Representatives of pumpkin. Pumpkin family: from cucumber to tea

Decor elements 14.06.2019

Decor elements

The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae) is extremely diverse. It is known in 90 clans of this family, including about 760 species, most of whom are common in the tropical areas of the world. Representatives of this family have mainly grassy type Lian annual plants, but there are a number of perennial shrub and wood species.

Among the representatives of the family, the pumpkin largest national economic importance and widespread cucumber, watermelon, melon, pumpkin, zucchini and patisson have widespread. Little practical significance has luffa, or a vegetable sponge, a gorusta, or pumpkin, tea, tea and others. Typical vegetable crops of this family are cucumber, as well as zucchini and patisson ("vegetable pumpkin"), the fruits of which are consumed in technical maturity in the form of young bands . Watermelon, melon and pumpkin refer to a special group of vegetable plants - to Bakhchev cultures.

Cucumber

Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) belongs to the genus Cucurbita. This is one of the most common vegetable crops on the globe. Cucumber cultivate in almost all countries of the world. It takes the greatest square in our country, where in different years it is sown on the area of \u200b\u200b140-160 thousand hectares. Of the vegetable crops grown in the open ground, only cabbage and tomato exceed the cucumber on sowing areas and gross production, whose share is at the level of 10-12% of the total sowing of vegetable crops. However, according to yield, it is inferior to the main vegetable cultures, and therefore its production is only 5-6% of the total production of vegetables in the country. At the same time, it should be noted that in a protected ground cucumber - the main culture that gives about 70% of vegetable products obtained here. Cucumber is cultivated in a wide variety of country zones. He received the greatest spread in the central regions with the meteorological conditions favorable for him: in Ukraine, in the North Caucasian, Volga, Central Black Economic and Central Economic Areas of the RSFSR, as well as in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Moldova.

Cucumber is one of the most popular vegetable crops. It is important that there is a practical opportunity to receive fresh cucumber fruits for almost the entire year - in the winter-spring period from winter greenhouses, in the spring-summer period from spring greenhouses, greenhouses and small film shelters, in the summer-autumn period from the open Soil. The fruit of cucumber is used mainly in the fresh form. Salty and marinated cucumbers are also of great importance for nutrition of the population, especially in the winter and winter-spring period.

Cucumber is an annual herb plant. The root system of it consists of a main root of a length of up to 1 m, going to the shallow first and the numerous side roots of the first and subsequent orders, located horizontally mainly in the arable horizon of the soil. Stem cucumber lioanoid, branching, reaches a length of 1.5-2 m. There are also bush forms, in which the length of the stem does not exceed 20 cm, and determinants, in which growth stops over the 10-12th knot, i.e. After 40-60 cm. Singome cucumber plants (monoixists), flowers, as a rule, separate-use (Fig. 15), rarely hermaphroditic.

There are also forms of cucumber with partial disadvantages - with the prevailing number of female or male flowers (some samples from Japan, China and other areas of the East). This phenomenon is widely used in the heterosexis of cucumber seed. The fetus of cucumber is a false berry (Thakivina) with 3-5 seed cameras (Fig. 16), various shapes, sized, drop, painting, drawing and other signs. The fruits contain 100-400 seeds. There are also deposited, the so-called partrenokarpic cucumber forms.

Under favorable conditions, cucumber seeds give shoots for the 4-6th day after sowing. The optimal temperature for germination of seeds is 25-35 ° C. Normal shoots can be obtained at a temperature not lower than 17-18 ° C. For normal germination of cucumber seeds, there is also a moisture. For swelling of seeds, water is needed 36-42% of absolutely dry mass, and for germination - by 20-25% more. The seeds of cucumber during germination are very sensitive to the lack of air, while reducing the energy of germination and germination. This explains the high responsiveness of the cucumber on light and loose soils and a destructive effect on the seeds of the soil crust.

In germination, the cucumber seeds are first round into the growth of the root, then the development of the growth point begins and the stem appears. The root system in the first period of vegetation increases more intense than the above-ground part of the plant. Subsequently increases the growth of the above-ground part of the plants. The first sheet is formed only in 5-6 days after the appearance of germs. 8-10 days after the first sheet, the second is formed. After the root system develops sufficiently, the rapid growth of leaves and stems begins. Each new sheet appears in 3-4 days, then a day, daily, and then two or more leaves per day. The stalk also grows slowly, and then faster, reaching an increase of up to 2 cm per day.

After the formation of the early grades of 4-6 leaves, and the late stems (vacules) are formed on the main stem (vacuum), the side shoots of the first order are formed, then the second order runs on them and so on, first in the sinuses bald leaves, then in more top. 30-40 days after the seedlings of early grades and after 50-60 days later, blossoms begins. The first blooms of inflorescences located in the sinuses of the lower leaves of the main stem (at the grained varieties in the sinuses of the 2-3rd sheet, the late-leaf - the 7-12rd sheet). Then bloom the first flowers of subsequent inflorescences and the following flowers of the first inflorescence. The flowering is constantly spreading from the bottom up and from the main stem to shoot the first, and then the subsequent orders.

The cucumber flowers are short-lived - in the northern regions they are revealed usually at 6-7 hours in the morning, they are open 1-2 days, then closed. Unfertilized flowers can save a curious fresh up to 4 days. In the south in the hot season of the season, they are open only half a day - from 4-5 hours to noon. The stilts of female flowers are most susceptible, and the pollen of male flowers is viable in the first hours after the flower opening, when the fertilization is usually occurring. Sometimes they are capable of fertilization and to blooming flowers. Full pollen is formed at a temperature of about 20-30 ° C. When the temperature decreases to 14-17 ° C, the vitality of pollen decreases to 25%, and at a temperature of 7-12 ° C, it becomes sterile (Belik, Kozin, 1964, 1967).

Male flowers in plants of monocotted cucumber forms are usually much larger than female, and in different parts of the plant, their ratio is not equally. The order of shoots further from the base of the stem, the greater the relative amount of female flowers. The ratio of flowers is also changing under the influence of the factors of the external environment and artificial impact on the plants. The decrease in temperature and increase in air humidity and soil, reducing the light day during the formation of flowers, the fusion of carbon monoxide or feeding carbon dioxide, planting, the effects on them acetylene and other techniques contribute to an increase in the absolute and relative number of female flowers. Unfortunately, the use of these techniques is practically possible only in protected soil. With cucumber culture in the open ground to the ratio of cucumber flowers, you can affect the powerborns and the change in the pH of the medium. Enhanced nutrition with phosphorus, potassium, boron and nitrogen limit contribute to strengthening the formation of female flowers. The largest number of female flowers is formed at a neutral medium (pH 5.9-6.1).

After fertilization normal conditions The cultivation of the curssery of cucumber is rapidly growing and reaches technical (removable) maturity for the 7-12th day after fertilization (Phase Zelentsa). First, the wounds are intensively growing in length, then in thickness. In the future, the growth of fruits is gradually slowed down and the beginning of maturation is stopped (the period from the Zelets phase to the full ripening of seeds in the fruit, depending on the variety and conditions of cultivation, is 1-1.5 months), the painting is changed, the acidity increases, the acidity of seminal shells increases, in The ultimate consumer value of fruits is lost.

Cucumber is one of the most heat-breeding vegetable crops. For normal plant growth, a temperature is needed 25-27 ° C. At temperatures below 15 ° C, the growth and development of plants are delayed. Long exposure to the temperature of 8-10 ° C. Can lead plants to death. With a 3-4-day exposure to a temperature of 3-4 ° C, the plants are dying. Frosts of the plant of cucumber are not transferred. The most sensitive to the cold shoots of cucumber in the phase of the Seedlings. When they get fixed and intensive photosynthesis will begin in them (in the phase of 1-2-present leaves), their cold resistance increases significantly. Cucumber blooms at a temperature not lower than 14-16 ° C, and the anthers are cracking at 16-17 ° C. The optimal temperature for flowering and fertilization of cucumber flowers is 18-21 ° C.

Perennial studies of the physiology of the cold-resistant cucumber conducted in Niii (Great and others, 1960-1975) showed that when exposed to reduced temperatures on the cucumber plants in them, there are a number of pathological changes, even after moving them into favorable temperature conditions: viscosity increases Protoplasmas, decrease in the height of the leaf tissues, a change in the content in the leaves of ascorbic acid, a decrease in chlorophyll content, both by destruction and due to the weakening of its neoplasm, violation of nitrogen-phosphoric balance, i.e. There is a violation of the entire metabolism. At the same time, the pathological response to the cooling of southern, less cold-resistant varieties is expressed stronger than that of northern, more cold-resistant varieties.

The cucumber is one of the most insignificant vegetable crops, which is due to the weak development of the root system, low its sucking force, a large evaporating surface of plants, high hedance and transpiration intensity. With insufficient soil moisture and low relative humidity of the air, the cucumber plants grow weakly, they are slowly developed, the first, most valuable, the wound falls, the fruits are formed little, they do not reach the normal size and necessary taste quality. Along with this, excessive soil moisture, especially in combination with a reduced temperature, is also harmful to cucumber plants. With excessive moisture, accompanied by a decrease in air soil, the growth and activity of the roots, and consequently, the provision of plants with nutrients from the soil weaken, which adversely affects the growth of the above-ground organs and the productivity of plants.

Optimal soil moisture for cucumber plants in different vegetation periods is within 70-80% HB, and relative air humidity - 70-80%. Higher soil moisture is necessary in the first season of vegetation - before flowering and during the intensive growth of fruits. At the beginning of mass flowering, a certain decrease in soil moisture is possible, contributing to a more successful passage of the fertilization process. The greatest amount of water of the cucumber plant is consumed, naturally, during the maximum increase in the assimilant surface, the maximum plant size, which coincides with the period of intensive growth of fruits and harvest. During this period, frequent watering is needed by small standards.

High productivity of cucumber plants is possible only with a combination of high humidity of air and soil with optimal medium temperature. With low temperature of soil and air, the cucumber plants cannot fully use the existing moisture, due to the fact that the root system under these conditions weakly sucks it and its receipt cannot cover moisture consumption by plants. The cucumber plants are started - the so-called physiological drought occurs.

Cucumber - Reflooring Culture. Although it is more shape than a tomato, but to improve the lighting conditions actively responds with an increase in the crop, which is widely used in the protected ground, where the dispensing and cucumber suspension is used. These are short-lasting plants or neutral to the length of the day. Most cucumber varieties in shortening the length of the day up to 10-12 h (by shading in the morning-evening watches rich in long-wavelength red rays) for 15-20 days in the repertline accelerate their development, increase and accelerate the formation of women's flowers, increase early and overall Vintage.

Zucchini and Patsson

The zucchini and the patisson include ordinary, or hard, pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo L.), being its varieties: Zucchini - Var. Giraumontia Duch., Patchsson - Var. Patisson Duch. (Filov, 1960).

Zucchini in the USSR is grown everywhere, but on small squaresAnd the Patchsson is cultivated in very limited volumes. In the southern regions of the country, the zucchini is grown for feed purposes and for industrial canning (and zucchini, and patissons), and in the central and northern regions - for homemade cooking and canning. Use the fruits of the zucchini in the form of a 7-12 day zeroshi both in the household and in the canning industry for cooking kabachkoy caviar and puree, stuffing, canning and consumption in fried form. Patchsons are used in the form of 3-5-day barriers mainly for marinization and salting, as well as cucumbers, and 7-10-day wounds - in home cooking.

Plants Zucchini and Patchssone Annual, usually a bush shape (there are long-line). The fruits of zucchini elongated, cylindrical (Fig. 17, 1), sometimes slightly curved shape. The crust of fruits in the technical maturity phase is soft, white or green, in the phase of physiological maturity - woody (shell), light yellow, yellow or creamy color. Patssone Fruits Bell Tumbler, Karotnaya or Rounded Form (Fig. 17, 2), White or yellow color, without a picture or with a pattern in the form of green stripes and spots.

Patchson and especially zucchini - early cultures. Under favorable conditions, their shoots appear on the 6-7th day after sowing. About a month after the appearance of shoots, bloom begins, and even after 7-12 days commercial fruits are formed. The most common zucchini varieties from mass germs to the technical (dining room) of the fruit maturity takes place 40-60 days, and to physiological - 100-120 days, at Patchssone - respectively 45-85 and 100-120 days.

