Innovation as a tool for entrepreneurial activity. Relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation

garden equipment 26.09.2019

innovation entrepreneurship innovation

Innovative entrepreneurship is understood as the process of creation and commercial use of technical and technological innovations. As a rule, entrepreneurial activity is based on innovation in the field of products or services, which allows creating a new market, satisfying new needs. Innovations serve as a specific tool for entrepreneurship, and not innovations in and of themselves, but a directed organized search for innovations, a constant focus on them by entrepreneurial structures. P. Drucker notes that “entrepreneurs are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. Innovation -- special tool entrepreneurship".

Thus, the task of the innovative entrepreneur is to reform and revolutionize the mode of production by introducing inventions, and more general sense-- through the use of new technological possibilities for the production of fundamentally new goods or the production of old goods by new methods, thanks to the discovery of a new source of raw materials or a new market finished products- up to the reorganization of the former and the creation of a new branch of the economy.

Innovative entrepreneurship is a special innovative process of creating something new, a management process, which is based on a constant search for new opportunities, a focus on innovation. It is associated with the willingness of the entrepreneur to take on the entire risk of implementing a new project or improving an existing one, as well as the financial, moral and social responsibility that arises. In general terms, innovative entrepreneurship can be defined as a social technical economic process that leads to the creation of better goods (products, services) and technologies through the practical use of innovations. In the economic literature, there are three main types of innovative entrepreneurship:

1) product innovation;
2) technology innovation;
3) social innovations.

The first type of innovative entrepreneurship - product innovation - is a process of updating the marketing potential of an enterprise, ensuring the survival of the company, increasing profits, expanding market share, maintaining clientele, strengthening an independent position, increasing prestige, creating new jobs, etc. .

The second type - technology innovation - is a process of updating production potential, aimed at increasing labor productivity and saving energy, raw materials and other resources, which in turn makes it possible to increase the company's profit, improve safety, take measures to protect the environment, effective use of internal information systems.

The last type of innovative entrepreneurship - social innovation - is a general process systematic improvement of the humanitarian sphere of the enterprise. The use of innovations of this kind expands opportunities in the labor market, mobilizes the enterprise's personnel to achieve its goals, and strengthens confidence in the social obligations of the enterprise to employees and society as a whole.

Based on the way the innovation process is organized in a company, three models of innovative entrepreneurship can be distinguished:

1) innovative entrepreneurship based on internal organization, when an innovation is created and (or) mastered within the company by its specialized divisions on the basis of planning and monitoring their interaction on an innovative project;
2) innovative entrepreneurship based on an external organization with the help of contracts, when an order for the creation and (or) development of innovation is placed between third-party organizations;
3) innovative entrepreneurship based on an external organization with the help of venture capitalists, when a company establishes subsidiary venture capital firms that attract additional third-party funds to implement an innovative project.

The most commonly used is the second model of innovative entrepreneurship - the company places an order for the development of innovations, but masters them on its own (not based on the placement of complex turnkey orders). The relative rarity of the use of the first model is explained by the insufficient potential of "factory science".

The basis of all types of innovative entrepreneurship is the creation and development of new types of products (goods, services), the manufacture, creation of things, values, benefits, understood in the broadest sense of the word. The main and defining part of such entrepreneurship is the creation and production of scientific and technical products, goods, works, information, spiritual (intellectual) values, subject to subsequent sale to buyers, consumers.

For the development and manufacture of a new type of goods (products, services), an entrepreneur needs working capital in the form of materials used in the process of creating scientific and technical products; energy needed to process materials, and other resources. In addition, there may be a need for components, semi-finished products, i.e. finished constituent parts, which can be used in the manufacture of scientific and technical products. The necessary materials, raw materials and components (M) the entrepreneur acquires from the owners of working capital by paying their cost (Dm). For the production of scientific and technical products (goods, services), an entrepreneur also needs fixed assets (OS) in the form of structures, premises, special equipment, equipment, tools, etc. An entrepreneur can purchase them from the owners of the fixed assets or rent them. For the fixed assets required for innovative activities, it is necessary to pay a sum of money (D0), the amount of which depends on the type and number of fixed assets required for the activity and their cost. To carry out innovative activities, an entrepreneur also needs to attract scientific and technical personnel, production personnel, i.e., labor force (RS), spending certain monetary resources (DR) on this. The result of innovative activity is a finished product (product, service) (T), which the entrepreneur sells to the consumer of innovative products at a price (Dt), which includes the costs of production and the profit of the entrepreneur.

Scheme 1. The logical chain of the main stages of innovative entrepreneurship in the development of a novelty product

Particularly important for innovative entrepreneurship is the first stage - the search for a new idea, which we will dwell on in more detail. The implementation of entrepreneurial activity is always based on a specific idea. The entrepreneurial idea, which is based on the activity and decisive, thought out in all details, innovative initiative of the entrepreneur himself, can cover both the production process as a whole and one or more of its individual parts. If we focus on the fragmentary form of an entrepreneurial idea, then we can identify the main directions in the activities of an entrepreneur that are possible for the implementation of the idea, that is, the complete or partial renewal of the enterprise:

-change of the production management system;
- application new technology or technology;
- the use of new, more economical or durable materials in the production of goods;
-improvement of design, packaging of goods;
- a fundamentally new scheme for organizing an advertising campaign for an enterprise, etc.

However, the innovative nature of the activity of an entrepreneurial firm can manifest itself not only in relation to the factors of production, the organization of the production process itself or the product itself, but also in relation to the arrangement of people participating in the production process. In this case, the entrepreneurial idea can be based on the following actions:

- full or partial replacement of all those involved in the production process in order to “remove” low-skilled workers;
-creation of a "special spirit" in the team of workers through mobilizing formulations of target settings and incentives to move towards such goals;
- taking measures for the productive use by each employee of his working time, etc.

Thus, an innovative idea can be defined as a real possibility of producing an original product, product, service or their improved versions or modifications, as well as new brands. For an entrepreneur, it is important to identify for himself the same information sources that will help him find some specific innovative idea. Such sources can be specific knowledge: about the market and its needs; about the emergence of new technologies, materials, methods of production; about existing structural or geographic gaps in the provision of a certain product. Specific sources of innovative ideas can be:

-consumers, i.e. the study of consumer demand;
- scientists, in the event that they are engaged in the invention or search for new materials, commercial properties that can lead to the creation of original or improved versions of commercial products, services;
-competitors, in some cases their activities aimed at studying consumer demand can push the entrepreneur to form his own innovative idea;
- sales agents, dealers and other intermediaries;
-consultants of the entrepreneur on some specific elements of innovative activity;
- direct employees of the enterprise.

Most actively in some firms, it is the personnel of the enterprise that is used as a source of innovative ideas, for which special methods are used to stimulate the activities of workers in the development of new products; at the same time, ordinary workers are involved in the process of generating innovative ideas.

When identifying the sources of innovative ideas, the classification of Peter Drucker is of interest, who identifies seven sources of innovative ideas:

- an unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry - an unexpected success, an unexpected failure, an unexpected external event);
-incongruence - a discrepancy between reality as it really is and our ideas about it ("as it should be");
- innovations based on the needs of the process (under the need of the process one should mean those of its shortcomings and “weak points” that can and should be eliminated);
- sudden changes in the structure of the industry or market;
-demographic changes;
- changes in perceptions, moods and values;
-new knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific).

According to P. Drucker, a systematic innovation process consists in a purposeful and organized search for changes and in a systematic analysis of these changes as a source of social and economic innovations. He refers to the first four sources of innovative ideas (areas of change) as internal, since they are within the enterprise, within the industry or service sector; such sources are available to those working in a given enterprise or industry. The last three sources refer to external sources of innovative ideas, since they have their origin outside the given enterprise or industry. However, there are no clear boundaries between all seven sources, and they can mutually intersect. It should be noted that although none of the areas is initially more important than others, they are arranged by P. Drucker in order of decreasing reliability of analysis and predictability.

After the formation of innovative ideas, an entrepreneurial firm faces the task of selecting the most promising ideas. When choosing an innovative idea, an entrepreneur must take into account not only the need for this project, but also how realistic its implementation is, because if there are no funds, the necessary skills, or if there are insurmountable obstacles, then a good innovative idea may not be feasible. Before an entrepreneurial firm decides to introduce any innovation, it is necessary to clarify some points. First, you need to find out if this or that product has a good chance in the market (if we are talking about product innovation). Foreign economists for such an analysis suggest answering the following questions:

- Were there any grounds for looking for a new product idea?
- Is there a need to create a new product at all?
- Is there a need to replace one product with another?
-Is the new product a natural continuation of the previous product range?
- Is the company able to implement the idea of releasing a new product at all or to obtain such a product?
Will the firm be able to sell such a product?
-Does the new product fill any niche in the market?
-Can the new product be described as progressive or nostalgic, i.e. "retro"?
- Has anyone implemented similar ideas before, if so, how successfully?
-Can competitors have similar ideas for new products?
What is the financial risk associated with the idea of a new product?
-Can a new product idea be a publicity success?
-Which market is better to focus the idea of a new product?
- Does the idea of a new product fit the company's internal production structure?
- What are the real market chances of implementing the idea of a new product?

Secondly, when making a final decision in connection with an innovative idea, including in connection with design and research work, it is necessary to answer two more important questions: about real profit and real risk, and the answers to these questions should be as follows:

A. The profit from the project must be significantly higher than the cost of its implementation.

B. The risk associated with the project must be in the maximum allowable ratio with the profit from its implementation.

In addition, even a very promising idea in itself does not guarantee automatic market success for an innovator. In order to achieve the intended goals and obtain monopoly excess profits from innovation, an entrepreneurial firm must comply with certain conditions and meet certain requirements.

1. It is necessary to clearly represent the volume of potential consumers' demand for innovation, its economically expressed advantages over existing methods of satisfying this need. In addition, it is necessary to identify resource constraints that arise during the creation, production and marketing of innovation, i.e. it is important to correctly make a comprehensive forecast of the economic potential of innovation.
2. For the successful development of an innovative enterprise, a prerequisite is the compliance of the enterprise's personnel with certain requirements. A significant role for success is played by the age of the founders of the company (on average 30-35 years) and their personal qualities: high efficiency, sociability, purposefulness, competence.
3. With limited material and financial resources and market uncertainty, the quality of organization and management plays a significant role in the success of innovative enterprises. In this regard, it is small innovative enterprises that are most effective, since they have a nature, but the absence of strictly formalized management structures, which ensures speed and flexibility in decision-making.

