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1. Introduction.
2. Distant past.
3. Pioneers of the Far East of the 17th century.
4. To the Pacific Ocean.
5. Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.
6. Russian explorers in the Pacific (18th - early 19th century).
7. Khabarovsk Amur region in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.
8. Captain Nevelskoy.
9.Settlement of the Amur.
10. Strike.
11. First May Day.
12. The establishment of Soviet power in the Far East.
13. Peaceful life.
14. How victory was forged.
15. Defeat of militaristic Japan.
16. Post-war years.
17.BAM - construction of the century.
18. Conclusion.
Introduction.
Our region is called Khabarovsk, and main city the edge of Khabarovsk in honor of one of the brave Russian explorers of the 17th century, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.
Back in the 16th century, campaigns of Russian people began for the "stone", as the Urals were then called. In those days, Siberia was sparsely populated; you could walk a hundred or two hundred kilometers and not meet anyone. But the “new land” turned out to be rich in fish, animals, and minerals.
Different people went to Siberia. Among them were the tsarist governors sent from Moscow to manage the vast region, and the archers who accompanied them. But there were many times more industrialists - hunters from Pomorie, and "walking" or runaway people. Those of the "walkers" who sat on the ground were assigned to the peasant class and began to "pull the tax", that is, to bear certain obligations in relation to the feudal state.
“Serving people”, including Cossacks, upon returning from campaigns, had to tell the authorities about the fulfillment of the requirements of “mandatory memory” or instructions. Recordings of their words were called "questioning speeches" and "tales", and letters that listed their merits and contained requests for rewards for their labors and hardships - "petitions". Thanks to these documents preserved in the archives, historians can tell about the events that took place in Siberia and the Far East more than 300 years ago, as well as about the main details of these great geographical discoveries.
Distant past.
In a very distant time, about 300 thousand years ago, the first people appeared in the Far East. They were primitive hunters and fishermen who large groups wandered from place to place in search of food.
Scientists consider the mammoth the main food animal of the Paleolithic era. The transition to fishing played a decisive role in the life of the ancient Amur people. This happened in the Neolithic era. They fished with bone-tipped harpoons, and later caught with nets woven from the fiber of wild nettle and hemp. Dressed fish skin was durable and impervious to moisture, so it was used to make clothes and shoes.
So gradually on the Amur there was no need to roam from place to place. Having chosen a place convenient for hunting and fishing, people settled there for a long time.
Usually dwellings were built either on the high banks of rivers, or on rivers - small hills, overgrown with forests and not flooded during floods.
Several families lived in the dwelling, which was a semi-dugout with a square frame of logs lined with turf on the outside. There was usually a hearth in the middle. Such was the life of the ancient people of the Far East.
Pioneers of the Far East of the 17th century.
To the Pacific Ocean.
First out on the coast Pacific Ocean detachment of Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossacks, headed by Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin. On the Agdan River, where Ataman Dmitry Kopylov set up the Butal prison, they learned from the Tungus that they had come here from the "great sea - okiya". And Dmitry Kopylov gave the command to Ivan Moskvitin to go to the sea.
At first they went up the Mae River and its tributary Nudymi then went deep into the mountains. In the autumn of 1639, the Cossacks reached the shore Sea of Okhotsk. “And here they are, at the mouth of the river, setting up a winter hut with a prison ...” - testifies Bad Kolobov. This winter hut was the first known Russian settlement on the Pacific coast.
4 years after the campaign of Moskvitin, the Yakut governor equips a detachment of Vasily Poyarkov to the east. With great difficulty, he reached the Stanovoy Ridge and crossed it, went to the banks of the Zeya. Brave explorers sailed down the Zeya and in the summer of 1644 reached the Amur. Poyarkovites liked Amur. The course is calm, there are no rapids, no rifts, there is no edge to the meadows. The explorers learned that the Amur soil is suitable for agriculture, that the banks of the Amur are sparsely populated, and the locals do not pay tribute to anyone.
Wintering at the mouth of the Amur, Poyarkovites brought Gilyaks (Nivkhs) into Russian citizenship and collected information about Sakhalin Island. In the spring they went to the Sea of Okhotsk on kochs, heading towards the mouth of the Ulya. Only in the summer of 1646 did Poyarkov return to Yakutsk, having lost two-thirds of the detachment during the campaign. Such a high price was paid for the first detailed information about the Amur region.
Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov.
Everyone who comes to Khabarovsk is greeted at the station square by a monument to the hero in armor and a Cossack hat. Raised on a high granite pedestal, it seems to embody the courage and greatness of our ancestors. This is Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.
