Geographical research and discoveries in Eurasia. Eurasia

Geographical discoveries and explorations of Eurasia. The territory of Eurasia has been inhabited since ancient times. different nations. Each of them conducted the development and study of the continent, guided by their goals and needs, gradually expanding the circle of territories known to him.

And you know that...
The ancient Chinese (2nd millennium BC) knew the adjacent lands of Eastern, Central and South-East Asia. The ancient Indians reached the Himalayas, traded with the countries of Mesopotamia and Indochina. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia (the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates) - the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians - explored and mastered Mesopotamia, the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. Thanks to the Phoenician sailors who inhabited the eastern coast mediterranean sea, western civilizations got an idea about the existence of parts of the world - Asia and Europe. The history of the development of the seas is reflected in myths Ancient Greece. The ancient Greek scientist and traveler Herodotus (V century BC) visited Western Asia, the Caucasus, Balkan Peninsula, Northern Black Sea region. Thanks to the military campaigns of Alexander the Great (4th century BC), Europeans penetrated into Central Asia and the Middle East. Arab scientists left information that told Europeans about the interior of Arabia, about Iran, Central Asia, India, Indochina and the Malay Archipelago.

At the end of the II century. BC e. formed the Great silk road - through intracontinental trade route connecting China, India, the Middle East and Europe. This branched system of caravan routes existed for more than 1.5 thousand years (see Fig.).

The main goods on the Great Silk Road were raw silk and silk fabrics. China exported porcelain and tea. From the Middle East and from Central Asia there were caravans with woolen and cotton fabrics. From South and Southeast Asia - with spices for preserving food and making medicines. Europeans paid for Eastern goods in gold, and the Great Silk Road acted as a channel for "pumping" precious metals from Europe to the East.

In the 8th century active penetration into the north and west of Europe began
Norman Vikings. The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks", passing along the rivers,
connected the Baltic and Black Seas and was important for the development
trade relations between the countries of the mainland (see the figure on the right).

Initially, the paths were used by the Normans for predatory raids, then they became important trade routes between Northern Europe and rich Byzantium. As they developed the routes, the Varangians colonized the lands adjacent to them, inhabited by Slavic tribes.

Geographical knowledge expanded through the travels of diplomats and merchants. One of them was the Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin (XV century), who made a long trading trip to Persia and India.

In the diary "Journey Beyond Three Seas", Nikitin talks about the customs of the Indians, notes where "silk is born", where "diamonds are born", describes the state of the army, the method of warfare. Nikitin wonders: "... there are seventy-four faiths in India, and people of different faiths do not drink, do not eat, do not marry with each other."

The most important stage in the development of the continent was era of the great geographical discoveries. At this time, the Europeans opened the way to Asia through the Pacific Ocean, the "drawings" of the East European Plain were created, the study of the Middle and Eastern Siberia, the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean, a strait was opened dividing Eurasia and North America.
Russian Geographical Society for a long time headed Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky- first explorer mountain system Tien Shan. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky the ranges and lakes of Central Asia were mapped. Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev was also involved in the study of this region. The contribution of the natives of Belarus to the study of the mainland is great. The founder of the scientific study of Lake Baikal was Benedikt Ivanovich Dybovsky. Andrei Ippolitovich Vilkitsky explored northern coast of Eurasia. He studied Lake Baikal and the mountains of the Baikal region Ivan Dementievich Chersky. Belarusian native Otto Yulievich Schmidt explored the Pamir glaciers, made several expeditions to Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. In 1937, he organized an expedition to the North Pole to create the first drifting station there.

In 1933. to test the possibility of navigation in the Arctic Ocean, transport ships were equipped steamer "Chelyuskin" headed by O. Yu. Schmidt and V. I. Voronin. In conditions of unusually heavy ice conditions, the ice tore the side, and the Chelyuskin sank. There were 104 people on the ice, including 10 women and 2 children. The epic of the life of the Chelyuskinites in the ice "Schmidt Camp" and their rescue by pilots shocked the whole world. Abroad wrote that the name of O. Yu. Schmidt "is inscribed in the golden book of science."

Modern geographical study of Eurasia focused on learning natural resources. Observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment are carried out natural environment in connection with economic activity person.

Lesson - presentation: Geographic location. History of the study of the study of the continent of Eurasia.

(7th grade)

Lesson topic: Geographic location. History of the study of the study of the continent of Eurasia.

