Stolypin's church reform. Stolypin's agrarian reform: how it did not cancel the revolution

AT Russian society The most important issue has always been agrarian. The peasants, who became free in 1861, did not actually receive land as property. They were strangled by land shortages, the community, the landlords, therefore, during the revolution of 1905-1907. Russia's fate was decided in the countryside.

All reforms of P.A. Stolypin, who headed the government in 1906, one way or another were sent to reform the countryside. The most important of them was the land, called "Stolypin", although its project was developed before him. The essence of the reform was that the government abandoned the previous policy of supporting the community and moved on to its violent breaking.

As you know, the community was an organizational and economic association of peasants for the use of a common forest, pasture and watering place, an alliance in relations with the authorities, a kind of social organism that gave villagers small life guarantees. At the same time, communal land tenure delayed the natural process of stratification of the peasantry and placed an obstacle in the way of the formation of a class of small peasant proprietors. The inalienability of allotment lands made it impossible to obtain loans secured by them, and striping and periodic redistribution of land prevented the transition to more productive forms of its use, so giving peasants the right to freely leave the community was a long overdue economic necessity. A feature of the Stolypin agrarian reform there was a desire to quickly destroy the community. The main reason for this attitude of the authorities towards the community was the revolutionary events and agrarian unrest in 1905–1906.

P.A. Stolypin noted: "A wild, half-naked village, not accustomed to respecting either its own or other people's property, not afraid, acting in peace, no responsibility, will always present hot material, ready to flare up on every occasion." In this regard, another no less important goal land reform was socio-political, since it was required to create a class of small proprietors as a social support for autocracy as the main cell of the state, which is an opponent of all destructive theories (Scheme 194).

The implementation of the reform was initiated by the royal decree of November 9, 1906 under the modest title "On the addition of some decrees current law relating to peasant land ownership, "according to which free exit from the community was allowed. The land plots that had been in the use of the peasants since the last redistribution were assigned to the property regardless of the change in the number of souls in the family. It became possible to sell your allotment, as well as to allocate land in one place At the same time, all this involved the removal of restrictions on the movement of peasants around the country, the transfer of part of the state and specific lands to the Peasant Land Bank to expand operations for the purchase and sale of land, the organization of a resettlement movement in Siberia in order to provide landless and land-poor peasants with allotments through the development of vast eastern expanses.

The decree of November 9, 1906 was then transformed into permanent laws adopted on July 14, 1910 and May 19, 1911, which provided for additional measures to speed up the withdrawal of peasants from the community. For example, in the case of land management work to eliminate striping within the community, its members could henceforth be considered the owners of the land, even if they did not ask for it.

Scheme 194

In addition to the agrarian reforms, Stolypin's reforms included changes in other areas, the implementation of which was supposed to bring Russia out of a state of permanent crisis and lead to stability. Among them were:

• the reform of local government and self-government, which involved the abolition of estate management of the peasantry and the introduction of non-estate volost institutions;
• reform in the system of public education, which provided for the extensive construction rural schools and the transition to compulsory primary education in order to transform the downtrodden and ignorant peasant into a literate landowner;
• measures aimed at improving the situation of workers (creating a system of their insurance, introducing rules on employment, reducing working hours, etc.)

Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin can be considered incomplete and not entirely successful. By January 1, 1916, 2.5 million owners separated from the community and assigned land allotments to personal ownership, which accounted for 26% of all common households. And, as practice has shown, it was mostly not those who were mainly counted on by the government - strong owners - but the poor and former rural residents who were firmly settled in the city and remembered that they once had land and now it can be sold .

During this period, the country experienced an increase in agricultural production. In 1909–1913 the harvesting of grain and its export abroad increased, but, apparently, the trends towards this (expansion of the area under crops, etc.) could be traced even before the reform. The reform brought the most tangible result in Siberia. After 1905, about 3.7 million people moved beyond the Urals, of which about 1 million returned, 700 thousand dispersed across Siberia, and only 2 million, i.e. a little more than half managed to gain a foothold on the ground. The loan for a resettlement family was 150 rubles. It was here that the sown area for grain increased by 62% and the peasant trade corporation began to develop rapidly.