Innovative Entrepreneurship

One of the main factors economic growth in modern conditions is innovation.

Entrepreneurship is inherently innovative and is always about innovation. Well-known American economists K. R. McConnell and S. Yu. Brue define two main functions of an entrepreneur, which are directly related to the innovative nature of the entrepreneur’s activity:

An entrepreneur is an innovator, a person who strives to produce new products (services), develop new production technologies or find new forms of business organization and development;

The entrepreneur assumes the risk that arises in the course of entrepreneurial activity, since profit is not guaranteed for the entrepreneur. At the same time, the entrepreneur risks not only his time, labor and business reputation, but also the money invested.

The transfer of the economy to an innovative development path is a determining factor in the further growth of the living standards of the population. And although innovative entrepreneurship is part of production, we believe that it needs to be considered in more detail.

Innovative entrepreneurship in Russia. In Russia, the transition to an innovative economy was voiced as a national slogan only in the first decade of the 21st century, while in developed countries In the West and in the Newly Industrialized Countries, this term has been around for the past twenty years. The innovation systems of the United States, European countries, South Korea and Japan work efficiently and annually contribute their share to the national income of these countries.

Adopted in November 2008 The concept of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation for the period up to 2020(hereinafter referred to as the Concept 2020 or CRA 2020) determined the main directions for the transition to an innovative socially oriented type of economic development of the country. The Concept 2020 states that the transition of the Russian economy to an innovative type of development is impossible without the formation of a competitive global scale national innovation system and a complex of legal, financial and social institutions that ensure the interaction of educational, scientific, entrepreneurial and non-profit organizations and structures in all spheres of the economy and public life. To create an effective national innovation system, it is necessary to:

· increase the demand for innovations from most sectors of the economy;

· increase the efficiency of the knowledge generation sector (fundamental and applied science), as there is a gradual loss of the groundwork created in previous years, aging of personnel, a decrease in the level of research, poor integration into world science and the world innovation market, and there is no orientation to the needs of the economy;

· overcome the fragmentation of the innovation infrastructure, since many of its elements have been created, but do not support the innovation process throughout the entire process of generation, commercialization and implementation of innovations.

There is a problem of understanding the essence of innovation processes and the results that they can give to business and the economy as a whole. It should be noted that medium and small businesses do not see opportunities for their development and growth in the introduction of innovations, which is associated with inadequate economic conditions in the small business sector.

Innovations, innovation activity and its functions. Innovation as economic category studied since the beginning of the 20th century. (I.A. Schumpeter, N.D. Kondratiev and others). In the second half of the 20th century, theoretical developments in this science received their practical implementation in the most developed countries of the world. In the US back in the 1950s. the idea of stimulating investments in venture business was defined. In the 1960s in countries Western Europe the first technoparks appear, and by the beginning of the 1980s. their number has grown so much that there are reasons to talk about the formation in the developed countries of the world, including the USSR, of entire systems and networks of such technology parks, technology transfer centers, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, etc. implementation structures.

B. Twiss understands innovation as the process of acquiring an economic content by an intellectual product (invention, information, know-how), by achieving a positive result when sold on the market. Thus, the basis of innovative changes is necessarily the result of scientific research or scientific and technical activities used in any sphere of society to improve production processes, economic and social relations, activities in the field of science, culture, education and other spheres of society.

Innovation- the end result of the introduction of innovation (as a formalized result of fundamental or applied research, development, experimental work in any field of activity) in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, scientific, technical or other effect.

Innovation performs the following three functions:

1. Reproductive function means that innovation is an important source of financing for expanded reproduction. The meaning of this function is to profit from innovation and use it as a source of financial resources.

2. Investment function means that the profit from innovation can be used for investment in various areas, including as capital. This capital can be used to finance new types of innovation.

3. The stimulating function is manifested when stimulating entrepreneurial activity. Getting an entrepreneur profit through the implementation of innovation directly corresponds to the main goal of any commercial organization. Profit serves as an incentive for the entrepreneur to introduce new innovations; encourages him to constantly study demand, improve the organization of marketing activities, apply modern methods of financial management.

In order for an innovation system to function, it must have a certain structure, that is, it must include a set of interacting blocks. There are five such blocks:

The first. A creative (creative) block, or a block of knowledge generation, which includes universities, research institutes, individual specialists, complex social networks that provide informal interaction between researchers from different institutes and universities. The education system is recognized as the basis for the innovative development of the economy.

Second. Block of technology transfer. New ideas resulting from creative thinking cannot be put into production immediately. The most serious problem that complicates the practical implementation of scientific and technical ideas is the asymmetry of information associated with the acquisition of rights to use innovations. The more complex the innovation is from the point of view of the available scientific and technical knowledge, the greater the asymmetry in understanding its capabilities between the author of the innovation and the subject of economic activity that acquires the rights to it. An intermediary is needed who would provide the buyer with a certain degree of confidence in the quality of the purchased product. This function is most effectively performed by non-commercial foundations of professional expertise, which operate approximately on the same principle as foundations that allocate grants for Scientific research. Such non-profit foundations form a special environment with wide network connections that can provide contacts between the authors of creative ideas and potential buyers.

Third. Financing block. To become a commercial product, an idea must undergo a series of transformations - go through the phases of engineering development, making a model, creating a prototype production model. External funding is needed to transform an idea into a prototype and then launch it into mass production. There are three potential sources of such funding:

Bank loan. The author of an idea or an institution that supports it creates a company to produce a new product and takes out a bank loan. This is a rather dangerous method of financing for the initiators of a new production. In addition, since the risks of producing innovative products are extremely high, banks are very cautious about financing such projects and charge a high bank interest, which makes innovative activities based on bank financing unattractive.

Sale of innovation. The author of the idea sells it to one of the large firms producing a similar product. This method of financing, saving the innovator from risk, simultaneously deprives him of the profit associated with the introduction of the innovation he created into production.

Venture financing. Having carefully studied the proposed innovation and the business plan drawn up by the innovator, the venture company creates an enterprise, the leader of which is usually the innovator. At the same time, the venture company retains full control over the activities of this enterprise and, in case of insufficient profitability, can simply sell it. An important advantage of venture financing is that it allows the innovator not only to accumulate a significant part of the excess profits due to the innovativeness of the products produced, but also to get out of the game, retaining these profits when its production turns into a routine.

Fourth. Production block. There are two alternative options for organizing innovative production. The first option is the inclusion of such production in the production structures of one of the large firms, which allows you to use the advantages of vertical integration: reducing operating costs by eliminating an independent management complex (accounting, personnel accounting systems, etc.). The second is the creation of a new enterprise, where production operating costs are minimized due to its small size.

Fifth. Personnel training unit. The training of innovative personnel should consist of interrelated stages of increasing knowledge and professionalism, along with careful selection. An important role at this stage is played by universities that train specialists in the field of fundamental and applied science, and institutions focused on the formation of a scientific elite.

World experience confirms that innovative business is mainly inherent in small businesses, which, having financial support from banks, specialized funds and the state, can more effectively use the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Organization of innovative business structures. Any innovative activity at the firm level is to some extent entrepreneurial, as it is based on the following:

search for new ideas (from a new product to a new structure) and their evaluation;

search for the necessary resources;

creation and management of the enterprise;

receiving money income;

Personal satisfaction with the achieved result.

However, not all entrepreneurship is innovative, but only one that allows you to extract entrepreneurial income as a result of creating the production, use or distribution of an innovative product, i.e., the subjects of innovative entrepreneurship include entrepreneurial structures that carry out innovative activities. Entrepreneurial structure in innovation

economy – this is a set of relations between economic entities that are interconnected and interact with each other in the process of creating and implementing innovative entrepreneurial ideas that determine the competitiveness of an entrepreneur in the market .

To the basic principles of creating entrepreneurial structures

(distinguishing them from traditional ones) include:

the initiative of the entrepreneur when initiating the idea of creating a structure and determining the directions of its activities;

the voluntariness of the association of economic entities into a structure, the contractual nature of relations between entrepreneurs, as well as

entrepreneurs and employees;

Innovative nature of products or individual elements

production system;

· the flexibility of the structure, its ability to adapt to changes in the market;

The efficiency of the structure, the absence of "extra" units.

The following stages of the formation of entrepreneurial innovative structures can be distinguished:

First stage. The future entrepreneur has the idea of innovation, innovation, innovation in the field of business.

Second phase. Are being sought, and for individual entrepreneurs most often from

the family budget allocates resources for their implementation.

Third stage. Favorable organizational and technical conditions are created for the implementation of the idea and its practical use.

Fourth stage. An organizational entrepreneurial structure of innovative orientation is being formed.

Innovative entrepreneurship is based on the principles of risk sharing and distribution between entrepreneurs and investors.

Venture investment. Within the framework of innovative entrepreneurship, the possibilities of venture business as one of the forms of technological innovation are widely discussed, which contributes to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress (STP) and is the most important factor in the qualitative recovery of the country's economy.

Entrepreneurial activity associated with financial and capital investments in innovation is called venture investment. In venture business, there is a mutual interest of their owners and venture investors, which is determined by the probability of obtaining high incomes and the prospect of developing innovative business, the development of advanced technologies, and the emergence of new areas of scientific and technological progress.

The functional task of venture investment is to promote the growth of a particular business or the implementation of an innovative project by providing a certain amount of money.

Traditional capital is not able to finance firms based on new technologies or risky innovative projects.

As a rule, potential borrowers do not meet one or more of the following criteria, which are considered when making decisions to provide funds:

economic feasibility of the project;

the quality of the provision;

Satisfactory indicators of the financial condition;

volumes of financial flows;

The history of relationships

· credit history.

Venture capital has a number of features compared to conventional types of financing:

1. Quality assurance. In the case of venture financing, funds are provided for the selected project, without any guarantees. Venture investors share responsibility and financial risk with the entrepreneur.

2. Delivery period. Venture investment is designed for the long term, since many innovative projects do not begin to make a profit earlier than in three to five years, and there is a long-term lack of liquidity.

3. Object of investment. As a rule, risky investments are carried out in the most advanced areas of scientific and technological progress, and venture funds, like no other investor, are ready to invest in new science-intensive developments even when they are accompanied by a high degree of uncertainty, because it is here that the greatest potential is hidden. profit reserve.

4. Participation in management. Investors are not limited to providing financial resources. They directly or through their representatives actively participate in the management of the new firm. An investor must be ready to provide a variety of assistance to those to whom he has provided his capital: help in management, consult, help establish relationships and a host of other services. It is participation in management that reduces the degree of risk and increases the rate of return on investment, and, thus, is an essential condition for the successful development of innovation.

