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Comparing the past and the present is necessary to improve the future, while it is desirable not to repeat the mistakes of the ancestors. The USSR is once a mighty superpower that made a significant contribution to the development of society in its time. Five-year plans were one of the cornerstones of the life of Soviet citizens. According to their results, historians can judge the industrialization of the country, compare the achievements of the past and the present, find out how far our generation has gone technologically and what else is worth striving for. So, the topic of this article is the five-year plan in the USSR. The table below will help to structure the acquired knowledge in a logical order.
First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)
So, it began in the name of building socialism. The country after the revolution needed industrialization in order to keep up with the leading European powers. In addition, only with the help of a forced build-up of industrial potential could it be possible to rally the country and bring the USSR to a new military level, as well as to raise the level of agriculture throughout the vast territory. According to the government, a strict and irreproachable plan was needed.
Thus, the main goal was to build up military power as quickly as possible.
The main tasks of the first five-year plan
At the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, at the end of 1925, Stalin expressed the idea that it was necessary to turn the USSR from a country importing imported weapons and equipment into a country that itself could produce and supply all this to other states. Of course, there were people who expressed an ardent protest, but it was suppressed by the opinion of the majority. Stalin himself became interested in making the country a leader in the very first five-year plan, putting metallurgy in first place. So, the process of industrialization had to go through 4 stages:
- Revival of transport infrastructure.
- Expansion of economic sectors related to the extraction of materials and agriculture.
- Redistribution of state-owned enterprises across the territory.
- Changes in the work of the energy complex.
All four processes did not take place in turn, but were intricately intertwined. Thus began the first five-year plan for the industrialization of the country.
It was not possible to realize all the ideas, however, the production of heavy industry increased almost 3 times, and mechanical engineering - 20 times. Naturally, such a successful completion of the project caused quite natural joy for the government. Of course, the first five-year plans in the USSR were hard for people. A table with the results of the first of them would contain the following words as a slogan or subtitle: "The main thing is to start!"
It was at this time that many recruiting posters appeared, reflecting the main goal and identity of the Soviet people.
The main construction projects at that time were coal mines in the Donbass and Kuzbass, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve the financial independence of the USSR. The most prominent building is the DneproGES. The year 1932 was marked by the end of not only the first five-year plan, but also the most important construction for heavy industry.
The new power by leaps and bounds strengthens its status in Europe.
Five Year Plan Number Two (1933-1937)
The second five-year plan in high circles was called the "five-year plan of collectivization" or "public education." It was approved by the VII Congress of the CPSU (b). After heavy industry, the country needed development National economy. It was this area that became the main goal of the second five-year plan.
The main directions of the second five-year plan
The main forces and finances of the government at the beginning of the "five-year plan of collectivization" were directed to the construction of metallurgical plants. Uralo-Kuzbass appeared, the first current of the DneproGES started up. The country did not lag behind scientific achievements. So, the second five-year plan was marked by the first landing at the North Pole of the Papanin expedition, the polar station SP-1 appeared. The subway was under construction.
At this time, great emphasis was placed on among the workers. The most famous drummer of the five-year plan is Alexei Stakhanov. In 1935 he set new record, completing the norm of 14 shifts in one shift.
Third Five-Year Plan (1938-1942)
The beginning of the third five-year plan was marked by the slogan: “To catch up and overtake the per capita production of the developed.”
Directions of the third five-year plan
By the beginning of 1941, almost half (43%) of the country's capital investments went to raising the level of heavy industry. On the eve of the war in the USSR, in the Urals and in Siberia, fuel and energy bases developed rapidly. It was necessary for the government to create a "second Baku" - a new oil production area, which was supposed to appear between the Volga and the Urals.
Particular attention was paid to tank, aviation and other plants of this kind. The level of production of ammunition and artillery pieces has increased significantly. However, the armament of the USSR still lagged behind the Western one, in particular from the German one, but they were not in a hurry with the release of new types of weapons even in the first months of the war.
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950)
After the war, all countries had to revive their production and economy, the USSR managed to do this almost completely at the end of the 40s, when the fourth term began. The five-year plan did not imply an increase in military power, as before, but the revival of a society lost in all spheres of life during the war.
The main achievements of the fourth five-year plan
In just two years, the same level of industrial production as before the war was reached, even though the plans for the second and third five-year plans put forward harsh work standards. In 1950, the main production assets returned to the 1940 level. When the 4th Five-Year Plan ended, the industry grew by 41%, and the construction of buildings - by 141%.
The new DneproGES was put into operation again, all the mines of Donbass were restored. On this note, the 4th five-year period ended.
Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955)
During the fifth five-year plan, atomic weapons became widespread, appeared in Obninsk, and at the beginning of 1953, N. S. Khrushchev took the post of head of state instead of I. V. Stalin.
The main achievements of the fifth five-year plan
Since capital investments in industry doubled, the volume of output also increased (by 71%), in agriculture - by 25%. Soon new metallurgical plants were built - Caucasian and Cherepovets. The Tsimlyanskaya and Gorkovskaya HPPs were featured in full or in part on the front page. And at the end of the fifth five-year plan, science heard about atomic and hydrogen bombs.