And by birth Khabarov from under Ustyug the Great, which in the north of the European part of our country in his youth, Erofey Pavlovich served in the Khet winter hut in Taimyr, he also visited the “gold-boiling” Mangosee. Having then moved to the Lena River, he started the first arable land in the valley of the Kuta River, boiled salt and traded. However, the tsarist governors disliked the brave "experimenter". They took away his salt pans and stocks of bread, and threw him into prison.
Khabarov was very interested in the news about the discovery of Amur. He recruited volunteers and, having received permission from the local authorities, set off. Unlike Poyarkov, Khabarov chose a different route: leaving Yakutsk in the autumn of 1649, he climbed up the Lena to the mouth of the Olekma River, and up the Olekma reached its tributary, the Tugir River. From the upper reaches of the Tugir, the Cossacks crossed the watershed and descended into the valley of the Urka River. Soon, in February 1650, they were on the Amur.
Khabarov was amazed at the untold riches that opened before him. In one of the reports to the Yakut governor, he wrote: “and along those rivers live a lot of Tungus, and down the glorious great river Amur live Daurian people, arable and cattle meadows, and in that great river Amur fish - kaluga, sturgeon, and all kinds of fish there are many against the Volga, and in the mountains and uluses there are great meadows and arable lands, and there are dark, large forests along that great Amur River, there are many sables and all kinds of animals ... And gold and silver can be seen in the earth.
Erofei Pavlovich sought to annex the entire Amur to the Russian state. In September 1651, on the left bank of the Amur, in the area of Lake Bolon, the Khabarovsk people built a small fortress and called it the Ochan town. In May 1652, the town was attacked by the Manchurian army, which loomed over the rich Amur region, but this attack was repelled, albeit with heavy losses. Khabarov needed help from Russia, he needed people. A nobleman D. Zinoviev was sent from Moscow to the Amur. Not understanding the situation, the Moscow nobleman removed Khabarov from his post and took him under escort to the capital. The brave explorer endured many ordeals, and although in the end he was acquitted, he was no longer allowed to go to the Amur. This ended the research of the explorer.
Russian explorers in the Pacific Ocean (18th - early 19th century).
At the beginning of the 18th century, after a difficult northern war, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea. Having cut through the "window to Europe", the Russians again turned their attention to the East.
The cradle of our Pacific Fleet and the main base of Russian expeditions was Okhotsk, founded in 1647 by a detachment of the Cossack Amen Shelkovnik, on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, a “plotvische” was laid nearby - a shipyard. The first sea boats were built like this. The bottom was hollowed out from the tree trunk, sailors sewed bent boards to the bottom, fastening them wooden nails or pulling them together with spruce roots, the grooves were caulked with moss and filled with hot resin. The anchors were also wooden, and stones were tied to them for gravity. On such boats it was possible to swim only near the shore.
But already at the beginning of the 18th century, craftsmen came to Okhotsk - shipbuilders originally from Pomorie. And in 1716, having built a sea, large sailing ship, a detachment under the command of the Cossack Pentecostal Kuzma Sokolov and the navigator Nikifor Treska laid a sea route from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. Soon the navigation of ships in the Sea of Okhotsk became commonplace, and sailors were attracted by the expanses of other seas.
Khabarovsk Amur region in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.
Captain Nevelskoy.
In the middle of the 19th century, some geographers claimed that Amur was lost in the sands. They generally forgot about the campaigns of Poyarkov and Khabarov.
The riddle of Cupid undertook to solve the advanced naval officer Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.
Nevelskoy was born in 1813 in the Kostroma province. His parents are poor nobles. Father is a retired sailor. And the boy also dreamed of becoming a naval officer. After successfully graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps, he served in the Baltic for many years.
A lot has been written about the Khabarovsk Territory, its administrative center, the city of Khabarovsk, and other cities and villages of the region, both in poetry and in prose. But each initiation, as it were, continues all the previous ones. About such a large and beautiful region with a very long history, novels and songs are composed, paintings are written and films are shot. Of course, its history did not begin 75 years ago. Judging by archaeological excavations, people lived on the lands of our region, then called differently, more than 3000 years ago.
We mark the date of its legal registration. But at the same time, we remember that Nevelskoy, and Muravyov-Amursky, and Khabarov, and Dyachenko and many other famous Russian people stood at the origins of today's Khabarovsk Territory - Russia's outpost on the Eastern border.