Zucchini and Patisson Heat-breeding cultures, but the first is more resistant to cold. Zucchini seeds begin to germinate at 8-9.5 ° C, and patisson - at a temperature of 13-14 ° C. The optimal temperature for germination of seeds and the subsequent growth of plants of both crops is 25-27 ° C, the minimum is 12-15 ° C. Freezers do not tolerate these cultures. Zucchini plants can carry short-term decrease in temperature to 6-10 ° C.

The drought of the plant of these crops is rather stable, by watering usually contribute to the increase in the crop, especially patisson, which is more demanding of water than the zucchini. Both cultures are demanding demanding to illumination, as well as to fertility, especially the presence of organic matter in the soil.

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Ministry of Higher, Central and Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Andijan State University

Thesis

to get the title of master

Biomorphological characteristics of the family of pumpkin. Pumpkin, their types and meanings.

5 A. 420103 - Botany

HeaddC.M.Abdullayev

Hellsgoezalova Zulf.and I

Andijan-2011

Plan

Introduction
1.1 SubmersionCucurBitoideae.
1.2 SubmersionZanonioideae.
2.1 Morphological signs of pumpkin cultures
2.2 Biological and Botanical Features
3. Experimental part
4. Pumpkin, their types and meanings
4.1 The most common pumpkin varieties in Central Asia
4.2 The nutritional value Pumpkin
4.3 Pumpkin Medicinal and Medicinal Properties
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications

Introduction

Relevancetopicsresearch.

The plant world of our planet is very diverse. It is often spoken by both the life of the entire organic world, the source of energy, strength, health, aesthetic pleasure. Sostr.D.I. Traitak - a book for reading at the botany. M. "Enlightenment" 1978

Improving the nature of plants, a person creates for himself the best benefits. At the same time, he satisfy the needs as possible, which in the development of technology, industry and agriculture, force each person to handle the floral world very seriously, knowing and taking into account the laws of nature. Since the appearance of a person, it is possible to note his desire to study nature, convert or enrich it in the desired direction.

Currently, great importance is paid to the production of products with a high content of biologically active substances. One of these cultures with both therapeutic, and prophylactic value is a pumpkin, which can be stored throughout the winter period and use for food or processing.

Recently, natural healing means are becoming increasingly recognized in medicinal practice. In addition to drugs, the approved pharmacological committee are the mainrapeutic agents, there are many healing factors playing auxiliary and preventive role in the treatment of certain diseases. Unfortunately, they, playing a less important role in the treatment and prevention of many diseases, often remain unnoticed.

family Pumpkin Food Pumpkin

The correct use of natural healing agents in permissible doses for the human body is almost harmless and does not cause deviations from the norm as a separate organ and the body as a whole. A. Altymyshev - Natural Healing Means. "Kyrgystan" 1985, p.6-7.

Goalandtasksdissertation.

I chose this dissertation work for biomorphological comparison of the species of the Pumpkin family, and characterize their external similarities and differences. Studying and exploring the family of pumpkin, I found that there are 130 species, and they are all very diverse. The species of this family differ in the morphological, anatomical and botanical structures, in habitat and distribution, as well as their use in the national economy.

Powerdevelopmenttopics.

This family is well studied, but there are also unknown science facts that require additional and detailed research. I tried my master's dissertation to make my contribution to the coverage of questions were not previously understood.

For a more extensive study and study of the biomorphological features of the pumpkin family, I planted two types of pumpkin in my garden (CuCurbita Maxima) and a nutmetic (Cucurbita Moshata)). For four months, I followed the process of growing these two types of pumpkins. It helped me to more closely familiarize yourself with the Pumpkin family.

Scientificnovelty.

Thanks to the study of this topic, you can open a lot of new things for yourself and humanity. After all, each plant keeps a lot of secrets, which are revealed before people as scientific and technological progress.

Practicalsignificance.

Vegetables are of great importance in human nutrition. They are valuable not only by the fact that they contain in an easily disabled form of sugar, proteins, fats, mineral salts, vitamins and enzymes, but also by regulate digestion and improve the absorption of other food products. The systematic use of vegetables increases the viability of the body. Vegetable food helps to maintain a weakly alkaline blood reaction and neutralizes the harmful effects of acid substances contained in meat, bread and fats.

Great value of vegetables as sources of vitamins. After all, the lack of one or more vitamins leads to a violation of human life processes, and a long lack of diseases to diseases. The lack of vegetables in winter and early spring is one of the reasons to reduce the organism resistance to diseases. Synthetic preparations that are also able to cause allergies and side diseases cannot fill the vital complex of vitamins, which is contained in vegetables.

In one form of vegetables, several vitamins are often present, which enhances the physiological effect of each of them.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and carotene (Provitamin A) come to our body mainly of vegetables and fruits. Skripnikov Yu.G. - All about the pumpkin Almanac "Garden and Garden" - M.: Kolos, 1993, p.23-26

Among the vegetable crops in solving the problem of nutrition, the pumpkin occupies a special place. Pumpkin - rich in vitamins, juicy, well digestible product. Pumpkin contains potassium salt, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc and other elements. The pumpkin contains vitamins C, 1, 2, in 6, e, carotene. Pumpkin is widely used for food and feed purposes, as well as raw materials for the canning, confectionery and vitial industry. Skurichin I.M., Volgaarev M.N. - chemical composition of food. M.: In "Agropromizdat", 1987, p.360

1. General characteristics of the family

Kingdom : Plants

The Department : Covenate

Class : Dichomotic

Order : PumpkinColovo

Family : Pumpkin

Rank : Pumpkin

Pumpkin family ( lat. Cucurbitaceae.). This family has 130 genera and about 900 species growing preferably in tropical and subtropical areas from wetotropic forests to the desert. Especially rich in wild pumpkin Africa, as well as Asia and America. In moderate latitudes of representatives of this family, relatively little. Plant life 5 volume II Part 53 - 54 pp.

Timkvnaya - a family of dietary plants related to one authors, to separately bottle Passiflorinae., otherwise - to spinolesale order Campanulinae.. Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia.

Pumpkin annuals or perennial, curly or peeling herbs, less often shrubs, with regular, palcity - or peristopal (less often separate) or simple leaves. Most of the representatives of the family are equipped with antennae, representing modified shoots. Stems mostly juicy, rich in water, steals on the ground are either cling to simple or branched musty, which, judging by the location of the mustaches and, in terms of their divergence, is more correct to adopt for modified shoots with leaves.

Leaves in pumpkin tubes, simple, paddle or palchatic, with heart-shaped base; They are located on the spiral in 2/5; leaves, like stem, rigid or hairy; Hosts are not.

Flowers are usually same-sex, one - or dwarm, rarely rigging (y S. chizopepon.), actinorphic, single or assembled most often in the stuffy inflorescences - bundles, brushes, panicles, umbrellas, rarely in the brush or in the shield. Flower cover consists of attentive at the base for greater or less sacrament of a cup and a whin. The perianth, together with the base of the sticky threads, forms a floral tube that has grown to the ovary; A cup of five (rarely at 3, 4 or 6) tooths or blades, in the tight tile; occasionally (u. Cyclanthera. explaodens. and some species Cucurbita. maxima.) Cashechka does not develop, sometimes (y Dimorphochlamys) It remains with the fruits. Vidnik or agreed (y Cucumis, Cucurbita., Citrullus. et al.), bell and barbed, or (y Bryonia., Ecballium., Sicyos. et al.) Separate, in the tiled, folding, folded, five-weddable or five-part (to disseated), yellow or white, less often greenish or red. 2-3-5 stamens, very rarely 2, more often than 5, of which 4 are usually stroked; Sometimes all the sticky threads or the anthers of all the stamens are growing. Ginetsay consists of 3, less often from 5 or 4 rests; Zaurus Lower (sometimes midnight), more often, three-day, with numerous segments in each nest; Column with thickened fleshy stigmas. Five stamens developed in the male flower, of which either one is free, and the other four will be afraid in pairs, or all five stamens will grow into one column; The stamens are only half of the developed anther (they have a dwarf's boot), or direct, or convoluted in the form of the letter S, ring or spiral. In a male flower, the pestle is sometimes located. In a female flower, fruitless stamens (Stamondy) are among 3-2 or 5; The pestle consists most of the three structures, rarely out of 4-5, struggling with its edges and form the corresponding number of nests in the margin; Warring bottom, multifamous; Anatruth seeds, mostly surrounded by mucus; The column is simple, on the top of a three-part, with a thick, curved, blade or faceted straw.

Pumpkin - mostly insect potable plants. Large, well-developed nectar, filled with a very sweet nectar, have such a structure that are available to everyone. Therefore, the flowers of pumpkin are visited by about 150 types of insects. Flowers of many species do not have a strong aroma and embarrass pollinators or large bright yellow wrenches (like pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber, etc.), or their petals have the ability to reflect the ultraviolet rays invisible to our eye. The main pollinkers of the pumpkin are bees (especially honey bees) and steppe ants, as well as wasps and bumblebees. Insects more often attend men's flowers, since pollen serves insect with excellent feed; It discovered more than a hundred utilities, including proteins, fats and many vitamins.

The overwhelming majority of representatives of the family of fruits in their structure are similar to the berry, but very peculiar, called "Thavina", sometimes a huge value, or perfectly soft, or with more or less solid, rustic outer layers (eg, Lagenaria., Cucurbita. and etc.). Seed shrimp, in some representatives (eg Ecbalium. eLATERIUM. Rich, mad cucumber) Seeds when rejuvenating the fetus with force are thrown out. A classic example of a similar type of fetus can serve a pumpkin, watermelon, melon and cucumber. At pumpkin sometimes some, the most ripe and viable seeds germinate inside the fetus. As a result, when a penis fresher cracks, not only seeds are falling out of it, but also quite developed seedlings whose roots are quickly introduced into loose soil and rooted.

In anatomical relations, pumpkin are distinguished by the presence of bioclature vascular fibrous beams. Representatives of this family are widespread in the earth's surface, with the exception of all cold countries, but most of them are found under the tropics, the northern spreading border in Europe coincides with almost the northern border of oak, in the old world more childbirth (54) than in a new light; seven births ( Alsomitra., Melothria., Corallocarpus., Luffa., Cucumis, Cayaponia. and Sicyos.) Meet in the old and new light. This is a large family (85 genera and up to 60 0 species) is divided on the basis of the Androceian structure, the number of nests in the wound, the features of the seeds, etc., for five groups (or tribal): Fevilleae., Melothrleae., Cucurbiteae., Sicyoideae. and Cyclanthereae. and several subgroups (or the subcode).

Pumpkin - One of the most useful families: the fruits of many species edible (melons, cucumbers, pumpkins, watermelons, species Sechium., Acanthosicyos., Pelfairia. etc.), other species go to the preparation of vessels ( Lagenaria.) or (vascular fibrous beams), sponges for baths, etc. ( Luffa.). Some species ( Bryonia., Luffa., Lagenaria.) Build as decorative plants.

Most modern classification Pumpkin family belongs to the British botanic Ch. Jeffrey (1980). According to this classification, the family is divided into two submenses and 8 tribes. Plant life 5 volume II Part 53 - 54 pp.

1.1 Submissions Cucurbitoideae.

One of the most primitive representatives of the subfamily of pumpkin is the genus of the Telfiyria ( Telfairia.) relating to the tribe Zholichphy ( Joliffieae.). It includes two similar views of the species common in Africa and there are also cultivated, - Telfira Stopovoid ( T.. pedata.) and the Telfira Western ( T.. occidentalis.). These are multi-marginal liaunts with thick wood stem and three-particle leaves reaching a length of 15-20 m. Spectacular single magenta female flowers with a long-scale edge of petals are very different from smaller male flowers assembled in cysterious inflorescences. Green fruits reach a length of 60-70 cm and mass 20-25 kg. The fruit is divided into nine longitudinal segments, in each of which, tightly pressed to each other, lie red flattened large seeds. Fatty sweet seeds to taste resemble almonds, and they are widely eaten. From the seeds remove the edible oil, similar to olive, and cake is excellent feed for livestock. The pulp of fruit boiled and fry like a pumpkin.

