, were decorated with blind carving patterns. History has preserved the names of great people who lived at that time. The building of the Spassky Cathedral (1225) was painted by Feofan the Greek, the artist Prokhor, an associate of Rublev, lived in Gorodets. The creation of Prochorus is still preserved in Moscow, in the Archangel Cathedral. A highly educated person of that time was Bishop Dionysius of Nizhny Novgorod. It was he who patronized the monk Lavrenty, who in 1377 compiled the chronicle, which was then named in his honor Lavrentievskaya. It is the oldest written document about the history of Russia. During Ivan the Terrible's campaign against Kazan, the main forces of the troops, led by the tsar himself, marched through the southern regions of the Nizhny Novgorod region along the Tesha and Alatyr rivers. Many new villages were founded along the route of his army. According to legend, Ardatov and Arzamas were among them. After the capture of Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod lost its importance as a border fortress, but its role as one of the largest economic centers of the Russian state increased. It was determined by the rapid development of trade, the Volga shipping, and the development of crafts. Balakhna (1474) becomes a significant city. It owes its growth to the salt mines. Pavlovo and Vorsma are also among the large settlements of the region. In the XIV century, this area was sometimes called "Pavlovsky villages".

Nizhny Novgorod militia

In 1607, during the invasion of Russia by the Polish gentry, led by False Dmitry, many cities of Russia, including Arzamas and Balakhna, went over to their side. The Poles made attempts to persuade Nizhny Novgorod residents to their side, but to no avail. Supporters of False Dmitry were defeated on the outskirts of the city - near the villages of Koposovo and Bolshoye Kozino, in the Kadnits region, near Vorsma and Pavlov. In 1610, the Poles entered Moscow. Ryazan organizes civil uprising, and Nizhny Novgorod residents are actively helping. But the militia, unable to withstand internal strife, disintegrated. Since that time, Nizhny Novgorod has become the main center of the fight against the invaders. A poor meat merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, elected in 1611 as a zemstvo headman, Kuzma Minin appealed to his fellow citizens to help create a new militia with their own funds, and he himself gave almost everything he had to the common cause. His appeal was supported by Nizhny Novgorod residents and patriots from other cities. This militia can rightfully be called a nationwide one. The core of the army was made up of Smolensk, Dorogobuzh and Vyazmichi - a total of about 2,000 experienced, battle-hardened warriors. In addition to them, many volunteers from all segments of the population of then Russia joined the militia - from a peasant to a noble nobleman. There were also representatives of non-Russian peoples - Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvashs. Kuzma Minin was in charge of the treasury and the economic and organizational preparation of the militia. He managed to provide the militias with everything they needed: they received a cash salary much higher than the service people, they were well shod and dressed. The militia had strong artillery. The military leadership was entrusted to Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who had previously taken part in the fight against the Poles. The militia moved to Moscow in March 1612, replenishing with new forces along the way. The battles for Moscow lasted from August to October and ended in the defeat of the Poles. In 1613, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich granted Kuzma Minin the title of Duma nobleman. Then Minin received the possession of the villages of Vorsma and Bogorodskoye with the surrounding villages. The ashes of the Nizhny Novgorod patriot now rest in the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. The banners of the Nizhny Novgorod militia of 1612 and 1812 are bowed over it.