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. To form students' ideas about the nature of Eurasia, to consider the features of physical and geographical location mainland;
2. To acquaint students with ideas about Eurasia in antiquity, to acquaint them with the history of the study of the mainland; to continue the formation of the ability to work independently with sources of additional information, to formulate questions.
3. Develop cognitive interest in the subject.
4. Cultivate interest in the subject.
5. To promote the development of spiritual and moral qualities in students.

Equipment: physical map Eurasia. Multimedia projector, computer, interactive whiteboard.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

2. Actualization and motivation of knowledge.

Today, we will go on a trip to the mainland of Eurasia. Konstantin Paustovsky argued that knowledge and wandering are inseparable from each other. Therefore, during the trip, you and I will need to get acquainted with the history of the discovery and exploration of the mainland and give a description of the geographical location of the mainland of Eurasia.

3. New theme.

Plan for studying new material:

1. natural features
2. History of settlement and exploration of Eurasia
3. scientists researchers

So we come to the discovery and exploration of the last continent - Eurasia. From today's lesson, you will begin to discover this continent for yourself. You will learn about its nature, the originality of the organic world, about the countries and peoples inhabiting Eurasia.

The topic of our lesson is "Geographical location and history of the study of Eurasia."

Your main task in the lesson is to work out the ability to determine the geographical position of the mainland. To identify such features of the mainland that make it unique, different from all other continents. You will get acquainted with the names of researchers who have made a great contribution to the study of Eurasia.

So, it's time to discover Eurasia.

1. The geographical position of the Eurasian continent

Slide #4

Eurasia is the largest continent in the world. Its area, together with the islands, is 53.3 million km², which corresponds to 1/3 of the land. In addition, ¾ of the world's population lives on this giant continent, i.e. over 4 billion people.

Slide #5

The continent of Eurasia consists of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The conditional border runs along the eastern part Ural mountains, the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Ural River, the Kumo-Manych depression, then along the Azov and Black Seas and the straits connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean.

1. The extreme point in the north of Eurasia is Cape Chelyuskin (77˚43΄N),
2. The extreme point in the south is Cape Piai (1˚16΄N),
3. The extreme point in the east is Cape Roca (9˚34΄W),
4. The extreme point in the west is Cape Dezhnev (169˚40΄).

Slide #6

The distance between the northern and southern point is 8000 km. If some islands are located closer to the North Pole, then the islands of the Malay Archipelago stretch from the equator south to 11˚S.

Slide number 7

The distance between the extreme point in the east - Cape Roca (9˚34΄W) - and the extreme point in the west - Cape Dezhnev (169˚40΄W) - is about 16,000 km.

Slide #8

Some parts of the mainland go beyond the territory of the Eastern Hemisphere and enter the territory of the Western Hemisphere. Thanks to such features of the geographical position on the mainland, there are all climatic zones and natural complexes characteristic of the northern hemisphere.

The coast of the Eurasian continent is washed by the waters of all four oceans.

Slide #11

1. natural features

Eurasia is the continent on which we live. This is the largest continent on Earth. Eurasia differs from other continents of the globe in a particularly large variety of nature. He has the right to attach other characteristics “The most - the most ...” (showing the presentation slide 12-26)

1. The highest mountain peak in the world - Chomolungma in Himalayan mountains, its height is 8848 m.
2. The lowest place in the world below level seas - Dead sea ​​in the north-west of the Arabian Peninsula, its level is -403m.
3. The largest peninsula of the globe is Arabian, its area is more than 3 million km².
4. The pole of cold in the northern hemisphere is the village of Oymyakon in northeastern Siberia, where a temperature of -71˚С was recorded.
5. The highest recorded temperature was observed in the hot and sultry Thar Desert in India +53˚С.
6. The region with the highest annual rainfall the globe, - locality Cherrapunji on the southeastern slope of the Himalayas (12000mm).
7. In dry, sultry Arabia, the annual rainfall is less than 15mm.
8. The largest lake on the globe - the Caspian Sea - is located between Europe and Asia, its area is 390 thousand km²
9. The deepest lake on the globe - Baikal - is located in the Asian part of Eurasia, its depth is 1620m.

Working with a contour map.

Slide №27-28

Practical work ondescription of FGP Eurasia

And now let's make descriptions of FGP of the mainland.

Plan for describing the FGP of the mainland

1. Determine how the mainland is located relative to the equator, the tropics (arctic circles) and the zero meridian.
2. Find the coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland in degrees.
3. What oceans border the mainland?