And so, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the division of the Far Eastern Territory into the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories" dated October 20, 1938 marked the beginning of the activities of two administrative and economic entities Russian Federation. From this day on, we are counting down the 75th anniversary of the creation of the Khabarovsk Territory and its twin brother, Primorsky.
From the history of the Khabarovsk Territory
1858 - On May 30, the soldiers of the 132nd line Siberian battalion under the command of Captain Ya.V. Dyachenko laid the foundation for the Khabarovka military post.
1868 - The Khabarovka-Vladivostok telegraph line was opened.
1872 - A river port was built in Khabarovka.
1880 - Khabarovka received the status of a city, the regional center was transferred here from Nikolaevka-on-Amur.
1887 - railway communication between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok began.The first train ran for two days.
1902 - a solemn ceremony of accepting the operational district artillery workshops "Arsenal" into operation.
1908 - the base of the Amur flotilla was created in Khabarovsk.
1914 - Petersburg-Moscow-Vladivostok railway connection was opened (the road passed through Manchuria).
1917 - On December 12, the 3rd Regional Congress of Soviets proclaimed Soviet power throughout the territory of the region.
On September 4, the approaches to Khabarovsk were taken by Japanese, American units and the Russian White Guard.
On September 5, a detachment of Ataman Kalmykov also entered the city. The “Kalmyk” detachments began their reign with reprisals, including the execution in front of the public in the city garden, on the Amur cliff, 16 former military Austro-Hungarian musicians who sympathized with the Soviet regime.
1920 - On February 16, the expeditionary units of the revolutionary troops sent by the Bolsheviks of Vladivostok entered Khabarovsk.
On February 18, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Council of People's Commissars decided: to stop the advance of the Red Army after the occupation of Irkutsk and on the territory lying from Verkhneudinsk to the Pacific Ocean, to create a "buffer" state - the Far Eastern Republic - to prevent an open military clash with Japan.
On April 5, at 09:30, Japanese troops in different parts of the city unexpectedly attacked partisan detachments. By the evening Soviet troops were forced to retreat to the left bank of the Amur and blow up two spans of the bridge across the Amur in order to block the path of the Japanese into the depths of Russia.
The retreating detachments, united, formed the Amur Front under the command of S.M. Seryshev.
At the congress of workers of the Baikal region on April 6, the creation of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was proclaimed as part of the Trans-Baikal, Amur, Primorsky, Sakhalin, Kamchatka regions.
On May 14, the Russian government officially recognized the Far East and began to provide it with financial, diplomatic, economic and military assistance.
In October, the Japanese are forced to leave the city. Khabarovsk was occupied by revolutionary units under the command of A. Flegontov.
In November, the Government of the Far East Republic issued the Act on the Assumption of Power. All existing governments in a given territory are transformed into regional governments. A resolution was adopted on the State Flag and the State Emblem of the Far East.
Separated from Primorskaya a new region - Priamurskaya, with the center in Khabarovsk. It included Khabarovsk, Udsk and Iman counties.
1921 - in November, the White Army of Primorye, with the help and at the expense of the interventionists, began fighting against units of the People's Revolutionary Army in the Khabarovsk Amur region.
On December 21-23, after fierce fighting in the area of the village of Novotroitsky, units of the People's Revolutionary Army left the city.
1922 - On February 10-12, units of the People's Revolutionary Army and partisan detachments defeated the White Guards near Volochaevka, and on February 14 they entered Khabarovsk.
The intervention ended Civil War in the Far East.
1923 - By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 14, the Amur province was abolished, as artificially created during the period of the Far East. Khabarovsk, Imansky, Nikolaevsky-on-Amur (Kerbinsky) counties became part of the Primorsky province.
On December 13, a decision was made to move the administrative center of the Far East from Chita to Khabarovsk.
1924 - In July, Khabarovsk became the administrative and party center of the Far East.
1925 - In March, after the restoration of the Amur railway bridge, direct communication with the center of Russia was opened.
1926 - In January, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Far Eastern Republic was reorganized into the Far Eastern Territory. Instead of five provinces, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Chita, Zeya-Aldan, Amur, Nikolaevsky, Sretensky, Kamchatsky, Sakhalin districts and 75 districts included in them were created. administrative center DVK still remained Khabarovsk.
- A new railway station Khabarovsk-1 was built, a theater of musical comedy was opened.
1928 - The Presidium of the Far Eastern Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the construction of collective farms in the Far East Territory (collective farms)".
1929 - Launched sawmill.
- Put into operation the plant building materials and plastic products.
1930 - A medical institute, a communist institute (higher party school) were opened, the first state enterprise public transport "Avtoguzhtrest".