Nizhny Novgorod province during its formation

XVII-XVIII centuries are characterized by the rapid development of the economy in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. New lands are being plowed up, a social division of labor is being established, and a commodity-money economy is developing. One of the industries was the production of potash, a chemical used in glass production, soap making, dyeing, and the manufacture of gunpowder. V in large numbers it was produced in the Arzamas district, and then exported abroad through Arkhangelsk. Balakhna is famous for its salt mines. Wooden shipbuilding is also developing here. Skilful blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, and tailors lived in Lyskovo. The fame of Pavlovsk casters and gunsmiths went far beyond the borders of the region. The village of Bogorodskoye with nine villages was famous for leather craft. At the beginning of the 18th century, a large anchor factory arose in the Gorodetsky volost, and near Vorotynets in mid-eighteenth century iron and iron factories Demidov. Nizhny Novgorod became the largest industrial center of the region. It was a center for rope production, shipbuilding, and metalworking. Master shipbuilders participated in the preparation of the Volga fleet for the transportation of artillery and ammunition to Azov. Metalworkers cast bells and anchors, made weapon locks. There were tanneries, malt factories, breweries, a brick factory, steel, pottery, and linen factories. According to the decrees of Peter I (1714-1719), the Nizhny Novgorod province was formed. Nizhny Novgorod became its center. The province included the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin. Nizhny Novgorod merchants conducted major operations with the Volga cities, Moscow, Vologda, Solikamsk, had connections with Siberia, went beyond the borders of the country. Enormous quantities of fish flowed along the Volga from Astrakhan, and wholesale trade in grain and salt began in Nizhny Novgorod. From the first years of the 17th century, the Makaryevsky Monastery, founded in the 15th century opposite Lyskov, became widely known in the trading world. An annual fair existed near the walls of the monastery for almost 200 years. It was the largest international marketplace. Merchants from the countries of the East, England, Denmark, Sweden and many other countries brought their goods here. Travelers noted that Makariev's shopping festival was larger and richer than the fairs known in Europe in Frankfurt and Leipzig. In 1816, after a fire, the fair was revived in Nizhny Novgorod. In the second half of the 18th century, according to a new administrative division, the Nizhny Novgorod province was divided into 11 counties: Arzamas, Ardatovsky, Balakhninsky, Vasilsky, Gorbatovsky, Knyagininsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Makaryevsky, Lukoyanovsky, Sergachsky, Semenovsky. This administrative division did not change until October revolution.

Revolutionary beginning of the 20th century

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nizhny Novgorod province was the leading commercial and industrial region of the Volga region. 600 factories and factories worked here. The metallurgical plants of the province received large orders for the production of steel, rolled bars and sheets, rails, springs, boiler iron and other products. In the first decade, iron and steel smelting increased sharply at the Vyksa and Kulebak plants. Sormovsky plant remained one of the largest in Russia, as before. Only Putilovsky in St. Petersburg could compare with him. Non-self-propelled river vessels were built at the Mordovshchikov shipyard (Navashino). In 1912, bridge building was mastered on it. There were Pavlovsk metalwork, Arzamas felting, Bogorodsk leather, Semenov spoon, Murashkin fur, Gorbatov hemp and fishing nets, Balakhna shipbuilding. In 1902, the Nizhny Novgorod-Arzamas railway was built. In 1912, the construction of the Moscow-Kazan road was completed on the Lyubertsy-Arzamas section. From the beginning of the 20th century, strikes, strikes and other unrest of workers began in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhegorodskaya Rabochaya Gazeta is published. The Nizhny Novgorod Committee of the RSDLP was created. It includes A.I. and E.I. Piskunovs, P.A. Zalomov, A.V. Yarovitsky, O.I. Chachina and others. The most active work of the Committee is at the Sormovsky plant. The "Sormovskaya republic" existed here for 2 months. It operated a workers' militia, a people's court, the Council of Workers' Deputies - the prototype of Soviet power. The first general strike was held by Sormovo workers on February 15-19, 1905, in response to "Bloody Sunday". The spring and summer of this year were marked by an upswing in the labor movement. The largest strike was held in Bogorodsk on 16-21 May. Autumn was marked by the October performance of the railway workers. On December 12, 1905, a revolutionary uprising began in Nizhny Novgorod. Plants and factories stood up, many institutions were closed, transport did not work. Not only workers, but also employees joined the general political strike. Rallies arose everywhere, a leaflet calling for an armed uprising was passed from hand to hand, barricades were built. In memory of these events, the school on Komintern Street was named the Barricade School. The uprising lasted three days. The governor of Nizhny Novgorod summoned troops from Moscow, who crushed the uprising. Under the influence of revolutionary agitation in April 1905, unrest began among the peasants. The peasant movement reached its peak in October-December. At this time, there were 220 peasant uprisings. The forms of the revolutionary struggle of the peasants were the most diverse: cutting down the landowners' forests, the destruction of landowners' farms and the seizure of property, rallies and demonstrations.

Soviet period

The Soviet period of national history is a time that has absorbed a lot. Revolution and Civil War, NEP and industrialization, repressions and the Great Patriotic War, dictatorships and thaws, crises and reforms. This is a time of ups and downs, exploits and betrayals, the flourishing of culture and the oblivion of its greatest achievements...

Gorky in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.