One student works at the blackboard, and the rest do practical work in contour maps. The teacher is helping.

Tasks:

1. Circle the initial and 180° meridian in red, the equator line in blue.
2. Draw a dotted line between Europe and Asia.
3. Sign the names of the extreme points and their coordinates.
4. Write the names of the oceans surrounding the mainland.

1. The history of settlement and the study of Eurasia.

Slide #29

(student's message)

In search of new lands, people from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea began to populate the lands of Eurasia. It was there that geographical concepts began to form.

The first geographical information about Eurasia was collected by the ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Greeks.

A significant contribution to the expansion of geographical knowledge about Eurasia was made by the ancient people of the Mina, who inhabited about. Crete in 2500 BC The Minoans established trade relations with Cyprus, Sicily and the current Balkan Peninsula.

In order to get acquainted with the world around them, the inhabitants of the state of Babylon visited Persia and India. The Babylonians, and writing, for the first time suggested that the planet Earth has the shape of a ball and its circumference is 360˚. First geographic map, drawn by the Babylonians on a clay tablet, are kept in the British Museum.

The Phoenicians, having sailed the Mediterranean Sea in various directions on ships, discovered the islands in the Aegean Sea, reached the coasts of Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar. During this period, the Phoenicians called the lands unknown to them in the west “ereb”, and the eastern ones “asu”. Later, on the basis of these concepts, the ancient Greeks introduced the terms “Europe” and “Asia”.

In former times, the peoples who inhabited ancient india, traded with the peoples of Southwest Asia by land and by water.

In the 1st century AD, the ancient Indians discovered the islands of Sumatra and Java and began to populate Indonesia. And the Malays, sailing along all the islands of Indonesia on light ships, established trade relations with the population of these islands. Later they discovered the island of Madagascar, part of the settlers remained there for permanent residence.

The ancient Greeks also contributed to the discovery of new lands of Eurasia. They organized expeditions to the west and north, sailed along the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas, along the Danube and Don rivers. And about how the brave Greek sailors - the Argonauts went to Colchis in search of the Golden Fleece, it is written in the legend "Argonauts".

1. scientists researchers

Slide #31-34.

1. N.P. Przhevalsky(student story)

The discoveries made by the expedition led by N.M. Przhevalsky, glorified Russian geographical science throughout the world. During the 15 years of his stay in Central Asia, the scientist traveled about 33,000 km. As a result of four expeditions, N.P. Przhevalsky studied several mountain ranges in Tibet and the Gobi desert, explored the upper reaches of the great Chinese rivers Huang He and Yangtze and described natural conditions"wandering" lake Lobnor, which moves along with the sands. N.P. Przhevalsky during the trip mapped the route of the path traveled, determined its coordinates and heights, carried out meteorological observations, collected collections rocks and plants.

N.P. Przhevalsky died at the beginning of his fifth trip to Central Asia. Before his death, he bequeathed to bury himself on the bank of Issyk-Kul in the Tien-Shan mountains.

Slide #35-36.

1. P.P. Semenov - Tyan - Shansky(student story)

A great contribution to the study of the nature of Central Asia was made by the Russian scientist P.P. Semenov. This scientist, having twice made expeditions to the Tien-Shan mountains, determined the boundaries of the mountain system, discovered the Khan-Tengri peak, which was considered long time the highest point of these mountains. P.P. Semenov first described the altitudinal belts of the Tien Shan and found that their snow line is slightly higher than in the Alps. The scientists have proven that Lake Issyk-Kul is drainless, as well as its tectonic origin. For great scientific merits, the name of the mountain system was added to the name of the scientist. A mountain range, a high peak in Central Asia, is named after him. For example, in the Central Tien Shan there is the Semenov glacier.

Slide number 37.

1. Sh. Ualikhanov (student story)

In 1856 - 1859, on behalf of the Russian Geographic Society Kazakh scientist - educator Sh. Ualikhanov traveled to the interior regions of Central Asia. First, the scientist went through parts of the Tien-Shan mountain system in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, visited the coast of Issyk-Kul and went further to Kashgaria. Shokan secretly passed through six cities of Kashgaria under the guise of a merchant and returned, having collected many ancient books, valuable ethnographic items, rock samples. The Kazakh explorer described the places of his stay, drew maps of the route he had traveled.

Work with the textbook.