To the same tribe include the childbirth of Momordik ( Momordica.) and tladyanta ( THLADIANTHA.). The paleotropic genus of Momordik includes about 45 species, most of which are annual curly liaans with a thin stem and long-meshkin leaves cultivated in the tropical countries of Asia. An example may be Moma Marancy. Momordik has devices to protect their non-seated seeds from external enemies. Until the full ripening of seeds, all green parts of the plant are littered with microscopic "explosive hairs." On a tiny leg sits a spherical head filled with caustic substances. It is only a little bit to touch the plant, as the heads of disturbed hairs with an explosion are separated from the leg and the viscous liquid is sprayed outward, causing a burning of unprotected skin, in particular the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eye. The dark red fruits of Momordics are cracking at the top of three sash. They contain large flat seeds enclosed in orange aryls, rich in starch and carotenoids. Seeds thrown by a plant are well visible to ants that take them further. If Aryllus does not have time to eat ants, the germ of germinating seed uses this starch as a nutrient for its growth and development. The fleshy fruits of Momordics appreciate as a vegetable in boiled, fried and pickled. Edible also tubers, young shoots and leaves.

There are about 15 species growing in Eastern and Southeast Asia in the family of Tladyanta. One of the species - Tladyanta is dubious ( T.. dubia.) - It is found in our Far East, in the southern Primorye. This is a perennial grassy dubbing downtown. Stems outperfly-hair, with heart-shaped csolocks, with the outer side felt leaves. The life of the tladyanta is doubtful closely connected with her pollinator - a tiny wild bee from the genus Ktenoplectra ( Ctenoplectra). Insect from the evening climbs into the drop-down bud of the male flower. Having spent in heat, the bee the next morning flies to the female flower and leaves the brought to pollen on his stitch. Interestingly, this bee never visits bulk cultures. On the contrary, home bees, as well as bumblebees and wasps, pollinating cucumbers, melon and pumpkin, do not notice the flowers tolantians. Apparently, this circumstance and led to the fact that the tladyanta seed reproduction prevailing vegetative. At each low-hanging section of the above-ground escape and on all underground shoots, a chain of tubers is formed. Since each tuber of the next spring is drawn up new escape And under the ground, the tubering chains are growing again in the form of a chain, then the plant occupies a rather large area for several years (up to 10-12 m 2), forming a thick and rapidly increasing group. Fruits, size and shape, similar to small cucumbers, blush by the end of September, become soft and very sweet. In the meakty, 40-100 dark seeds with solid peel are concluded. The tladyanta is growing doubtful on coastal meadows, among shrubs, on loose sandy sediments of sea coasts, as well as as weed in gardens and gardens.

To another tribe (Beninkazovy tribe - Benincaseae.) include childbirth Akantosicios ( Acanthosicyos., 2 types), mad cucumber ( Ecballium., monotype), watermelon ( Citrullus.) other.

Akantosicios is a typical deserted plant with antennae, turned into spines and with thick, sometimes very long root. Akantosicios tiny ( A.. horridus., Fig.25, 6 - 10) grows in dry sandy deserts of southwestern Africa on the coast Atlantic Ocean And along the shores of the rivers flowing into it. This is a low noble plant endowed with all the features of a typical xerophyte, having a number of biological devices that allow it to dwell in extremely harsh environments. The thickened rustic root of the Akantosicios reaches a very long length, sometimes up to 12 m. In the rainy season, its many years of spindle-shaped tubers are in stock large amounts of water, which is gradually spent during drought.

The nasy vulnerable stalk of the Akantosicios is covered with large sharp spreads in all sides by barns, and the leaves turned into the smallest scales. All plant is rustic, solid, as if stone. Even the sewers of small seating flowers and those solid, and the pale yellow petals of the leathery. The thick thickets of Akantosicios, usually occurring on dry sand dunes, can be compared with networks that traveled by the wind sandwiched and thus oppose its movement. As a result, the shrub does not suffer from moving sands.

The dense yellow-raspberry flesh of the fruit of Akantosicios has a sour-sweet taste and excellent aroma. Therefore, the fruits are widely eaten, and the locals are considered to be a delicacy. Also, the fruits eagerly eat jackals and hyenas (for dessert, after a raw meat dish), thus spreading large-scale seeds covered with solid shell on distant distances. The second type of this kind - Akantosicios Nodena ( A.. naudinianus.) - sometimes turns on in the genus Watermelon ( Citrullus.

Mad cucumber ( E.. eLATERIM.) It grows on the Azores, in the Mediterranean, in Malaya Asia, as well as in the south of the European part of the CIS, in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, mainly along the seafront, on light sandy soils or as weed near housing. This is a major grassy perennial with thickened, fleshy root, rough short stems without ammunition and large rigidly sinking paddle leaves. Bright yellow flowers single or collected in small groups. Collective greenish fruits resemble small cucumbers. This plant is not in vain called "mad cucumber": by the time of the ripening of fruits in them there is a colossal hydrostatic pressure (almost 6 atmospheres).

Even a slight touch to the mature fruit causes a stunning effect. The mad cucumber shoots the principle of the spray gun. In an instant, the cucumber is broken away from the fruits, and a strong jet of adhesive mucus is thrown out of the hole formed at the base of the fetus, fonding seeds. With such a "artillery shelling", the seeds are thrown by a plant for a distance of more than 12 m. The animal wool, disturbed the mad cucumber, is instantly stuck surrounded by slug seeds. The mucus is gradually dried, and the seeds one after another fall off, spreading in this way to long distances.

In folk medicine and homeopathy use juice of unworthy fruits. Large doses of fruits juice can cause serious poisoning.

From other births of the same tribe, you need to mention the above all watermelon ( Citrullus.). This annual or perennial pubescent grazing herbs with dissected leaves. Flowers are large, single, same-sex or rigging; Chasselsters and petals of them are growing at the base. Yellow whine, stamens 5. Three-blade, ovary three-day. The fruit is a mpogosyany juicy chuck with flat seeds. Watermelon is distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. Rod has three types: watermelon edible ( FROM. lanatus.), Colocid ( FROM. cOLOCYNTHIS.), Watermelon Beaty ( FROM. ecirrhosus.).

Modern natural arral of the edible watermelon covers Southwest Africa. According to the testimony of many authors, the huge spaces of the South African desert Kalahari, from the Orange River in the south to Lake Ngami in the north and from 24 ° Eastern longitude until the western ocean coast in particularly rainy years are covered with almost continuous sponsors of watermelons. Among the rigid non-bright desert plants, green juicy stains of creeping, pressed against the ground of the ridge of wild watermelons are dragged. Hardly pubescent leaves of a separate individual cover area up to 20 m 2. Plant life 5 Volume II Part 56 p.

By the time of ripening fruit fruits dry. Small round fruits, stripped with storm flows or winds, are rolled out for distant distances. In the path of watermelons crack or ride them. At the same time, juice moisturizes the soil on which the seeds are surrounded by adhesive mucus, and it is glued tightly to it. When the abundant rain is dropped, the seeds quickly sprout right on the surface of loose sandy soil. The more rainy falls in a given area, the time here is the harvest of watermelons. In some inaccessible areas Calahari These watermelons are for travelers almost the only source of moisture. But, as already long ago, it was noticed by local residents, not all of these watermelons are edible. Some of them turn out to be bitter. Both forms grow ahead.

The twin priest of the cultural table watermelon was a sweet form of a wild African ancestor. The culture of the watermelon began in Africa from ancient times, moved to Maly Asia, in the Caucasus and in Central Asia. In the XIII century. Watermelon was listed in Astrakhan and spread to the south of Russia. In the process of centuries-old artificial selection, a huge number of different varieties were obtained.

Another interesting species of the kind of watermelon is Colocid ( FROM. C.olocynthis.). This is a perennial rigidly pubescent grassy plant with triangular, deeply-depleted leaves - the inhabitant of semi-desert and desert regions of the Canary Islands, North Africa, Spain, Sicily, Greece, South-West Asia, Western and South India. Small spherical flags of the colocidant are covered with a wax chain; The flesh is bitter, inedible. Fruits contain a glycoside-resin of a colocintin, which has a strong laxative action. They have long been used in medicine many countries, for which plants cultivate.

The watermelon of the crazy is limited by the village of Namib's desert in South-West Africa. The mustache from this plant is completely reduced. In the same tribe, besides the watermelon, the delivery of the repaid ( Bryonia.), Lagenarium, or Gorryanka ( Lagenaria.), Beninkaza ( Benincasa.) and some others.

To the genus, the opening includes 12 species growing on the Canary Islands, in Mediterranean, Europe, Front and Central Asia. These curly perennial tall plants can be found in the Caucasus and in Central Asia among shrubs, forest edges, in ravines, as well as weeding in the hedges and walls. A mustache mustache have a particularly thin sensitivity to touch solid items that causes their very rapid growth and bending towards the stimulus. For comparative short term The mustache is firmly wrapped in support, reliably holding a heavy mass of the plant on the weight. Small ineffective flowers rebuilt, assembled into rigorous inflorescences, almost do not stand out on the background of leaves and very poorly smelling, but insects willingly appear to them attracted by an ultraviolet pattern of a whisk, invisible to our eye. In the family of pumpkin only among representatives of this kind of fruit - a real berry. Numerous minor seeds are covered with durable and strong armor. The germ of the seed who passed through the digestive path of the bird remains intact and capable of germination. Overreed berries Pereptomy at the slightest touch to them are crushed, and the seeds are glued with mucus to the skin of the cristed animal, thus spreading too.

Some species are poisonous plants, some are used in a number of countries as medicinal. Especially poisonous berries and roots containing Glycosides Brionine and Brionidine.

In the "Red Book" among other disappearing plants of our country, the staple of the blackboard is given ( IN. melanocarpa.) - the rare endemic form of Uzbekistan, found only in the southeast Kyzylkum. This is a drop-down plenty plant local population It is very popular as a medicinal and as a result of non-harmony blanks, it will soon completely disappear from the face of the earth, if not to take urgent measures to protect it. Plant life 5 Volume II Part 57 p.

Monotypnic genine genine, or gorustry, pumpkin ( Lagenaria.), represented by the type of Lagenaria Ordinary ( L.. siceraria.). This is one of the most ancient cultural pumpkin plants, unknown in the wild.

The culture was extremely widespread on all continents. Lagnamenaria is an annual creeping liana with a faceted furochy sowed stem length of up to 15 m and pentagonal corrugated leaves, in the sinuses of which are satisfied with a single small white tubular flowers with a wheeled bearded. Young wound with loose pulp, possessing a slightly bitter spicy taste, eat in food. The ripe fruits dries the flesh, and a cow shell consisting of weed-to-wear elements and containing stony cells becomes extremely durable, completely waterproof. For residents of India, China, South America, African and Oceania islands, the lagenarium still did not lose their economic significance and is used everywhere as vessels for storing liquids, manufacture of kitchen utensils, musical instruments, toys, etc. From the seeds extracted food oily oil, And from long flexible stems weave hats and baskets.

The mature fruits of the lagenarium are so easy that they do not drown in salted water and are capable of swimming for a long time in the ocean without damage and without losing the seeds of germination. Since ancient times, accidentally getting into the Atlantic Ocean, the fruits of the lagenarium, picked by ocean currents, made swimming from the shores of West Africa to Brazil or through the Pacific Ocean from Southeast Asia to Peru, and from there with ancient residents of South and North America Distributed throughout the continent.

In tropical Asia, as well as in the countries of Latin America and Africa, the culture of "wax pumpkin" is widespread ( Benincasa. hispida.). The birthplace of this fluttering annual plant with large, reminiscent of the cucumber leaves is Tropical Asia. Giant spherical or oblong fruits of "wax pumpkins", shape similar to pumpkin or melon, can reach a length of 2 m and have a lot of about 35 kg. Fruits are covered with a thin protective wax shell, which contributes to their long-term storage. The wax is easily removed from fruits and in many tropical countries is a commodity product used in medicine and for cooking candles. Mature fruits with white, elastic, juicy, slightly sweet pulp containing many pectic substances, are used for food, and also used in the confectionery industry. Unfortunate fruits, as a rule, marinate. Fat oil obtained from seeds finds medicinal application And suitable in food.