The implementation of the reformist plans of P.A. Stolypin was hampered by other factors:

Temporary - the reforms required a significant period of time, and not five years, which P.A. Stolypin;

Table 36

The State Duma and the experience of Russian parliamentarism

(1906 – 1917)

• administrative - resistance of a part of the state apparatus;
• socio-political - struggle political forces, both right and left, who saw in the reforms of P.A. Stolypin a threat to his influence;
• personal - difficult relationship with Nicholas II and his inner circle.

In conditions of acute political struggle the work of the Russian parliament - the State Duma, was carried out, the main milestones of whose activities are given in Table. 36.

The reforms carried out in the country under the influence of the revolution of 1905-1907, as was almost always the case in the history of Russia, turned out to be belated and were possible only within the framework that the autocracy agreed to or forced on by the people. In this regard, in public consciousness the idea began to form that revolutionary pressure on power was becoming the preferred means of political struggle in Russia. And the events of 1917 confirmed this.

agrarian question occupied a central position in domestic politics. The beginning of the agrarian reform, the inspirer and developer of which was P.A. Stolypin, put a decree of November 9, 1906.

Stolypin reform

After a very difficult discussion in the State Duma and the State Council, the decree was approved by the tsar as a law from June 14, 1910. An addition to it was the law on land management from May 29, 1911.

The main provision of the Stolypin reform was community destruction. For this, a stake was placed on the development of personal peasant property in the village by granting the peasants the right to leave the community and create farms, cuts.

An important point of the reform: the landowner's ownership of land was preserved intact. This provoked sharp opposition from the peasant deputies in the Duma and from the masses of peasants.

Another measure proposed by Stolypin was supposed to destroy the community: resettlement of peasants. The purpose of this action was twofold. The socio-economic goal is to obtain a land fund, primarily in the central regions of Russia, where the lack of land among the peasants made it difficult to create farms and cuts. In addition, this made it possible to develop new territories, i.e. further development capitalism, although this oriented him towards an extensive path. The political goal is to defuse social tension in the center of the country. The main areas of resettlement are Siberia, middle Asia, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan. The government allocated funds to the settlers for travel and settling in a new place, but practice has shown that they were clearly not enough.

In the period 1905 - 1916. about 3 million householders left the community, which is approximately 1/3 of their number in the provinces where the reform was carried out. This means that it was not possible to destroy the community, nor to create a stable layer of owners. This conclusion is supplemented by data on the failure of the resettlement policy. In 1908 - 1909. the number of migrants amounted to 1.3 million people, but very soon many of them began to return back. The reasons were different: the bureaucracy of the Russian bureaucracy, the lack of funds for arranging a household, ignorance of local conditions, and the more than reserved attitude of the old-timers towards the settlers. Many died on the way or went bankrupt.

In this way, social goals set by the government were not achieved. But the reform accelerated the stratification in the countryside - the rural bourgeoisie and the proletariat were formed. It is obvious that the destruction of the community opened the way for capitalist development, since the community was a feudal relic.

28. Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin.

Stolypin agrarian reform is a generalized name for a wide range of measures in the region Agriculture conducted by the Russian government under the leadership of P. A. Stolypin since 1906. The main directions of the reform were the transfer of allotment land to the ownership of peasants, the gradual elimination of rural society as a collective owner of land, widespread lending to peasants, the purchase of landowners' land for resale to peasants on preferential terms, and land management, which made it possible to optimize the peasant economy by eliminating striped land.

The reform was a set of measures aimed at two goals: the short-term goal of the reform was to resolve the "agrarian question" as a source of mass discontent (primarily, the cessation of agrarian unrest), the long-term goal was the sustainable prosperity and development of agriculture and the peasantry, the integration of the peasantry into the market economy.

If the first goal was supposed to be achieved immediately (the scale of agrarian unrest in the summer of 1906 was incompatible with the peaceful life of the country and the normal functioning of the economy), then the second goal - prosperity - Stolypin himself considered achievable in a twenty-year perspective.

The reform unfolded in several directions:

Improving the quality of peasants' property rights to land, which consisted primarily in replacing the collective and limited land ownership of rural communities with full-fledged private property of individual peasant householders; measures in this direction were of an administrative and legal nature.

The eradication of obsolete class civil law restrictions that impeded the effective economic activity of peasants.

Improving the efficiency of peasant agriculture; government measures consisted primarily in encouraging the allocation of plots “to one place” (cuts, farms) to peasant owners, which required the state to carry out a huge amount of complex and expensive land management work to develop striped communal lands.