1931 - The Far Eastern Art Museum and the regional scientific library were organized.
1932 - From Khabarovsk to the village of Permskoye, the steamboats Columbus and Komintern set off with Komsomol pioneer builders of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
1933 - Khabarovsk for the first time got the opportunity to listen to radio broadcasts from Moscow.
1934 - A telephone connection has been established between Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The construction of the world's longest communication line Khabarovsk-Moscow has begun.
1936 - The construction of the world's longest telephone line Moscow-Far East with a length of more than 9,000 kilometers has been completed.
The railway line connected Khabarovsk with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
1938 - On the main square on August 7, a rally of the workers of the city of Khabarovsk took place in protest against the aggressive policy of Japan, which invaded Soviet territory in the area of Lake Khasan.
In October, the citizens of Khabarovsk welcomed the crew of the Rodina plane - V. Grizodubova, P. Osipenko, M. Raskova, who made a non-stop flight on the route Moscow - the Far East.
During these years, the most active creation of the base for the industrial development of the Khabarovsk Territory and its regions took place.
(Based on materials by V.T. Belyavtsev)
On the eastern outskirts of the Russian Federation is the Khabarovsk Territory, one of the multinational regions of Russia. Since ancient times, eight indigenous peoples of the North have lived on its vast territory - Nanai, Ulchi, Udege, Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Nivkhs, Orochs. 15 out of 17 rural districts of the region are classified as areas of residence of small peoples. 54 settlements are defined by the law of the Khabarovsk Territory as territories of compact residence. The share of indigenous minorities in the population of the region is 1.6 percent, in the northern regions it reaches 50 percent.
In the 20th century, profound and ambiguous changes took place in the life of the aboriginal peoples of the Amur. The most fruitful for ethno-cultural development was the second Soviet decade (1927-1937), when all activities among indigenous peoples were carried out gradually, taking into account the real state of the people and in forms accessible to their understanding, with the adaptation of established social and economic structures to new challenges and needs.
Nation-state construction, new forms of economic life accelerated the consolidation processes, destroyed isolation and encampment isolation, contributed to the awareness of ethnic unity, community of ethnic interests. From the second half of the 30s priority in the activities of state bodies there is an unconditional subordination of ethnic interests to the interests of the whole state. As a result of such a policy, national-cultural, social, and environmental problems began to rapidly increase among the aboriginal population. At present, the ethnic groups of the Amur region are going through difficult times. Break with traditional economic activity- a very painful problem for the peoples. The crisis of traditional industries, the costs of the formation period market economy extremely exacerbated the ethno-social situation in the areas inhabited by aboriginal peoples. Unemployment led to a decrease in the living standards of the population, followed by a number of social, environmental and demographic problems.
The United Nations proclaimed the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1994-2004). In Khabarovsk in 1993, at the first in the history of the UN International Conference dedicated to the problems of the indigenous peoples of the North of Russia, the idea of holding it was voiced.
The implementation of the planned measures for the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples made it possible to solve many social economic problems aboriginal population of the region.
Schools for 798 pupils were built in places of compact residence. In October 2004, a unique social and cultural center was opened in the village of Sikachi-Alyan (a school for 108 students, Kindergarten, ethnographic museum, auditorium for 200 seats, sports hall, workshops). In the new premises in 2003, the Center for Nanai Culture and Ethnography of the village of Nizhnie Khalby began its work.
In areas densely populated by indigenous minorities, national ensembles work, known far beyond the borders of the region. So, in the Nanai villages there are more than a dozen of them: "Givana", "Mangbo", "Siun", "Tashima", "Ilga Dyarini", "Keku" and others. The Nivkh ensemble "Eri" was widely known. In the Udege village of Gvasyugi, the folklore ensemble "Sugakpai" has been successfully operating for many years. The art of the Ulchi folk ensemble "Giva" ("Dawn") has been pleasing the viewer for more than half a century.
All-Russian fame was given to the work of writers and poets: Hodger G.G., A.A. Passar.
Despite the crisis socio-economic situation, it would be wrong to draw a line under the existence of the Amur ethnic groups.
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the most numerous in their composition are Nanais, 12355 people. The ethnonym "nanai" means: "on" - earth, "nai" - man, earth-man, man of the Earth.
In genetic terms, modern Nanais represent a complex historical community - a conglomerate of clans of very different origins. On the Lower Amur different time groups of Tungus, Turks, Mongols, Manchus came, who, mixing with the autochthonous population, formed into various ethnic communities. The economy of the Nanais was of a complex nature; fishing was of paramount importance. Feature Nanai fishing - a high degree of specialization of fishing gear. In the field of ichthyofauna, knowledge of habitats and migration routes of fish, the Nanais were unsurpassed connoisseurs. Hunting did not play a big role in the life of the Nanais.