Based on the foregoing, it can be noted that venture capital is potentially one of the most effective sources of financing innovation.

But here the problem of activating risky investment arises, on the way of which there are significant obstacles. Therefore, the purpose of state incentives is to create favorable conditions for the development of the process of venture financing of innovation activities within the country.

Influence of innovative activity on competitiveness. Competition between business participants begins at the stage of research and development of a new product and a new technology for its manufacture.

The effect of the innovative activity of an enterprise in terms of its competitiveness has three components:

First - this is an increase in the competitiveness of a product, creating competitive advantages in the short and medium term.

Second - instilling new needs, creating competitive advantages in the long term.

Third - increasing the efficiency of production, transforming the competitiveness of the commodity mass into the competitiveness of the enterprise.

One of the factors of competitiveness is the technical perfection of goods, which is determined by the degree of use of advanced scientific and technical solutions in manufactured products - the results of intellectual activity.

Innovative Entrepreneurship- this is a purposeful activity related to the solution of contradictions (problems) between reality and a possible state, designed to bring a new idea in the form of a product or service to the market, focused on obtaining economic benefits.

This problem has long attracted a wide range of theoreticians. Domestic scientists explore a wide range of theoretical and practical problems of increasing production efficiency as a result of innovation activities. Foreign researchers R.Akoff, V.Behrens, P.Drucker, D.Clark, G.Mensch, M.Porter, R.Foster, J.Schumpeter and others developed modern theory economic relations, reflecting the innovative nature of entrepreneurship in the manufacturing sector.

Until the 80s. In the twentieth century, entrepreneurship, in contrast to such factors of production as labor and capital, was considered an element that only indirectly affects economic development. The latest economic theories, in particular the evolutionary approach, consider innovative entrepreneurship as the main factor in socio-economic progress, a stimulator of the growth of the national economy.

The first scientific studies of entrepreneurial activity in economic science began to be carried out in the 18th century in the works of R. Cantillon, A. Tyugro, A. Smith and J.-B. Say. Consider some provisions in the works of these scientists.

The concept of an entrepreneur (entrepreneur) as an economic entity that takes on the risk associated with the organization of a new enterprise or with the commercial implementation of a new idea, a new product or a new type of service, first appeared in R. Cantillon's book "Essay on the Nature of Commerce".

J. Say noticed that the entrepreneur moves economic resources from the area of low productivity and low income to the area of higher productivity and profitability. However, no one singled out the special independent role of the entrepreneur as one of the driving factors of economic development. The theorists of scientific and technological progress K. Freeman and management P. Drucker unambiguously admit that the consistent theory of entrepreneurship was first proposed by J. Schumpeter. But for a number of objective reasons, his pioneering work was not given due attention until the last quarter of the twentieth century.

J. Schumpeter made an attempt to identify the driving forces of economic dynamics. The purpose of his research was to build a theory of the so-called business cycles (business cycles) - undulating alternations of periods of relative prosperity and depression, which were first discovered by N. Kondratiev. J. Schumpeter put forward a hypothesis according to which the driver of economic development, which he thought of as a cyclical process of structural changes that are born within the economy, is the innovative activity of the entrepreneur. Practical research in the field of scientific and technological progress has fully confirmed this vision of the entrepreneurial function. p.189

However, the polysemantic concept of "entrepreneurship" has been preserved in social thought to this day. In the scientific literature there are various ideas about this concept, often being an eclectic set of economic, organizational and psychological characteristics of this empirically significant phenomenon.

Following R. Cantillon, in the writings of the neoclassical school, an entrepreneur began to be considered an individual who owns an enterprise and carries out trading activities on the principles of competition with its inherent risk. In this concept, the entrepreneur's income was considered as a payment for risk. This was seen as its difference from the income on advanced capital and wages.

The limited views of R. Cantillon and representatives of the neoclassical school are due to the fact that they attributed to the market such specific features as product homogeneity, technology uniformity, a large number of contractors and competitors. This prevented them from doing research on the entrepreneurial function of expanding or creating demand through the production of new products.

J. Von Thünen drew attention to the connection in the entrepreneurial function of risk-bearing and innovation. In accordance with this view, the income of an entrepreneur is made up of income from risky activities and remuneration received as a result of achieving an economic effect from the application of innovation.

The substantiation of ideas about innovative activity as the main functional characteristic belongs to J. Schumpeter. According to his views, the entrepreneur is a key figure in the progress of the productive forces, carrying out "the reorganization of economic life on the basis of greater private economic expediency."

Unlike his predecessors, who based their views on entrepreneurship on the concept of market equilibrium, J. Schumpeter substantiated the method of dynamic equilibrium, which occurs as a result of replacing the existing combination of production factors with a new one corresponding to a higher level of development of the productive forces. The theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial activity substantiated by J. Schumpeter were based on the ideas of J.-B. Say, who owns the definition of an entrepreneur as a person who combines and combines the factors of production.

According to J. Schumpeter, the essence of the entrepreneurial function is to reform production; the content of entrepreneurial activity is the implementation of new factors of production and circulation due to the discovery and practical use of new opportunities for the manufacture of new products, the use of new technology, new sources of raw materials and finding new markets, the reorganization of production. Denying the obligatory status of the owner for the entrepreneur, he argued that the entrepreneurial function is inherent in various categories of workers, and it is legitimate to consider it a general economic function. p.123.

According to another prominent representative of the New Austrian school, F. von Hayek, entrepreneurship is associated with the search and exploration of new economic opportunities, and any individual whose activity is of a exploratory nature acts as a potential entrepreneur.

Thus, in the works of scientists of the New Austrian school, innovation activity is recognized as the most characteristic feature of entrepreneurship. The New Austrian School of Economics, represented by L. Mises and F. von Hayek, in the market process, linking them not with a specific subject of a certain social group, but with all the activities of economic entities implemented by all of them. Entrepreneurship itself acts not only at the individual level, but also at the level of large organizations. It manifests itself in an explicit and implicit quality in the form of decision-making and risk-taking, new combinations of production factors or innovations, distribution of resources in promising areas, management, organization and implementation of decisions made. Consequently, entrepreneurship is a creative activity to implement new opportunities to meet the potential of effective demand in the conditions of a non-equilibrium state of the economic system.

The definition of entrepreneurial activity offered by the Research Center for the History of Entrepreneurship, established at Harvard in 1940: production or for the distribution of economic goods and services, has a monetary or other benefit as an aim or measure of success, interacts with the internal situation of this unit and with the economic, political and social conditions that exist for a given period, so that a tangible measure of freedom of decision is realized . Considered in general terms, this activity belongs to a category of social phenomena that can be distinguished from other social changes.

This definition notes innovative function entrepreneur, highlights the relationship between the entrepreneur and the enterprise, whose activities are mediated by the social and institutional environment. Thus, American scientists draw attention to the fact that the political strategy in the twentieth century. becomes a necessary function of the entrepreneur, forced to resist not only market pressure, but also political pressure.

An entrepreneur is a subject that performs specific functions in the economy, therefore the concept of "entrepreneur" cannot be adequately replaced by the concepts of "capitalist", or "manager", "merchant".

The evolution of ideas about entrepreneurship is connected with the fact that at an earlier stage in the development of states with a market economy, managerial qualifications were considered as the most important characteristic of entrepreneurial activity, and the role of a manager as a priority in relation to the role of an innovator. However, the transition to an economy based on high technologies brought to the fore the interpretation of entrepreneurship, mainly associated with innovative processes, the spread of the implementation of their own or borrowed innovations on their basis. In this regard, for the economic development of countries with an agrarian-raw material economy and those at the stage of early industrialization, imitation entrepreneurship is of particular importance, based on the use of existing and easily accessible resources, managerial skills, technical knowledge, and borrowed technology.

Since the 70s. in countries with a market economy, research by scientists was associated with an analysis of the role of the entrepreneur as a regulatory entity in the economic structure and the study of the mechanism of entrepreneurship in specific institutional forms.

According to the ideas of the American economist J. Carland, an entrepreneur is "an individual who creates and manages a business with the principal goal of achieving profit and growth, characterized by innovative behavior and using the practice of strategic management in business." The latter refers to the willingness to take the risk associated with a discovered business development opportunity, actively promoting the implementation of innovations as a continuous process of changes within the organization and in the external environment, striving to stay ahead of competitors.

American scientist P. Drucker, a specialist in the field of modern management, defines entrepreneurship as a specific activity, the content of which is innovation in all areas, including management. According to P. Drucker, “innovation is a special tool for entrepreneurs, the means by which they use change as an opportunity to implement their ideas in the field of business and services. The task of entrepreneurs is to purposefully search for sources of innovation, as well as changes and their signs that indicate the possibility of success” p. thirty.

Consequently, innovations are a specific tool of an entrepreneur, with the help of which he uses innovations as real opportunities for the implementation of certain types of activities. For the skillful use of this tool, the author believes, it is necessary to carefully study the sources of information about changes in the external and internal environments, as well as their symptoms, outlining the possibility of innovations themselves, mastering the principles of successful implementation of innovations and applying them with. 16.

Thus, in the Western economic literature there is no generally accepted definition of entrepreneurial activity. The emerging empirical ideas about the specifics of entrepreneurship, which distinguish it from the activities of the owner and manager, are not accompanied by a strict distinction between the objective (function) and subjective (activity) aspects of entrepreneurship, and the existing attempts to substantiate it scientifically are reduced to only one of these aspects. Meanwhile, a clear distinction is needed between the objective role that entrepreneurship plays in the economic system (entrepreneurial function) and how this role is carried out practically through the purposeful work of an economic entity (entrepreneurial activity).

Entrepreneurial activity is the most important factor in the economic development of states with a market economy, in which the increase of national wealth is recognized through the involvement in production of previously unused commercially effective resources.

Identification of the economic functions of entrepreneurship, i.e. forms of manifestation of the qualities of entrepreneurs in the implementation of their economic activities in a competitive environment, was carried out by J. Schumpeter, who assigned the following functions to them:

1) the production of a new good unknown to consumers or the creation of a new quality of this or that good.

2) the introduction of a new method of production, which is still practically unknown for a given branch of industry, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery, and which may also consist in a new way of commercial use of the corresponding product.

3) development of a new sales market, i.e. a market in which the branch of industry of that country has not hitherto been represented, whether or not that market existed before.

4) obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, regardless of whether this source existed before or simply was not taken into account, or was considered unavailable, or it had yet to be created.