Encouraging the purchase of privately owned (primarily landlord) lands by peasants, through various operations of the Peasant Land Bank, was predominantly concessional lending.

Building encouragement working capital farms through lending in all forms (bank lending secured by land, loans to members of cooperatives and partnerships).

Expansion of direct subsidizing of the activities of the so-called "agronomic assistance" (agronomic consulting, educational activities, maintenance of experimental and exemplary farms, trade in modern equipment and fertilizers).

Support for cooperatives and peasant associations.

The reform was aimed at improving peasant allotment land use and had little effect on private land ownership. The reform was carried out in 47 provinces of European Russia (all provinces, except for the three provinces of the Ostsee region); the reform did not affect the Cossack land tenure and the land tenure of the Bashkirs.

Decrees were issued in 1906, 1910 and 1911:

each peasant could take ownership of the allotment,

could freely leave the community and choose another place of residence,

move to the Urals in order to receive land (about 15 hectares) and money from the state to improve the economy,

settlers received tax benefits and were exempted from military service.

a) The goals of the reform.

Socio-political goals of the reform.

The main goal was to win wide sections of the peasantry to the side of the regime and prevent a new agrarian war. To do this, it was supposed to contribute to the transformation of the majority of the inhabitants of their native village into a “strong, wealthy peasantry imbued with the idea of ​​property,” which, according to Stolypin, makes it the best bulwark of order and tranquility.” Carrying out the reform, the government did not seek to affect the interests of the landowners. In the post-reform period and at the beginning of the 20th century. The government was unable to protect the landownership of the nobility from reduction, but the large and small landed nobility continued to be the most reliable support for the autocracy. To push him away would be suicidal for the regime.

In addition, noble class organizations, including the council of the united nobility, had big influence on Nicholas 2 and his entourage. Members of the government, and even more so the Prime Minister, who raises the question of the alienation of landowners' lands, could not remain in his place, much less organize the implementation of such a reform. The reformers also took into account the fact that the landowners' farms produced a significant part of marketable grain. Another goal was the destruction of the rural community in the struggle of 1905-1907. , the reformers understood that the main thing in the peasant movement was the question of land, and did not seek to immediately destroy the administrative organization of the community.

Socio-economic goals were closely related to socio-political ones. It was planned to liquidate the land community, its economic land distribution mechanism, on the one hand, which formed the basis of the social unity of the community, and on the other, hindered the development of agricultural technology. The ultimate economic goal of the reforms was to be the general rise of the country's agriculture, the transformation of the agrarian sector into the economic base of the new Russia.

b) Preparation of reform

The preparation of reform projects before the revolution actually began with the Conference on the needs of the agricultural industry under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte, in 1902-1903. In 1905-1907. The conclusions formulated by the Meeting, primarily the idea of ​​the need to destroy the land and turn the peasants into land owners, were reflected in a number of projects of state officials (V.I. Gurko.). With the beginning of the revolution and the active participation of the peasants in the destruction of the landed estates, Nicholas 2, frightened by the agrarian uprisings, changed his attitude towards the landed peasant community.

The Peasant Bank was allowed to issue loans for peasant plots (November 1903), which in fact meant the possibility of alienating communal lands. P.A. Stolypin in 1906, having become prime minister, supported the landlords, who did not affect the interests. Gurko's project formed the basis of the Decree of November 9, 1906, which marked the beginning of the agrarian reform.

c) Fundamentals of the direction of the reform.

The change in the form of ownership of peasant land, the transformation of peasants into full-fledged owners of their allotments, was envisaged by the law of 1910. carried out primarily by "strengthening" allotments into private ownership. In addition, according to the law of 1911, it was allowed to carry out land management (reduction of land into farms and cuts) without “strengthening”, after which the peasants also became landowners.

The peasant could sell the allotment only to the peasant, which limited the right to land ownership.

Organization of farms and cuts. Without land management, technical improvement, economic development of agriculture was impossible in the conditions of peasant striping (23 peasants of the central regions had allotments divided into 6 or more strips in various places of the communal field) and were far away (40% of the peasants of the center should were to walk weekly from their estates to allotments of 5 and more versts). In economic terms, according to Gurko's plan, fortifications without land management did not make sense.

