Stolypin's reforms and their consequences briefly. Stolypin agrarian reform

Stolypin's reforms (briefly)

Stolypin carried out his reforms from 1906, when he was appointed prime minister until his death on September 5, which came from the bullets of assassins.

agrarian reform

In short, the main goal of Stolypin's agrarian reform was to create a wide stratum of wealthy peasants. In contrast to the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the sole proprietor rather than the community. The former, communal form fettered the initiative of the hardworking peasants, but now, having freed themselves from the community and not looking back at the "wretched and drunk", they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 06/14/1910 stated that from now on, "every householder who owns allotment land on a communal basis may at any time demand the strengthening of his personal property, the part due to him from the designated land." Stolypin believed that the prosperous peasantry would become a real pillar of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landlords. Moreover, the interest rate on a loan for independent peasants was half that for communities. Through a credit bank, the peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, at the same time, measures against non-payers were tough: the land was taken from them and again went on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged them to actively work on it. Another important part of Stolypin's reform was the resettlement of peasants on free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or land surveyors to carry out land management work. But despite this, resettlement in Siberia, as well as the Far East, Central Asia and North Caucasus picked up pace. The move was free, and specially equipped "Stolypin" cars made it possible to transport railway cattle. The state tried to equip life in the places of resettlement: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.

Zemstvo

Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the Zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

Industry reform

The main stage in resolving the labor issue during the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects of labor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).

national question

Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the unification, and not the disunity of the peoples of the country. He suggested creating a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to be counteracting the internal and external enemies of the country, who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.

Municipal educational institution, secondary school in the village of Novostroevo, Ozersky district, Kaliningrad region

Reforms P.A. Stolypin.

Work completed

11th grade student

MOU SOSH pos. Novostroevo

Avagimyan Julia

Leader: Mosina Galina

Alexandrovna,

a history teacher

1. Introduction 3

2. Main part 4

2.1 Agrarian reform 5

2.2 Education reform 10

2.3 Military reform 12

3. Conclusion 14

4. Literature used 16

Introduction.

"The motherland requires service to itself

so sacrificially honest,

that the slightest thought of personal

benefit overshadows the soul and couple

licks his work"

P.A. Stolypin

Every nation brings forth from its midst the most prominent representatives, whose fates are inextricably linked with his fate, personify the most important, joyful or tragic stages. At the turn of the millennium, against the background of our Russian losses, the tragic image of the Russian reformer, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, is becoming more and more significant.

Looking into the face of a man whose name is Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, it is clear that his features radiate intelligence, strength, will, and dignity. This was recognized by everyone: both his like-minded people and obvious enemies. Some called Pyotr Arkadievich the savior of the Motherland, the support of the Fatherland, the hope of Russia in Time of Troubles, others - the executioner.

Statesman and politician P.A. Stolypin was a deeply Orthodox man, but along with Christian humility, deep faith in the Savior, he lived in him as a staunch warrior, defender of the Russian Land, ready to take up the sword for her sake in order to stand to the end

Most recently, the program "Name of Russia" was completed. Stolypin P.A. took 2nd place. I had questions: “Who was the great Russian reformer after all? What is the most important thing in his work? What was he striving for? What did he manage to do?

In my work, I tried to answer these questions.

2.Main part

Reforms of P.A. Stolypin

The reforms of Peter Arkadyevich affected all key areas of the country's life. The task was to carry out systemic reforms, the semantic core of which was the formation of the initial institutions of the rule of law and civil society. The following main directions of the Stolypin government's reform policy can be singled out:

Military reform

Land (Agrarian) reform

Education, science and culture

The strategic goals of Stolypin's domestic policy were not land management. Reform cannot be the goal. And agrarian reform, and the modernization of the economy - these are all means. What is the purpose? The goal was to preserve the country without losing centuries-old traditions and not lose in the global competition.

Innovation P.A. Stolypin as a reformer was that he pursued a policy of consistent modernization of all political and social institutions of the Russian Empire.

2.1 Agrarian reform

Stolypin, being a landowner, leader of the provincial nobility,

knew and understood the interests of the landowners; as governor during the revolution, he saw peasants in revolt, so for him the agrarian question was not an abstract concept.