Environmental problems Amur Nanais are associated primarily with the state of the Amur River. Pollution of the Amur with industrial and domestic wastewater, overexploitation of its fish resources in previous years led to the fact that the largest herd of Amur chum salmon in the country is in a state of depression. The fishery crisis is exacerbated by the state of the region's forests.
But, despite the entire crisis socio-economic situation, the Nanais are the largest people of the Tungus-Manchu language group with a stable and growing ethnic self-consciousness, a fairly high educational level, have their own ethno-cultural institutions, and have good potential for self-development.
Negidals- a small Tungus-Manchurian people of the Far East. According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, there are 806 of them. By origin, the Negidals are Evenks, mixed with the Nivkhs, Ulchis and Nanais. The Negidals are primordial fishermen and hunters. Among the Upper Negidals, fishing and hunting were supplemented by reindeer herding of the transport type. AT Soviet period the material and spiritual culture of the Negidals has undergone great changes. Dwellings, clothing, means of transport, utility buildings do not differ from the surrounding population. Adherence to tradition is observed only in a few older people (clothing, ritual practice). Ethnically mixed families predominate everywhere. At the same time, the national self-consciousness of the Negidals is stable.
The preservation of the Negidal ethnic group does not inspire optimism. Their assimilation with the Nivkhs, Ulchis, and the Russian population is intensifying.
Nivkhs- direct descendants ancient population Sakhalin and the lower reaches of the Amur. There is a point of view that the ancestors of the modern Nivkhs, northeastern Paleo-Asians, Eskimos and Indians of America are links of one ethnic chain that covered the northwestern shores of the Pacific Ocean in the distant past. The modern ethnic image of the Nivkhs was greatly influenced by their ethnocultural contacts with the Tungus-Manchurian peoples, the Ainu and the Japanese. The main traditional sectors of the Nivkh economy are fishing and sea fur hunting. Despite their small number (5287 people), the difficult socio-economic situation and the ethno-cultural situation of the Nivkhs can be generally regarded as positive. Many elements of traditional spiritual culture, being filled with new content, are an organic part of Everyday life Nivkhs.
Orochi formed as a result of the interaction of autochthonous coastal tribes with newcomers of Tungus origin. A certain role in the formation of the Oroch ethnos was also played by the Nivkhs, Ainu, tribes of Mongolian and Manchu origin. The total number of Orochs is 884 people. Hunting is the main occupation of the Orcs. Fishing also plays an important role. The peculiarities of the Orochi settlement in recent decades have led to the complete destruction of the traditional cultural environment. Almost lost native language. It is recognized that in a few years there will most likely be no pure Orcs (by blood).
Udege until the end of the 19th century, they were not singled out as an independent ethnic group. Today, the Udege live in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. Their total number is 1665 people. The traditional economy of the Udege was based on hunting and fishing. Strengthened in Soviet years interethnic contacts, living together with Russians and other peoples, the growth in the number of ethnically mixed marriages have significantly changed the ethno-cultural image of the people. But the ethnic self-consciousness of the people is preserved. All Udege groups are characterized by a certain "cultural renaissance", a desire to restore cultural traditions. Folklore ensembles, museums, ethno-cultural centers work. Despite the low numbers, the decline in natural growth in the 90s, and serious socio-economic problems, the Udege retain certain opportunities for further ethnic development.
ethnic roots ulchi go back to ancient times. Archaeological materials show that in the culture of the modern Ulchi there are parallels with the culture of the ancient tribes that lived in this territory back in the Mesolithic. The ethnos included other ethnic elements - Nanai, Nivkh, Manchu, Negidal, Evenk, Ainu, etc. All of them left a very noticeable mark on the Ulchi clan composition, their language, economy, material and spiritual culture. Year-round fishing is the main branch of the traditional Ulchi economic complex. Hunting was of secondary importance. The ethnocultural life of the Ulchi, despite numerous socio-economic problems are quite varied and rich. well preserved folk decorative arts - artistic processing wood, bone, making art products from fur, fish skin, birch bark, cult art. Musical and choreographic art is successfully developing. The preservation of the Ulchi as an ethnic group does not inspire much concern, despite the relatively small number (3098 people).
old name Evenks- Tungus. Evenki formed on the basis of a mixture of aborigines Eastern Siberia with the Tungus tribes who came from the Baikal and Transbaikalia. Evenks are hunters-reindeer herders, born nomads.