Finally, the first and Omsk oil refineries were built, and the rate of coal production increased significantly. And 12.5 million hectares of new lands came into circulation.
Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960)
More than 2,500 major enterprises were put into operation when the sixth five-year plan began. At the end of it, in 1959, a parallel seven-year plan began. The national income of the country has risen by 50%. Capital investment at this time doubled again, which led to the widespread development light industry.
The main achievements of the sixth five-year plan
Gross industrial output and Agriculture increased by more than 60%. Gorkovskaya, Volzhskaya, Kuibyshevskaya were completed, and by the end of the five-year plan, the world's largest worsted plant was built in Ivanovo. Active development of virgin lands began in Kazakhstan. The USSR finally got a nuclear missile shield.
The world's first satellite was launched on October 4, 1957. Heavy industry developed with incredible efforts. However, there were more failures, so the government organized a seven-year plan, including the seventh five-year plan and the last two years of the sixth.
Seventh Five-Year Plan (1961-1965)
As you know, in April 1961, the first man in the world flew into space. This event marked the beginning of the seventh five-year plan. The national income of the country continues to grow rapidly and increases by almost 60% over the next five years. Gross industrial products grew by 83%, agriculture - by 15%.
By mid-1965, the USSR was at the forefront of coal mining and iron ore, as well as for the production of cement, and this is not surprising. The country was still actively developing heavy industry and the construction industry, cities were growing before our eyes, and cement was needed for strong buildings.
Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)
The five-year plan did not involve the production of materials, but the construction of new buildings and factories. Cities continue to expand. Leonid Brezhnev takes over as head of state. During these five years, many metro stations appeared, the West Siberian and Karaganda metallurgical plants, the first automobile plant VAZ (output: 600 thousand cars per year), the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station - the largest station in the world at that time.
Active housing construction solved the problem of deprivation (the echo of the war still reverberated in big cities). At the end of 1969, more than 5 million residents received new apartments. After the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin into space, astronomy made a big leap forward, the first lunar rover was created, soil was brought from the Moon, the machines reached the surface of Venus.
Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975)
During the ninth five-year plan, more than a thousand industrial enterprises, the gross volume of industrial production increased by 45%, and agricultural - by 15%. The automotive industry is actively developing, cars and railways are being repaired. Capital investments exceeded 300 billion rubles a year.
Development of oil and gas wells in Western Siberia led to the construction of many enterprises, the laying of oil pipelines. Because with the advent a large number factories, the level of the employed population also increased, the sign "Drummer of the Ninth Five-Year Plan" was established (for difference in labor and production).
Tenth Five-Year Plan (1976-1980)
The active increase in national income and industrial output begins to decline. Now the country does not need a huge growth of enterprises, but the stable development of all industries is always necessary.
Oil production came to the fore, so in five years a lot of oil pipelines were built, stretching across Western Siberia, where hundreds of stations deployed their work. The number of working equipment has increased significantly: tractors, combines, trucks.
Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-1985)
An extremely turbulent time began for the USSR. Everyone in the government felt the coming of the crisis, for which there were many reasons: internal, external, political and economic. At one time, it was possible to change the structure of power without abandoning socialism, but none of this was produced. Because of the crisis, the people occupying the leading positions of the state were replaced very quickly. So, L. I. Brezhnev remained secretary of the CPSU Central Committee until 11/10/1982, Yu. V. Andropov held this position until 02/13/1984, K. U. Chernenko - until 03/10/1985.
Gas transportation from Western Siberia to Western Europe continues to develop. The Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod oil pipeline, 4,500 km long, was built, crossing the Ural Range and hundreds of rivers.
Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990)
The last five-year plan for the USSR. During its time it was planned to implement a long-term economic strategy but the plans were not destined to come true. At this time, many received the badge of the shock worker of the twelfth five-year plan: collective farmers, workers, specialists from enterprises, engineers ... It was planned (and partially implemented) to organize the production of light industry.
Five-year plans of the USSR: summary table
So, we briefly listed all the five-year plans in the USSR. The table presented to your attention will help to systematize and summarize the above material. It contains the most important aspects of each plan.