The agrarian reform was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin. Goals

the reform had several: socio-political- create in the village

solid support for the autocracy from strong owners, splitting them off from

the bulk of the peasantry and opposing them to it; strong farms

were to become an obstacle to the growth of the revolution in the countryside;

socio-economic- destroy the community, plant private farms in the form of cuts and farms, and the excess work force send it to the city, where it will be absorbed by the growing industry; economic- provide lift Agriculture and further industrialization of the country in order to catch up with the advanced powers.

The first step in this direction was taken in 1861. Then the agrarian question was solved at the expense of the peasants, who paid the landowners for the land, and for freedom. The agrarian legislation of 1906-1910 was

second step, with the government to consolidate its power and

the power of the landowners, again tried to solve the agrarian question at the expense of

peasantry.

of the year. This decree was the main business of Stolypin's life. It was a creed, a great and last hope, an obsession, his present and future.

Great if the reform succeeds; catastrophic if it fails, and Stolypin was aware of this.

1908, i.e. two years after he entered life. The discussion of the decree went on for more than six months.

entered the discussion of the State Council and was also adopted,

after which, according to the date of his approval by the king, he became known as law 14

June 1910. In terms of content, it was, of course, liberal

bourgeois law, which promotes the development of capitalism in the countryside and,

hence progressive.

The decree introduced extremely important changes in the landownership of the peasants. All peasants received the right to leave the community, which in this case allocated land to the escaping in their own possession. At the same time, the decree

provided privileges for wealthy peasants in order to encourage them

to leave the community. In particular, those who left the community received "in the ownership of individual householders" all the lands "consisting in his permanent use." This meant that people from the community also received surpluses in excess of the per capita norm. Moreover, if redistribution has not been made in a given community over the past 24 years, then the householder received the surplus free of charge, but if there were redistributions, then he paid the community for the surplus at the redemption prices of 1861. Since prices have increased several times over 40 years, this was also beneficial for wealthy people.

Communities in which, since the transition of peasants to redemption, there have been no

redistribution, were recognized as mechanically transferred to the private property of individual householders. For the legal registration of the right of ownership to their land, the peasants of such communities had only to submit an application to the land management commission, which drew up documents for the property of the householder that was actually in their possession. In addition to this provision, the law differed from the decree by some simplification of the procedure for leaving the community.

In 1906, the "Provisional Rules" on land management were adopted.

The land management commissions created on the basis of this law are

the right was granted in the course of the general land management of the communities to allocate from

efficient householders without the consent of the gathering, at their own discretion, if any

the mission considered that such allocation did not affect the interests of the community.

The commissions also had the final say in determining land disputes. Such a right opened the way to the arbitrariness of the commissions.

In 1906-1907. decrees of the king, some part of the state and

specific land was transferred to the Peasants' Bank for sale to peasants in order to ease the land cramped. In fact, this land was bought mainly by kulaks, who thus received additional features to expand the economy.

Stolypin's government also introduced a series of new laws on the resettlement of peasants in the outskirts. The possibilities for a wide development of resettlement were already laid down in the law of June 6, 1904. This law introduced freedom

resettlement without benefits, and the government was given the right to make decisions on the opening of free preferential resettlement from certain areas of the empire, "the eviction from which was recognized as particularly desirable."

For the first time, the law on preferential resettlement was applied in 1905: the government "opened" resettlement from the Poltava and Kharkov provinces, where the peasant movement was especially wide.

In general, a series of laws 1906-1912. was bourgeois.

Medieval allotment land tenure of peasants was abolished, exit from the community, sale of land, free resettlement to cities and outskirts were allowed, redemption payments, corporal punishment, and some legal restrictions were abolished.

Simultaneously with the issuance of new agrarian laws, the government is taking measures to forcibly destroy the community, not fully relying on the action of economic factors. Immediately after November 9, 1906, the entire state apparatus is set in motion by issuing the most categorical circulars and orders, as well as by repressive measures against those who do not carry them out with too much energy.