Slide number 38.

Complete the table using text from the textbook:

4. Consolidation of the studied material.(Answer the questions)

Slide number 39.

1. What is the area of ​​the Eurasia mainland?

(53.3 million km²)

2. What is the hottest place on the Eurasian continent?

(Desert of Thar)

3. How many oceans washes Eurasia?

4. On which peninsula is the Dead Sea located?

(in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula)

5. What is the largest lake on the mainland?

(Caspian Sea)

6. In what mountains is Khan-Tengri peak located?

(in the Tien Shan)

7.Where does the largest annual amount of precipitation fall on the globe?

(town of Cherrapunji)

8. The name of the mountain system was added to the name of which scientist for great scientific merits?

(P.P. Semenov)

9. The highest mountain peak in the world located on the mainland of Eurasia?

(peak Jomalungma)

(-71˚С)

5. Crossword.

Slide number 40.

Questions for the crossword

1. The extreme point in the west of the Eurasian continent. / Dezhnev

2. Where does the greatest annual amount of precipitation fall on the globe? / Cherrapunji

3. "Wandering Lake" natural conditions, which was described by N.M. Przhevalsky. / Lobnor

4. The lowest place in the world. / Dead

5. The extreme point of the mainland in the east / Roca

6. The deepest lake in the world? / Baikal

7. Kazakh scientist - educator who made a trip to the interior regions of Central Asia? / Ualikhanov

8. Extreme point in the north of Eurasia / m. Chelyuskin

9. In what mountains is the highest point in the world located? / Himalayas

10. Where is the lowest temperature recorded on the Eurasian continent? / Oymyakon

11. What is the name of the scientist who has been researching Central Asia for 15 years? / Przhevalsky

6. Lesson summary

1. Announcement of grades

Ratings

I knew we'd be alright

Geography we will know.

For active travelers……..

I will put “good” and “five” in the magazine.

And in conclusion, I want to say

What is better than the geography of the subject can not be found.

The world of geography is huge

Strive to know him.

1. Thanks for the lesson

The lesson is over. Thank you for your work.

Slide number 41.

7. Homework:

1. paragraph 14 (read, retell)
2. answer questions 1 in writing 2,3.

KISELEVA GALINA ANATOLYEVNA

slide 2

• Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. To acquaint students with ideas about Eurasia in antiquity.

2. Acquaintance with the history of the study of the mainland.

3. Formation of the ability to independently work with sources of additional information, make reports.

4. Be able to formulate questions.

5. Skill development independent work on the contour map.

• EQUIPMENT:

Traveler portraits, handouts, map of Eurasia, student presentations.

slide 3

CONFERENCE PLAN

2. The study of Eurasia in the era of the great geographical discoveries.

3. Contribution to the study of Eurasia by such researchers as: Marco Polo, Ibn Battut, Afanasy Nikitin, Yermak, S. Dezhnev, E. Khabarov, V. Atlasov, P.P. Semenov - Tien Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky.

slide 4

Studies of Eurasia in the Middle Ages

• The main achievements of geography during the Middle Ages are reduced to the discovery of new lands. It is impossible to consider all these discoveries in one lesson. You can get acquainted with them in additional literature. We will only consider the discoveries of Irish sailors, Normans, Arabs, Marco Polo and the beginning of the development of the regions of the north by the first Russian travelers.

To the question Researchers of Eurasia. Who discovered Eurasia Names!!! given by the author marriage the best answer is Bering (Vitus, or Ivan Ivanovich, as he was called in Russia) - captain-commander, the first Russian navigator, whose name is the strait separating Asia from America (although the first was visited by the Cossack Dezhnev in 1648). The first explored sowing. coast of Kamchatka, east. part of Asia, about. St. Lawrence, about. St. Diomede; the first of all European navigators visited the Kamchatka and Bobrovskoe seas, later called the Bering Sea, and discovered island chain Aleutian Islands, Shumaginsky Islands, Foggy, sowing. western America and the bay of St. Elijah. - Bering was born in 1680 in Jutland, entered the Russian naval service in 1704, with the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. In inviting him, Peter based himself on the ideas of Sievers and Senyavin about him, who declared that he "was in the East Indies and knows how to get along." According to Miller, in 1707 Bering was a lieutenant, and in 1710 a lieutenant commander.

Answer from space[active]
Emrak...)