Plan objectives | The main buildings of the five-year plans | Results |
|
At any cost, increase military power and increase the level of production of heavy industry. | Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, DneproGES, coal mines in Donbass and Kuzbass. | The production of heavy industry increased by a factor of 3 and that of mechanical engineering by a factor of 20, and unemployment was eliminated. |
|
JV Stalin: "We must catch up with the advanced countries in 5-10 years, otherwise we will be crushed." The country needed to increase the level of all types of industry, both heavy and light. | Uralo-Kuzbass is the second coal and metallurgical base of the country, the navigable canal "Moscow - Volga". | The national income and industrial production increased significantly (by 2 times), rural - by 1.5 times. |
|
Due to the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany, the main forces were thrown into the country's defense and the production of machines, as well as heavy industry. | Emphasis on educational institutions at the beginning of the five-year plan, after the efforts are transferred to the Urals: aircraft, machines, guns and mortars are produced there. | The country suffered heavy losses due to the war, but the defense capability and the production of heavy industry made significant progress. |
|
4th | Restoration of the country after the Great Patriotic War. It is necessary to achieve the same level of production as in the pre-war period. | The DneproGES, the power plants of Donbass and the North Caucasus are being put back into operation. | By 1948, the pre-war level was reached, the United States was deprived of its monopoly on atomic weapons, and prices for goods of first demand were significantly reduced. |
Increase in national income and industrial output. | Volga-Don Shipping Canal (1952). Obninsk NPP (1954). | Many reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations have been built, and the level of industrial production has doubled. Science learns about atomic and hydrogen bombs. |
|
Increased investment not only in heavy industry, but also in light industry, as well as in agriculture. | Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk and Worsted plant (Ivanovo). | Capital investments have almost doubled, and the lands of Western Siberia and the Caucasus are being actively developed. |
|
Increase in national income and development of science. | raising basic production assets by 94%, national income grew by 62%, gross industrial output by 65%. | ||
An increase in all indicators: gross industrial output, agriculture, national income. | The Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Saratov hydroelectric power stations, the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, and the Volga Automobile Plant (VAZ) are being built. The first lunar rover was created. | Astronomy advanced (soil was brought from the Moon, the surface of Venus was reached), nat. income grew by 44%, the volume of industry - by 54%. |
|
To develop the domestic economy and mechanical engineering. | Construction of refineries in Western Siberia, the beginning of the construction of an oil pipeline. | Significantly develops chemical industry after the development of deposits in Western Siberia. 33 thousand km of gas pipelines and 22.5 thousand km of oil pipelines have been laid. |
|
Opening of new enterprises, development of Western Siberia and the Far East. | Kama plant, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power station. | The number of gas and oil pipelines has increased. New industries have emerged. |
|
Eleventh | To increase the efficiency of the use of production assets. | The Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod oil pipeline, 4,500 km long. | The length of gas and oil pipelines has reached 110 and 56 thousand km, respectively. The national income has risen, social payments have been increased. The technical equipment of factories has been expanded. |
twelfth | Implementation of the reformist economic strategy. | Mostly residential buildings are being built. | The production of light industry has been partially established. Increasing the power supply of enterprises. |
However difficult these plans may be, the results of the five-year plans show the perseverance and courage of the people. Yes, not everything was done. The sixth five-year plan had to be "extended" at the expense of the seven-year plan.
Although the five-year plans were difficult in the USSR (the table is a direct confirmation of this), the Soviet people steadfastly coped with all the norms and even exceeded their plans. The main slogan of all five-year plans was: "Five-year plan in four years!"
Great construction sites
Party, country took over hard work on the implementation of the "five-year plan", as the plan began to be called in abbreviated form. A whole constellation of construction sites has sprung up both in old industrial areas and in promising new areas where there was little or no industry before. There was a reconstruction of old factories in Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, in the Donbass: they were expanded and equipped with new imported equipment. Completely new enterprises were built, they were conceived on a large scale and based on the most modern technology; construction was often carried out according to projects ordered abroad: in America, Germany. The plan gave priority to branches of heavy industry: fuel, metallurgical, chemical, electric power, as well as engineering in general, that is, the sector that would be called upon to make the USSR technically independent, in other words, capable of producing its own machines. For these industries, giant construction sites were created, enterprises were built with which the memory of the first five-year plan will forever be associated, about which the whole country, the whole world will talk: Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk, and then Kharkov tractor plants, huge heavy engineering plants in Sverdlovsk and Kramatorsk, automobile plants in Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, the first ball-bearing plant, chemical plants in Bobriky and Berezniki.
The most famous among the new buildings were two metallurgical plants: Magnitogorsk - in the Urals and Kuznetsk - in Western Siberia. The decision to build them was taken after long and bitter disputes between the Ukrainian and Siberian-Ural leaders, which began in 1926 and dragged on until the end of 1929. The former emphasized that the expansion of already existing metallurgical enterprises in the south of the country would require lower costs; the second - the prospects for the industrial transformation of the Soviet East. Finally, military considerations tipped the scales in favor of the latter. In 1930, the decision took on a large-scale development - the creation in Russia, along with the southern one, of a "second industrial base", a "second coal and metallurgical center". Kuzbass coal was supposed to serve as fuel, and ore was to be delivered from the Urals, from the bowels of the famous Magnitnaya mountain, which gave its name to the city of Magnitogorsk. The distance between these two points was 2 thousand km. The long trains had to shuttle from one to the other, carrying ore in one direction and coal in the opposite direction. The question of the costs associated with all this was not taken into account, since it was a question of creating a new powerful industrial region, remote from the borders and, therefore, protected from the threat of attack from outside.