The practice of the reform showed that the peasantry in its mass was

opposed to separation from the community - at least in most

areas. A survey of the mood of the peasants by the Free Economic Society showed that in the central provinces the peasants had a negative

belonged to the separation from the community (89 negative indicators in the questionnaires

against 7 positive). Many peasant correspondents wrote,

Under the current circumstances, the only way for the government

reform was the path of violence against the main mass of peasant women.

The specific methods of violence were very diverse - from intimidation

rural gatherings to drawing up fictitious sentences, from the cancellation of decisions

Every schoolboy, even those who are not interested in history, heard about Stolypin's reforms. The agrarian one was especially sensational, but besides it there were others that you need to know about in order to successfully pass the exam.

A little biography

To begin with, let's figure out who Stolypin is and why he got on the pages of Russian history. Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin - reformer and statesman tsarist Russia. He took over as Prime Minister of the Interior of the Empire on July 8, 1906. He implemented a chain of bills that were called "Stolypin's agrarian reform."

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

Thanks to them, the peasants received land in private ownership, which was not even considered by the government before. Historians and contemporaries of Stolypin describe him as a fearless person, an excellent speaker (“Don’t be intimidated!”, “First calm, then reforms” - the minister’s phrases that have become winged). There were 11 assassination attempts on Pyotr Arkadyevich in his entire life (the main part during the prime minister's career).

A high-ranking official was killed on September 1 (14) in Kyiv by Dmitry Bagrov, he shot twice: one bullet hit his arm, the second one hit his stomach and liver. Buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

Reasons for reforms

Before delving into the essence of the reforms, it is worth briefly reviewing their reasons. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) became the impetus for the enlightenment of the people and the government about the problems of the state. Most importantly, economic stagnation prevented the Russian Empire from becoming a capitalist state.

The Russians, realizing this, blamed tsarism for everything, which is why the ideas of anarchism appeared among the broad masses of the people. Alas, the majority in power were large landowners, their views on the development of the country differed sharply from those of the people. Of course, such a situation in the state was too tense and required immediate decisive action, which P. Stolypin undertook.

Stolypin's reforms

The prime minister had two important reforms:
Litigation;
Agricultural.

The first reform was enshrined in the “Regulations of the Council of Ministers on Courts-Martial” of 1906, which stipulated that any violation of the law could be considered in an expedited manner. We are talking about constant robberies, terrorist attacks and banditry on ships. The fact is that at the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia was going through hard times. Most of The population was in poverty, so breaking the law in search of food or money became commonplace.

After the reform, any suspect was put on trial for behind closed doors, without the participation of the prosecutor, witness and even a lawyer. Of course, it was impossible to leave the court innocent. During the day, the sentence (most often death) was put into action. Thus, 683 out of 1102 citizens were deprived of their lives. The results were not long in coming.

On the one hand, people, fearing death, stopped committing robberies and terror in the fleet. In general, the task was completed, but ill-wishers raised riots against Stolypin, and their consequences were reflected even in the official. The reformer was in a difficult position: in the circles of power, he, except for Nicholas II, had no supporters and the people hated him too.

The agrarian reform of November 9, 1906 made people talk about Pyotr Stolypin. Its goal was to improve agricultural activity, to eliminate landownership for further development capitalism. What did he do? The official endowed the peasants with land allotments and minimum set democratic rights.

The trick was that the land was issued under state security for 55.5 years. Of course, a person who does not have money for bread will not be able to repay the loan. Then the minister decided to populate the “empty” corners of Russia with the working class.

The bills provided for the free distribution of land and their implementation in the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Siberia. Stolypin's actions did not quite justify themselves, since out of a million immigrants, 800,000 returned back.

Stolypin carriages

On May 29, 1911, a decree was issued to expand the rights of cut commissions ( land plot, which the peasants received) to move from communities to farms or small private landholdings. Unfortunately, only 2.3% of the newly minted landowners founded farms, for the rest it was beyond their strength.

Nevertheless, today the reforms have been recognized as the right path to the development of the country. Their results even then led to an increase in production in the agrarian sector and the appearance of the first signs of capitalist trade relations. The reform was a stage of evolution in the development of the country, and also eradicated feudalism. Moreover, already in 1909, Russia took first place in the production of grain.