In comparison with other peoples close to them in culture, they have a relatively high number (35,377 people), which makes the problem of preserving them as an ethnic community irrelevant. The self-name is Evenki, which became the official ethnonym in 1931, the old name is Tungus. Separate groups of Evenks were known as Orochens, Birars, Manegri, Solons. Language - Evenki, belongs to the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altai language family. Feature in the resettlement of the Evenks - dispersion. There are about a hundred settlements in the country where they live, but in most settlements their number ranges from a few dozen to 150-200 people. Settlements, where the Evenks live in relatively large compact groups a little. This type of settlement negatively affects the ethno-cultural development of the people. Modern culture is a bizarre interweaving of tradition and innovation.
Evens- one of the small indigenous peoples in the north-east of Siberia. Most modern Evens call themselves Even. From this self-name at the beginning of the 30s. the current official designation of the people was formed. Researchers translate the ethnonym Even - "local", "local", "descended from the mountains" in different ways. They speak the Even language, which belongs to the Tungus-Manchurian branch of the Altai language family. There are about 20 dialects and dialects in the Even language. As literary language the dialect of the Magadan region is used. The Even language is considered native by about 44% of the Evens. Their number is 19242 people.
The main part of the Evens lives today in Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Territory.
The main traditional occupation of the Evens is nomadic reindeer herding. Hunting for reindeer, elk, mountain sheep is also developed. Great importance had commodity fur hunting. River fishing was of secondary importance. Evens living on the coast of Okhotsk led a semi-sedentary lifestyle, were engaged in fishing, fishing for sea animals. Evens among the small peoples of the North make up the bulk of the indigenous population. The language problem, which is very painful for many small peoples of the North, is also characteristic of the Evens, but it is premature to talk about the loss of the Even language. In terms of numbers, the Evens occupy one of the first positions among the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation. Despite the difficulties in the development of traditional sectors of the economy, deteriorating demographic indicators in all regions of their residence, they retain all the opportunities for full-fledged ethnic development.
The history of the Khabarovsk Territory dates back to the first explorers of the Okhotsk and Amur regions, which began the development of the Far Eastern territories. The first settlements of Russian people appeared on the coast of Okhotsk in the first half of the 17th century. The campaigns of V.D. Poyarkov (1643-1646) and E.P. Khabarov (1649-1653) marked the beginning of the annexation of the left-bank Amur region to the Russian state, the settlement of vast, almost deserted territories. However, the process of development of the region was interrupted by the military actions of the Qing Empire. Unable to transfer large military forces to the Amur region, Russia was forced to sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), according to which the Russians left the left-bank Amur region for almost a century and a half. However, the development of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk continued. In the 17th century, Okhotsk was the main Pacific port of the country. Energetic steps towards the return of the Amur region to Russia were taken by the middle of the 19th century. An outstanding role in this was played by the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov, G.I. Nevelskoy, who in 1850 founded a military post at the mouth of the Amur River (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). In 1858, under an agreement in the city of Aigun, the entire left-bank Amur region was recognized as a possession of Russia.
The first independent administrative-territorial formation, including the territory of the region, was the Primorsky region with the center in the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, established in 1856. In 1858, the city of Khabarovsk was founded (originally - the village of Khabarovka, which received the status of a city in 1893).
Justifying the need to establish a post near the mouth of the Ussuri, G.I. Nevelskoy wrote to the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov-Amursky on the eve of the first Amur rafting in 1854:
“The mouth of the Ussuri River here represents the center from which the paths provided with agricultural settlements should emanate to the main areas, such as: to the Trans-Baikal region, the mouth of the Amur River and to the harbors lying on the coasts of the region ...” He anticipated the geographical “capitalism” of the future cities for the entire Far East. “At the present time, this point should serve as a starting point both for communication with the harbor chosen in the south, and even for exploring the Ussuri and Middle Amur basins.”
In 1860, a new region was established - the Amur region with the center in the city of Blagoveshchensk. In 1880, the administration of the region was transferred to Khabarovka with the simultaneous formation of the Khabarovsk district as part of the region. In 1884, the Priamursk General Government was formed with a residence in Khabarovsk, which included the Amur, Primorsky and Transbaikal regions. In 1909, the Primorsky region was divided into 3 regions: Sakhalin Kamchatka and Primorsky (center - Vladivostok), which included the Khabarovsk district. In 1920, a new Amur region was separated from the Primorsky region with the center in Khabarovsk, then transformed into a province that was part of the Far Eastern Republic.