Many enterprises, starting with the two colossi of metallurgy, were built in the bare steppe, or, in any case, in places where there was no infrastructure, outside or even far from settlements. Apatite mines in the Khibiny, designed to provide raw materials for the production of superphosphate, were generally located in the tundra on the Kola Peninsula, beyond the Arctic Circle.
The history of great construction projects is unusual and dramatic. They went down in history as one of the most amazing achievements of the 20th century. Russia lacked the experience, specialists, and equipment to carry out work of this magnitude. Tens of thousands of people began to build, practically relying only on own hands. They dug the earth with shovels, loaded it onto wooden wagons - the famous grabarki, which stretched back and forth in an endless line from morning to night. An eyewitness says: “From a distance, the construction site seemed like an anthill ... Thousands of people, horses and even ... camels worked in clouds of dust.” First, the builders huddled in tents, then in wooden barracks: 80 people in each, less than 2 square meters. m per soul.
At the construction of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, for the first time, it was decided to continue construction in the winter. We had to hurry. Therefore, they worked at 20, 30, 40 degrees below zero. Before the eyes of foreign consultants, sometimes admiring, but more often skeptical about this picture, which they perceived primarily as a spectacle of grandiose chaos, expensive and most modern equipment purchased abroad was installed.
One of the leading participants recalls the birth of the first Stalingrad Tractor Plant in this way: “Even those who saw this time with their own eyes, it is not easy to remember now what it all looked like. It is completely impossible for younger people to imagine everything that rises from the pages of an old book. One of its chapters is called like this: "Yes, we broke machines." This chapter was written by L. Makaryants, a Komsomol member, a worker who came to Stalingrad from a Moscow factory. Even for him, American machine tools without belt transmissions, with an individual motor, were a marvel. He didn't know how to deal with them. And what about the peasants who came from the countryside? They were illiterate - reading and writing was a problem for them. Everything was a problem back then. There were no spoons in the dining room… Bedbugs in the barracks were a problem…”. And here is what the first director of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant wrote in a book published in the early 1930s: “In the mechanical assembly shop, I went up to the guy who was grinding the shells. I suggested to him: "Measure". He began to measure with his fingers ... We didn’t have a tool, a measuring tool. ” In a word, it was more of a massive assault than systematic work. Under these conditions, acts of selflessness, personal courage, fearlessness were numerous, all the more heroic, since for the most part they were destined to remain unknown. There were people who dived into the icy water to patch up the hole; who, even with a temperature, without sleep and rest, did not leave their work post for several days; who did not descend from the scaffolding, even to have a bite, if only to quickly set the blast furnace in motion ...
Among Soviet authors who today trust paper with their reflections on that period and evaluate it in accordance with their own ideological preferences, some are inclined to attribute the merit of this impulse to the extraordinary stamina of the Russian people in the most difficult trials, while others, on the contrary, to the latent energy lurking in the popular masses and the liberated revolution. Be that as it may, from many reminiscences it is clear that a powerful stimulus for many people was the idea that short term at the cost of exhausting hard efforts, one can create a better, that is, socialist, future. This was discussed at the rallies. At meetings, they recalled the exploits of the fathers in 1917–1920. and urged the youth to "overcome all difficulties" in order to lay the foundation for the "bright building of socialism." At a time when crisis raged throughout the rest of the world, "the youth and workers in Russia," as one English banker remarked, "lived in a hope which, unfortunately, is so lacking today in the capitalist countries." Such collective feelings are not born by spontaneous reproduction. Undoubtedly, to be able to generate and maintain such a wave of enthusiasm and trust is no small merit in itself; and this merit belonged to the party and the Stalinist trend, which from now on completely led it. One cannot deny the validity of Stalin's reasoning when, in June 1930, at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he declared, in fact, betraying his innermost thought, that without the idea of "socialism in one country", this impulse would not have been possible. . “Take away from him (the working class. - Note. ed.) confidence in the possibility of building socialism, and you will destroy all ground for competition, for labor upsurge, for shock work.”
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The great construction sites of communism - this is what all global projects were called Soviet government: highways, canals, stations, reservoirs.
One can argue about the degree of their “greatness”, but there is no doubt that these were grandiose projects of their time.
"Magnitogorsk"
Russia's largest Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works was designed in the late spring of 1925 by the Soviet institute UralGipromez. According to another version - the design was carried out American company from Clinwood, and the US Steel plant in Gary, Indiana, became the prototype of Magnitogorsk. All three "heroes" who stood at the "helm" of the construction of the plant - the manager Gugel, the builder Maryasin and the head of the trust Valerius - were shot in the 30s. January 31, 1932 - the first blast furnace is launched. The construction of the plant took place in the most difficult conditions, while most of the work was carried out manually. Despite this, thousands of people from all over the Union hurried to Magnitogorsk. Foreign specialists, primarily Americans, were also actively involved.