Answer from Mario. R.[newbie]
everything is a little

Answer from Ekaterina Koshuba[newbie]
The initial stage of the Exploration of Europe (2nd millennium - V century BC)
The history of the study of Europe goes back to ancient times. In the XVI-XII centuries. to i. e. the Cretans made sea trips around the Peloponnese, reached the shores of the archipelagos in the southern part of the Aegean Sea. In the XV-XIII centuries. to ft, e. The Achaeans discovered the Pindus Mountains in western Greece, the Northern Sporades archipelago in the Aegean Sea, and the Chalkidiki Peninsula in northeastern Greece. The Phoenicians in the process of colonizing the central and western Mediterranean c. 9th century to i. e. discovered the Apennine Peninsula, the islands of Malta, Sardinia, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, they also made attempts to enter the ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. However, there was no complete idea of ​​the geography of the mainland during this period.
The second stage - the discoveries of the ancient Greeks (V-III centuries BC)
In this period ancient greek travelers explored the southern coast of Europe within modern France and Spain, including the mouths of rivers flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, sailed in the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas, established the presence of the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. Through the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles and the Bosporus went to the Black Sea, explored the lower reaches of pp. Dniester, Danube and Dnieper, through the Kerch Strait passed into the Sea of ​​Azov to the mouths of the Kuban and Don rivers.
OK. 325 BC Pytheas sailed along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, reached about. Ushant near present-day Brest, rounded Brittany and along the northern shores reached the country of the midnight Sun - Thule, discovering the islands of Zeeland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Brittany and Scandinavian, North and Irish Seas, the Kattegat Strait and the Bay of Biscay during the voyage. He explored the coasts of Norway as far as the Arctic Circle, and was probably the first to report the existence of the Arctic Ocean. He described this farting procession in the essay "On the Ocean" that has not come down to us. In 218 BC. e. the Carthaginian commander Hannibal with a large army made an unprecedented crossing in antiquity through the Western Alps, invaded Gaul and Italy; his campaign, in addition to the military one, also had geographical significance. VIII century. BC e. The Carthaginians penetrated deep into the Iberian Peninsula.
The third stage is the campaigns and discoveries of the Romans (II century BC - II century AD)
In the process of expansion ancient rome familiarity with new lands. In the II century, BC. e. Roman general Scipio Africanus surveyed many rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. In 58-51 years. to p. e. Caesar with his army passed through the vast territories of present-day France (the rivers Rhone, Garona, Loire, Seine), reached southeastern Britain in the region of the river. Thames, proceeded through a large part of Germany. The Roman generals Agrippa, Krase, Tiberius, advancing with conquering goals in Central Europe, traced the largest - "into the European rivers - the Danube, the Rhine, the Elbe. Conquering Britain, the Romans discovered the Wales Peninsula, the Isles of Wight, Maine, Anglesey and reached 57 ° north latitude. Roman traders reached Baltic Sea. In the II century. Emperor Trajan discovered the Transylvanian plateau and the adjacent part of the Carpathians.
The fourth stage of the Exploration of Europe - VI-XVII centuries.
After the Romans, the development of the British Isles was continued by the Irish, who also reached Iceland and the Faroe Islands during their travels. At the end of the 8th century the Vikings skirted the Scandinavian Peninsula and further along the shores of the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Peninsula went out into the Mediterranean Sea. Traveling to the Baltic Sea, the Vikings discovered all its significant islands, the lower reaches of the rivers flowing into it - the Neman and the Western Dvina. In the VIII-IX centuries. Arabs in progress aggressive campaigns got acquainted with Southern (Pyrenees, etc.) and South-Eastern Europe, in the east they reached the lower reaches of the rivers Emba, Yaik (Urals) rose along the Volga to the mouth of the Kama. In the IX-XII centuries. in Eastern and Northern Europe, Russian princes, seeking to expand their possessions, studied the Dniester basins

Answer from European[newbie]