To the tribe pumpkin ( Cucurbiteae.) Applies 12 birth, including the genus Pumpkin ( Cucurbita.), numbering about 20 species, wildly growing exclusively in America. Some of them have long been introduced into the culture. To date, there is a huge amount of varieties of food, forage and decorative pumpkins. Representatives of the kind - perennial or annual herbaceous plants with a rounded or faceted stem, more often thanks, sometimes in love. For example, in the wet rainforests of South Florida, a large perennial liana-pumpkin is growing along the shores of Lake Okichobe - FROM. aboutk.herchobeensis). Its flexible stem, reaching a 50-meter length, captures on high trees and is molded over their crowns, pulling out its yellow flowers and paddle leaves to the sunlight.

Large cultural pumpkin flowers forming a deep bowl is almost not allowed inside the outer cold. Insects These flowers are often used as a shelter for overnight. Flipped in the morning, insects carry the pollen to other flowers attached to their bodies.

The most common view in culture is an ordinary pumpkin ( FROM. rero) having a large number of varieties. In mature fruits, a lot of starch accumulates, as well as sugar - glucose, fructose, sucrose and raffinosis; Pectinic substances and alkaline salts are found; Especially a lot of carotene pumpkin, which is provitamin "A". The varieties of vitamin-axis pumpkins containing carotene 2-3 times more than carrots are displayed. Therefore, Pumpkin is one of the most promising cultures in the CIS to obtain carotene on an industrial scale. In the culture, the pumpkin is also distributed. FROM. maxima.) and the pumpkin is nutmeg ( FROM. moschata.).

A somewhat separate position occupies the pumpkin genus of Luffah in the tribe ( Luffa.) having a lot in common with the next cyclaire tribe ( Cyclanthereae.). In kind 5 species. Some species, especially luffy cylindrical ( L.. cylindrica.) and luffa boundal ( L.. acutangulbut), widespread in culture. Green cylindrical fruits of luffa resemble a large cucumber. After ripening, the fruit becomes dry, yellow-brown to brown, 30-35 cm long (up to 1 m) and in the diameter 7 - 20 cm. Mesocarp of the mature fetus is a thick fine-fiber mesh of the sclerenhable fibers of vascular fibrous beams, in the central part filled with seeds . This solid frame serves as a device to quickly release seeds from a mature fetus after the cap opens on its top.

Lofa is an ancient culture of India, Africa and China. In the CIS, cultivate extremely rarely, in small areas and only in moderately warm areas. The pulp of immature fruits starchy and quite edible. Dry mature fruits are treated, removing the flesh and freeing the fibrous skeleton. From this raw material make numerous objects of economic domestic - washcloths, shoes, baskets and more. Seeds containing oily oil and some poisonous substances, as well as leaves and roots, are used in medicine.

To the cyclaire tribe ( Cyclanthereae.) Applies 12 genera growing mainly in a tropical and subtropical belt. All representatives of these clans of the t-shit threads have grown, the fruits are broken, often open.

As an example, you can bring a large American genus Echinocystis ( Echinocystis), uniting about 15 species, with white small one-bedroom flowers. Single female and collected in the brush men's flowers are located in the same sinuses of the leaves. From North America to Europe, echinocystis hipgy ( E.. echinata.), which subsequently spread in the south and in the middle lane of the European part of the CIS, as well as in the Ussuri region of the Far East. It can be found along the banks of the rivers and lakes, in shrubs as weed in the gardens. it annolete plant With dissected leaves, it has extremely rapid growth, in one season reaching a 10-meter height. Its thin, weak shoots are maintained on supports using strong branching beaches, twisted into a steep strong spiral, similar to a clock spring. The plant can be polled not only by insects, but also by the wind. His fragrant men's flowers are always above female. Even with a weak wind of pollen easily flies down, straight on the stretched stray of female flowers. In the fall, the plant develops, green, oval, hijacked, extremely peculiar revealed fruits. At the top of the fetus there is a cap, which dropped during maturation, why the seeds are scattered around.

Another interesting genus of tribes is a cyclateter ( Cyclanthera.), which includes about 15 species. All of them grow in central and tropical South America. This is grassy curly plants With pubescent stem and five, seminal leaves. Yellow, green or white flowers without nectars, so plants are pollinated in the main wind. Ripe fruits suddenly burst into two valves, each of which is rejected back. As a result, the seeds are scattered on quite considerable distances.

The tribe Siciosova (SICYOEAE) is characterized by female flowers with one-minute, less often three-travelers; Male flower stamens have grown, with winding dust. The tribe belongs to 6 clans, of which Sicios are most interesting ( Sicyos.) and tea ( Sehium.).

The genus Sicios includes about 15 species growing in the Hawaiian Islands, in Polynesia, Australia and Tropical America. Most of them are the Liano-like annual herbs with the next, slightly blade or angular thin leaves. One of the species - Sicios angular ( S.. angulatus.) - was listed from North America to Russia and is currently found in the southern regions of the European CIS part as weed near housing. This is a curly iron-wide plant with a thin furrot stem and rounded eggs have a rapid growth and develops the vacuum to 6 m long. The mustache is extremely rapidly reacting to the slightest pressure. Dry spiny single-sighted fruits of Sicios engage with their cloud-like spikes for wool passing by animals and thus spread over long distances.

Tea, or the Mexican cucumber, is represented by the only tropical American view - edible tea ( S..edu.le.). It is widely cultivated in the countries of Mediterranean, South America, Africa and Tropical Asia. Male flowers Collected in low-mounted inflorescences, female single, less often pair. Fruits with one major seed. The teaboard has "godbirth": the seedlings that grown out of seed inside the mature fetus will sprout through the ocopulodnik and forms a young escape with leaves and mustaches. The plant is associated with the fruit until it exhausted all its nutrients. By this time, the fruit is already lying on the ground and the rapidly growing strong roots of the young individual are strengthened in the soil.

Use the tea is extremely varied. His fruits have excellent taste. Young shoots eating as an asparagus. Starch-like roots rich in starch, a potato resemble potatoes in the boiled form. Old tubers together with the tops serve as a good feed for livestock. In the tropics one plant gives up to 30 kg and more tubers. The fibrous part of the stem after treatment turns into a beautiful silver straw for weaving hats and other products.

Schisopepon ( Schizopepon.), forming a separate sizopeponone tribe ( Schizopepon.eAE), there are only 5 species, common from Northern India to East Asia. Schisopeepon broniumiste ( S.. bryoniifolius.) It grows on the South Kuril Islands, in the Ussuri Territory, on Sakhalin, in Japan, on the Korean Peninsula and China.

Branchy Liazing Stems of this herbber two-meter Liana with the help of long two-separated bellows tear up shrub thickets along the banks of the streams and rivers or on the edges of mixed forests. The next heart-shaped-egg-shaped long-term leaves diffusedly covered with small hairs. Obroat or same-sex oven small flowers Single or rare brushes. Small fleshy green fruits are revealed by three wrapping outwards, which ensures active scattering of three flat seeds.

To tribe trito-gone ( Trichosantheae.) Applies 10 clans. All of them are characterized by dynotubracted flowers with fringe or solid petals. The fruits are cylindrical or triangular, more often unscrewing or drop-down on three equal parts.

The most famous trico rectors ( Trichosanthes.) To which about 15 species common in Southeast Asia and Australia belong. The morphological structure of these plants is usual for most pumpkin - Liano appearance, wide blade leaves, same-sex flowers; Men's collected in a rare brush, and women's single. Often the petals spirally bent inside, why long-treaddled flowers acquire a somewhat unusual look. Unfortunate fruits are edible, so some of these species are introduced into the culture. In addition, mature fruits are often very spectacular, which in aggregate with abundant lush greenery leaves makes plants very decorative.

In India, Africa and the Pacific Islands, the so-called "snake cucumber" is most popular and the so-called "snake cucumber" is widely cultivated. T.. butnguina.), whose gigantic cylindrical fruits grow up to 1.5 m. This plant is grown on the trellis. To get more straight and long fruits, by the end of each "cucumber" since its formation, a small stone hangs. Otherwise, the "cucumber" during its growth on the serpent is shared, forming steep loops.

An interesting monotypical Indo-Malezzanine Khodzhsonia is also interesting to tricorates. Hodgsonia). Hodgezonium heteroclite ( N.. heteroclita.) - A large liana, cultivated in some tropical countries as a food plant for the sake of its large fleshy fruits, similar to pumpkin, and extremely oilseed seeds. Housing flowers, white tops and velvety-yellow with red bodies from below, are unusually attractive: all five petals of the wheel whisk are ending with a long fringe of hanging, swirling, shaggy, thin growing up to 15-20 cm long.

To the melotry tribe ( Melothrieae.) include 34 kinds, including rod cucumber ( Cucumis) Presented by more than 25 species common in Africa. Only a few species are found in Asia. A number of species are cultivated as food plants for the sake of edible fruits. Especially common in culture cucumber sowing ( FROM. sativus.) - Ancient culture of India, which is then popular in all countries of the world. This annual plant develops the screens to a length of up to 1.5 m with triangular-pointed rough leaves and funnel-like bright yellow separatogne flowers; Women's solitary flowers, male collected in stubborn beams. In plants cultivated in wet areas, there are special devices to remove excess moisture from the body. Their young oblong fruit covered with spines. It is nothing more than micronasos, feeding out of the fetus excessive moisture: in the morning hours, when the fog hangs in the air, the smallest drop of dew appears at the end of each spift, "supracted" from the tissues of cucumber. Melon ( FROM. melo.) Currently refers to the genus Cucumber, but some botany consider it possible to allocate it in a separate genus Melo.. In Asian countries, Melon is cultivated from ancient times, arising, as they suggest, about 4,000 years BC. The number of its varieties comes to thousands. In the CIS, the best varieties of melons cultivate in Central Asia and in the Transcaucasia.

Among other genera, the tribes can be called even interesting bodies of the coralokarpus ( Corallocarpus.), Melotry ( Melothria.) and kedrostis ( Kedrostis.).

The cedrostis genus (about 35 species) is common in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Madagascar, in Tropical Asia and Malaysia.

In the steppes of South Africa, it is often possible to meet the strands of the Liano-shaped, dense, gray-green, grassy plants belonging to the genus Kedrostis. Especially interesting cedrostis spiny ( TO. spinosa.). Its fruits are so peculiar that it is even remotely not reminded by Tsykina. They completely are littered with large thick spikes and some mollusk similar to the sink. Inside the fetus, tightly pressed to each other, there are 5-7 major oblong seeds.

On the island of Socotra lying to the northeast of the African continent, the only wood plant of the pumpkin family - Dendrosezios Socotransky, or "Cucumber Tree" grows on the screaming sunshine. Dendrosicyos. socotranus.). General form This low tree is very peculiar. Its vulnerable, swelling from moisture, a slightly cone-shaped stem with light gray bark is unusually fleshyist and juicy. It serves as a reservoir, stocking water for the entire long dry season, as is the case, for example, cacti. Two-three short thick branches raise up a roasting crown, consisting of thin spiny twigs with large, dust, hard, rough, along the edge of hipged, long-coal leaves. Flowers are small, yellow, same-sex, on long squeezed flowers, are collected in roasting inflorescences. Fruits resembling cucumbers are littered with spikes. This tree, so unlike herbaceous liano-like pumpkin, is also the most far from them.

1.2 Submissions Zanonioideae.

Submissions Zanonyy ( Zanonioideae.) Includes 18 genera, which are combined into one tribe. Most plants of this subfamily dwells in the countries of the tropical and subtropical belt. The most fully characterizes the entire subfamily Monotype Ioido-Malaysian genus Zanony ( Zanonia.). Its flowers are two-year-old with two-three-beam urging; Fruits - hairy mace-shaped boxes, when ripening revealed by a cover, scattering light winged fightered seeds that extend to the wind over long distances. Rod Aktinosttemma ( Actinostemma.) There are about 6 species, distributed in East Asia and in the Himalayas. All of them are perennial herbaceous lianas with dazing stems. One species occurs within Russia.

In the Ussuri region, the Far East in the valleys and shores of the reservoirs grows a long-term changed plant with thin three-five-pointed leaves and non-spoken flowers - the actor's valve ( BUT. lobatum.). Greenish revenue fruits, ovoid, up to 2 cm long, opening with a lid, at the bottom of the soft spines; In the fruit of 2 - 4 sustained daisy - wrinkled large seeds. Some species containing alcohyroids and saponins are used in Chinese medicine.