Belomorkanal
The White Sea-Baltic Canal was supposed to connect the White Sea and Lake Onega and provide access to Baltic Sea and the Volga-Baltic waterway. The canal was built by the forces of Gulag prisoners in record time - less than two years (1931-1933). The length of the canal is 227 kilometers. It was the first construction in the Soviet Union, implemented exclusively by prisoners, which may be why the Belomorkanal is not always ranked among the "great construction projects of communism." Each builder of the White Sea Canal was called a "prisoned canal soldier" or abbreviated as "ze-ka", from which the slang word "zek" came from. Campaign posters of that time read: “Your term will melt from hot work!” Indeed, many of those who made it to the end of construction alive had their deadlines reduced. On average, the death rate reached 700 people a day. “Hot work” also influenced nutrition: the more the “ze-ka” worked out, the more impressive the “rations” received. Standard - 500 gr. bread and seaweed gruel.
Baikal-Amur Mainline
One of the largest railway lines in the world was built with huge interruptions, starting from 1938 and ending in 1984. The most difficult section - the North-Musky Tunnel - was put into permanent operation and only in 2003. The initiator of the construction was Stalin. Songs were composed about BAM, laudatory articles were published in newspapers, films were made. The construction was positioned as a feat of youth and, of course, no one knew that prisoners who had survived after the construction of the White Sea Canal were sent to the construction site in 1934. In the 1950s, about 50 thousand prisoners worked at BAM. Each meter of BAM is worth one human life.
Volga-Don Canal
An attempt to connect the Don and the Volga was made by Peter the Great in 1696. In the 30s of the last century, a construction project was created, but the war prevented its implementation. Work resumed in 1943 immediately after the completion of Battle of Stalingrad. However, the date of commencement of construction should still be considered 1948, when the first earthworks began. In addition to volunteers and military builders, 236,000 prisoners and 100,000 prisoners of war took part in the construction of the canal route and its facilities. In journalism one can find descriptions of the most terrible conditions in which prisoners lived. Dirty and lousy from the lack of the opportunity to wash regularly (there was one bath for everyone), half-starved and sick - this is how the disenfranchised "builders of communism" actually looked. The canal was built in 4.5 years - and this is a unique period in the world history of the construction of hydraulic structures.
Plan for the transformation of nature
The plan was adopted at the initiative of Stalin in 1948 after a drought and a raging famine of 46-47. The plan included the creation of forest belts, which were supposed to block the hot southeast winds - dry winds, which would change the climate. Forest belts were planned to be located on an area of 120 million hectares - that's how much England, Italy, France, the Netherlands and Belgium together take. The plan also included the construction of an irrigation system, during which 4,000 reservoirs appeared. It was planned to complete the project before 1965. More than 4 million hectares of forest were planted, and the total length of forest belts was 5,300 km. The state solved the country's food problem, while part of the bread began to be exported. After Stalin's death in 1953, the program was curtailed, and in 1962 the USSR was again shaken by a food crisis - bread and flour disappeared from the shelves, shortages of sugar and butter began.
Volzhskaya HPP
The construction of the largest hydroelectric power plant in Europe began in the summer of 1953. Next to the construction site, in the tradition of that time, the Gulag was deployed - the Akhtubinsky ITL, which employed more than 25 thousand prisoners. They were engaged in laying roads, laying power lines and general preparatory work. They, of course, were not allowed to directly work on the construction of a hydroelectric power station. Sappers also worked at the facility, who were engaged in demining the site for future construction and the bottom of the Volga - the proximity to Stalingrad made itself felt. About 40 thousand people and 19 thousand various mechanisms and cars. In 1961, having turned from the "Stalingrad HPP" into the "Volzhskaya HPP named after the 21st Congress of the CPSU", the station was put into operation. It was solemnly opened by Khrushchev himself. The HPP was a gift for the 21st Congress, at which Nikita Sergeevich, by the way, announced his intention to build communism by 1980.
Bratsk HPP
The construction of a hydroelectric power station began in 1954 on the Angara River. The small village of Bratsk soon grew into a large city. The construction of the hydroelectric power station was positioned as a shock Komsomol construction site. Hundreds of thousands of Komsomol members from all over the Union came to the development of Siberia. Until 1971, the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Plant was the largest in the world, and the Bratsk Reservoir became the world's largest artificial reservoir. When it was filled, about 100 villages were flooded. The tragedy of "Angara Atlantis", in particular, is dedicated to the penetrating work of Valentin Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora".
Russian seven
P.S. Strange data is given by the author of this material regarding the construction of two canals: he writes that information about the difficult life of the builders was taken from ... journalism. I'm surprised! Now, a lot of materials from the archives have appeared on the network, which describes in detail the food and the maintenance of all the canal builders. Everything was quite decent and even according to the recollections of the builders themselves! And the figure: 700 people died per day. What is this: then, how many had to die in a year? In a month - 21 thousand, in 10 months - 210 thousand. Does the author think what he wrote? Something like those 40 million who died in the Gulag, according to Solzhenitsyn. Some nonsense! What the prisoners built later on the Volga-Don is clear to everyone. And who was supposed to build in those years? So these data are taken from the 90s out of habit to throw mud at everything that was in the USSR.