During the Great Patriotic War military units and formations for the Red Army were formed on the territory of the city of Gorky and the region. These were rifle divisions and tank brigades, a tank corps, ski units, and an armored train division. Gorky residents poured into aviation units, replenished crews sea vessels and submarines, fought in cavalry and artillery, fought on all fronts. The 137th Infantry Bobruisk Division, in which there were mainly Gorky residents, has a glorious biography. She participated in the liquidation of the Oryol bridgehead of the Nazi troops, was the first to cross the Desna, liberated Ukraine and Belarus, was the first to enter the territory of South Prussia, and actively participated in the liquidation of the East Prussian enemy grouping. Just as heroic was the path of the 322nd Rifle Division of Zhytomyr, the 279th Rifle Division of Lisichansk, the 85th Guards Rifle Division of Riga, the 89th Guards Rifle Division of Belogorodsko-Kharkovskaya, the 8th Guards Tank Corps, the Gorky-Varshavsky division of armored trains, artillery regiments and other units and formations that were formed in Gorky, and which included many Gorky residents. More than three hundred of our fellow countrymen have earned the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and Generals V.G. Ryazanov and A.V. Vorozheikin were awarded this title twice. Forty-eight people became full cavaliers of the soldier's Order of Glory. Many fellow countrymen accomplished real feats: they covered the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their chests, threw themselves under an enemy tank with a bunch of grenades, rammed Nazi bombers on planes, blew up their cars to warn their comrades about the landing of enemy troops with a flame, rammed an enemy armored train on a burning tank ... No less heroic was rear work. The enterprises of the region produced tanks, aircraft, self-propelled guns, tank engines, mortars, the famous "Katyushas" and other military products, military uniforms were sewn. For exemplary performance of graduation assignments military products the government awarded the teams of the Gorky Automobile Plant and the plant. S. Ordzhonikidze with the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree. Factory "Krasnoe Sormovo" awarded with orders Lenin and Patriotic War I degree. The Order of Lenin was awarded to the factories "Red Etna", named after V.I. Lenin, Bogorodsk repair plant. Government awards were awarded to the work of Vyksa and Kulebak metallurgists, Dzerzhinsky chemists. Gorky Railway became one of the leading highways of the country, it transported a huge amount of cargo. For the needs of the front, bakery cars and bath cars were equipped. Our rivermen distinguished themselves in the battle for Stalingrad. Vessels of the Upper Volga River Shipping Company, under continuous bombing and shelling, took out the wounded from the besieged city, evacuated the civilian population, delivered weapons, ammunition, food. Residents of the region created defense funds, where they contributed their cash. Tanks and planes were built on them. Thousands of Gorky residents, primarily women, became donors during the war years. Despite the fact that the entire burden of agricultural work fell on the shoulders of women and children, the plans for the yield of the main crops were exceeded every year. During the war years, the Gorky collective farms gave the state about 70 million poods of grain, tens of thousands of tons of potatoes, vegetables, thousands of tons of meat and milk. Despite the fact that they themselves ate potato bread, adding to it starch obtained from rotten potatoes left after harvesting in the fields. Clover heads were added to the potato dough and cakes were baked - almost the only delicacy available. Income from personal farmstead went to pay state taxes. In cities, as well as in collective farms, women, children and the elderly took up the jobs of men who had gone to the front. In one shift, they performed 2-3 shift rate workings. The food was meager: 800 grams of bread for those working on hard work, 500 g - for the rest, for dependents - 300 g. At lunch, they were given a free coupon, according to which 200 g of bread were supposed to be in the dining room, the first and second: in summer - cabbage soup from nettles with beet tops and liquid oatmeal, in winter - oatmeal and soup. According to cards of a higher category (as, for example, in Dzerzhinsk), from 700 to 1000 g of bread per day were supposed. Despite the difficult living and food situation, during the war the region accepted tens of thousands of children evacuated from the western regions of the country. Orphanages and boarding schools were created in 18 districts of the region - Shatkovsky, Perevozsky, Sergachsky, Pilninsky, Dalnekonstantinovsky, Gorodetsky and others. Children from the besieged Leningrad were given special care; they were brought food by the inhabitants of many surrounding villages and villages. In the Shatkovsky district there is a monument and the grave of the famous Leningrad woman Tanya Savicheva, whose small diary served as one of the accusatory documents at the Nuremberg trials. For the outstanding services of the Gorky people during the war years, the region was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1967.