5) carrying out an appropriate reorganization, for example, securing a monopoly position or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

Internal functions include the following:

1.Organization of production, which refers to the following operations:

Assessment of the economic situation;

Development of an action plan;

Organization of administrative management;

Monitoring the implementation of the plan;

2. Risk taking. The entrepreneur is a risk-taker: he produces for the market whose demand he anticipates. He has no confidence in the marketing of his products; its success is expressed in obtaining a net profit; his mistakes, lack of activity or inability are punished by loss or collapse. However, the risk can be localized by the very concept of the enterprise and the development of the production plan and its implementation;

3. Performance of power functions. The entrepreneur is the head of the production unit, i.e. has coercive power over those who work under him, and his influence over them is irreversible. In any type of organization, the first and inalienable characteristic of the leader is that he is the same worker as the others.

Having conducted a study of the functions of entrepreneurship, we will try to highlight them as follows, presenting them in the figure.

Picture 1

The classification of forms of entrepreneurial activity can be carried out in different ways. Depending on the phases of reproduction, the forms of entrepreneurship will be:

Industrial and entrepreneurial activity;

financial entrepreneurship;

Commercial entrepreneurship (trade and procurement activities, trade, supply and marketing services);

Entrepreneurship in the field of household, socio-cultural, medical and commercial services

In Kazakhstan, the problems of innovative entrepreneurship are devoted to the works of economists Kenzheguzin M.B., Dnishev F.M., Alzhanova F.G., Abdygapparova S.B., Khamitov N.N., Kazhymurat K., Tukaev A., Kantarbayeva A. .K., Karenova R.S., Koshanova A.K., Baimuratova U., Sabdenova O.S., etc. These works are devoted to the development of innovations, innovative entrepreneurship during the formation of a market economy, starting from the 1990s. Until now.

Scientific literature during the existence of the USSR practically did not touch upon the problem of entrepreneurship, since this phenomenon was outside the scope of the subject of socialist political economy. Entrepreneurship is associated with the activities of private enterprises, and as you know, in the Soviet Union only state property was legally defined.

Over the past 15 years, numerous publications have appeared in Kazakhstan and other countries with transit economies,

touching on practical and methodological issues of business organization. Entrepreneurship theories have been considered as a rule from the point of view of management.

A breakthrough in the application of evolutionary ideas in the theory of the transit economy belongs to Russian scientists. Abalkin L.I. developed a civilized approach to the development of society. Lvov D.S. , Glazyev S.Yu. , Mayevsky V.E. proposed a theory of the evolution of technological structures.

Such Kazakh scientists as Kenzheguzin M.B., Dnishev F.M., Alzhanova F.G. explore economic nature innovation processes. They came to the conclusion that in our country there is often a simplified superficial approach to the problems of innovation and innovation. This is manifested, firstly, in the fact that the technocratic approach prevails, innovations are considered as a purely scientific and technical problem, although this is more of an economic and social problem. Secondly, the institutional context of innovation activity is underestimated. Those ideas that are associated with the formation of a national innovation system are valuable, in particular, the authors have identified those areas whose development or stimulation will most effectively contribute to the technological dynamics and competitiveness of the national economy.

Kazakh scientist-economist Kantarbayeva A.K. considered entrepreneurship from the standpoint of the institutional-evolutionary approach. According to the scientist, entrepreneurship is a pole of intensive economic growth, the driving cause of economic dynamics. Works by Kantarbayeva K.A. based on the use of new methodological approaches to such fundamentally non-equilibrium processes as innovation, entrepreneurship dynamics, transit economy: neoclassical theory of general equilibrium".

Representatives of the "mainstream" economic theory are L. Walras, J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, M. Friedman. The neoclassical theory of general equilibrium is not able to describe the underlying processes and such qualitative shifts as scientific and technical progress, the emergence of innovations, new institutions, and changes in the economy.

Sabdenov O.S. in his writings, he touches on many aspects of the innovation process in a market environment: he reveals the reasons hindering innovation development in the republic; notes the effectiveness of creating a new innovation infrastructure; defines the types of innovative activity, linking them with complete solution environmental problems, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, the development of the agro-industrial complex, the use of Western technologies, an active investment policy. He defines innovation as “a new product or service, a method of production, an innovation in organizational, financial, research and other fields, any improvement that provides cost savings or an additional element for such savings ... oriented to the market, a specific consumer or to need."

Kazakh scientists are studying the processes of emergence and development of entrepreneurship in the post-Soviet transition period. Koshanov A.K. a systematic analysis of the environment for the formation of entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and the barriers to its intensive development was undertaken. Proposed mechanisms economic policy support for entrepreneurship in the transition to a market economy. .

The theory and methodology of innovation in market conditions is studied by Abdygapparova S.B., who summarized its provisions and presented the following enlarged blocks of theories and concepts:

Cyclicity and unevenness of innovative development, long waves, clusters and classification of innovations;

Interactions between economic growth and scientific and technical progress;

Efficiency of scientific and technical progress;

Diffusion of innovations, innovation multiplier;

Technological systems and technological structures;

Technological forecasting;

Interactions between technology and the market, technology market, technological rent, technology marketing, technological quasi-rent;

Innovative entrepreneurial activity, human factor management;

State innovation policy, organizational and economic mechanism of innovation management;

Formation of competitive strategies and stages of competitive development; formation of innovative strategies .

The priority direction of the development of the economy of Kazakhstan is the transition to industrial and innovative development based on modern achievements in science and technology. Baymuratov U.B. believes that “given the technological diversity of the economy of the republic, this strategy should be based not on a single technological path, but on technological pluralism, with the help of which it is possible to ensure the achievement of industries. This must be emphasized especially, because in connection with the strategy of technological development in the republic, the idea of a technological breakthrough, which was embodied in the draft of the corresponding national program, has found distribution.

Identification of technological structures, big waves taking into account the strengthening of the influence of innovations in the works of Kazakh scientists, Dnisheva F.M. , Kazhymurata K. makes it possible to differentiate the development strategies of the economic system and to form separate mechanisms of innovation activity .

Kazhymurat K. defines the role of innovations as the most important link in market relations, considering them "a real force that allows not only to save huge material values, but also to create them, and many times more efficiently than the cost of innovation itself." He identifies 8 priority areas for innovative development, such as: integrated automation of production, computerization and electronization, development of energy, creation of new means of transport and communication, development of membrane, laser, plasma and other technologies, creation and use of structural materials, biotechnology, development of astronautics. .

Ashimbayeva A.T. innovative development is considered a condition for the modernization of the domestic economy, where an important role is assigned not only to the state, but also to innovative entrepreneurship: “Industrial modernization in countries of catching up development is effective only when relying on innovative processes” .

Kazakh entrepreneur in the field of innovative business Aitmambetov R.M. defined innovative entrepreneurship as

“the process of organizing work to generate an innovative idea and create technical and technological capabilities aimed at improving consumer properties, reducing costs and improving other product characteristics, and optimizing the corresponding technological process in order to obtain commercial profit” .

Kazakh scientist-economist Karenov R.S. in his work devoted to the problems of innovation management considers innovative entrepreneurship from the point of view of organizational forms, as firms with different innovative strategies, focused on changing tastes and preferences of consumers, changes in the market situation, adaptation to external conditions, to the conditions of competition.

In the development of the theory and practice of innovative entrepreneurship, Kazakhstani scientists-practitioners, such as Dzekunov V., Perdebayeva R., Batpenov T., have contributed to the development of some issues of the development of innovative activity in industrial enterprises. They found out the factors hindering the innovative activity of entrepreneurs.

The works of D. Mukanov are devoted to the industrial and innovative development of industry in the extractive industries of the economy. An objective assessment of the state of the mining and metallurgical complex of the country, which is given to scientists, makes it possible to develop ways to solve problems associated with innovation.

The works of M. Kenzheguzin, A. Zharmenov, A. Terlikbaeva, B. Sarsebaev are devoted to macroeconomic issues of the development of innovative entrepreneurship. The identified stages of industrial and innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the mechanisms for implementing innovation policy, allow us to develop a clear strategy for the development of domestic innovation business.

Regional and industry specifics G. Kuatbayeva pays special attention to the formation of subjects of innovative activity. Among them, business incubators, technology parks, venture funds, which are one of the elements of the innovation infrastructure, are becoming important.

The results obtained during the review of scientific developments concerning the theory of innovative entrepreneurship also allow us to systematize it and draw certain conclusions.

In particular, it seems possible to trace the evolution of views on innovative entrepreneurship, while highlighting the most significant ones, which it is advisable to present in the form of a table.

Table 2 - Evolution of views on innovative entrepreneurship

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

TEST

ECONOMY

Innovation in entrepreneurial activity

1. Innovation: concept, types, innovative activity of an enterprise

Innovation and innovative activity are traditionally presented as a direction of scientific and technological progress (its high-tech component) and as a process associated with the implementation of the results of scientific research and development into practice. However, the meaning and content of the concept of "innovation" is broader. The scope of innovation is comprehensive, it not only covers the practical use of scientific and technical developments and inventions, but also includes changes in the product, processes, marketing, organization. Innovation acts as a clear agent of change, as a result of activity, embodied in a new or improved product, technological processes, new services and new approaches to meeting social needs.

The term "innovation" (from the English innovation-innovation) characterizes qualitative changes in the production process. Despite the fact that the concept of "innovation" is widely used, there is still no generally accepted definition of it. Various authors, mostly foreign (P. Drucker, N. Monchev, E. Mansfield, I. Perlaki, M. Porter, J. Schumpeter, etc.), interpret it depending on the object and subject of research - as a result and as a process .

So, in the modern dictionary foreign words(according to code international standards Frascati Manual) innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice or in a new approach to social services. The Oxford Dictionary defines innovation as follows: “Any new approach to designing, manufacturing or marketing a product that gives the innovator or company an advantage over competitors.”

The term "innovation", in its modern sense, was first used by J. Schumpeter, who emphasized that innovation is a significant change in the function of what is produced, consisting in a new connection and commercialization of all new combinations based on the use of new materials and components, the introduction of new processes , opening of new markets, introduction of new organizational forms.

Innovations (innovations) are possible in all spheres of human activity. Based on the multivariate possibilities, innovations differ in scope, scope and nature. According to the sphere of application, innovations are divided into scientific and technical, organizational and economic, socio-cultural and state-legal ones. According to the scale of distribution, global, national, regional, sectoral and local (at the enterprise, company) innovations are distinguished. They can be evolutionary or radical in nature.