KOMSOMOL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE USSR:
1) One of the ways of or-ga-ni-za-tsii build-tel-st-va and re-re-ras-pre-de-le-niya ra-bo-whose si-ly in folk ho -zyay-st-ve.
2) Na-rod-but-ho-zyay-st-ven-ny objects-ek-you, from-vet-st-ven-ness for the builder-tel-st-in someone took on himselfKomsomol .
Did it also have an ideological meaning: should we serve as a measure of someone’s mu-ni-istic relationship to work.
Status of Komsomol construction projects attached to construction facilities to provide their -the completion of their build-tel-st-va at the lowest cost. The most-more-significant-of-our-native-but-ho-zyay-st-vein-objects-you-on-lu-cha-whether the status of All-so-uz-ny shock Komsomol construction. On-ho-di-lissed mainly in labor-but-access-stupid and small-lo-about-zhi-ty districts.
The list of Komsomol construction projects was approved by the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League on the basis of the proposals of party, trade-union union and Kom-so-mol-or -g-nov, ministries and departments and in accordance with the State Plan of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Komsoml construction projects were a set of ra-bo-whose forces in the middle of the production of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of the so-called public prizes mo-lo-de -zhi and dismissed in the reserve of the military, as well as at the expense of temporary good-ro-free com-so-mol-sko-mo-lo-dezh- nyh construction teams.
At the Komsomol construction sites, they practiced their own methods of organizing labor. The de-st-in-va-whether com-so-mol-sky headquarters (ra-bo-ta-li under the leadership of the Komsomol construction committee), as part of someone ryh enter-di-whether mo-lo-dye ra-bo-chie, b-ga-di-ry and spets-sia-lists, pre-hundred-vi-te-whether the hosts-st-ven-nyh and trade-union organizations, kom-so-mol-skie ak-ti-vi-stas of installation and special-cion-ized organizations, sub-sub-row-nyh sub-times-de-le-ny. Headquarters would be joint with prof-so-yuz-ny-mi or-ga-ni-for-tion-mi pro-vo-di-whether so-rev-but-va-nie among-di com-so-mol- sko-mo-lo-dezhny-nyh-lek-ti-vov. In the brigades, at the construction sites, they created-yes-va-lied-stay "Kom-so-mol-sko-go pro-jek-to-ra" to fight for uk -re-p-le-ne labor-do-howl dis-qi-p-li-na, eco-no-miya building materials, effective use zo-va-nie tech-no-ki. “Le-the-piss of a shock-stroy-ki” was conducted, in some way for-but-si-li-li-for-the-yo-lo-dykh of the ra-bo-chihs and sp-tsia-li- stov, com-so-mol-sko-mo-lo-dean-ny collectives-lek-ti-vov, made a significant contribution to the fulfillment of plans for construction-tel-st-va .
The first construction site of the Komsomol was the construction of the Vol-khov hydroelectric power station. In the 1920s and 1930s, Komsomol construction projects were announced Sel-mash-stroy (Ros-tov-na-Do-nu), Trak-to-ro-stroy (Sta-lin- hail), Ural-mash-st-roy, builder-tel-st-vo Ura-lo-Kuz-nets-ko-go metal-lurgy-com-bi-na-ta, Kom-so-mol- ska-on-Amu-re, first eye-re-di of the Moscow metro-ro-po-li-te-na, railway ma-gi-st-ra-li Ak-mo-linsk - Kar-ta-ly .
In the 1950s-1970s, to the All-Union shock Komsomol construction projects from-no-si-moose build-tel-st-vo Bratskaya, Dnep-ro-Dzerzhin-skaya, Kras- no-yar hydroelectric power station, nuclear power plants, oil-te-pro-vo-da Ufa - Omsk, Omsk - Irkutsk, gas ma-gi-st-ra- lei Bu-kha-ra - Ural, Sa-ra-tov - Gor-kiy, Aba-kan railway line - Tai-shet, Bai-ka-lo-Amur railway ma-gi-st-ra-li , the first eye-re-day of a series of za-vo-dov (Kras-no-yar-sko-go, Ir-kut-sko-go and Pav-lo-dar-sko-go alu-mi-nie -out, An-gar-sko-go and Om-sko-go nave-te-pe-re-ra-ba-you-vayu-shchih, Western-but-Si-bir-sko-go and Ka- ra-gan-din-sko-go metal-lur-gi-che-sky), etc. number of 114 industrial and transport enterprises (154 in 1962, 135 in 1982, 63 in 1987). The principles of organization of labor, adopted at Komsomol construction sites, were also applied during the development of virgin lands Ka -zah-sta-na, Al-tai, But-in-si-bir-sky region. In connection with the start-up of com-so-mo-la in September 1991, the organization of Komsomol construction projects pre-kra-ti-las.