2. Basic Types of Pumpkin Family

For practical purposes, pumpkin plants are classified by their use. In this regard, there are separate groups of vegetable, basic, medicinal and decorative plants, and also note the diversity of the use of certain types (for example, for vegetables and technical purposes, etc.).

Vegetable: sponge, or luff; zucchini; Krivoshika, or crook; Nara, or Akantosicios disassemble; Antillesky cucumber, or Anguria; Yellow cucumber, or Momordik; Snake Cucumber, or Three-Hozainthes; Indian cucumber, or gorry; Mander's cucumber; Mexican cucumber, or tea; Peruvian cucumber, or vane cyclancher; sowing cucumber; squash; Telfira Stopovoid and Western; Tladyanta dubious; Pumpkin Malabarskaya; Pumpkin Fordgukskaya; Hodgeny heteroclite.

Akantosicios Nodena ( Acanthosicyos. naudinianus.) Sometimes it turns on in the genus watermelon ( Citrullus.). It has a two-walled plant growing in the deserts of South Africa, the orange closet is removed, like an orange, exposing the edible sour-sweet pulp.

Akantosicios tiny ( Acanthosicyos. horridus.) It grows in dry sandy deserts of southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean coast and on the shores of the rivers flowing into it. This is a low noble plant endowed with all the features of a typical xerophyte, having a number of biological devices that allow it to dwell in extremely harsh environments. The thickened rustic root of the Akantosicios reaches a very long length, sometimes up to 12 m. In the rainy season, its many years of spindle-shaped tubers are in stock large amounts of water, which is gradually spent during drought. The nasy vulnerable stalk of the Akantosicios is covered with large sharp spreads in all sides by barns, and the leaves turned into the smallest scales. All plant is rustic, solid, as if stone. Even the sewers of small seating flowers and those solid, and the pale yellow petals of the leathery. The thick thickets of Akantosicios, usually occurring on dry sand dunes, can be compared with networks that traveled by the wind sandwiched and thus oppose its movement. As a result, the shrub does not suffer from moving sands. The dense yellow-raspberry flesh of the fruit of Akantosicios has a sour-sweet taste and excellent aroma. Therefore, the fruits are widely eaten, and the locals are considered to be a delicacy. Also, the fruits eagerly eat jackals and hyenas (for dessert, after a raw meat dish), thus spreading large-scale seeds covered with solid shell on distant distances.

LuFa Cylindrical ( Luffa. cylindrica.) Widespread in culture. Green cylindrical fruits of luffa resemble a large cucumber. After ripening, the fruit becomes dry, yellow-brown to brown, 30-35 cm long (up to 1 m) and in the diameter 7 - 20 cm. Mesocarp of the mature fetus is a thick fine-fiber mesh of the sclerenhable fibers of vascular fibrous beams, in the central part filled with seeds . This solid frame serves as a device to quickly release seeds from a mature fetus after the cap opens on its top. Lofa is an ancient culture of India, Africa and China. In Russia, cultivate extremely rarely, in small areas and only in moderately warm areas. The pulp of immature fruits starchy and quite edible. Dry mature fruits are treated, removing the flesh and freeing the fibrous skeleton. From this raw material make numerous objects of economic domestic - washcloths, shoes, baskets and more. Seeds containing oily oil and some poisonous substances, as well as leaves and roots, are used in medicine.

Luffa Ostrosorbacked ( Luffa. acutangula.). The name of LUFFA is well acquainted to lovers rare plants. This botanical genus of the pumpkin family combines several species. A distinctive feature The genus are fruits, of which, after cleaning from the peel and removal of seed, it turns out to be well a well-known urchival. In our country, the owner is mostly distributed with a cylindrical.

Flowers about 2 cm in diameter, lemon yellow color, separately. Unlike the loudness of cylindrical flowers, they bloom at night, increasing late in the evening. The bloom is more abundant than the luffy of cylindrical, women's flowers are greater, and, accordingly, more formed by the barriers. WWW / BOTANIK.RU

Momordika Charantia ( Momordica. charantia.). Momordik has devices to protect their non-seated seeds from external enemies. Until the full ripening of seeds, all green parts of the plant are littered with microscopic "explosive hairs." On a tiny leg sits a spherical head filled with caustic substances. It is only a little bit to touch the plant, as the heads of disturbed hairs with an explosion are separated from the leg and the viscous liquid is sprayed outward, causing a burning of unprotected skin, in particular the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eye. The dark red fruits of Momordics are cracking at the top of three sash. They contain large flat seeds enclosed in orange aryls, rich in starch and carotenoids. Seeds thrown by a plant are well visible to ants that take them further. If Aryllus does not have time to eat ants, the germ of germinating seed uses this starch as a nutrient for its growth and development. The fleshy fruits of Momordics appreciate as a vegetable in boiled, fried and pickled. Edible also tubers, young shoots and leaves.

...

Pumpkin Family - Description

The common botanical sign of pumpkin plant representatives is a lianovoid life form. Pumpkin long juicy stems, commonly called weavers, extending on the ground and climbing on supports using a mustache. Leaves from the representatives of the family of sweet, simple, palpat-disseated or blade, without hurry, hard or hair.

Pumpkin flowers - male, female or rich - are located singly in sinuses or collected in inflorescence. On most plants cultivated in culture, men's and women's flowers are located, and the share of female flowers can increase depending on the reduction of the length of the daylight, increasing the maintenance of carbon monoxide or lowering the night temperature in the air.

The fruit in pumpkin plants are berry, multifaceted, usually with solid crust and meaty content.

In total, the family of pumpkin thirteen delivery:

rod Pumpkin, which includes such types:
- common pumpkin;
- zucchini;
- patchson, or pumpkin plate;
rod Cucumber:
- cucumber ordinary;
- melon;
- anguria, or horned cucumber, or antillese cucumber, or watermelon cucumber, or cucumber-hedgehog;
- kuvan, african cucumber, or horned melon;
roda Lufa:
- lufa Egypt or Luofa Cylindrical;
- lufa isolating;
girth tea:
- tea edible, or Mexican cucumber;
roda Watermelon:
- watermelon;
beninkaza:
- beninkaza, or Wax Pumpkin, or Winter Pumpkin;
- Momordika:
- momordika Charangery, or Chinese bitter pumpkin, or bitter cucumber;
- momordik Domomnaya, or barbed pumpkin, or cantol;
roda Lagenarium:
- lagenarium ordinary, or Calabas, or Gorryanka, or Kalabash, or a bottle pumpkin, or pumpkin, or a pumpkin;
cyclateter:
- cyclaneter edible, or Peruvian cucumber;
truchoznet:
- trito-seater snake, or snake pumpkin, or snake cucumber;
melotry:
- melotry rough, or mouse melon, or mouse watermelon, or sour rootishon, or mexican acid cucumber, or Mexican miniature watermelon;
the genus of the Tladyanta:
- tladyanta dubious, or red cucumber;
sikan family:
- kassabanana, or sicana fragrant, or fragrant pumpkin, or a musky cucumber.

In our article, we will tell you about the most famous representatives of the family, which are grown in the garden and in the garden.

Fruit pumpkin plants

Pumpkin

- the genus of grassy plants of the Pumpkin family, whose well-known representative is the ordinary pumpkin (Lat. Cucurbita PEPO), cultivated as food and aft culture. The Aztecs were used in food, except for the fruits, boiled flowers and the tip of the stems of the pumpkin, about which there are records in the "General History of the New Spain", compiled in 1547-1577 Bernardino de Sauguna.

Pumpkin Ordinary - Annual Muffin Culture With Miscellaneous Streaming Stem, with Wasps and Large Bandal Hard Leaves. Yellow large same-sex pumpkin flowers depending on the floor are located singly or beams. The fetus is the Thavor with a solid outer shell and numerous large bright seeds. In the culture there are about one hundred species of the pumpkin ordinary, which differ from each other by the magnitude, shape and painting fruit. Some of them cultivate as decorative plants, such as Cucurbita PEPO VAR. Cypeata or Depressa is a decorative plant with rigid-leathery ribbed fruits.

Pumpkin fruits contain fiber, potassium, a lot of vitamins - a, c, e, group B vitamins, rarely found vitamin K, affecting blood clotting, as well as vitamin T, which helps to absorb heavy food and with obese due to improvement and acceleration All metabolic processes in the body. And by the number of iron, the pulp pumpkin is even apples. Edible pumpkins eat in the food in the raw form by adding them to salads, and after heat treatment - the pulp of the fetus is baked, extinguished or boosted. Pumpkin is easily absorbed, quenching thirst, improves peristality. Dried pumpkin seeds are used as medicinal raw materials - they are used as a remedy for ribbon worms.

The fertility and mechanical composition of the soil of pumpkin is undemanding, only clay soils are unsuitable for growing this culture, but still preferably plant it on well-lit, draned, fertile sampling, medium cynical or light-coded soils with a neutral reaction, pre-fertilized with compost or manure. Any plants, except related - cucumbers, patissons, zucchini and similar, but best of all, are growing after perennial herbs and such vegetable plants, like corn, tomatoes, cabbage, onions, carrots, potatoes and beans.

The varieties of pumpkin ordinary are divided into large-scale, hard and nutmeg, as well as on bush and plenty, stern, dining and decorative. According to the time limits of the variety, there are early, early, medium, middle-air and late. The most popular dotable varieties are large-scale dawn pumpkins, Russian woman, marble, candy, Volga series, winter sweet, dining room winter, smile, Kherson, baby, medical, stand, centner, titanium, roller, Parisian gold, Big Moon, Amazon, Arina, Children's delicate. Axorn, spaghetti, freckles, gleolen, mushroom, almond, Altai, Bush Orange, Camera, also proved from hard screw varieties. The best nutmeg pumpkins are represented by Batternat, Vitamin, Palawa Kadu and Prikubanskaya.

As for the decorative pumpkins, which refresh and decorate the country areas and our dwellings, such varieties such as stars, Turkish turban and babe creamy-white from the Schehherzade series may seem attention, as well as an orange bowl, wart mixture and two-color ball from the series Kaleidoscope.

Watermelon

- Bakhchy culture, annual herbaceous plant, view of the kind of watermelon. For the first time, the watermelon was described by Swedish naturalist Karl Peter Tunberg in 1794 as a species of Momordika, but in 1916, Japanese nerds Takenosin Nakhai and Nindzo Matsumura determined him in the genus Watermelon.

The root system of watermelon is powerful and branched, which has good suction. The main root can penetrate the depth of one meter, and the side extended underground horizontally to a distance of up to 5 meters. Stems in the plant are flexible, thin, curly or creeping, most often rounded-five-marked, branched, length of 3 or more meters, although there are short-liter varieties of plants. Young pieces of stalks are covered with thick, soft insertion. Leaves are regular, hairy, harsh, triangular-ovoid, strong-willed, on long stiffs, from 8 to 22 long and width from 5 to 18 cm. Single-sex flowers, and the male flowers are smallele. The fruit is a juicy multiferous tykiv. In shape, painting and size, the fruits of watermelon of different types and varieties can vary greatly, but in most cases they have a smooth surface.

Watermelon - the plant is thermal-loving, drought-resistant and heat-resistant, but this culture does not tolerate frosts. Grow watermelons on the sun well lit parts with light soil.

The flesh of the watermelon contains salts of iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, which have a beneficial effect on the work of the digestive organs, blood formation, the domestic secretion glands and the cardiovascular system. The use of watermelon is shown in small-class, heart disease, gallbladder and urinary tract, and watermelon contained in watermelon and easily digestible sugars make it easier for acute and chronic liver diseases. The fiber of watermelon contributes to the removal of excess cholesterol and improves the digestion, and the foul and ascorbic acid included in the pulp and ascorbic acid protect the body from atherosclerosis. The watermelon juice quenches thirst with a fever, and alkaline compounds regulate acid-alkaline equilibrium in the body.

Watermelon ordinary is represented by two varieties: Tsamma Melon, which grows in nature in the territory of Lesotho, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Watermelon, which is grown exclusively in culture. Currently, there are European, Russian, East Asian, South Ukrainian, Transcaucasian and American groups of woolly watermelon varieties. The most popular is the varieties of Astrakhan, Monastic, Kamyshinsky, Kherson, Melitopol, Uryupinsky, Mozdok, Apple, Raspberry Cream, Korean, Chernousk, a variety of Japanese densuke with a crust of black and others.