Innovations can be classified according to various complementary features:

By field of activity (technical and technological, scientific, organizational, commercial);

By the nature of the application (product, process);

By form (object) - product, technological, organizational, resource;

According to the degree of novelty (radical, combined, modification).

Taking into account characteristic features innovations of greatest interest is the classification by object and degree of novelty.

The facility highlights the following innovations:

Resource (involving the use of new or better raw materials and materials);

Grocery (focused on the development of new products or the modernization of traditional products);

Technological (focused on the modernization of technology, the use of new technology and technological processes);

Organizational (improvement of organizational structures of management, organization of production, labor, sales and after-sales service, logistics, etc.).

According to the degree of novelty, the following types of innovations are distinguished:

Basic (radical) innovations that implement major inventions and scientific discoveries and open up new directions in engineering, technology, and products; new industries are being created on their basis; they demand high costs time and resources, but provide big effect in scale savings;

Large (improving), implementing inventions and creating new generations of equipment, technology, products within the existing direction, significantly changing the characteristics of equipment, technology and products;

Medium (micro-innovations), using small inventions and creating new types of equipment, technologies, products within the existing generation;

Small (pseudo-innovations) that improve individual characteristics of existing equipment and technology and consumer properties of products. Conventionally, they can also include ordinary organizational and technical measures.

The listed types of innovations are ranked in descending order of the degree of novelty, the scale of their application and the scientific, technical and economic effects provided.

The development of innovation processes is influenced by various groups of factors: economic, technological, political, legal, organizational and managerial, socio-psychological, cultural. Some factors encourage innovation, while others hinder it. In the group of economic and technological factors, the innovation activity of an enterprise is influenced by the availability of the necessary financial resources, material and technical means, advanced technologies, economic and scientific and technical infrastructure.

Innovative activity in modern conditions directly depends on the scientific and technical potential of the enterprise, including:

Scientific, technical and engineering personnel;

The material and technical base of scientific and technical activities, i.e. a set of means of labor in the field of scientific research, including scientific equipment and installations and equipment in experimental shops, laboratories, computer centers, etc.;

Information support - reports, publications, data banks, normative-technical, design and technological documentation, samples of new products;

The system of organization of research and development work and their management at the enterprise.

Thus, innovations play an important role in the activities of the enterprise, and the scientific and technical potential of the enterprise is an integral part of the innovative potential, that is, the ability of the enterprise to develop based on the development and implementation of new products and technologies.

innovative novelty small

2. Small enterprises: concept, procedure for creation, features of functioning

The leading problem of the current stage of the formation of structures in the country's economy is the denationalization and privatization of the property of state monopolies. It is solved mainly through the creation of small, small, medium-sized enterprises, each of which will be either an associated or sole owner of the means of production and, of course, the products it produces. The formation of small market structures in all sectors and spheres of the country's economy without exception corresponds to the world economic trends of economic processes, since in all countries of the world a very large number of small enterprises of the most diverse profile operate in almost all industries.

At present, large medium and small enterprises simultaneously operate in the country's economy, as well as activities based on personal and family work.

Small enterprises are not an organizational and legal form, the term "small" characterizes only the size of the enterprise, and the criteria for classifying an enterprise as small are the number of employees and the share of state, municipal property and the property of public associations in the authorized capital of these enterprises, which should be no more than 25%. The number of employees at the MP is determined by the average number of the main production personnel and employees working under contracts and part-time jobs. Small businesses include enterprises with a staff of no more than 200 people in industry and construction, up to 100 people in science and scientific services, up to 50 people in other sectors of the manufacturing sector, up to 15 people in the non-manufacturing sector.

Small enterprises can be created as a result of separation from the existing enterprise, association, organization. In these cases, the organization (enterprise) from which the small enterprise was spun off acts as its founder.

For the state registration of a small enterprise by the local Council of People's Deputies, the following documents should be submitted to the latter:

Order of the founders;

Memorandum of association;

Receipt of payment of state duty for registration.

The memorandum of association defines the relationship between the enterprise and its founder, business executive, financial ties, authorized capital, deductions from profits in favor of the founder.

The charter of a small enterprise establishes the goals of its activities, the procedure for the formation of the enterprise's property, the procedure for management, the possibility of redemption, the distribution of profits, the conditions for reorganization and termination of activities, and other important issues.

The enterprise independently carries out its activities, disposes of the products produced, the profit received, which remains at its disposal after paying taxes and other obligatory payments.

Small enterprises report on the results of their economic activities to the founders in the manner prescribed by the founding agreement.

Consider the features of the functioning of various organizational and legal forms, societies, partnerships, as well as a production cooperative, which are part of a small business.

One of the simplest is a general partnership. A partnership is recognized as full, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with their property. A person may be a participant in only one full partnership. Participants in a full partnership jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability with their property for the obligations of the partnership.

The company name must contain either the names (names) of all its participants and the words "general partnership", or the name (name) of one or more participants with the addition of the words "and the company" and the words "general partnership".

A limited liability company (LLC) is one of the most attractive forms of small business.

The organization of an enterprise in the form of an LLC allows to reduce the personal and property risk of the founders. A limited liability company is a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; participants in a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their contributions (Article 87 of the Civil Code). The legal status of a limited liability company, the rights and obligations of its participants are determined by this Code and the Law "On Limited Liability Companies".

The business name of an LLC must contain the name of the company and the words “limited liability”.

There are several types of joint stock companies (JSC): Closed Joint Stock Companies, Open Joint Stock Companies.

The company name of a joint-stock company must contain its name and an indication that the company is a joint-stock company.

A joint stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons is recognized as a closed joint stock company. Such a company is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons.

Shareholders of a closed joint stock company have the pre-emptive right to acquire shares sold by other shareholders of this company. The Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" limits the number of shareholders in a CJSC to no more than fifty. ZAO is also an attractive form for small businesses.

A production cooperative differs from societies and partnerships in that it involves the personal labor participation of its members in the activities of the enterprise. A production cooperative (artel) is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the association of property share contributions by its members (participants). The company name of a cooperative must contain its name and the words "production cooperative" or "artel".

In accordance with the Civil Code, citizens can conduct entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity. This activity must be registered with the tax authorities. For unincorporated entrepreneurs, there are 2 options:

Simply register the fact of doing business;

Thus, small enterprises are an integral part of the country's socio-economic system, they contribute to maintaining the stability of market relations, since a significant part of the population is drawn into this system of relations.

3. Practical part

Exercise 1

Define:

The number of the main workers of the enterprise;

Labor productivity, annual production volume 1,430 million rubles.

The production program for the year is set at 55,000 items. The norm of time for one product is 1.7 hours. There are 366 days in the planned year, incl. weekends and holidays - 110. On average, one worker per year has 25 days of basic and additional holidays, 5 days of illness, 2 other absenteeism. The average work shift is 8 hours. The average coefficient of compliance with the norms is 1.07.

Solution

1) The number of the main workers of the enterprise will be equal to

First, let's find how many hours one worker works per year:

366 - 110 - 25 - 5 - 2 = 224 days

In order to convert working days into working hours, we multiply 224 days by the number of working shifts, that is, 224 * 8 = 1792 hours.

Now, the number of core workers will be:

55,000 * 1.7 * 1.07 / 1792 = 55.8, that is, 56 people are needed to complete the program.

2) Labor productivity is the ratio of the volume of production to the number of people working in the enterprise.

Production volume = 1,430/56 = 25.5 million rubles / person.

Task 2

Calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets and the cost at the end of the year, the annual depreciation amount; equipment shift ratio.

The cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the beginning of the year is 230 million rubles.

Fixed assets are introduced during the year, million rubles:

Disposal of fixed assets for the year, million rubles:

The average depreciation rate for the enterprise is 10%

In one of the workshops of the enterprise, 38 machines operate as follows: 18 machines - in one shift, 12 - in two, 8 - in three shifts.

Solution

The withdrawal of fixed assets during the year is uneven. For determining average annual cost fixed assets, a formula is applied that takes into account the month of input - output:

where M1 and M2 are the number of full months, respectively, from the moment of commissioning (disposal) of an object (group of objects) of fixed assets;

C input - the cost of fixed assets introduced during the year;

With vyb - the cost of fixed assets retired during the year.

C cf \u003d 230 + 11 * 10 / 12 + 7 * 20 / 12 + 4 * 5 / 12 - 10 * 20 / 12 - 4 * 10 / 12 - 10 / 12 \u003d 231.7 million rubles.

Since the physical volume of fixed assets changes during the year (an enterprise, for example, may purchase several units of new equipment and write off part of the existing one), the initial cost of fixed assets at the end of the year will differ from the initial cost at the beginning of the year. The initial cost at the end of the year is calculated as follows:

where is the initial cost at the beginning of the year;

The cost of fixed assets introduced during the year;

The cost of fixed assets retired during the year.

Thus, the initial cost at the end of the year is 225 million rubles. (230 + 10 + 20 + 5 - 20 - 10 - 10).

Thus, the amount of depreciation deductions is 23 million rubles. (230*10/100).

The shift ratio is one of the most important indicators of the use of equipment. Shows how many shifts each piece of equipment (machine, unit, line) worked on average during the day, month, quarter or year. The shift ratio is determined by dividing the number of machine shifts (machine shifts) worked in all shifts by the number of installed pieces of equipment. In our example, 66 machine shifts (18 + 12 * 2 + 8 * 3) were worked out in all shifts. The shift ratio in this period was 1.74 (66/38).

Task 3

Find the amount of depreciation by years: in a linear way; the method of the sum of the numbers of years; by the diminishing balance method, if the acceleration factor of the linear depreciation rate is 1.4.

The cost of equipment is 40 million rubles. Service life 6 years.

Solution

1) Linear way:

The annual depreciation charge is calculated as follows:

where A is the annual amount of depreciation;

From the first - the initial cost of the object;

H and - the rate of depreciation.

First you need to find the depreciation rate.

H a \u003d 1 / SPI * 100 * \u003d 1/6 * 100 \u003d 16.7%

Then A \u003d 40 * 16.7 / 100 \u003d 6.68 million rubles.

Thus, in the first five years, depreciation will be equal to 6.68 million rubles, and in the 6th year - 6.6 million rubles.

2) Method of sum of numbers of years:

The sum of the numbers of years beneficial use will be 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21.

In the first year of operation, the ratio will be 6/21, the amount of accrued depreciation will be 11.43 million rubles (40 x 6/21).

In the second year of operation, the ratio is 5/21, the amount of accrued depreciation. 9.52 million rubles (40 x 5/21).