Post-war development

After the war, it was necessary to restore peaceful economy. Year by year, production volumes grew, and in 1948 the pre-war level of production was surpassed. In the post-war years, GAZ mastered the production of Pobeda, Volga, and Chaika cars. Dry-cargo motor ships, propeller tugs, fuel-loading barges built by Sormovichi appeared. In 1957, Krasnoye Sormovo launched a new high-speed hydrofoil vessel, the Rocket. The Dvigatel Revolutsii plant began to produce hydroturbines for power plants and electric drills for oilmen. The Pavlovsk plant of automotive and tractor tools, having received new production facilities, began to produce buses. One of the largest enterprises for the production of chemical fertilizers, resins, caprolactam, raw materials for capron and nylon are the Dzerzhinsk "Caprolactam" and the Chernorechensk plant. In 1953, the Gorky Machine Tool Plant produced a longitudinal milling machine with full automation of equipment. The world industry has not yet known such machines. In 1948, the construction of the Gorky hydroelectric power station began, which brought to life new town. The village was first called by the name of its "big brother" - Gorodets-2. Then it became known as Zavolzhye. Since 1964 it has received the status of a city. Zavolzhye is not only a city of power engineers. In 1960, the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant produced its first products here. In the same years when the Gorky hydroelectric power station was being built, a huge construction site arose near the ancient village of Kstovo. The construction of a powerful oil refinery began here, the first stage of which was put into operation in 1958. Oil came here from Tatarstan. The village grew along with the factory. In 1954, Kstovo was renamed into a workers' settlement. Since 1957, the village has become a real modern city. Simultaneously with the construction of an oil refinery, a large thermal power plant was being built. In 1956, the Novogorkovskaya CHPP, operating on fuel oil and natural gas, went into operation. Developed and Agriculture, providing fast-growing cities with quality food. The enlargement of farms made it possible to use machinery more widely in the fields and farms, and to improve the technology of agricultural production. Many collective farms of the region are becoming highly profitable, profitable farms. Significant assistance to the village was provided by sponsoring organizations. At the Krasnoe Sormovo plant, for example, the workers made tractor trailers, cultivators, and hillers for "their" collective farms during off-hours; a special shop for the construction of livestock buildings was created at the automobile plant, repair and construction teams went to the village, workers helped to harvest. In 1946, classes began at the State Conservatory. During this period, 10 higher educational institutions. During the years of the post-war five-year plans, the Scientific Research Institute of Radio Physics was created, which studied the problems of radiophysics, radio astronomy and electronics. In 1964, the unified deep-water system Volgo-Balt was put into operation. Since that year, the city of Gorky has gained access to five seas: the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic and White. In the 1970s, expanded clay gravel factories began operating in Vyksa, chrome leather factories in Bogorodsk, and yeast leather factories in Sergach. Pipe production has been mastered at the Vyksa Metallurgical Plant. The area becomes major supplier pipes for the oil and gas industry.

Russian Civilization

In the period from 1714 to 1719, by decree of Peter I, a regional reform was carried out, within the framework of which new separate subjects were identified. On the basis of this decree, the Nizhny Novgorod province was removed from the Kazan province and made an independent unit with the center in Nizhny Novgorod.

Stages of formation

Administrative division in 1708 led to the annexation of Nizhny Novgorod to the Kazan province. Six years later, its northwestern part was separated into a separate independent province of Nizhny Novgorod. Only three years after its formation, it was again attached to the Kazanskaya. It received its final independence on May 29, 1719. In the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries, various crafts actively developed here. The effective plowing of new lands, the establishment of a social division of labor, the development of a commodity-money economy brought the province to a new level.

local crafts

Most of the inhabitants were involved in the production of potash. This chemical was used at the time in soap making, glass and paint production, and in the manufacture of gunpowder. Arzamas district was the center of its production. villages Nizhny Novgorod province were also famous for their skilled blacksmiths and carpenters. The inhabitants of Balakhna mainly worked on shipbuilding and were engaged in salt mining. The villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province included several villages. So, for example, the village of Bogorodskoye included nine villages at once, each of which was famous for its noble tanners. The industry also developed rapidly in the region. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a large anchor factory was built on the territory of the Gorodetsky volost. In the middle of this century, the iron and iron factories of Demidov began their work. The main industrial center was Nizhny Novgorod. Here they were engaged in rope production, shipbuilding, metalworking, leather dressing, brewing, malt, brick and steel production, and much more. Also, the province was famous for good merchants who delivered goods to various cities and even reached Siberia.