Pevtsov Mikhail Vasilievich (1843-1902) - military topographer (major general), traveler, scientist. Pevtsov's first trip in 1876 was facilitated by a favorable opportunity. He was offered to command the security of a trade caravan heading to Dzungaria - to the city of Guchen. Pevtsov took advantage of the offer to collect materials on the places he would follow.
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich (c. 1605–beginning 1673) - explorer-navigator, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain. Born into a Pomeranian peasant family in Veliky Ustyug. In 1630 he entered the service of a Cossack and left with a party of recruits for Tobolsk. In 1630–38 he served in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk. In 1639 he was sent to the post of head of the prison in the Orgut volost to collect yasak.
In 1641–43, together with M.V. Stadukhin and others, he participated in campaigns to the north of Siberia in order to discover new lands and search for rookeries of marine animals, was on the Oymyakon Plateau, sailed along the Yana River, then along the Indigirka River to the mouth, along the coast reached the Alazeya River, then reached the Kolyma River, where the Cossacks in 1643 founded the Nizhnekolymsky prison.
Russian naval officer, traveler, explorer Far East. Admiral (1874). He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1832 and, as one of the best graduates, continued his education in the Officer class. After graduating from the class in 1836-1846. served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1847 he was appointed commander of the Baikal military transport, on which the following year he made the transition from Kronstadt across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans around Cape Horn to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Since 1849, the ship was based in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from where it made research voyages. Under the leadership of Nevelsky, Russian sailors explored and compiled a description of the western coast of Kamchatka, the eastern shores Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the northern part of Sakhalin, Sakhalin Bay, the mouth of the river. Cupid.
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich - Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878), major general (1886). He led an expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869) and four expeditions to Central Asia (1870-1885). For the first time he described the nature of many regions of Central Asia; discovered a number of ridges, basins and lakes in Kunlun, Nanshan and the Tibetan Plateau. Gathered valuable collections of plants and animals; first described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a pika-eating bear or a Tibetan bear, etc.

Answer from Kirill litavrin[newbie]
Xs in general, find it on Wikipedia

Answer from Nine Lives Game Zone[newbie]
Bering (Vitus, or Ivan Ivanovich, as he was called in Russia) is a captain-commander, the first Russian navigator, whose name is the strait separating Asia from America (although the Cossack Dezhnev visited him in 1648). The first explored sowing. coast of Kamchatka, east. part of Asia, about. St. Lawrence, about. St. Diomede; the first of all European navigators visited the Kamchatka and Bobrovskoe seas, later called the Bering Sea, and discovered the chain of the Aleutian Islands, the Shumaginsky Islands, the Foggy, sowing. western America and the bay of St. Elijah. - Bering was born in 1680 in Jutland, entered the Russian naval service in 1704, with the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. In inviting him, Peter based himself on the ideas of Sievers and Senyavin about him, who declared that he "was in the East Indies and knows how to get along." According to Miller, in 1707 Bering was a lieutenant, and in 1710 a lieutenant commander.
Pevtsov Mikhail Vasilievich (1843-1902) - military topographer (major general), traveler, scientist. Pevtsov's first trip in 1876 was facilitated by a favorable opportunity. He was offered to command the security of a trade caravan heading to Dzungaria - to the city of Guchen. Pevtsov took advantage of the offer to collect materials on the places he would follow.
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich (c. 1605–beginning 1673) - explorer-navigator, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain. Born into a Pomeranian peasant family in Veliky Ustyug. In 1630 he entered the service of a Cossack and left with a party of recruits for Tobolsk. In 1630–38 he served in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk. In 1639 he was sent to the post of head of the prison in the Orgut volost to collect yasak.
In 1641–43, together with M.V. Stadukhin and others, he participated in campaigns to the north of Siberia in order to discover new lands and search for rookeries of marine animals, was on the Oymyakon Plateau, sailed along the Yana River, then along the Indigirka River to the mouth, along the coast reached the Alazeya River, then reached the Kolyma River, where the Cossacks in 1643 founded the Nizhnekolymsky prison.
Russian naval officer, traveler, explorer of the Far East. Admiral (1874). He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1832 and, as one of the best graduates, continued his education in the Officer class. After graduating from the class in 1836-1846. served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1847, he was appointed commander of the Baikal military transport, on which the following year he made the transition from Kronstadt across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans around Cape Horn to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Since 1849, the ship was based in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from where it made research voyages. Under the leadership of Nevelsky, Russian sailors explored and compiled a description of the western coast of Kamchatka, the eastern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the northern part of Sakhalin, the Sakhalin Bay, the mouth of the river. Cupid.
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich - Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878), major general (1886). He led an expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869) and four expeditions to Central Asia (1870-1885). For the first time he described the nature of many regions of Central Asia; discovered a number of ridges, basins and lakes in Kunlun, Nanshan and the Tibetan Plateau. Gathered valuable collections of plants and animals; first described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a pika-eating bear or a Tibetan bear, etc.