In 1922, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was abolished, and the Far Eastern Region was formed on its territory with the center in the city of Chita, and since 1924 - in the city of Khabarovsk. The region included the Amur, Trans-Baikal, Kamchatka, Amur, Baikal, Primorskaya (with the northern part of Sakhalin Island) provinces and the right-of-way of the Chinese Eastern railway(CER).
The provinces existed in the Far East for only three years. The zoning of the Far East carried out in 1926 replaced the provinces with a district system.
In 1926, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Far Eastern Territory was formed on the territory of the Far Eastern Region with the center in the city of Khabarovsk. It included the Amur, Vladivostok, Zeya, Kamchatka, Nikolaevsky, Sakhalin, Sretensky, Khabarovsk, Chita districts.
On October 20, 1938, the Far Eastern Territory was divided into Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The Khabarovsk Territory included the Amur, Jewish, Nizhne-Amur, Kamchatka, Sakhalin regions, the Chukotka and Koryak national districts, and the regions of the Kolyma River. In 1947, the Sakhalin Region was separated from the Khabarovsk Territory, and in 1948, the Amur Region. In 1953, an independent Magadan Region with the Chukotka National District was formed from the regions of the Kolyma River, in 1956 it became an independent Kamchatka region. Then it was abolished Lower Amur Region, and the areas that were part of it were transferred to the direct subordination of the Khabarovsk Territory. Since 1991, the Jewish Autonomous Region has been an independent subject of the Russian Federation.
At present, the Khabarovsk Territory includes 236 municipalities: 29 urban settlements, 188 rural settlements, 2 urban districts (Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur), 17 municipal districts.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Plan
Introduction
Brief historical overview
Khabarovsk today
Future of Khabarovsk
Transition of Khabarovsk to market relations
Prospect Research
Introduction
Khabarovsk is one of largest cities Russian Far East,
administrative, industrial and cultural center of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The area occupied by the city is 37.2 thousand hectares. Population - 617.8 thousand people
human.
The city is divided into five districts: Zheleznodorozhny, Industrial, Kirovsky,
Krasnoflotsky and Central.
The distance from Khabarovsk to Moscow is 8533 km.
Brief historical overview
The history of Khabarovsk is connected with the development of the shores of the Amur and the Pacific Ocean by Russia.
captain Ya. V. Dyachenko founded a military post, named Khabarovka - in honor
17th century explorer Yerofei Khabarov. Already five years after
foundations in Khabarovka there were 167 buildings, among them - the house of a military leader,
barracks, food warehouses, residential buildings and trading shops.
In 1864 surveyor M.
Lyubarsky drew up a topographical plan, providing a perspective
the transformation of the post into a city. The natural landscape was determined by this
plan "face" of the future city - the high bank of the Amur, three long hills and current
between them, the Buri and Uri rivers were key elements in the organization of urban
territory.
location at the junction of two rivers and the already existing river port contributed to
the rapid development of trade here.
A large trading post of the Amur Company was formed, the influence of which
spread up the Ussuri to Lake Khanka and down the Amur to
Nikolaevsk.
Four years later, Khabarovka becomes the center of the newly formed
Amur Governorate-General, consisting of the Amur, Trans-Baikal and
Primorsky regions.
In Khabarovka were the Governor-General with his personal office, the commander and
headquarters of the Amur Military District, resettlement department and others
provincial institutions. From 1891 to 1897 the Ussuri railroad was built.
the road that connected our city with Vladivostok.
In 1893 Khabarovka was renamed Khabarovsk. Late XIX - early XX
century - these are the years of the transformation of a provincial town on the outskirts of Russia into
large administrative, military, industrial and cultural center of the Far
East.
What was our city like at the turn of the century? Beautiful, well-maintained center with a main street
named after Muravyov-Amursky and a monument to him on the high bank of the Amur.
The three-kilometer railway bridge across the Amur, which was called the "miracle of XX
century" and with the introduction of which the gigantic construction was completed
Trans-Siberian Railway. Steam mill, oil mill and four breweries
factory, state-owned artillery workshops, 12 brick, 4 sawmills and
cement factories. In 1900, a telephone exchange appeared, in 1907 -
street electric lighting.
Especially it is necessary to say about the temples. The first church was built by soldiers-
rulers in 1858 and consecrated by the future Metropolitan Innokenty. AT
Later, the appearance of the city was decorated with four Orthodox churches - the Assumption Cathedral
on Cathedral (now Komsomolskaya) Square, Alekseevsky Church on Artillery
mountain (Lenin Street), Innokentievsky Church (near Turgenev Street) and
The railway church in the station area (the current cathedral
Church of the Nativity). It is noteworthy that in the construction of the Khabarovsk
The temples were attended by merchants-patrons, the Plyusnin brothers, Chardymov and others.