CThe construction of grandiose structures is always associated with huge material costs and human losses. But many of the great construction projects of the Soviet Union were bloody in the full sense of the word. And if almost everyone knows about the construction of the White Sea Canal, then the word "Algemba" can only say a lot to historians. And the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM), which is still called the “Komsomol construction site” in many textbooks, was built by no means only by Komsomol members.
Algemba: About 35,000 people died!
The most cruel ruler of the Soviet Union is traditionally considered Stalin, who violated the precepts of Ilyich. It is he who is credited with the creation of a network of camps (GULAG), it was he who initiated the construction of the White Sea Canal by the forces of prisoners. The fact that one of the first construction projects took place under the direct supervision of Lenin is somehow forgotten. And no wonder: all the materials related to Algemba - the first attempt of the young Soviet government to acquire its own oil pipeline - were classified for a long time.
In December 1919, the Frunze army captured the Emba oil fields in northern Kazakhstan. By that time, more than 14 million poods of oil had accumulated there. This oil could be a salvation for the Soviet republic. On December 24, 1919, the Council of the Workers 'and Peasants' Defense decided to start construction railway, through which it would be possible to export oil from Kazakhstan to the center, and ordered: "Recognize the construction of the Alexandrov Gai-Emba broad-gauge line as an operational task." The city of Alexandrov Gai, located 300 km from Saratov, was the last railway point. The distance from it to the oil fields was about 500 versts. Most of the way ran through waterless saline steppes. It was decided to build the highway from both ends at the same time and meet on the Ural River near the village of Grebenshchikovo.
Frunze's army was the first to be thrown into the construction of the railway (despite his protests). There was no transport, no fuel, no sufficient food. In the conditions of the waterless steppe, there was nowhere even to place soldiers. Endemic diseases began, which developed into an epidemic. Forcibly connected to the construction local population: about forty-five thousand residents of Saratov and Samara. People practically manually created an embankment along which the rails were to be laid later.
In March 1920, the task became even more complicated: it was decided to pull the pipeline in parallel with the railway. It was then that the word "Algemba" was first heard (from the first letters of Aleksandrov Gai and the name of the deposit - Emba). There were no pipes, like everything else. The only plant that once produced them has long been standing. The remains were collected from warehouses, they were enough for 15 versts at best (and it was necessary to lay 500!). Lenin began to look for an alternative solution. At first it was proposed to produce wooden pipes. Specialists just shrugged their shoulders: firstly, it is impossible to maintain the necessary pressure in them, and secondly, Kazakhstan does not have its own forests, there is nowhere to get wood. Then it was decided to dismantle sections of existing pipelines. The pipes varied greatly in length and diameter, but this did not bother the Bolsheviks. Another thing was embarrassing: the collected "spare parts" were still not enough even for half of the pipeline! However, work continued.
By the end of 1920, construction began to suffocate. Typhus claimed several hundred people a day. Guards were posted along the highway, because local residents began to pull apart the sleepers. Workers generally refused to go to work. Food rations were extremely low (especially in the Kazakh sector). Lenin demanded to understand the causes of sabotage. But there was no sabotage in sight. Hunger, cold and disease collected a terrible tribute among the builders. In 1921, cholera came to the construction site. Despite the courage of the doctors who voluntarily arrived at Algemba, the mortality rate was appalling. But the worst thing was different: four months after the start of the construction of Algemba, already in April 1920, Baku and Grozny were liberated. The Emba oil was no longer needed. Thousands of lives sacrificed to the construction site turned out to be in vain.
It was possible even then to stop the senseless activity of laying the Algemba. But Lenin stubbornly insisted on the continuation of construction, which cost the state fabulously expensive. In 1920, the government allocated a billion rubles in cash for this construction. No one has ever received a full report, but there is an assumption that the funds settled in foreign accounts. Neither the railway nor the pipeline was built: on October 6, 1921, the construction was stopped by Lenin's directive. A year and a half of Algemba cost thirty-five thousand human lives.
Belomorkanal: 700 deaths a day!
The initiator of the construction of the White Sea Canal was Joseph Stalin. The country needed labor victories, global achievements. And preferably without extra costs, insofar as Soviet Union experienced an economic crisis. The White Sea Canal was supposed to connect the White Sea with the Baltic Sea and open a passage for ships that previously had to go around the entire Scandinavian Peninsula. The idea of creating an artificial passage between the seas was known as early as the time of Peter the Great (and the Russians have been using the portage system along the entire length of the future White Sea Canal for a long time). But the method of implementing the project (and Naftaly Frenkel was appointed head of the canal construction) turned out to be so cruel that it forced historians and publicists to look for parallels in the slave-owning states.
The total length of the canal is 227 kilometers. There are 19 locks (13 of which are two-chamber), 15 dams, 49 dams, 12 spillways on this waterway. The scale of construction is amazing, especially considering that all this was built in an incredibly short time: 20 months and 10 days. For comparison: the 80-kilometer Panama Canal took 28 years to build, and the 160-kilometer Suez Canal took ten.