Melon

- Bakhchy culture, kind of cucumber genus Middle and Asia, where it happened about 400 years ago. Now in the wild, the melon will no longer meet, but in culture it is grown in all warm countries of the world. Mention of Melon can be found even in the Bible.

The melon is a grassy annual with grated hairs, long, creeping round-graded stem, the thickness of which is about 2 cm, and the length reaches 2 m. Sidelights depart from the main escape. The root system in melon melon, leaving in a depth of 2-2.25 m. Leaves in melons are regular, separate or solid, all-acy or gear, long-coal, rounded, heart-shaped, honest or angular, different shades of green. Flowers are found three types - female, male and rigging. The whine is a pryonkidoid, with severial petals of yellow. The fruit of melon is a false berry, the size, color and the shape of which varies depending on the variety: it can be flattened, round, elongated, with a smooth or rough skin of white, yellow olive or brown color, with white, cream or almost yellow pulp. Structure, consistency, density and taste of pulp also vary. In the mass of the melon can reach from 1 to 20 kg. Inside each fetus there is a large amount of light seeds - elongated, elongated or oval.

Melon is a plant for a warm climate, therefore it is grown on wind-protected solar sections preferably on the southern slope. Soil Plant prefers neutral, light, dry and well-haired. Melon varieties are chosen on the basis of the features of the region: early varieties are more suitable for the middle strip, and in warmer areas can be grown and middle-air, and even late melons.

Melon is represented by five subspecies:

Subspecies first - classic Melon (Cucumis Melo Subsp.melo) - The usual melon for all represents:

four varieties of Central Asian Melon:

redigi - Autumn-winter melons of varieties of Bezhek, Gulyabi Green, Torlama, Coy-Bash;
bukharki - early melons of Czogare varieties, Assate, Tashlaki, Bos Valle and others;
handalyak - Estimated melons of varieties Handalyak Yellow, Collagurk, Cam, Coc Cola Pos and others;
ameri - Summer, the most sugary of all melons presented by the varieties of Ak-Kaoun, Ameri, Cockcha, Arbaisha, Barga, Vaharman and others;

western European Melon:

western European Cantaloupe, represented by the secondary sorts of Sharanta, Prescot, Galia and others;
american mesh cantaloupe Edistista, Rio Gold, Jambo and others;
eastern European melons: Eastern (Altai varieties, thirty days, lemon and yellow, early), summer (dessert varieties, Kubanka, Kolkhoznitsa, Kerch) and Winter (Village Bykovskaya, Caucasian, Dream, Tavriya);

oriental melons:

cassaba Winter varieties Valencia, Hani Dew, Golden Beauty, Temporian Roxet;
cassaba Summer varieties Honey dew, spotted, Zhukovsky.

and exotic melon:

second subspecies - Chinese melon (Cucumis Melo Subsp.chinensis);
the third subspecies - cucumber melon (Cucumis Melo Subsp.flexuosus);
fourth subspecies - wild melon, or weed-field (Cucumis Melo Subsp.agrestis);
fifth subspecies - Indian Melon (Cucumis Melo Subsp.indica).

Zucchini is an annual grassy plant, a bush variety of pumpkin ordinary with the fruits of green, yellow or almost white color. Right zucchini from Northern Mexico - there they are centuries, along with corn and pumpkin, accounted for a basic diet of aborigines. In Europe, Zucchini was imported by conquisites in the XVI century, and then spread, making a particularly important situation in Italian and Mediterranean cuisine. Today, zucchini is cultivated everywhere, where they allow them to grow climatic conditions.

In appearance, the zucchini is more reminded not pumpkin, but very large cucumbers. They are covered with dense, smooth skin, under which there is a fleshy light pulp with a large number of seeds. The foods are used in the phase of technical, and not biological maturity, since the ripe fruit seeds become large and rigid.

Spring zucchini follows open solar sites located on the southwestern or southern slopes. The soil should be a neutral reaction, light, soup or linous. Under favorable conditions, you can get the fruits of zucchini after a month and a half after the appearance of shoots, but if the plant is missing light, it is possible to reduce yields up to the complete cessation of vegetation.

The zucchini contains a complex of vitamins - a, c, h, e, pp and group B, calcium microelements, sodium, iron and magnesium, fiber, proteins, fats, carbohydrates and structured water. Zucchini belong to dietary products and are distinguished by therapeutic properties.

Zucchini varieties are divided by such signs as the timing of ripening (early, middle-easier and late), the type of pollination (inexperienced and beeland), the place of cultivation (closed or open soil), the origin (grade or hybrid) and the purpose (for consumption of raw form or For processing). But the most convenient to divide the zucchini in maturation timing.

From the early banks, the grades of Chaklun, Belukha, Waterfall, Mavr, Aeronaut, Carama and Hybrid Belogor, Iskander, Areal, Cava and Carism were well established well. Popular medieval zucchini are represented by the Mushroom 37 and Hybrid Spaghetti-Spaghetti Tivoli, and from late varieties are good nuts and spaghetti ravio.

- Italian variety of white bubble. Translated from the Italian "Zucchini" means "small pumpkin". Fame This type of zucchini acquired only in the XIX century. The drops of Zucchini are more compact, the leaves have greater decorativeness, and the taste of pulp at the same time and more gentle, and more rich than that of the zucchini. In addition, Zuckini is still stored longer. In short, Zucchini is an improved zucchini. The peel at Zucchini may be a dark green or golden yellow, masonry or striped. Cuccini varieties and fetal shape differ. Growing conditions for this species are the same as for ordinary zucchini.

From the early sorts of Zucchini, the most famous are aeronaut, genesis, yellow-grade, white swan, golden cup, sir, zebra, mezzo lungo bianco, negritenok, black handsome man, digger, anchor and gold hybrid. Good rapid grades of Pharaoh, Tsukesha, souvenir, souvenir and hybrid variety of Embessey. The secondary varieties include Zucchini TDDO Di Piaczo, Coast, Multi-Style, Milan Black, Golden, Diamond and Nephritis Hybrid. The middle-plant zucchini is represented by a variety of pasta. In general, the Zucchini group includes, as a rule, early and secondary-range varieties.

Patchsons

Patisson (lat. Patisson), or tarbed pumpkin - Grassy annual, a variety of pumpkin ordinary, which is cultivated worldwide. In the wild form, patissons are not found. In Europe, they were brought from America in the XVII century and quickly gained popularity. Slightly later, they began to grow in Ukraine and in the south of Russia, and two centuries later this type of pumpkin reached Siberia.

Patchson has a bush or semi-gun shape, he has large hard leaves, single single-sex yellow flowers, and the fruit is a laxer of a bell and a plate of white, green or yellow, sometimes monophonic, sometimes with stripes or stains. The taste of patissons is comparable to the taste of artichokes. Food is used both young wounds and mature fruits - they are extinguished, salted, fry, quasse and marinate, sometimes together with cucumbers and tomatoes. Patchson fruits contain mineral salts, pectins, fats, fiber, ash elements, vitamins and other useful substances.

Patchson is thermaluminous and demanding to moisture, therefore it is grown on open, well-lit and ventilated areas with loose, fertile neutral soil. The main condition for the cultivation of patissons is timely and sufficient watering.

The varieties of patissons, as well as the grade of zucchini, are divided into early, secondary and late. Early grades allow us to get a harvest after 40-50 days after the appearance of germs. The secondary patissons are necessary to achieve technical ripeness of 50-60 days, and late - 60-70 days. From the early patissons, the most popular varieties are white 13, disc, good orange, cheburashka, bingo-bongo, malachite, umbrella, patch, Gosh, Sannya Delight, Chartrez, Polo hybrids and sunny bunny. The middle-timed patissons are represented by Snow White, Chunga-Chang, Sun, UFO White, Tabolinsky and Hybrid Arbusinka.

Cucumbers

Or sowing cucumber It is an annual herbaceous plant, a kind of cucumber Pumpkin family. Eating cucumbers in a misappropriate form, unlike pumpkin, which should mature for eating. In the culture of the cucumber appeared more than six thousand years ago. The ancient Greeks called this vegetable "Aguur", which means "unworked." The birthplace of plants - tropics and subtropics of India, the foot of the Himalayas, where it can still be found in the wild. Today, the cucumbers are grown around the world in an open and closed soil, and breeders without tired withdrawing all new and new varieties and hybrids of this popular plant.

The stem of the cucumber is rough, fluttering, ending with the assholes clinging behind the support. Leaves are five-pointed, heart-shaped. Fruit - juicy, emerald green multilayer pipple green, covered with white or dark ointment. The fruits of different varieties may differ in size, color and coloring.

Zelents contain 95-97% of structured water. The remaining few percent include a slight amount of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, macro- and trace elements, sugar, carotene, chlorophyll, vitamins C, B and PP. The substances included in the cucumbers excite appetite, contribute to the improvement of the digestion and the absorption of food, increasing the acidity of the gastric juice. The properties of the cucumbers were described in the ancient hospital "Cool Vertograd", which was compiled in the XVII century.

Exotic pumpkin plants

Gorryanka

Or gorylyanka or pumpkin Gorryanka, or bottle pumpkin, or indian cucumber or vietnamese zucchini, or kalabas It is the annual creeping Lian family Pumpkin. It is cultivated by this plant for the sake of its fruits, which are used in different purposes: the young scratches of long-lying forms are eaten, and ripe fruits, shape resembling bottles, are used as vessels and make musical instruments. The skill distinguish two subspecies:

lagenaria Siceraria Subsp. Asiatica - a plant with stretched bottles, common in Polynesia and Asia;
lagenaria Siceraria Subsp. Siceraria is a variety with elongated mining fruits growing in Africa and America.

In the culture of Gorryanka was used long before our era, even before the appearance of clay dishes. Motherland of Labenarium is considered to be Africa, from where it has spread to China through Central Asia, as well as having durable walls and buoyancy, and the ocean flow fell into America. They grow this culture in subtropical and tropical zones of Africa, China and South America. IN moderate climates Laghenaria is grown in the greenhouses a seed basis.

The unripe fruits of the rustle, which have reached a length of 15 cm, is eaten - they are very similar to the zucchini. They are eating raw, they prepare dishes, they are preserved in the phase of dairy ripeness. Oil from the seeds of mature fruits. Seeds of lagenarium, as well as pumpkin seeds, have anthelmal action. Grylyanka can be used as a dot for melons and cucumbers. Mature rustic fruits are made of food and water storage vessels, drinking bowls and musical instruments such as a balaphone, guiro, a shekener, a bark that are usually decorated with cut or scorched patterns. In South America, they also make dishes for brewing Mate.

Trichozer

- The genus of grassy lian family pumpkin, whose representatives grow in tropical and subtropical zones. In the countries of South and Southeast Asia, snake-shaped triotheozant (Lat. Trichosanthes Cucumerina), which is the most popular view of the genus, cultivate for its fleshy fruits, stems and mustaches that are eaten.

Stem in triothots of a serpentine, or cucumber of the serpentine, or snake pumpkin

thin, length up to 3 m, the leaves are complex, three-seminal, root system lies shallow, like cucumbers. Women's flowers are single, male collected in busy inflorescences. Flowers' form is unusual and attractive: numerous elongated threads swirling at the ends are departed from white petals. By evening, the flowers begin to publish an amazing fragrance. Triogozant's fruits resemble Chinese cucumbers, and some of them are wriggled like snakes. They are from 50 to 150 cm long, and in diameter from 4 to 10 cm. The color of the fetus depends on the plant variety - it can be white, green, green in a white stripe or white in green. When ripening, the fruits gradually blush from the bottom up. Similar to pumpkin seeds in the fruits of Triogozant not more than 10 pieces. During the season from one plant, it is possible to remove up to two dozen fruits, which include carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals. The food is used to the food of fruits in the raw form, adding soups-mashed potatoes into its salads, boils out of it, baked and extinguished. Some tricozer varieties have an unpleasant smell from which you can get rid of the heat treatment only.