1894 was a key year for the cultural life of Khabarovsk. A department was created in the city
Russian Geographical Society, whose members opened a museum and a library.
The newspaper "Priamurskiye Vedomosti" began to appear. And in the fall, Khabarovsk residents for the first time
come to your theatre. This was made possible through the creation of a partnership
dramatic actors and organizations of an amateur dramatic circle. Already in
first season
Khabarovsk residents saw six plays. There was also a soldier's theater.
The Museum of Local Lore from the first days of its existence has become the subject of concern and
pride of the local intelligentsia and authorities. In the accumulation of his collections
prominent scientists V. Radakov, V. Margaritov, N. Grodekov, P.
Shimkevich and many others. And in 1901, at the initiative of the Governor-General N.
Grodekov, who applied to the Academy of Arts with a request to allocate paintings,
an art museum was opened.
At the beginning
century, a system of public education was formed. In 1915 in Khabarovsk there were 2
secondary educational institutions - a real school and a technical railway
college, 8 secondary schools, a cadet corps, a teacher's seminary and
teacher's institute, commercial school. Created by the local intelligentsia
The People's House named after A. S. Pushkin conducted educational work among the townspeople.
The city developed at a good pace, more and more enterprising, enterprising
people came here to do business, open small
industrial enterprises. A layer of intelligentsia has already formed, and so
called the "middle class" of wealthy people who participated in the development
cities. This movement into the future was suspended and transferred to "another
channel" historical events caused by the revolution of 1917 and
Civil war. But Khabarovsk already existed in the history of Russia, and
it was impossible to delete it.
Khabarovsk today
Today Khabarovsk is considered to be the capital of the Far East
region. This was officially recognized when Khabarovsk was appointed the capital
Far Eastern Federal District. This choice was not made by chance.
Khabarovsk is the second most populous city in the region and
fourth in the country in terms of area. Except that Khabarovsk
geographically occupies a central position in the Far East, here
located the largest number of federal and regional institutions (Headquarters
Far Eastern Military District, Far Eastern Railway Administration,
associations Glavdalstroy, Dallesprom, Dallesstroy, etc.).
Khabarovsk today is the largest industrial, transport, cultural
and scientific center of the Far East. About 100 enterprises operate in the city
mechanical engineering, metalworking, construction, food, light
industries and other sectors.
The city is the largest transport hub of the Far East region.
Khabarovsk railway junction is the largest in the region. River port -
one of the largest on the Amur.
There are 23 Khabarovsk universities and branches of the largest universities in the city
countries, 16 secondary specialized educational institutions and 17 vocational
technical schools and more than 100 secondary schools, which makes Khabarovsk -
educational center in the Far East.
Khabarovsk is the center of culture. There are 4 museums, 4 professional
theater, many creative organizations - writers, composers,
Unions of artists, theatrical figures, filmmakers, journalists.
Future of Khabarovsk
145th anniversary of the city in Khabarovsk will host a traditional festival of sports
ballroom dancing
Khabarovsk will host an international festival of sports ballroom dancing
"Khabarovsk-2003", dedicated to the 145th anniversary of the city. This is a spectacular event.
has been held in Khabarovsk for more than a year and enjoys great popularity among the townspeople.
popularity.
Perhaps because not only eminent masters take part in it
dance genre, but also novice dancers, and the age of the contestants
varies from 7 to 30 years. About your desire to take part in the festival of this
dance couples from Russia, Finland, China and Japan have already announced.
The program of the festival "Khabarovsk-2003" traditionally includes
competitions for the mayor's cup, as well as demonstration performances
foreign couples and the best dance ensembles of the Far East, which
will determine the most talented dance duets. The best of them will
awarded with diplomas, medals and cups of the administration of Khabarovsk.
History + perspective = Khabarovsk
Next year, the adjustment of the master plan of Khabarovsk will be completed.
This is done by St. Petersburg specialists from the Research Institute of Urbanism, who have
many years of experience in design development in Khabarovsk.
The adjustment is due to the fact that the master plan was developed for a completely different
socio-economic situation, when the solution of all issues of city development
provided through public funding. At the same time, the yield
territories, their attractiveness for investment were not taken into account. Before
Khabarovsk developed linearly along the Amur, but now it is acquiring a completely different,
a ring structure characteristic of market conditions, when actively