Therefore, the work of state land management commissions was planned to reduce the strips of the peasant allotment into a single area - a cut. If such a cut was far from the village, the estate was transferred there and a farm was formed.

Resettlement of peasants to free lands.

To solve the problem of peasant shortage of land and reduce agrarian overpopulation in the central regions, the resettlement policy was intensified. Funds were allocated to transport those wishing to new places, primarily to Siberia. Special ("Stolypin") passenger cars were built for the settlers. Beyond the Urals, the peasants were given lands free of charge, for raising the economy and landscaping, and loans were issued.

The sale of land to peasants in installments through a peasant bank was also necessary to reduce the lack of land. On the security of allotment land, loans were issued for the purchase of state land transferred to the Bank's fund, and land that was sold by landowners.

The development of agricultural cooperation, both commercial and credit, was given an impetus by the publication in 1908 of an exemplary charter. Credit partnerships received some benefits.

d) Progress of the reform.

1. Legal basis, stages and lessons of the reform.

The legislative basis for the reform was the decree of November 9, 1906, after the adoption of which the implementation of the reform began. The main provisions of the decree were enshrined in a 1910 law approved by the Duma and the State Council. Serious clarifications were introduced into the course of the reform by the law of 1911, which reflected the change in the emphasis of government policy and marked the beginning of the second stage of the reform.

In 1915 -1916. In connection with the war, the reform actually stopped. In June 1917 the reform was officially terminated by the Provisional Government. The reform was carried out by the efforts of the main department of land management and agriculture, headed by A.V.

Krivoshein, and Stolypin's Minister of the Interior.

2. The transformation of peasants into landowners at the first stage (1907-1910), in accordance with the decree of November 9, 1906, proceeded in several ways.

Strengthening striped plots in the property. Over the years, 2 million plots have been strengthened. When the pressure of local authorities ceased, the strengthening process was sharply reduced. In addition, most of the peasants, who only wanted to sell their allotment and not run their own household, have already done this. After 1911, only those who wanted to sell their plot applied. In total, in 1907-1915. 2.5 million people became "fortified" - 26% of the peasants of European Russia (excluding the western provinces and the Trans-Urals), but almost 40% of them sold their plots, most of them moving beyond the Urals, leaving for the city or replenishing the stratum of the rural proletariat.

Land management at the second stage (1911-1916) according to the laws of 1910 and 1911 made it possible to obtain an allotment in the property automatically - after the creation of cuts and farms, without submitting an application for strengthening the property.

In the "old-hearted" communities (communities where there had been no redistribution since 1861), according to the law of 1910, the peasants were automatically recognized as the owners of allotments. Such communities accounted for 30% of their total number. At the same time, only 600,000 of the 3.5 million members of the boundless communities requested documents certifying their property.

The peasants of the western provinces and some areas of the south, where communities did not exist, also automatically became owners. To do this, they did not need to sell special applications. The reform did not formally take place beyond the Urals, but even there the peasants did not know communal property.

3. Land management.

Organization of farms and cuts. In 1907-1910, only 1/10 of the peasants, who strengthened their allotments, formed farms and cuts.

After 1910 the government realized that a strong peasantry could not emerge on multi-lane sections. For this, it was necessary not to formally strengthen the property, but the economic transformation of allotments. The local authorities, who sometimes resorted to coercion of the community members, were no longer recommended to "artificially encourage" the strengthening process. The main direction of the reform was land management, which now in itself turned peasants into private property.

Now the process has accelerated. In total, by 1916, 1.6 million farms and cuts were formed on approximately 1/3 of the peasant allotment (communal and household) land purchased by the peasants from the bank. It was the beginning. It is important that in reality the potential scope of the movement turned out to be wider: another 20% of the peasants of European Russia filed applications for land management, but land management work was suspended by the war and interrupted by the revolution.

4. Resettlement beyond the Urals.

By decree of March 10, 1906, the right to resettle peasants was granted to everyone without restrictions. The government allocated considerable funds for the costs of settling settlers in new places, for their medical care and public needs, and for laying roads.

Having received a loan from the government, 3.3 million people moved to the new lands in “Stolypin” wagons, 2/3 of which were landless or land-poor peasants. 0.5 million returned, many replenished the population of Siberian cities or became agricultural workers. Only a small part of the peasants became farmers in the new place.