To the conditions of cultivation, the trico dress is not demanding, but if you want from the plant maximum return, then pick up a plot with fertile, water and air-permeable light seashed or soup soil for it. Groundwater Do not lay too close to the surface of the site. The tricozer is grown through seedlings, which is planted into the ground under the film for about April 15-20. Trehirtsant varieties are popular, such as Cucumber with marble and white fruits, Snack Guad - Chinese grade with white fruits in a dark green strip, Petopa Ular - Malaysian variety with light green fruits in a dark strip and Japanese satellite variety with green striped fruits, Spiral twisted.

Teat.

Or mexican cucumber - Cultural plant, well-known Maya, Aztecs and other ancient Indian tribes. Motherland tea - Central America. The main supplier teaboard is today Costa Rica, but it is cultivated in many countries with a warm climate.

Low-minded shoots of tea with longitudinal grooves reach a length of 20 m, clinging to the supports of the mustache. The root system is a fleece root, on which from the second year of growth is formed to a tent of the tuber weighing about 10 kg of yellow, yellow-green, light green, dark green or almost white with a white flesh, resembling a causta or potato flesh. Wide-edged, rigid hairs leaves a tea with a length of 10 to 25 cm, consisting of stupid fractions with a number of 3 to 7 pieces, are located on long stiffs. Greenish or cream flowers with a wedge with a diameter of about 1 cm. Single-sex - women's solitary flowers, and male collected in the brush. The fruit of tea is round or pear-like berries with a mass to a kilogram, a length of 7 to 20 cm with one plane seed of white color with a size of 3 to 5 cm. Peel in fruit shiny, thin, but durable, white, green or light yellow, Sometimes with longitudinal grooves or minor growths. White-green flesh, sweetish, starchy.

All parts of the tea - the leaves are edible, the tops of young shoots, which are used in stewed form, and unripe fruits - stews added in raw form in salads, baked, stuffed with meat or vegetables. Seeds tea time after roasting get a nut taste. Young tubers are preparing like potatoes, and the old cattle is fed. From the stems weave hats and other products.

Textile 7 amino acids, including arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, sugar, fiber, carbohydrate, starch, potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc , Vitamins C, PP and Group B.

Since at temperatures below 20 ºC tea ceases to grow, it is grown it only in a warm climate or in greenhouses. Soil tea is needed loose, well-drained, neutral reaction and rich, although with proper care it can be grown even on clay soils. There are beds with tea in places protected from wind and well-warmed and sun-lit.

Loofah

Loofah, or luffa or lUFFA (Lat. Luffa) It is a grassy liana family pumpkin. Lufa area - tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. According to various sources, there are from 8 to 50 species of the plant, but only two of them are grown in culture - cylindrical lufa and lufa isolating, more rarely and cold-resistant appearance, which grows well even in the northern regions. We all well-known products from the hubs are well known - bathing washcloths that can be bought in a shopping store, but much more interesting to grow them in the garden.

Liana Lufa reaches a length of 5 m. It has the leaves of the next, whole or five-semi-blade, large flowers, separate, white or yellow. Men's flowers form a cysterious inflorescence, and women grow singly. The elongated cylindrical flags of the hubs inside the fibrous and dry, with a large number of seeds. It is the fruits of certain types of hubs and are used for the manufacture of washcloths. And the fruits of such species like Lufa Egyptian and Ostrogry, are eaten. In plant seeds, more than 25% of oil suitable for technical purposes are contained. Make from the hubs also soap.

They grow lufa with a seaside way, while sitting down the past quenching seedlings on low ridges or beds in early May. The soil on the plot should be fertile, fertilous, neutral and preferably a suede. Choose a sunny and wind protected place for the lufa. If you are interested in edible fruits, it is better to grow a outer luifa, and if you need washcloths, then prefer the liquefy of cylindrical.

Momordika Charangery

Or bitter cucumber - a grassy annual monodomal liana growing in nature in the tropical areas of Asia, and in culture grown in the warm regions of the world - in China, in the Caribbean Islands, in South and Southeast Asia. The leaves of this species of MomaDiki have a scattering, flattened or rounded shape with a heart-shaped base. They are deeply trapped on 5-9 blades and are opposed on stiffs from 1 to 7 cm long. Moma-sex flowers, stubborn, with five yellow petals. The fruits are green, rough, with warts and wrinkles, cylindrical, oval or prehelovoid form. When ripening, they turn yellow or become orange. The pulp of fruit is sponge and dry, bitter, uneven shape, red-brown.

They grow a momigation sake of its fruits that are brought by immature, then they are soaked in salt water to remove bitterness, after which it stands or boasting. Also extinguished also young shoots, leaves and flowers of plants. Poisonous juice Momordiki is used to treat asthma, rheumatism and arthritis. To taste, the pulp of Momordika is similar to the flesh of tea or cucumber. It is nutritious and useful due to the content of large amounts of iron, beta-carotene, potassium, calcium and other elements important for the human body. Some compounds that are part of the fruit of momordics help treat HIV, malaria, diabetes of the second type, and plant juice is able to destroy pancreatic cancer cells.

The heat-loving plant is grown in greenhouses, greenhouses, on balconies and window sills. There are among the species of momordic and decorative plants for both indoor culture and growing along fences and arbors.

Cyclateter

Or achchach's cucumber or peruvian cucumber - type of plants of the kind of cyclancher of the Pumpkin family, cultivated in countries with a warm climate for edible fruits. The birthplace of this species is the countries of South America - Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. In the culture, the plant was introduced by the Incas, then they forgot about him for a long time, but today the interest in the cyclane is increased again. Young fruits cyclates are used in cheese, stew, fried, pickled and salty form, and flowers and shoots of the plant are also edible.

The cyclanger is a powerful one-year liano up to 5 m long, clinging behind the assholes. Plant leaves are regular, finger-dissected almost to the base of 5-7 parts. They grow so thickly that under them you can hide from the Zhugogo Summer Sun. Flowers are yellow, small - up to 1 cm in diameter, separation. Women's flowers are single, male are collected at 20-50 pieces in the blurred inflorescences with a length of 10-20 cm. Extended-oval fruits of cyclates with a diameter of up to 3 and a length of 5-7 cm are narrowed to both ends, and the top is usually twisted. Green peel of fruits in maturation becomes light green or cream. Black seeds of cyclates in an amount of 8-10 pieces are enclosed in a cell inside the fetus.

Plant seeds contain 28-30 amino acids, and the composition of the pulp of fruits includes phenols, peptine, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, lipids, tanning substances, resins, terpenes, sterols, vitamins and minerals. The cyclanger has an anesthetic, diuretic, choleretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, hypoglycemic effect.

It is grown by the cyclant seeds and seedlings, but it is very demanding of heat, so choose the sections protected from wind, well illuminated and warmed by the sun. The cyclateter is growing better on drained, loose loamy or sampling neutral reactions.

Beninkaza

Or pumpkin wax, or winter pumpkin - Herbal liana, view of the genus Beninkase, which is widely cultivated for the sake of edible fruits reaching a length of two meters. The surface of the misappropriate fruit has a velvety texture, but as it becomes smooth and covered with a wax chain, which allows the fetus to persist for a long time after cutting. At first, Beninkaz was cultivated only in Southeast Asia, then spread to the east and south.

Beninkaza is a liananoid annual with a well-developed root system and graved stems thick with a pencil reaching for a length of 4 m. The leaves in the wax pumpkin are long-coal, blade, but not so big, like other pumpkins. Flowers are very beautiful, large - up to 15 cm in diameter, orange-yellow, with five petals. Beninkase fruits can be round or oblong, and their weight can reach 10 kg, although in the middle strip they grow only to 5 kg.

The pulp of the fruit of the wax pumpkin has medicinal properties and is used in Chinese folk medicine to relieve pain, lowering the body temperature during fever and removing excess water from the body. Seeds are used as a tonic and sedative.

Beninkaza loves well-lit places and nutritious air-permeable neutral reaction soil.

Sican

Sican fragrant (lat. Sicana Odorifera), or pumpkin fragrant, or kassabanana - a large liana cultivated for the sake of fruits. It is a plant from Brazil, she also grows in Ecuador and Peru in the wild, and in culture is grown in all the tropical countries of America and in the Caribbean. In the middle strip it can be cultured in greenhouses.

The length of the lianovid stem sican reaches 15 m, and the leaves covered with hairs are 30 cm. The fruit is elliptical sicken, slightly curved, up to 11 cm in diameter and up to 60 cm long. His skin is smooth, glossy, dark purple, dark burgundy, orange-red or black. The flesh is juicy, fragrant, yellow or orange-yellow, and in her middle there is a fleshy core with a large number of flat seeds up to 16 and up to 6 mm wide.

According to the biological composition and taste, Sican resembles the sweet pumpkin fruits. It is added to the salad, fry and extinguished.

Mellriya

Also represents a lyazing grassy plant that originates from the tropical forests of Central America. In the culture, it is grown for small fruits in size 1.5-2 cm, to taste with reminiscent cucumbers, and in appearance - tiny watermelons. The leaves of Melotry are also similar to the cucumber, but they don't shine smallest and very long. Bright yellow female flowers are located apart, and men are collected in inflorescences. Melotry's vacuum can reach the length of 3 m and cling to the supports of the mustache, like the stems of other pumpkin plants. In addition to edible fruits, melotry forms tubers weighing up to 400 g, resembling the form and size of the batt and used for the preparation of salads.

They grow melting through seedlings in balcony boxes, in lattices or fences.

Properties of pumpkin plants

The common features of pumpkin plants are a fluttering or curly stem with stunning stuffing, which are actually modified shoots.

Pumpkin in most of its plants insectopiles, so the flowers of many of them have a strong aroma, embarrassing pollinators - bees, OS, bumblebees and steppe ants. Representatives of different types of pumpkin crops are not crosslinked, so they can be grown in close proximity to each other. Exceptions are only zucchini, zucchini and pumpkin ordinary, however, cross pollination of these crops, changing the genetic code of seeds, does not affect the quality of vegetables.

As a rule, flowers in pumpkin crops separately: women are located singly, and men form a creeping or blurred inflorescence.

The overwhelming majority of pumpkin plants fruit on the structure are similar to the berry. An example of this can serve as watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin and melon. Sometimes the most ripe seeds begin to germinate inside the fetus, and when the frozen fruit cracks, not only seeds fall out of it, but the seedlings that are very quickly rooted.

The best pumpkin cultures are growing on wind protected from wind, well-lit and heated by the South South or South-Western sites with a sugary or subweam soil of a neutral reaction.

The best predecessors for pumpkin are perennial herbs, potatoes, as well as onions, cabbage and carrots. It is undesirable to grow pumpkin in one place for several years in a row - this leads to accumulation in the soil of pathogenic organisms and, as a result, to a sharp decrease in the crop. After cleaning pumpkin crops, it is advisable to spend plowing or at least a deep portion of the site to close the vegetable residues and fertilizers - this will allow the next season to reduce the number of weeds, pests and causative agents of infection and activate the course of microbiological processes.

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Pumpkin family

The family of pumpkin is climbing, sharpening, curly herbs (shrubs and trees are very rare). There is more than one hundred childbirth and eight hundred fifty species. Most often they grow in the tropics and subtropics. In our country they grow such cultural plants Pumpkin families like cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, patisson, watermelon, melon. The fruits of this family are uncompressed juicy Thavins. Pumpkin fruits are the largest by weight, their weight can reach 50 kg (this plant has a record for the mass of the fetus). The most popular vegetables of this family are cucumbers, pumpkin, table watermelon, zucchini.

Cucumber is a monodomal annual herb plant from the Pumpkin family. This culture began to be grown in the III millennium BC. e. in India.

The plant forms a branching long stem, sprinkling on the ground or clinging to the support, on which large leaves and separation, i.e., male and female, flowers. Some varieties are routine. In addition, the varieties are divided into self-polling and insects. Most often, the cucumbers are pollinated by bees, after which the fruits are tied.

Cucumbers are the most common culture worldwide. They contain 3% of sucrose consisting of fructose and glucose, 0.4% pectin, 0.8% protein and many alkaline salts.

Fruits can be removed after 7-10 days after the formation of the wound. Such cucumbers are called radicals.

This culture loves a lot of light, heat and moisture. The cucumbers in Russia are grown almost everywhere: in the central and southern regions in the open soil, in the non-black-earth zone - under the film, which is removed in good weather, in the northern regions - in a secure soil.