Results

Stolypin devoted all the years of his life to improving the Russian economy. Thus, the achievements of his works were great, although they were not appreciated by the contemporaries of the reformer:

In 1916, among the peasants, 26% owned their own land, and 3.1% formed farms;
In sparsely populated parts of the state began to live 2.8 times more people, which were supposed to lead to the acceleration of the industrialization of these regions. Of course, this approach was progressive;
Peasants were interested in working on cuts, which increased the level of exports and domestic trade;
Since the demand for agricultural machinery has increased, its sales have increased, and the treasury has replenished.

All the results of the reforms were a step towards capitalism, which so demanded Russian empire. Unfortunately, their significance and achievements have sunk into the abyss, the reason was the state into which the state was drawn!

Years of life: 1862-1911

From the biography.

Stolypin P.A. - statesman, chairman of the Council of Ministers since 1906.

He was a tough, skillful, smart politician. He saw his task in restoring order in the country through a well-thought-out policy of the ruling circles. He was a supporter of tough measures, but at the same time sought to reach a compromise with the opposition.

Stolypin was both a conservative and a reformer at the same time. He was a very good orator, he could convince his opponents of the correctness of his course.

• Prior to his appointment to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, he held a number of high positions in Russia: he was the marshal of the nobility, the governor, first in the Grodno and then in the Saratov province.
• On April 26, 1906, he was appointed Minister of the Interior, and on July 8, simultaneously Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

• He set a course for socio-political reforms, planning to carry out a number of reforms: agrarian reform, reform of local self-government, introduce universal primary education, initiated the law on religious tolerance and the creation of field courts. In 1907, he achieved the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and held a new electoral law (according to it, the role of right-wing forces was strengthened). However, of the 47 reforms he proposed, only 10 were implemented, and even those were not fully implemented.
• There were several terrorist attacks on him. After one in 1906 - the most terrible, when 27 people died, his son was wounded and his daughter shell-shocked, he strengthened security measures, introduced courts-martial. Under the new decree, the rioters were convicted within 48 hours and the sentence carried out within 24 hours. A new concept appeared - "Stolypin's tie" - a noose that was tightened around the neck of the convicts, as many executions were carried out.
• He wanted to carry out a zemstvo reform, expanding the rights of local self-government, introducing representatives of the prosperous peasantry into the zemstvos, limiting the rights of the leaders of the nobility. He was able to pass the law only in the western Polish zemstvos, and even then this met with discontent in society.
• June 14, 1910 - the beginning of the Stolypin reform.

Stolypin reform

1. Political - to form a new social pillar of the regime in the person of the peasant - the owner.
2. Economic - to increase agricultural production, which was hindered by communal land ownership (because of the constant redistribution of land, it was unprofitable for the peasants to improve it).
3. Social - to solve the problem of lack of land of the peasants in the overpopulated central regions, without affecting the landlords' land ownership.

Directions of reform:

• the destruction of the community "from above", the creation of a layer of owners. Two forms of exit from the community: a farm, that is, the allocation of land in a new place, and a cut, the exit of peasants from the community, when the estate remained in the same place. If earlier the peasant was completely dependent on the community (what land he would receive, what crop he would plant), now he became the full owner of the land.
• reorganization of the Peasant Land Bank. The bank bought up landowners' and appanage (that is, belonging to the imperial family) lands, sold them at favorable conditions. To this end, in 1906. redemption payments were abolished under the reform of 1861. This helped to solve the problem of lack of land for the peasants.
• Carrying out agricultural activities: the creation of courses on cattle breeding and dairy production, the introduction of progressive forms of agriculture.
• the policy of resettlement of small and landless peasants to the outskirts - to Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East. Many benefits were provided: cheap railway tickets, special wagons were issued for relocation to new places along with livestock (“Stolypin wagons”), all arrears were forgiven the peasants, and an interest-free loan was issued. And for another five years, the peasants did not have to pay taxes. The conditions were attractive, which led to the fact that in 10 years more than 3 million people were resettled.

However, the reform was not completed, and with the death of Stolypin gradually faded away.