The results of the resettlement campaign were as follows. First, during this period, a huge leap was made in the economic and social development of Siberia. Also, the population of this region increased by 153% during the years of colonization. If before resettlement to Siberia there was a reduction in sown areas, then in 1906-1913 they were expanded by 80%, while in the European part of Russia by 6.2%. In terms of the rate of development of animal husbandry, Siberia also overtook the European part of Russia.

5. Destruction of the community.

For the transition to new economic relations, a whole system economic - legal measures to regulate the agrarian economy. The Decree of November 9, 1906 proclaimed the predominance of the fact of sole ownership of land over the legal right to use it. The peasants could now allocate the land that was in actual use from the community, regardless of its will. The land allotment became the property not of the family, but of an individual householder. Measures were taken to ensure the strength and stability of working peasant farms. So, in order to avoid land speculation and concentration of property, the maximum size of individual land ownership was limited by law, and the sale of land to non-peasants was allowed. The law of June 5, 1912 allowed the issuance of a loan secured by any allotment land acquired by the peasants. Development various forms credit - mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside.

In 1907 - 1915. 25% of households announced their separation from the community, while 20% - 2008.4 thousand households actually separated. New forms of land tenure became widespread: farms and cuts. As of January 1, 1916, there were already 1221.5 thousand of them. In addition, the law of June 14, 1910 considered it unnecessary for many peasants to leave the community, who were only formally considered community members. The number of such households amounted to about one third of all communal households.

6. Purchase of land by peasants with the help of a peasant bank.

The bank sold 15 million state and landowners' land, of which 30% was bought by installments by peasants. At the same time, special benefits were provided to the owners of farms and cuts, who, unlike others, received a loan in the amount of 100% of the cost of the acquired land at 5% per annum. As a result, if until 1906 the bulk of land buyers were peasant collectives, then by 1913 .7% of buyers were individual peasants.

7. Cooperative movement.

The cooperative movement developed rapidly. In 1905-1915, the number of rural credit partnerships increased from 1680 to 15.5 thousand. The number of production and consumer cooperatives in the countryside increased from 3 thousand. (1908) to 10 thousand (1915)

Many economists came to the conclusion that it is cooperation that represents the most promising direction for the development of the Russian countryside, meeting the needs of modernizing the peasant economy. Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives. The peasants, on a cooperative basis, created dairy and butter artels, agricultural societies, consumer shops, and even peasant artel dairy factories.

e) Conclusions.

Serious progress is being made in the peasant sector of Russia. Harvest years and fluctuations in world grain prices played an important role in this, but cut-off farms and farms were especially progressing, where new technologies were used to a greater extent. The yield in these areas exceeded similar indicators of communal fields by 30-50%. Even more, by 61% compared with 1901-1905, the export of agricultural products increased in the prewar years. Russia was the largest producer and exporter of bread and flax, a number of livestock products. So, in 1910, the export of Russian wheat amounted to 36.4% of the total world export.

But this does not mean that pre-war Russia should be presented as a "peasant's paradise." The problems of hunger and agrarian overpopulation were not solved. The country still suffered from technical, economic and cultural backwardness. According to calculations

I.D. Kondratiev in the USA, on average, a farm accounted for a fixed capital of 3,900 rubles, while in European Russia the fixed capital of an average peasant farm barely reached 900 rubles. The national income per capita of the agricultural population in Russia was about 52 rubles a year, and in the United States - 262 rubles.

The growth rate of labor productivity in agriculture was relatively slow. While in Russia in 1913 they received 55 poods of bread from one tithe, in the USA they received 68, in France - 89, and in Belgium - 168 poods. The economic growth took place not on the basis of the intensification of production, but by increasing the intensity of manual peasant labor. But during the period under review, socio-economic conditions were created for the transition to a new stage of agrarian transformation - to the transformation of agriculture into a capital-intensive technologically progressive sector of the economy.

But a number of external circumstances (the death of Stolypin, the beginning of the war) interrupted the Stolypin reform. Stolypin himself believed that it would take 15-20 years for the success of his undertakings. But even during the period 1906-1913 a lot was done.

1) Social results of the fate of the community.

The community as a self-governing body of the Russian village was not affected by the reform, but the socio-economic body of the community began to collapse, the number of land communities decreased from 135,000 to 110,000.

At the same time, in the central non-chernozem regions, the disintegration of the community was almost not observed, it was here that there were numerous cases of arson.