In crop rot, the cucumbers should be located after bean, early potatoes, onions, eggplants, peppers and medium-gray cabbage.

Cucumber varieties and hybrids

Upon use, all varieties of cucumbers can be divided into lightweight, canned (for pickling and salting) and universal.

Salad cucumbers have thick peel, permeable to penetrate the salt, so they are not suitable for conservation.

Canned cucumbers peel thin and gentle, they also have an increased sugars content, which is important for salting.

Universal varieties can be used in fresh form, and for salting.

When choosing a variety, it is necessary to take into account the dates of ripeness and then for which soil it is intended.

In addition, all varieties can be divided into bee-pollinated and parthenocarpical. Beexious varieties for pollination and education are needed insects, or will have to use manual pollination. Parthenocarpic varieties have a female type of flowering and form fruit without pollination.

Altai early 186.– early Sort, beehoppy, short-flower, highly humble, which begins to be froning after 37-50 days after the appearance of germs. Yield is up to 6 kg / m 2. Fruits with a length of 6-9 cm, weighing 70-80 g, whiteish, small-baked, not yellow. The variety is quite resistant to mushroom disease and bacteriosis. Suitable for growing in the open ground, transfers short-term freezing, so you can plant and in nordic regions. Fruits are consumed in a fresh form.

Altai early 186.

Amur F1.- Parthenocarpic raven hybrid female flowering type. He is plentifully fruits, resistant to root rot, mildew and false torment. Suitable for growing in an open and protected ground. Zelenets grows up to 12-15 cm long and picks up a mass of 91 - 118 g, whiteish, fine-buggy. Fruits are consumed in a fresh form, but they are also suitable for canning and salting.

Amur F1.

Blike F1.it is a parthenokarpic hybrid. It begins to be froning after 56-57 days after germination, designed for growing in greenhouses. The yield is 24.5-25.6 kg / m 2. The plant is a medium-power, green golden, glossy, cylindrical, 14-16 cm long, weighing 88-102. The fruit has a good taste, without bitterness. The hybrid is medium resistant to gray rot, bacteriosis, mildew, ascohiticosis.

Blike F1.

Moscow Region Evenings F1.- Parthenokarpical early universal hybrid with a female blossom type. Suitable for growing in open ground, greenhouses and greenhouses, as well as on the balcony. The plant is shadowfully and can grow in thickened landings. Zelets cylindrical shape, low-rolled, 12-14 cm long. The hybrid is resistant to mildew, olive spottedness, false mildew.

Moscow Region Evenings F1.

Farmer F1.- a bee-peeped midverterous hybrid of universal destination, fruiting occurs after 42-45 days after the appearance of germs and continues to the most frosts. Suitable for all methods of cultivation. The yield in the open soil is 10-12 kg / m 2, in a protected ground - 20-24 kg / m 2. The cold-resistant plant, transfers minor frosts, and therefore you can sew seeds in fairly early time. Zelentsy whiteish, large-baked, up to 10-12 cm long. The hybrid is resistant to all types of mildew.

Farmer F1.

Nezhinsky 12.- Bee deurpusable late dealer. From shoots to fruiting - 47-67 days. The long-line plant, the main paste reaches 2 m. Designed for open soil and film shelters. Zelentsy elongated egg-shaped, black wool, large-baked, 10-12 cm long and a mass of 90-100 g. A variety is resistant to bacteriosis and olive spotting. Fruits are designed for salting.

Saltry 65.- Bee dexayable long-term lateral variety of universal destination, which begins to frig out of 58-60 days after the appearance of germs. The yield is 3.5-5 kg \u200b\u200b/ m 2. Zelets allen in size and shape, tuberculous, green with white stripes, a length of 11-13 cm and a mass of 114-120 g. A variety is resistant to false torment and mildew.

Saltry 65.

Growing cucumbers

Choosing a place for cucumbers, it must be borne in mind that they are very responsive to the light, heat and soil fertility. This is the thermal-loving culture among all vegetable plants. Shoots appear at a temperature of + 18-26 ° C, but if it is lowered to +15 ° C, then the growth of plants slows down sharply. At temperatures below +10 ° C, the cucumbers cease to grow and die. Therefore, planting this culture follows in beds protected from cold wind.

The cucumbers grow well on a drained high-grade soil. In the autumn, fresh manure must be made in front of the dawn plowing (1 m 2) or 40 g of superphosphate and 25 g of potash salt by 1 m 2. Spring should be harrowing and cultivation.

Plant plant seeds or seedy. In the open ground, they can be planted at the end of May, when the soil will warm up well. Seeds per month before landing it is necessary to warm up, starting at a temperature of + 18-20 ° C and increasing it in the first 2 days to +30 ° C, in the next 3 days - up to +52 ° C, and in the last day - up to + 78- 80 ° C. Then they should be moved with a mixture of TMTD and early in the ratio of 4 g and 5 g per 1 kg of seeds.

It is further important to calibrate seeds in 3% aqueous solution crash salt or ammonia nitrate. To do this, they must be omitted into the solution, mix and leave for 5-7 minutes, after which the solution and pop-up seeds merge. The seed seeds are washed in running water and dry at a temperature not higher than +40 ° C.

For prophylaxis viral diseases Seeds should be soaked in a 1% potassium mangartee solution for 1 h, after which rinse them in running water. In addition, they are often preserved before planting, bay water temperature.

Seeds are planted with a depth of 2 cm, the distance between them should be 10-12 cm, and between the lines - 50-70 cm. From return freezers and cold matineers of the plant should be protected by film shelters.

When planting this culture, sediate should be remembered that the cucumbers are poorly transferred to transplant due to the fragility of their root system, so it is best to grow in the seedlings to grow in a peat-up potted pots, which are then lowered into the soil along with the plant.

Care behind the cucumbers includes soil loosenings, weeding, patching of shoots, regular watering and feeding. The first loosening is carried out after shooting. Then they repeat them every 10 days.

Above the third or fourth sheet, the plant should be adjusted, climbing or raising the top kidneys. It stimulates the rustling of fruiting side shoots. In addition, the cucumber vacuum can be copied to the ground, which contributes to the formation of the apparent roots, which will increase the nutrition of the plants.

The cucumbers must be regularly watering in the evening with warm water, however, remember that the oversupply of moisture can lead to the development of rot, and the death of the roots, and its disadvantage - to slowing the growth of Zelertov and the formation of bitterness in them. Every 2 weeks under the culture should be made mineral fertilizers, alternating them with organic liquid feeding.

Mulching is a good taking care of cucumbers. The soil between the rows is covered with manure, straw sharp, polyethylene film (black or light), kraft paper. This layer protects the plant from frosts, reduces water consumption during irrigation, soil clogs by weeds, which helps to avoid its seal and increases yields.

The cultivation of cucumbers in the protected ground has its own characteristics, although the main agrotechnical techniques are the same as when growing in the open ground. You can sow cucumbers in the middle of May. Inside the greenhouse along the series of seedlings, it is necessary to tighten the wire (a sleeper) and as shoots grow to tie them with twine. In the greenhouse, it is necessary to maintain thermal regime, preventing sudden temperature drops. So, the temperature should be in the range of + 23-36 ° C, at night - + 19-20 ° C. In addition, in the heat it is very important to maintain high humidity in the greenhouse.

When growing cucumbers under the film, it should be removed gradually, first on just a few minutes, but then the time spent on the outdoors should be increased.

When growing cucumbers on the sets, it is necessary to raise the rustic screens in a timely manner. Be sure to carry out irrigation of plants.

During vegetation due to unfavorable conditions, the cucumbers may be affected by various diseases: milderous dew, bacteriosis, anthracnose, false mildew and muggy tle. For the fight against diseases, pesticides are used: Eufalum, Ridomyl (72%), Copper Chlorine (2-2.5 kg / ha), balleton (25%), quadris-250 SC.

Against Bakhcheva Tlima, karate (0.1 l / ha), Bi-58 (0.5-1 l / ha), anti-ants, wire, larvae of Rosthod, fury, fury (10% solution), Decis-Duplet, Anti-pawless tick is accomplished (50% solution), Mitak (20% solution), TALTAR (10% solution).

The cucumbers begin to collect in mid-July, every 1-2 days, and the more often harvest is harvest, the more fruits are formed. Collecting Zelentsa is better early in the morning, cutting off their knife or pressed his finger on the fruoz. It is impossible to turn over or lift the screens, as they are very easy to break.

From the book Amateur Fisheries [With Illustrations] Author Kurkin Boris Mikhailovich

Family sturgeon fish of this family differ significantly from all other facts that there are five longitudinal rows of bone bones on their elongated, spind-shaped body - convex, on top of the wrong shape. There are one row of them on the back, two - on the sides of the body and two -

From the book Hunting and Fishery Beasts and Trofy Author Fandev Alexey Alexandrovich

The family of a partitioned family among man-fate varieties is highlighted in a special family. In contrast to the density of their horns, they do not branch, they do not change and grow all their life (with the exception of the American Wilorogue Antelope), representing the horn covers sitting on the growing

From the book Handbook of Domestic Livestock by Kharchuk Yuri.

Family doggy

From the book full encyclopedia of farmer Author Gavrilov Alexey Sergeevich

Equipment and materials: Herburning samples of white, cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkins, mad cucumber.

Passport family

Rodov -90 (8), species - 700 (9).

Flowers - * ♂SA (5) CO (5) A (5-3) G 0; * ♀♀ (5) CO (5) A 0 G (5-3).

Pollination - insects.

Fruits - Topics: Tolstoyed Berry or Thavina, less often Box, berry, seeds apply to animals.

Pharmacy - single and perennial herbs, lianas.

Distribution - tropical and subtropical areas.

There are no moderate bands in the natural flora.

Cultural plants - Citrulus,Cucumis, Cucurbita., Luffa., Melo..

The task

Analyze one plant from pumpkin - repaid, cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin, mad cucumber. Make a description of it, guided by the general scheme.

Draw Escape, Stitching and Pestish Flowers, Fruit.

As an example, the pumpkin ordinary ( Cucurbita. pEPO.) (Fig. 79), cultivated in the southern and moderate regions of Russia.

The plant is annual cultivated herbaceous. Stems of angular ribbed or acute-grocery, peeling or climbing with simple spiral-spinning mustache. Stems reach lengths up to 10 m or more. The leaves are arranged alternately, with thickened sweets, simple, five-eyed with sharp blades. Stems and leaves are covered with hard hairs (spines).

Separed flowers, actinorphic, single, large. Stitching flowers are often collected in bundles located on short bluers in the sinuses of the leaves. One-bed plant. Double dual. The green five-sufficant cup is growing at the base with a five-pointed wheeling wedge. The lobes of the whisk are pointed, dotted. Androitsa in men's flowers consists of 5 stamens attached to the hypoty, 4 of them are growing pairwise threads (Fig. 74, 6). In the female flower Ginetsa, a price charter, formed by three controversial structures. Pestc with a shaggy three-nest bottom bandy, a short, surrendered column and three thick stigs. Formula of the stincher flower - * ♂CA (5) CO (5) A (2) + (2) +1 G 0; Pestone - * ♀CA (5) CO (5) A 0 G (3). Fruits are large quivilets, 15 - 40 cm in diameter, diverse in shape and color. Seeds are light yellow, with rather large fleshy seedlings.

Fig. 79. Common pumpkin:

1 - part of the blooming escape; 2 - female flower diagram; 3 - female flower; 4 - pestle; 5 - male flower in the context; 6 - Androz; 7 - male flower diagram

Mature, purified by the residues of the fleet pulp and dried seeds of cultivated annual pumpkin plants, T. large ( C.. maxima.), t. Muscate ( C.. moschata.) Used as a drug and medicinal raw materials.

Pumpkin large has cylindrical gently pubescent stems. Leaves are five-weddable, honest, with stupid rounded blades, severe. Rolling rods rounded. Fruits flattened-ball. Seeds are large white or yellowish.

The pumpkin nutmeg stalks are stabbed, gently pubescent, leaves 5 - 7-blade, rounded-sconium, with sharp blades. The lobes of the whisk are pointed, bent. Fruits elongated with interception in the middle, diverse in color. Seeds are dirty and white.

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