In the third year of operation, the ratio is 4/21, the amount of accrued depreciation is 7.62 million rubles (40 x 4/21).

In the fourth year of operation, the ratio is 3/21, the amount of accrued depreciation is 5.71 million rubles (40 x 3/21).

In the fifth year of operation, the ratio is 2/21, the amount of accrued depreciation is 3.82 rubles (40 x 2/21).

In the last, sixth year of operation, the ratio is 1/21, the amount of accrued depreciation is 1.9 million rubles (40 x 1/21).

3) Declining balance method

The annual depreciation rate will be 16.7%. The annual depreciation rate, taking into account the acceleration factor, is 23.4%.

In the first year of operation:

The annual depreciation amount will be determined on the basis of the initial cost formed when the fixed asset object was taken into account, and will amount to 9.36 million rubles (40 x 23.4% = 9.36).

In the second year of operation:

Depreciation will be determined based on the residual value of the object at the end of the first year of operation and will amount to 7.17 million rubles ((40 - 9.36) = 30.64 x 23.4%).

In the third year of operation:

Depreciation will be determined based on the residual value of the object at the end of the second year of operation and will amount to 5.49 million rubles ((30.64 - 7.17) = 23.47 x 23.4%).

In the fourth year of operation:

Depreciation will be determined based on the residual value of the object at the end of the third year of operation and will amount to 4.2 million rubles ((23.47 - 5.49) = 17.98 x 23.4%).

During the fifth year of operation:

Depreciation will be determined based on the residual value of the object at the end of the fourth year of operation and will amount to 3.22 million rubles ((17.98 - 4.2) = 13.78 x 23.4%).

During the sixth year of operation:

40 - 9.36 - 7.17 - 5.49 - 4.2 - 3.22 = 10.56 million rubles.

Task 4

Define:

Material utilization rate;

Quarterly and one-day need for materials;

The general norm of the stock and the norm of the stock of materials.

According to the plan for the quarter, the enterprise should produce 4,000 products. The material consumption rate for 1 product is 17 kg, technological waste is 2 kg.

Materials are delivered every 16 days (maximum current stock).

Transport stock 3 days, preparatory 1 day.

Solution

1) Material utilization ratio

To them \u003d Chv / Hr

where Нр - consumption rate

To them - material utilization ratio

Chw - net weight of the material in the product

Hp \u003d Cw + waste

Hp \u003d 17 + 2 \u003d 19 kg.

To them \u003d 17/19 \u003d 0.89

Thus, 89% of the material is used in production.

2) Quarterly and one-day requirement for materials

quarterly demand:

P to \u003d Pl izg * Nr

where P to - quarterly need for materials;

Pl izg - a plan for the manufacture of parts for the quarter.

Thus, P to \u003d 4,000 * 19 \u003d 76,000 kg.

Since there are 90 days in a quarter, the one-day requirement will be equal to 844.4 kg (76000/90).

3) The general norm of the stock and the norm of the stock of materials

The total reserve rate consists of the sum of reserves in all areas.

So, the total amount of the stock will be equal to = 16+3+1 = 20 days

Before finding the standard for the stock of material, let's calculate how many products are produced per day: 4,000/90 = 44.4, that is, 45 products.

In this case, the enterprise should have enough material to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the enterprise:

45*20*19 = 17 100 kg

Task 5

Calculate the production capacity of the workshop and the capacity utilization factor.

The total area of the workshop is 900 sq.m. The area required for the assembly of one product is 80 sq.m. Assembly time of one product is 36 hours. The workshop is open 240 days a year, 2 shifts lasting 8 hours. Production program 1,020 items per year.

Solution

To begin with, we will find how many jobs can be located on the territory of the workshop; for this, we divide the total area of the workshop by the area required to assemble one product. Thus, it is possible to simultaneously arrange 11 workplaces (900/80).

The workshop works 3840 hours a year (240*2*8)

The productivity of one machine per hour will be equal to 0.028 pcs. (1/36)

Thus, the production capacity will be equal to

M \u003d 11 * 3840 * 0.028 \u003d 1182 children.

The production capacity utilization factor is determined by the formula, defined as the ratio of the production program to the production capacity of the workshop, thus, K them \u003d 1020/1182 \u003d 0.86

Task 6

Determine the piece-rate progressive earnings of a worker for a month, if a multiplying coefficient of 1.3 is set for the working conditions to the tariff rate.

A worker of the 6th category actually produced 378 parts in a month (170 hours). The norm of time for 1 part is 28 minutes. For products produced in excess of the plan, the piece rate is increased by 10%.

Solution

Let's determine the norm of parts for a month, it is equal to: divide the number of minutes by the norm of time (which is spent on 1 part), thus, the norm of parts for a month is 364 pieces. (170*60/28). Let's define products in excess of the plan, it is equal to 14 pcs. (378 - 364). Thus, for 14 pieces produced above the plan, the price increases by 10%.

The piece-progressive wage system is characterized by the fact that the output of a worker within the established norm is paid at direct piece rates, and then at rates that progressively increase depending on the overfulfillment of output standards.

where P is the price per unit of this type of product;

N vfact - the actual production of products, works, services;

Hb - production rate according to the plan, pcs.;

H in fact - actual output, pcs;

P3 - increase percentage piece rate, %.

Z total.d.p \u003d 364 * P + ((378 - 364) * P * (10 + 100)) / 100

The piece rate is determined by the formula (according to the norm of time):

where Hvr - the norm of time for the manufacture of a unit of production;

Sch - the hourly tariff rate of a worker pieceworker, corresponding to the category of work performed;

1.3 - increasing coefficient 1.3 to the tariff rate for working conditions.

P \u003d 1.3 * (28/60) * (378/170) \u003d 1.35

Then, Z total.sd.p = 512.2 thousand rubles.

Task 7

Make a cost estimate for the enterprise and determine the total cost of commercial products using the following data:

Material costs - 5,000 million rubles;

Labor costs - 1,600 million rubles;

Deductions for social needs - at current rates;

Deductions to Belgosstrakh - 1%;

The average annual cost of fixed assets is 15,000 million rubles, the average depreciation rate is 11%

Other expenses - 600 million rubles;

Non-industrial costs not included in gross output - 100 million rubles;

The balance of work in progress increased by 100 million rubles over the year;

Non-manufacturing (commercial) expenses make up 10% of the production cost.

Solution

Deductions for social needs under the current legislation for 2011 amount to 35%.

Thus, deductions for social needs are equal to 560 million rubles. (1600 * 35 / 100).

Deductions in Belgostrakh will amount to 16 million rubles. (1600*1/100).

The average depreciation rate will be 1,650 million rubles. (15000 * 11 / 100).

Thus, since work in progress is a product (work) that has not passed all the stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that have not passed tests and technical acceptance, then they will be implemented in the reporting year, therefore they must be subtracted from the costs of the enterprise for the year. Costs for the year will amount to 10379 million rubles. (10479 - 100).

Cost item
Material costs million rubles
Labor costs, million rubles
Deductions for social needs, million rubles
Deductions in Belgostrakh (1%), million rubles
Depreciation, million rubles
Other expenses, million rubles
Non-industrial costs not included in gross output, million rubles
Total production cost, million rubles
Non-production (commercial) expenses are 10%
Total total cost of production, million rubles

Task 8

Profit from the sale of products and the total profit of the enterprise;

Profitability of products and draw a conclusion.

The company's revenue from the sale of products for the year is 120 million rubles, its full cost is 78 million rubles. Take deductions to target budget funds at current rates. The VAT rate is 20%.

Operating income - 4 million rubles, operating expenses - 6 million rubles.

Non-operating income is 3 million rubles, and non-operating expenses - 1 million rubles.

Solution

Profit from the sale will be equal to the difference between revenue and cost.

Thus, P p \u003d 120-78 \u003d 42 million rubles.

Profit from sales after taxation will be 120 - (78 - 78 * 23%) = 60 million rubles.

The total profit from sales is the profit from sales, taking into account other income and expenses, which are divided into operating and non-operating:

where Сodr - operating income and expenses;

With VDR - non-operating income and expenses.

Thus, the total profit will be equal to 60 million rubles. (60 - 2 + 2).

Profitability of production (total) shows the ratio total amount profit to full cost.

Thus, the profitability of production will be 76.9% (60 * 100% / 78).

List of sources used

1. Bulatov, A.S. Economics / A.S. Bulatov. - M.: Jurist, 2002, - 896s.

2. Butova, T.V. Entrepreneurship. A guide for preparing for the exam / T.V. Butov. - M.: Yurkniga, 2005 - 686 p.

3. Gorfinkel, V.Ya. Small businesses. textbook Allowance // V.Ya. Gorfinkel - M.: Unity, 2001 - 654 p.

4. Novikov, V.S. Innovations in tourism: textbook. Allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / V.S. Novikov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007. - 208 p.;

5. Economics of the enterprise: Textbook for high school / A.M. Magomedov. - 2nd ed., add. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2004 - 281 p.

6. Economics of the enterprise theory and practice: Textbook for high school // V.D. Gribnv. - 2nd ed., add. - Minsk: Higher School, 2005 - 682 p.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar Documents

Innovations, their essence and classification. Innovative infrastructure: concept, purpose, content, elements. Evaluation of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises as part of the technological chain and their functioning as separate enterprises.

control work, added 03/12/2009

Innovations and investments as a factor of business activity of enterprises. The concept and features of the innovation process. The main subjects, causes and factors of investment activity, types of investments. Indicators and methods for evaluating an investment project.

abstract, added 11/28/2010

The concept of innovation activity, its essence and features, history of origin and development, significance in modern society. Classification of innovations, their varieties and characteristics. Analysis of the costs of technological innovations, their effectiveness.

term paper, added 02/09/2009

Innovations: essence, features, classification. Life cycle of innovation and innovative activity of an enterprise. Measurement and evaluation of risks and effects. Investment policy of the enterprise. Investment project and investment process at the enterprise.

abstract, added 02/03/2009

Innovative activity. Innovations, their economic essence and significance. Innovation process as an object of control. The structure of the innovation process. Innovative activity of the enterprise JSC "Severstal". Rolled metal production.

term paper, added 02/22/2007

Types of entrepreneurial activity. Evolution of views on the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. Innovative activity of small enterprises. The specifics of small business in the Altai Territory. Stages of development of entrepreneurial activity in Russia.

term paper, added 12/20/2011

Innovative economy as a strategic direction of development of the state in modern conditions. The role of enterprises in the development of the economy and human resources. The main factors hindering innovation in Russia, government support measures.

term paper, added 07/14/2012

Organizing your own business. The concept of firm and entrepreneurship. Signs and classification. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises. The procedure and methods for creating legal entities. Organization of a small business. Registration of small enterprises.

term paper, added 11/10/2008

Working capital and their classification. Efficiency of use of labor resources at the enterprise. Management innovations and features of their implementation. Indicators of profitability of the organization. Features of the land and capital market. Types of taxes and fees.

lecture, added 02/10/2015

Functions and structure of the innovation process. Initiation and marketing of innovation, stages of its implementation and promotion. Parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of innovation. The theory of the speed of dissemination of ideas and technologies (diffusion of innovation). Types of innovative solutions.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FGAOU VPO "Russian State

Professional Pedagogical University"

Institute of economics and management

Department of Economics and Entrepreneurship

small business organization

"Innovative Entrepreneurship in Russia"

Completed: student gr. PD-408

Yarina M.S.