2) Socio-political results of the reform.

There was a gradual cessation of peasant uprisings. At the first stage 1907 -1909. when allotments were consolidated into property, often under pressure from zemstvo chiefs, the number of peasant uprisings began to grow, in 1910 -1000. But after the shift in the emphasis of government policy to land management, the rejection of coercion and some economic successes, peasant unrest almost stopped; to 128. The main political goal was still not achieved. As 1917 showed, the peasantry retained the ability "with the whole world" to oppose the landlords. In 1917 it became obvious that the agrarian reform was 50 years late, but main reason failure was the socio-political half-heartedness of the transformations, manifested in the preservation of the landed estates intact.

RESULTS of the reforms:

The cooperative movement developed.

The number of wealthy peasants increased.

According to the gross harvest of bread, Russia was in 1st place in the world.

The number of livestock increased by 2.5 times.

About 2.5 million people moved to new lands.

The agrarian question is always the main one for Russia

Since 1906, the Russian government under the leadership of P.A. Stolypin carried out a set of measures in the field of agriculture. These activities are collectively referred to as Stolypin agrarian reform.

Main objectives of the reform:

• transfer of allotment lands to the ownership of peasants;
• the gradual abolition of the rural community as a collective land owner;
• extensive lending to peasants;
• buying up landed estates for resale to peasants on preferential terms;
• land management, which makes it possible to optimize the peasant economy due to the elimination of striped crops.

The reform set both short-term and long-term goals.

Short term: resolution of the "agrarian question" as a source of mass discontent (first of all, the cessation of agrarian unrest). Long term: sustainable prosperity and development of agriculture and the peasantry, the integration of the peasantry into the market economy.

Goals of agrarian reform

The agrarian reform was aimed at improving peasant allotment land use and had little effect on private land ownership. It was held in 47 provinces of European Russia (all provinces, except for the three provinces of the Ostzee region); the Cossack land tenure and the land tenure of the Bashkirs were not affected.

The Historic Need for Reform

P.A. Stolypin (third from left) visiting a farm near Moscow, October 1910

The idea of ​​agrarian reform arose as a result of the revolution of 1905-1907, when agrarian unrest intensified, and the activities of the first three State Dumas. In 1905, the agrarian unrest reached its peak, and the government barely had time to suppress it. Stolypin at that time was the governor of the Saratov province, where the unrest was especially strong due to crop failure. In April 1906, P. A. Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior. The government project on the forced alienation of part of the landed estates was not adopted, the Duma was dissolved, and Stolypin was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers. Due to the fact that the situation with the agrarian question remained uncertain, Stolypin decided to adopt all the necessary legal provisions without waiting for the convocation of the Second Duma. On August 27, a decree was issued on the sale of state lands to peasants. On October 5, 1906, a decree was issued "On the abolition of certain restrictions on the rights of rural inhabitants and persons of other former taxable states" dedicated to improving the civil status of peasants. On October 14 and 15, decrees were issued that expanded the activities of the Peasant Land Bank and facilitated the conditions for the purchase of land by peasants on credit. On November 9, 1906, the main legislative act of the reform was issued - the decree "On the addition of some resolutions of the current law concerning peasant land ownership and land use" proclaiming the right of peasants to secure ownership of their allotment lands.

Thanks to the bold step of Stolypin (the issuance of laws under Article 87. This article allowed the government to adopt urgent laws without the approval of the Duma in the interval between the dissolution of one Duma and the convocation of a new one), the reform became irreversible. The Second Duma expressed an even more negative attitude towards any undertakings of the government. It was dissolved after 102 days. There was no compromise between the Dumas and the government.

The III Duma, without rejecting the government's course, adopted all government bills for an extremely long time. As a result, since 1907, the government has abandoned active legislative activity in agrarian policy and proceeds to expand the activities of government agencies, increase the volume of distributed loans and subsidies. Since 1907, the peasants' applications for fixing land ownership have been satisfied with great delays (there is not enough staff from the land management commissions). Therefore, the main efforts of the government were directed to the training of personnel (primarily land surveyors). But they also increase cash allocated for reform, in the form of funding the Peasant Land Bank, subsidizing agronomic assistance measures, direct benefits to peasants.

Since 1910, the government's course has changed somewhat - more attention is being paid to supporting the cooperative movement.