The composition of the counties before the revolution of 1917

In 1779, the government decided to create the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, which would include thirteen counties. In 1796, the governorship ceased to exist, so the Nizhny Novgorod province was formed. Such a change led to the abolition of the Knyagininsky, Makaryevsky, Sergachsky, Pochinkovsky and Pyanskoperevozsky counties. Eight years later, the first three were under restoration. As a result, at the time of the 1917 revolution, the Nizhny Novgorod province consisted of eleven counties. The largest of them was the Nizhny Novgorod district with a population of 90,053 people. Arzamas and Balakhna districts were also in the top three with 10,592 and 5,120 people, respectively. Then came the Gorbatovsky, Sergachsky, Vasilsursky, Semenovsky and Ardatovsky counties. The smallest were Knyagininsky, Lukoyanovsky and Makaryevsky counties.

Post-revolutionary life of Nizhny Novgorod residents

After a year, the Nizhny Novgorod province was enriched with new counties. Counties were not only added, but also partially renamed. 1918 is the date of renaming Gorbatovsky district to Pavlovsky. At the same time, Voskresensky uyezd was formed. Two years later, as a result of the renaming of Makaryevsky, Lyskovsky district appeared. 1921 led to the formation of three more - Vyskunsky, Pochinkovsky and Sormovsky. Also this year, Balakhna County became known as Gorodetsky. A year later, the Nizhny Novgorod province took under its wing two counties and 6 Kostroma volosts, almost the entire Kurmysh uyezd from and also four volosts that previously belonged to Tambov. Such large-scale territorial changes led to the creation of the Kanavinsky working area. The emergence of new counties contributed to the abolition of the old ones and their annexation and unification with larger ones. So the Pochinkovsky, Kurmyshsky, Knyagininsky, Voskresensky, Vasilsursky, Varnavinsky and Artdatovsky counties went down in history. The Krasnobakovsky district appeared this year. In 1924, four volosts became part of the Mari autonomous region. The North Dvina province expanded by one volost, which seceded from the Nizhny Novgorod province. As for the formation of new subjects, they were the Rastyapinsky and Balakhna working districts. Also in 1924, Somovsky uyezd was transformed into a working district. As a result of post-revolutionary changes, in 1926 the Nizhny Novgorod province included eleven counties and four districts.

Nowhere in Russian Empire there was no more developed handicraft industry than in the Nizhny Novgorod lands. In pre-revolutionary times, there were a huge number of publications describing this activity. The most striking and significant for history is the three-volume book "Nizhny Novgorod province according to the research of the provincial zemstvo". His second volume thoroughly describes all the subtleties of the handicraft industry in this part of Russia. Attracts not only the content of the book, but also its execution. Flipping through the pages, the reader encounters a huge number of unique illustrations. They show most of production, from the primary firing of coal to the most complex creations of skilled blacksmiths.

Memo to a contemporary

Today, almost every contemporary is trying to collect maximum amount information about their origin. To find out whether a person born in the current Nizhny Novgorod region belongs to the nobility, or his ancestors were simple artisans, the genealogical book of the Nizhny Novgorod province helps. You can find out online through the "United Center of Pedigree", or contact the local archive. Genealogical books describe employees of various structures. From here you can find out what position the ancestor was in: a doctor or a postman, a judge, or maybe a forester. The data on the site are presented in 1847, 1855, 1864 and 1891. You can also look for information about your origin in address books and calendars.

Maps of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Detailed old maps of Nizhny Novgorod province (region) 20th century, 19th century, 18th century

Date of formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province - 1779. It included 3 provinces (Nizhny Novgorod, Alatyr and Arzamas) and 6 counties. The population at the beginning of the 20th century was 1,799,500 people, and the total area of the territory was 51,252 km 2.

In our electronic library maps of the Nizhny Novgorod province are available. We are digitizers of old maps, land surveying maps and economic notes - write orders to email!
View details and for free (everything on the current page is paid)

Available:

4th layout without a year.(Makarevsky district)
Non-topographic map of reading institutions. The scale is set by eye Scale 1inch=4versts or 1cm=1680m.
The map is monochromatic, not detailed. There is no collection sheet as unnecessary.
- see sample map

Ardatovsky district
quantity: 19 A3 files (in five parts), the district is made along the borders of Catherine