Negative consequences of the Stolypin reform:

• serious changes in agriculture could not be achieved if the landed estates were preserved
• reform is late a short time a support was not created in the countryside in the person of the peasant owners.
• social contradictions intensified, the appearance of prosperous kulaks in the countryside caused discontent among the rest of the peasants.
• the resettlement policy did not reach the goal either. The peasants had a hard time getting used to the difficult climatic conditions, there were often clashes with local residents. About 16% of the peasants returned to their homeland, joining the ranks of the unemployed, and those who remained often lived in near poverty.
• there were many dissatisfied with this reform in society: some considered the measures too mild, while others did not want any changes in society at all.

After the death of Stolypin, the reform was curtailed. But it bore fruit, and already in 1912-1913 the output of agricultural products increased significantly. Wealthy peasants gave the country more than 40% of the grain. They were also the main consumers of many industrial products.

Military reform P.A. Stolypin

Purpose: to increase the country's defense capability, restore the military might of Russia, reform the army and navy.

Directions of military reform P.A. Stolypin:

• mass technization and mechanization armed forces, increasing the rate of fire and range of small arms, the appearance of heavy and rapid-fire artillery, armored vehicles, airplanes
• active introduction of new means of communication - telegraph, telephone, radio.
• a change in the recruitment of the army: the basis was the principle of universal military duty (clergy, foreigners and some categories of the population were exempted from service), the service life was reduced: in the infantry to 3 years, in other branches of the military, to 4. The reserve of the army was divided into two categories: 1- younger ages to replenish the field units, 2 - the elderly, they replenished the reserve and rear units.
• Along with the usual types of troops, new ones appeared: chemical, aviation, armored vehicles.
• The officer training system has improved significantly, as well as new schools (electrotechnical, automobile, railway, aeronautical) and a school of ensigns have appeared. At the same time, the process of democratization of the officer corps was going on, religious and national restrictions were removed.
• He paid much attention to the development of the fleet, shipbuilding.

Significantly increased the number of troops and increased their military-technical training

Strengthened technical equipment

The centralization of command and control of the army and navy increased, which made it possible to clearly coordinate the actions of all branches of the armed forces.

Many undertakings of Stolypin P.A. have not lost their relevance today.

Interesting statements by P.A. Stolypin

• “You, gentlemen, need great upheavals; we need great Russia"(carved on the grave of Stolypin. Taken from a speech on May 24, 1907 in the State Duma)
• For persons in power, there is no greater sin than the cowardly evasion of responsibility.
• Our eagle, the heritage of Byzantium, is a two-headed eagle. Of course, one-headed eagles are strong and powerful, but by cutting off our Russian eagle's one head facing the East, you will not turn it into a one-headed eagle, you will only make it bleed...
• Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today's Russia.
• Only that government has the right to exist, which has a mature state thought and a firm state will.
• The goals and objectives of the Government cannot change depending on the evil intent of the criminals: you can kill an individual, but you cannot kill the idea that animated the Government. It is impossible to destroy the will aimed at restoring the opportunity to live in the country and work freely.
• In the matter of recreating our sea power, our sea power, there can be only one slogan, one password, and this password is “forward”.
• Russia needs such a fleet, which at any given moment could fight with a fleet that stands at the level of the latest scientific requirements.

This material can be used in preparation for task number 40 on the topic: USE C6 historical portrait.

Historical portrait of Stolypin: activities

1. Domestic policy of Stolypin Petr Arkadyevich

Set a course for socio-political and economic reforms, strengthening the power of the country, its modernization, but while maintaining the monarchy, state integrity and inviolability of private property.

• Further strengthening of the monarchy: the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma, the adoption of a new electoral law, according to which the position of right-wing forces in the 3rd State Duma was strengthened.
• Improving Agricultural Efficiency: Agrarian Reform

the formation of a peasant-owner, the allocation of farms and cuts from the community, resettlement policy, benefits when obtaining a loan for land, support for cooperatives and peasant associations, a decree on civil equality of peasants, etc.)