Peasant life

On September 5, 1911, P. A. Stolypin was assassinated, and Finance Minister V. N. Kokovtsov became prime minister. Kokovtsov, who showed less initiative than Stolypin, followed the outlined course without introducing anything new into the agrarian reform. The volume of land management work to allocate land, the amount of land assigned to the property of peasants, the amount of land sold to peasants through the Peasants' Bank, the volume of loans to peasants grew steadily until the outbreak of the First World War.

During 1906-1911. decrees were issued, as a result of which the peasants had the opportunity:

• take possession of the property;
• freely leave the community and choose another place of residence;
• to move to the Urals in order to receive land (about 15 hectares) and money from the state to raise the economy;
• settlers received tax benefits and were exempted from military service.

agrarian reform

Have the goals of Stolypin's reform been achieved?

This is a rhetorical question when evaluating the activities of reformers; it does not have an unequivocal answer. Each generation will give its own answer to it.

Stolypin stopped the revolution and began profound reforms. At the same time, he fell victim to an assassination attempt, was unable to complete his reforms and did not achieve his goal. main goal: to create a great Russia in 20 peaceful years .

Nevertheless, during his activity the following results were achieved:

1. The cooperative movement developed.
2. The number of wealthy peasants increased.
3. According to the gross harvest of bread, Russia was in 1st place in the world.
4. The number of livestock increased by 2.5 times.
5. About 2.5 million people moved to new lands.

Municipal educational institution, secondary school in the village of Novostroevo, Ozersky district, Kaliningrad region

Reforms P.A. Stolypin.

Work completed

11th grade student

MOU SOSH pos. Novostroevo

Avagimyan Julia

Leader: Mosina Galina

Alexandrovna,

a history teacher

1. Introduction 3

2. Main part 4

2.1 Agrarian reform 5

2.2 Education reform 10

2.3 Military reform 12

3. Conclusion 14

4. Literature used 16

Introduction.

"The motherland requires service to itself

so sacrificially honest,

that the slightest thought of personal

benefit overshadows the soul and couple

licks his work"

P.A. Stolypin

Every nation brings forth from its midst the most prominent representatives, whose fates are inextricably linked with his fate, personify the most important, joyful or tragic stages. At the turn of the millennium, against the background of our Russian losses, the tragic image of the Russian reformer, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, is becoming more and more significant.

Looking into the face of a man whose name is Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, it is clear that his features radiate intelligence, strength, will, and dignity. This was recognized by everyone: both his like-minded people and obvious enemies. Some called Pyotr Arkadievich the savior of the Motherland, the support of the Fatherland, the hope of Russia in Time of Troubles, others - the executioner.

Statesman and politician P.A. Stolypin was a deeply Orthodox man, but along with Christian humility, deep faith in the Savior, he lived in him as a staunch warrior, defender of the Russian Land, ready to take up the sword for her sake in order to stand to the end

Most recently, the program "Name of Russia" was completed. Stolypin P.A. took 2nd place. I had questions: “Who was the great Russian reformer after all? What is the most important thing in his work? What was he striving for? What did he manage to do?

In my work, I tried to answer these questions.

2.Main part

Reforms of P.A. Stolypin

The reforms of Peter Arkadyevich affected all key areas of the country's life. The task was to carry out systemic reforms, the semantic core of which was the formation of the initial institutions of the rule of law and civil society. The following main directions of the Stolypin government's reform policy can be singled out:

Military reform

Land (Agrarian) reform

Education, science and culture

The strategic goals of the Stolypin domestic policy were not about land management. Reform cannot be the goal. Both the agrarian reform and the modernization of the economy are all means. What is the purpose? The goal was to preserve the country without losing centuries-old traditions and not lose in the global competition.

Innovation P.A. Stolypin as a reformer was that he pursued a policy of consistent modernization of all political and social institutions of the Russian Empire.

2.1 Agrarian reform

Stolypin, being a landowner, leader of the provincial nobility,

knew and understood the interests of the landowners; as governor during the revolution, he saw peasants in revolt, so for him the agrarian question was not an abstract concept.