Checked by: Starikova L.D.

Yekaterinburg 2010

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In connection with the transition to an "open" economy model, in which domestic producers are forced to compete with high-quality imported products not only in the foreign market, but also in the domestic market, the problem of competitiveness becomes the main economic problem. The key, strategic factor in ensuring competitiveness, the importance of which is steadily increasing, is the technological re-equipment of the domestic industry. Therefore, the innovative variant of economic development has no alternatives.

The intensity of innovation activity largely determines the level of economic development. An analysis of the development of the economy shows that enterprises and industries in general have become the most profitable at present, which are focused on the production of high-tech goods, such as computers and semiconductors, medicines and medical equipment, communications and communications systems. The development of high technologies in industry and the release of new science-intensive products are key factors for sustainable economic growth for most industrialized countries of the world.

Therefore, the problem of investment entrepreneurship is quite relevant today, because this species activity is a step forward not only for the Russian, but also for the world economy as a whole.

1. The essence of investment entrepreneurship

Innovative entrepreneurship is understood as the process of creation and commercial use of technical and technological innovations. As a rule, entrepreneurial activity is based on innovation in the field of products or services, which allows creating a new market, satisfying new needs. Innovations serve as a specific tool for entrepreneurship, and not innovations in and of themselves, but a directed organized search for innovations, a constant focus on them by entrepreneurial structures. P. Drucker notes that "entrepreneurs are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. Innovation is a special tool for entrepreneurship" .

Thus, the task of the innovative entrepreneur is to reform and revolutionize the way of production by introducing inventions, and more generally, through the use of new technological possibilities for the production of fundamentally new goods or the production of old goods with new methods, thanks to the discovery of a new source of raw materials or a new market for finished products. - up to the reorganization of the former and the creation of a new sector of the economy.

1) product innovation;

2) technology innovation;

3) social innovations.

The first type of innovative entrepreneurship - product innovation - is a process of updating the marketing potential of an enterprise, ensuring the survival of the company, increasing the volume of profits, expanding market share, maintaining clientele, strengthening an independent position, increasing prestige, creating new jobs, etc.

The second type - technology innovation - is the process of updating production potential, aimed at increasing labor productivity and saving energy, raw materials and other resources, which in turn makes it possible to increase the company's profit, improve safety, take measures to protect the environment, effectively use intracompany information systems.

The last type of innovative entrepreneurship - social innovation - is a general process of systematic improvement of the humanitarian sphere of the enterprise. The use of innovations of this kind expands opportunities in the labor market, mobilizes the enterprise's personnel to achieve its goals, and strengthens confidence in the social obligations of the enterprise to employees and society as a whole.

Entrepreneurship as a process includes four stages: the search for a new idea and its evaluation; drawing up a business plan; search for the necessary resources; management of the established enterprise. For innovative entrepreneurship, it is advisable to break these four main stages into smaller ones. The diagram shows the logical chain of the main stages of innovative entrepreneurship in the development of a novelty product:

Innovative entrepreneurship is a multifaceted type of economic activity. Individuals and legal entities that carry out the following types of initiative activities related to the reproduction cycle of an innovative product act as an entrepreneur:

Creation of an innovative product (actually innovative entrepreneurship);

· performance of intermediary functions (provision of services related to the promotion of an innovative product and its transfer from the direct creator to its consumer);

· Implementation of functions in the financial sector to ensure innovation.

Being relatively independent, these types of entrepreneurial activities in the innovation sphere complement each other, although they can differ significantly in their organizational and legal form, in the content of operations and in the methods of their implementation. The choice of the form of an innovative enterprise depends on personal preferences, the field of activity, the availability of funds, etc.

2. Forms of investment entrepreneurship

In a market economy, the development of innovative entrepreneurship depends on consumer demand for innovation, the availability of a developed scientific and technical potential of the national economy, the functioning of venture capital firms and investors financing risky innovative activities.

Types of innovations are differentiated by industry: in the fuel, printing industry and metallurgy, technological innovations prevail; and in other industries - grocery, which account for almost two-thirds of all costs. They are also more knowledge-intensive - one third of all invested funds are spent on R&D.

More than 70% of enterprises are innovating in order to expand the product range in order to capture a market segment. Reducing production costs is the goal of almost half of the total number of innovation-active enterprises.

Any innovative activity is entrepreneurial and is based on:

search for new ideas (from a new product to a new structure) and their evaluation;

search for the necessary resources;

creation and management of the enterprise;

Receipt of monetary income and personal satisfaction with the achieved result.

Not all entrepreneurship is innovative, but only one that allows you to extract entrepreneurial income as a result of creating the production, use or diffusion of an innovative product. The subjects of innovative entrepreneurship include enterprises and organizations that carry out innovative activities.

The basis of innovative entrepreneurship is made up of small innovative firms (explerents) - technological leaders in emerging sectors of the economy, opening up new market segments, developing new industries, increasing the knowledge intensity and competitiveness of production, and thereby contributing to the formation of new technological structures.

However, in addition to small forms of innovative entrepreneurship (typical representatives are venture enterprises created to test, refine and bring risky innovations to industrial implementation), there are medium and large organizational forms of innovative entrepreneurship.

Both small and medium forms of innovative enterprises can be represented by the following organizations:

· a business center (business incubator) that promotes the development of joint ventures and provides management and services in legal, accounting, economic and other activities to small businesses;

· Implementation company specializing in the implementation, patenting and licensing, promotion of scientific and technical innovations and objects of innovative activity on the market, bringing inventions to commercial use and the sale of licenses.

Large innovative enterprises are conservative and slow to respond to new social needs and the commercially profitable implementation of new ideas into a market product. The high efficiency of small innovative enterprises is explained by a prompt response to new scientific ideas and to solving specific problems related to obtaining the final result from the implementation of an innovative product.

Unlike small businesses, large corporate structures entrepreneurial type have the material and financial opportunity for the development of basic, strategic innovations. Using economies of scale and having large capital, large corporate enterprises are able to master strategic technologies that are of priority importance for achieving the national economy of scientific and technological progress. The state, cooperating with large business structures, creates mixed private-state enterprises for the implementation of certain business projects and programs.

Large organizational forms of innovative entrepreneurship include scientific and technical complexes, engineering centers, scientific and technical cooperatives, technopolises and scientific and technological parks (technoparks), research consortiums and incubators, at the expense of which the commercialization of an innovative product is carried out. Large forms of innovative entrepreneurship contribute to the development of science-intensive production, the implementation of technology transfer for the speedy implementation among economic agents of the national economy.

3. Financing of investment activities

For achievement competitive advantage and profit maximization, firms, under the current conditions of market development, have to develop and offer the consumer new types of goods and services. These innovations require large financial outlays, at least for initial stage. These can be capital investments in new buildings, structures, machines, equipment, stocks of raw materials and materials used in production, the costs of various research and design of products and technological processes, as well as the payment of employees, an advertising campaign, etc.

In general, the total amount of financing for an innovative project of a company can be made up of funds directed to:

1. financing costs for technical re-equipment, modernization and increase in production capacity;

2. financing costs for the preparation and development of new and modernized products, structures and materials, the manufacture of prototypes, advanced technological processes;

3. carrying out research and development (including the acquisition of licenses), to finance the costs of acquiring equipment, instruments and other inventory items for these works;

4. compensation for increased costs for the production of new products during the period of its development;

5. financing the growth of own working capital, as well as to compensate for their lack;

6. repayment of long-term bank loans, as well as the payment of interest on them.

On this basis, the need for capital is determined, tied to the schedule for the implementation of an innovative project, and the search for the optimal financing tools is carried out.

In accordance with the legislation, innovation activity is understood as "a process aimed at translating the results of scientific research and development (innovation) or other scientific and technological achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities. ". In general, all sources of financing of innovation activities are usually divided into: centralized (budgetary or state) and decentralized (extrabudgetary or commercial).

Decentralized sources: direct and indirect.

The most common sources of direct financing of innovative projects are: a bank loan, funds from the issue of securities, third-party investments for the creation of a project enterprise for project implementation, funds from the sale or lease of free assets, an innovative loan, income from short-term projects (to finance long-term ones) , own funds of the company (profit, depreciation fund), funds received under the mortgage of property. In turn, indirect methods include those whose essence is to provide innovative projects with the necessary material, technical, labor and information resources. Such methods include: purchase by installments or leasing (lease) of the equipment necessary for the implementation of the project, acquisition (for the technology used in the project) of a license with payment for the latter in the form of "royalty" (percentage of sales of the final product, especially under this license) , the placement of securities with payment in the form of supplies or leasing of the necessary resources, the attraction of the required labor resources and the attraction of contributions to the project in the form of knowledge, skills and know-how.

centralized sources.

Centralized sources usually include funds from the federal budget, funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets. The federal budget is the main instrument of the state's scientific and technical policy and the central link in the financial system. In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On Science and Scientific and Technical Policy", at least 4% of the federal budget expenditures should be allocated to finance scientific research and experimental development for civil purposes. In accordance with the legislation, the main sources of budget revenues are: tax deductions from firms, enterprises and organizations, excises, license and registration fees, payments for the use of natural resources, customs duties and other customs fees and payments, income from foreign economic activity and other non-tax income. In some cases, in particular, for carrying out scientific research of an applied nature, funds accumulated from land tax deductions and land rent are spent. These incomes are redistributed among various trust funds, a certain part goes to finance fundamental science within the country and innovative projects carried out by both state enterprises, institutions and organizations, and private firms. The funds received from the disposal of the rights belonging to the Russian Federation to the results of scientific research, experimental design and technological work for military, special and dual purposes are accounted for in full in federal budget revenues and directed to finance activities related to the implementation of military reform and the implementation of various targeted programs.