• Restoring order in the country (“first calm, then reforms”): the fight against terrorism, the creation of courts-martial.
• National policy: the rapprochement of nations and peoples, Stolypin sought to adopt a decree on religious tolerance, to resolve the Jewish question, to stop the infringement of rights based on nationality. However, he could not do much without receiving support in higher circles, he even limited the autonomy of Finland
• Carrying out a reform of local self-government: Zemstvos were established in the western provinces.
• Carrying out social transformations: improving the life of workers, establishing the inviolability of the individual, the right to participate in strikes was recognized, all class restrictions for peasants were abolished.
• Carrying out military reform in order to increase the country's defense capability, restore the military might of Russia: increase the size of the army by changing the army recruitment system, improve technical equipment, improve the quality of officer training, strengthen the centralization of army and navy management

2. Foreign policy of P.A. Stolypin

strengthening international position Russia:

• Rapprochement with Great Britain, 1907 agreement on the division of spheres of influence in Asia
• 1907 - the final registration of the Entente ("cordial consent"), that is, the military-political alliance between Russia, France and England. He opposed another alliance - the Tripartite, between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (later Bulgaria joined, etc.)
• Desire to resolve conflicts in the Balkans: Russia refrained from decisive action during the Balkan crisis in 1908-1909.

The results of P.A. Stolypin:

• Despite the incompleteness of a number of reforms, the country began the process of modernization in all spheres of society: social, economic, political: agrarian and military reform, transformations in other spheres of society significantly strengthened the country, made it powerful in the military and economic situation (according to many indicators, Russia occupied a leading position in the world).
• Stolypin P.A. managed to certain time calm the society, however, by fighting terrorism, using cruel measures.
• His activities contributed to the formation of a single nation, as he implemented the principle of civil equality in his activities.
• As a far-sighted politician, he was able to see the prospects for the development of the country. Many of his ideas were implemented after his death: compulsory primary education was introduced in 1912, ideas for the revival of the economy were considered and laid the foundation for the transformations of Russia along the way market economy. It is no coincidence that in 2006 a monument was erected to him in front of the Government House in recognition of the talent of this man, his mind and insight.
• Many of Stolypin's statements have become aphorisms:

“You, gentlemen, need great upheavals; we need a great Russia”;

"Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today's Russia"

Chronology of the life and work of P.A. Stolypin

Monument to P.A. Stolypin. Moscow. Krasnopresnenskaya embankment, near the Government House. Opened for the 150th anniversary of the birth of P.A. Stolypin, in 2012. Sculptor Salavat Shcherbakov.

During the implementation of the agrarian reform, Stolypin fell on the shoulders difficult task- search and formation of a new social support for the autocratic system. Stolypin saw this support in a private owner, and therefore the main part of his policy was the resettlement of peasants on farms, the destruction of the striped patches, the transfer of part of state lands to the peasants through the Peasant Bank.

The agrarian reform consisted of a complex of successively carried out and interconnected measures.

1. The destruction of the community and the development of private property.

In article 1 of the law of June 14, 1910, "every householder who owns allotment land on a communal basis may at any time demand that the portion of the designated land due to him be consolidated into his personal property." The law also allowed him to ask for a surplus if he paid the community for them at a lower redemption price in 1861. compact area- bran. In accordance with the law on land management, adopted on May 29, 1911, land management did not require prior strengthening of the land for the householders. The villages where land management work was carried out were automatically declared to have passed to hereditary household ownership. Land management commissions were endowed with broad opportunities, which they used to plant as many farms and cuts as possible.

Measures were taken to ensure the strength and stability of working peasant farms. So, in order to avoid land speculation and concentration of property, the maximum size of individual land ownership was limited by law, and the sale of land to non-peasants was allowed.

The law of June 5, 1912 allowed the issuance of a loan secured by any allotment land acquired by the peasants. Development various forms credit - mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside.

In Ukraine, during 1907-1915, 48% of peasants on the Right Bank, on the average, fixed land in individual ownership, in the South -

• 42%, on the Left Bank - 16.5%. Until 1916, 440,000 farmsteads, or 14% of households, were formed, which is significantly higher compared to Russia, where 24% of farms came from communities, and 10.3% went to farms. Such a significant percentage of peasants leaving the community in Ukraine is explained by the fact that communal land tenure was less common here (communal members accounted for 1-9% of all households on the Right Bank), communal land tenure was not traditional for Ukraine. Most of the farmsteads were poor, fell into decay and went bankrupt, selling their land to wealthy peasants at very high prices. low prices(38 - 80 rubles per tithe at a market price of 250 rubles).
• 2. Activities of the peasant bank.