The agrarian reform was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin. Goals

the reform had several: socio-political- create in the village

solid support for the autocracy from strong owners, splitting them off from

the bulk of the peasantry and opposing them to it; strong farms

were to become an obstacle to the growth of the revolution in the countryside;

socio-economic- destroy the community, plant private farms in the form of cuts and farms, and the excess work force send it to the city, where it will be absorbed by the growing industry; economic- to ensure the rise of agriculture and the further industrialization of the country in order to eliminate the lag behind the advanced powers.

The first step in this direction was taken in 1861. Then the agrarian question was solved at the expense of the peasants, who paid the landowners for the land, and for freedom. The agrarian legislation of 1906-1910 was

second step, with the government to consolidate its power and

the power of the landowners, again tried to solve the agrarian question at the expense of

peasantry.

of the year. This decree was the main business of Stolypin's life. It was a creed, a great and last hope, an obsession, his present and future.

Great if the reform succeeds; catastrophic if it fails, and Stolypin was aware of this.

1908, i.e. two years after he entered life. The discussion of the decree went on for more than six months.

entered the discussion of the State Council and was also adopted,

after which, according to the date of his approval by the king, he became known as law 14

June 1910. In terms of content, it was, of course, liberal

bourgeois law, which promotes the development of capitalism in the countryside and,

hence progressive.

The decree introduced extremely important changes in the landownership of the peasants. All peasants received the right to leave the community, which in this case allocated land to the escaping in their own possession. At the same time, the decree

provided privileges for wealthy peasants in order to encourage them

to leave the community. In particular, those who left the community received "in the ownership of individual householders" all the lands "consisting in his permanent use." This meant that people from the community also received surpluses in excess of the per capita norm. Moreover, if redistribution has not been made in a given community over the past 24 years, then the householder received the surplus free of charge, but if there were redistributions, then he paid the community for the surplus at the redemption prices of 1861. Since prices have increased several times over 40 years, this was also beneficial for wealthy people.

Communities in which, since the transition of peasants to redemption, there have been no

redistribution, were recognized as mechanically transferred to the private property of individual householders. For the legal registration of the right of ownership to their land, the peasants of such communities had only to submit an application to the land management commission, which drew up documents for the property of the householder that was actually in their possession. In addition to this provision, the law differed from the decree by some simplification of the procedure for leaving the community.

In 1906, the "Provisional Rules" on land management were adopted.

The land management commissions created on the basis of this law are

the right was granted in the course of the general land management of the communities to allocate from

efficient householders without the consent of the gathering, at their own discretion, if any

the mission considered that such allocation did not affect the interests of the community.

The commissions also had the final say in determining land disputes. Such a right opened the way to the arbitrariness of the commissions.

In 1906-1907. decrees of the king, some part of the state and

specific land was transferred to the Peasants' Bank for sale to peasants in order to ease the land cramped. In fact, this land was bought mainly by kulaks, who thus received additional features to expand the economy.

Stolypin's government also introduced a series of new laws on the resettlement of peasants in the outskirts. The possibilities for a wide development of resettlement were already laid down in the law of June 6, 1904. This law introduced freedom

resettlement without benefits, and the government was given the right to make decisions on the opening of free preferential resettlement from certain areas of the empire, "the eviction from which was recognized as particularly desirable."

For the first time, the law on preferential resettlement was applied in 1905: the government "opened" resettlement from the Poltava and Kharkov provinces, where the peasant movement was especially wide.

In general, a series of laws 1906-1912. was bourgeois.

Medieval allotment land tenure of peasants was abolished, exit from the community, sale of land, free resettlement to cities and outskirts were allowed, redemption payments, corporal punishment, and some legal restrictions were abolished.

Simultaneously with the issuance of new agrarian laws, the government is taking measures to forcibly destroy the community, not fully relying on the action of economic factors. Immediately after November 9, 1906, the entire state apparatus is set in motion by issuing the most categorical circulars and orders, as well as by repressive measures against those who do not carry them out with too much energy.

The practice of the reform showed that the peasantry in its mass was

opposed to separation from the community - at least in most

areas. A survey of the mood of the peasants by the Free Economic Society showed that in the central provinces the peasants had a negative

belonged to the separation from the community (89 negative indicators in the questionnaires

against 7 positive). Many peasant correspondents wrote,

Under the current circumstances, the only way for the government

reform was the path of violence against the main mass of peasant women.

The specific methods of violence were very diverse - from intimidation

rural gatherings to drawing up fictitious sentences, from the cancellation of decisions