State participation in innovation activities can include both direct financial support by centralized funds (direct financing: direct budgeting of FI and applied developments aimed at environmental, social, defense purposes) and the creation of conditions for using the market mechanism for raising funds (indirect financing: creating favorable conditions for R&D: tax incentives, accelerated depreciation, concessional lending).

For the state, support of small innovative firms is of particular importance, since it is considered proven that small science-intensive business is the most effective in terms of creating new products and technologies, inventions and patents per unit of research and development costs.

The problem of finding the optimal tools for financing business operations is very important, since the volume and nature of the resources available to an innovative firm is one of the most important components that determines its innovative strategy. The extent to which currently implemented investment projects take into account advanced, progressive technical and technological trends, at the micro level, determines the amount of profit received by firms, and at the macro level, this is expressed in an increase in the level of scientific and technical progress and the country's competitiveness in international markets.

4. National innovation structure

The main problem of the Russian innovation system is that as a result of transformational shocks (both on the demand side and on the supply side), the market equilibrium has been established at an extremely low level, which does not correspond to the accumulated intellectual and human resources, as well as tangible assets. In addition, the national innovation system, which should be, on the one hand, a set of interrelated structures engaged in the production and sale scientific knowledge On the other hand, the complex of institutions of a legal, financial and social nature that ensure innovation processes suffers from significant incompleteness, although the state administration has already done quite a lot in this direction. In particular, more than 70 technology parks are currently operating in the country, and federal centers of science and high technologies are being formed in strategic scientific and technical areas. The Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere and the Federal Fund for the Development of Small Businesses operate, the system off-budget funds technological development. The Russian State University of Innovative Technologies and Entrepreneurship was established. A coordinating plan of joint actions has been developed and approved to create a multi-level system for training managers for innovative activities in the scientific and technical field. Technoparks function at 60 universities and universities. In regions with a developed scientific and technical potential, a network of regional innovation and technology centers (ITCs) is being created. Now they have been created: 18 - with the involvement of federal resources and 17 - at the expense of the regions, in which 266 small firms are organized, in which jobs have been created for 6,000 highly qualified specialists.

In Russia, innovative activity is distinguished by enterprises related to the engineering and metalworking industries (about half of the total number of innovatively active enterprises in the industry). Enterprises are second Food Industry, followed by enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industry and light industry.

In economically developed countries, the average share of intangible assets, mainly of a scientific nature, is manufacturing enterprises 30%, while in Russia it is practically not taken into account. This leads to unpunished theft of copyright achievements, and the results of R&D of Russian scientists are commercially used abroad without any share participation of Russia and the authors of the achievements.

In order to develop innovative potential, upgrade fixed production assets, and intensify entrepreneurial activity in the innovation sphere, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks of the state innovation policy in the coming period. There are no large knowledge-intensive firms that could take the financial and technological risks of creating innovations. For example, in the United States, scientific research is an area characterized by a very high concentration of resources in a small number of large corporations. Only 1% of the total number of R&D companies control about 70% of the funds spent.

In Western countries, small knowledge-intensive business has grown and strengthened in the 80s. It has become a prominent part of all small businesses. Some of the latest trends in STP in the private sector, such as software and biotechnology, is developed mainly by small businesses.

In Russia, the process of creating SIP began in the late 80s and went through several stages with a change in organizational and legal forms and priority activities. At these stages, scientific and technical cooperatives arose; centers of scientific and technical creativity of youth; joint innovative ventures; intermediary firms between temporary creative teams and customers of scientific and technical products, engaged in the introduction of innovations; firms that ensure the process of computerization of the country on the basis of imported computer technology, peripheral equipment and communications. Before the start of privatization, small forms of scientific and technical profile were one or another structural unit state enterprises or organizations.

In the course of the privatization campaign, private innovative enterprises began to emerge: joint-stock companies (partnerships) on the material, technical and financial basis of state-owned enterprises or rental-type enterprises created on the basis of research institutes, universities and state-owned enterprises.

The main problem support and development of the scientific and technical base (especially for small innovative enterprises), the problem of financing R&D remains. Today it is difficult to meet an enterprise that would not try to find a source of external investment. There are not many solutions to this problem. The domestic banking system is weak. Foreign banks are very cautious and give loans to Russian enterprises only with first-class loan guarantees, which are very difficult to obtain. International financial organizations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the International Finance Corporation and others, if they take into consideration one or another large investment project, then in most cases on the terms of its partial financing, which rarely exceeds 30% of the total amount. Thus, it is worth contacting international financial organizations only when there is already a strategic investor or partner.

The biggest difficulty on the way of innovative projects in Russia is often the difficulty of attracting an investor at an early stage (lack of venture capital). Currently, only 20 venture funds are actually operating in Russia, managing about 2 billion US dollars. Approximately 25% of this amount has been invested, $1.5 billion should be invested in the near future. For comparison, in the United States, venture capital in 1995 was $37.7 billion. Venture funds operating in Russia are almost exclusively financial institutions with foreign capital.

5. Youth innovative entrepreneurship in Russia

The future of the sphere of innovations, the intensity of its development largely determines the youth innovation sector. The infrastructure for supporting innovative entrepreneurship is actively developing in Moscow - the Agency for the Development of Innovative Entrepreneurship has been established, the MIVT Center, 2 venture funds and about 10 management companies in charge of the finances of the Russian Venture Company are actively operating. There are 29 technoparks on the territory of Moscow, of which only 2 were built at the expense of the city budget. However, this experience in supporting innovative entrepreneurship is not yet in demand in other regions. There is one big problem, the solution of which is impossible without the approval of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Today, there is a huge gap between the start of a company that received a subsidy and the arrival of this company in a venture fund with a ready-made innovative business project. Funding is needed precisely at this intermediate stage, since a significant number of promising enterprises perish during this period.

To date, social elevators do not work well. As a result, young people are deprived of the opportunity to "introduce a creative stream" into the process of governing the state, region, etc. In a growing economy, high oil prices, this state of affairs could still be tolerated. However, in times of crisis, creative brainstorming is needed. Therefore, NAIRIT (National Association for Innovations and Development of Information Technologies) takes the initiative to create an anti-crisis youth committee. The most active representatives of Russian youth aged 14 to 30 will be able to make their proposals for overcoming the crisis.

In a crisis, a well-conducted innovation policy becomes the guarantor of Russia's stable development. However, according to NAIRIT, youth representatives note such problems of the youth innovation sector as the lack of a unified centralized information system, a significant number of organizations providing unqualified consulting assistance in the field of innovation.

According to 2009 data, only 2% of university graduates choose innovative entrepreneurship or scientific activity, 44% - other areas of business, 31% - work abroad, 14% - civil service. Such statistics indicate that young scientists are leaving innovation activities, preferring to engage in trade. According to NAIRIT, over the past 5 years, 30,000 young scientists have left the country.

The development of the youth innovation sector largely depends on the active position of the regional authorities. As a result, the development of youth innovations is uneven and has a point character. On the map of regions, one can distinguish such poles of innovative activity as Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Republic of Tatarstan, Tomsk Region and Primorsky Territory. Low innovation activity is due to a fundamental problem in Russian education: Russian universities have learned how to train business personnel, but not entrepreneurs. As a result, there are businessmen, they are managerial personnel for large enterprises, but there are no entrepreneurs who are able to take risks and start their own business. Another global mistake is that the state stimulates the supply, not the demand for innovation. But if the demand for innovation is provided, then the business itself will provide the supply.

Conclusion

Russia needs an aggressive innovation policy of the state, aimed at creating a complete innovation infrastructure that will allow successful operation of innovative enterprises and create favorable conditions for venture capital investment. The implementation of innovation policy will require accelerating the restructuring of enterprises necessary for successful work in a market economy, as well as stimulating their activities to improve production efficiency. A legal framework is needed to improve the efficiency of managing federal property and state blocks of shares, while ensuring the observance of state interests in innovative development, expanding the state's ability to manage enterprises owned by it. In the field of small business, the activities of the state should be aimed at enhancing the use of small business opportunities in accelerating the processes of restructuring industries and reforming enterprises in those industries where the process of developing cooperative interaction between large production and small enterprises is underway. This will revive the innovative activity of small enterprises and ensure positive dynamics in such indicators as employment, the volume of products and services (growth will be 3-5% per year), investments in fixed assets of small enterprises (an increase of up to 5% per year), which in As a result, it will affect the increase in the output of domestic innovative products.

The main tasks of the state innovation policy, designed to ensure the formation of an integral effective innovation system, should be:

Coordination of actions of federal executive authorities, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities in order to develop integrated approach to solve the problems of innovative development, the effective functioning of the innovation system and the implementation of the state innovation policy;

Selection of rational strategies and priorities for the development of the innovation sphere when implementing critical technologies and innovative projects in the sectors of the economy that affect the increase in production efficiency and competitiveness of products;

Ensuring favorable economic and financial conditions for enhancing innovation activity;

Creation of a system of training and retraining of personnel in the field of innovative entrepreneurship;

Implementation of world standards for product quality and environmental protection.

Bibliography

1. V.G. Medynsky, L.G. Sharshukov. Innovative entrepreneurship: a study guide. M.: INFRA - M, 1997.

2. Vlasov A. High technologies of Russia: in anticipation of venture investments // Cnews. Analytics, October 24, 2002

3. IA "Alliance Media"

4. Innovative economy / Ed. Dynkina A.A. M.: Science. 2001.

5. Innovation management / Ed. Ilyenkova S.D. - M., Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 2003

6. Kovalev G.D. Fundamentals of innovation management / Ed. V.A. Shvandar. - M., UNITI, 2002

7. Motovilov O.V. Sources of capital to finance innovation. - St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University, 2004

8. Science and technology in Russia (forecast up to 2100). Educational space of Russia.

9. R.G. Potemkin. Opportunities to intensify innovation activity in Russia. M.: Moscow, 2000.

Send a request with a topic right now to find out about the possibility of receiving a consultation.

We recommend reading

Instructions and prophecies of the blessed mother Alipia Goloseevskaya, the Kyiv old woman, the holy fool for Christ's sake

INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...

Eufillin, solution for intravenous administration

Eufillin dropper in ampoules is used to treat pathologies that ...

Dikul's balms for joints: reviews, recommendations for use

Among all ointments for the treatment and prevention of joint diseases, the most ...

Innovation as a tool for entrepreneurial activity. Relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation

Innovative Entrepreneurship

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

We recommend reading

Site search