The Peasant Land Bank, established back in the 1980s, increased its land purchase operations by almost three times. Frightened by the revolution, many landlords were in a hurry to part with their estates. State and specific lands were transferred to his disposal. The bank resold this land to peasants on preferential terms, carried out intermediary operations to increase peasant land use. He increased credit to the peasants and significantly reduced its cost, and the bank paid a higher interest on its obligations than the peasants paid it. The difference in payment was covered by subsidies from the budget, amounting to 1,457.5 billion rubles for the period from 1906 to 1917. Providing the peasants cash loans for the purchase of land, the bank favored wealthy peasants. A loan to an individual buyer could be up to 500 rubles, and to communities and collectives - no more than 150.

3. The resettlement of peasants in Siberia.

One of the parts of the Stolypin reform was the resettlement of peasants to the undeveloped territories of the empire. By decree of March 10, 1906, the right to resettle peasants was granted to everyone without restrictions. The government allocated considerable funds for the costs of settling settlers in new places, for their medical care and public needs, and for laying roads.

After the trip of Stolypin and the chief manager of land management and agriculture A. Krivoshein to Siberia, they put forward a comprehensive program for the privatization of Siberian land. In a short time, a package of bills and resolutions was developed aimed at introducing private ownership of land in Siberia. Their essence was very decisive: without any redemption, to give the land to the Siberian rural inhabitants in the property.

Especially many small-land peasants moved from Ukraine to Siberia. For 1906 - 1912 almost 1 million people went there. In 1914 in Siberia and on Far East about 2 million Ukrainians lived. But the resettlement was not really organized. It took place in terrible unsanitary conditions, the peasants rode in unsuitable wagons with the famous inscription "40 people, 8 horses." Having no capital to organize their economy, the settlers found themselves in a very difficult situation. About 70% of the settlers did not receive land at all, many received land unsuitable for agriculture. The level of tools of labor was very low. Chronic malnutrition, unaccustomed climatic conditions, lack of qualified medical care led to mass mortality among the settlers, reaching up to 30-40% in some settlements. Thousands of settlers, having sipped grief, returned. In 1911, 68.5% of the settlers returned to Ukraine. Returning to their homeland, former settlers joined the ranks of landless peasants, that is, the resettlement policy failed.

The results of the resettlement campaign were as follows. First, during this period, a huge leap was made in the economic and social development Siberia. Also, the population of this region increased by 153% during the years of colonization. If before resettlement to Siberia there was a reduction in sown areas, then in 1906-1913 they were expanded by 80%, while in the European part of the country by 6.2%. In terms of the rate of development of animal husbandry, Siberia also overtook the European part of the country.

4. Cooperative movement.

The loans of the peasant bank could not fully satisfy the demand of the peasants for money goods. Therefore, credit cooperation, which has gone through two stages in its movement, has received significant distribution. At the first stage, administrative forms of regulation of small credit relations prevailed.

By allocating substantial loans through state banks for initial and subsequent loans to credit unions, the government stimulated the cooperative movement. At the second stage, rural credit partnerships, accumulating equity developed independently. As a result

a wide network of institutions of small peasant credit, loan and savings banks and credit partnerships was created to serve the money circulation of peasant farms. By January 1, 1914, the number of such institutions exceeded 13,000.

Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives. The peasants, on a cooperative basis, created dairy and butter artels, agricultural societies, consumer shops, and even peasant artel dairy factories.

5. Agricultural activities.

One of the main obstacles to the economic progress of the countryside was the low culture of agriculture and the illiteracy of the vast majority of producers who were accustomed to working according to the general custom. During the years of the reform, large-scale agro-economic assistance was provided to the peasants. Agro-industrial services were specially created for the peasants, who

organized training courses on cattle breeding and dairy production, democratization and introduction of progressive forms of agricultural production. Much attention was paid to the progress of the system of out-of-school agricultural education. If in 1905 the number of students in agricultural courses was 2 thousand people, then in 1912 - 58 thousand, and in agricultural readings - 31.6 thousand and 1046 thousand people, respectively.