The White Sea Canal was built from beginning to end by the forces of prisoners. Convicted designers created drawings, found extraordinary technical solutions(dictated by the lack of machines and materials). Those who did not have an education suitable for designing spent day and night digging a canal, waist-deep in liquid mud, driven not only by overseers, but also by members of their brigade: those who did not fulfill the norm were reduced to an already meager diet. This was one road: into concrete (the dead were not buried on the White Sea Canal, but simply fell asleep at random in pits, which were then filled with concrete and served as the bottom of the canal).
The main tools of labor in the construction were a wheelbarrow, a sledgehammer, a shovel, an ax and a wooden crane for moving boulders. The prisoners, unable to withstand the unbearable conditions of detention and overwork, died by the hundreds. At times, the death rate reached 700 people a day. Meanwhile, the newspapers printed editorials devoted to the "reforging by labor" of hardened recidivists and political criminals. Of course, it was not without postscripts and eyewash. The canal bed was made shallower than it was calculated in the project, and the start of construction was retroactively postponed to 1932 (in fact, work began a year earlier).
About 280 thousand prisoners took part in the construction of the canal, of which about 100 thousand died. The remaining survivors (every sixth) had their sentences reduced, and some were even awarded the Order of the Baltic-White Sea Canal. The heads of the OGPU in full force were awarded orders. Stalin, who visited the opened canal at the end of July 1933, was pleased. The system has shown its effectiveness. There was only one snag: the most physically strong and hard-working prisoners earned a reduction in terms.
In 1938, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Stalin raised the question: “Did you correctly propose a list for the release of these prisoners? They leave their jobs… We are doing a bad job of disrupting the work of the camps. The release of these people, of course, is necessary, but from the point of view of the state economy, this is bad ... They will be released the best people and stay the worst. Is it possible to turn things around in a different way so that these people stay at work - give awards, orders, maybe? .. ”But, fortunately for the prisoners, such a decision was not made: a prisoner with a government award on a robe would look too strange …
BAM: 1 meter - 1 human life!
In 1948, with the start of the construction of the subsequent “great construction projects of communism” (Volga-Don Canal, Volga-Baltic waterway, Kuibyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric power stations and other facilities), the authorities used an already proven method: they built large forced labor camps serving construction sites. And it was easy to find those who would fill the vacancies of the slaves. Only by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of June 4, 1947 "On criminal liability for theft of state and public property" hundreds of thousands of people got into the zone. The labor of convicts was used in the most labor-intensive and "harmful" industries.
In 1951, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR S.N. Kruglov reported at the meeting: “I must say that in a number of sectors of the national economy, the Ministry of Internal Affairs occupies a monopoly position, for example, the gold mining industry - it is all concentrated here; the production of diamonds, silver, platinum - all this is entirely concentrated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; asbestos and apatite mining - entirely in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. We are 100% involved in the production of tin, 80% of the specific weight is occupied by the Ministry of Internal Affairs for non-ferrous metals ... ”The minister did not mention only one thing: 100% of radium in the country was also produced by prisoners.
The greatest Komsomol construction project in the world - BAM, about which songs were composed, films were made, enthusiastic articles were written - did not begin at all with a call to youth. The construction of the railway, which was supposed to connect Taishet on the Trans-Siberian Railway with Komsomolsk-on-Amur, was sent in 1934 to the prisoners who built the White Sea Canal. According to Jacques Rossi's Guide to the Gulag (and this is the most objective this moment book about the camp system) about 50,000 prisoners worked at BAM in the 1950s.
Especially for the needs of the construction site, a new camp for prisoners was created - BAMlag, the zone of which stretched from Chita to Khabarovsk. The daily ration was traditionally meager: a loaf of bread and a stew of frozen fish. There were not enough barracks for everyone. People died from cold and scurvy (in order to delay the approach of this terrible disease for a while, they chewed pine needles). For several years, more than 2.5 thousand kilometers of the railway were built. Historians have calculated: each meter of BAM is paid for by one human life.
The official history of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline began in 1974, during the Brezhnev era. Echelons with young people were drawn to BAM. The prisoners continued to work, but their participation in the "construction of the century" was hushed up. And ten years later, in 1984, a “golden crutch” was driven in, symbolizing the end of another gigantic construction site, which is still associated with smiling young romantics who are not afraid of difficulties.
These construction projects have a lot in common: and the fact that the projects were difficult to implement (in particular, the BAM and the Belomorkanal were conceived back in Tsarist Russia, but due to the lack budget funds lay down "under the cloth"), and the fact that the work was carried out with minimal technical support, and the fact that slaves were used instead of workers (otherwise it is difficult to name the position of the builders). But perhaps the scariest common feature- the fact that all these roads (both land and water) are many kilometers of mass graves. When you read dry statistical calculations, Nekrasov's words come to mind: “But on the sides, all the bones are Russian. How many of them, Vanechka, do you know?” www.stroyplanerka.ru/AuxView.aspx
Material taken: “100 famous mysteries of history” by M.A. Pankova, I.Yu. Romanenko and others.
