Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
Ending functions public speaking
The conclusion has two main functions - to recall the main idea and explain what “should be done” with it.
The speaker needs to keep both functions of the conclusion in mind.
Ending options
It is better not to say: "And now I will conclude" or "Now I turn to the final part of my lecture", the ending should be obvious to the listener, without special introductory words. You can offer the following options for endings.
Quote, winged saying, saying, folk wisdom This ending is especially well remembered in an audience of average and below average level of preparedness. For example: “Folk wisdom says correctly - endure, fall in love”; “The Russian proverb speaks correctly – patience and work will grind everything. So it's all up to us."
General conclusion
The result of the speech must be verbally formalized as a conclusion, so that it is perceived by the audience precisely as a conclusion, as the main idea of the speech: "So, ...". The main conclusion is formulated in full verbal form. However, it should be short and concise. in simple words; after the output, you do not need to add anything and comment on anything.
Address to listeners
You can end the speech by wishing the audience to have a good weekend or summer vacation, have a good evening, etc., congratulate them on the upcoming holidays, etc. In this case, the audience remembers the speaker to a greater extent than the ideas expressed by him.
Summing up repetition
The main idea is repeated in an extended verbal form in the form of a thesis or enumeration: firstly, secondly, and thirdly. As listeners, we are for the most part lazy, have short memories, and are always grateful for a brief recap, in whatever form.
Illustration
The main idea is explained by an example, analogy, parable, allegory. It must be borne in mind that nothing needs to be added after it, the speech must end there.
climax
the main idea speaks at the end of the speech on a high emotional note, for example: “And history will write the name of this person in bright letters above the names of all those who tried to interfere with him!” Experts note that the climax as an effective ending is not suitable for all types of public speaking, but it usually makes a strong impression on the listeners.
Audience Compliment
D. Carnegie gives such an example of a similar ending: "The great state of Pennsylvania should lead the movement to hasten the arrival of a new time!".
humorous ending
It could be a joke, an anecdote, funny story. “If you can, leave the audience laughing,” D. Carnegie advised.
Thanks for your attention
This is the traditional ending. A slight extension can make it somewhat less traditional - if the speaker not only utters the on-duty phrase “Thank you for your attention”, but also says a few words that positively characterize today's audience, its level, interesting questions that were asked, etc., that is, he will give a compliment to the audience. For example: “In conclusion, I would like to thank you for your attention, for listening to me so carefully and asking interesting questions. It was a pleasure for me to speak in your audience.” Or: “Thank you for your attention. It was a pleasure for me to speak in your attentive and friendly audience.” Or: “Thank you for your attention. And I want to thank you separately for the very interesting questions that you asked me.”
How not to end a speech
It is not recommended to end with an irrelevant joke - this causes bewilderment in the audience, and if the audience is left in bewilderment after the speaker leaves, the whole effect of the speech disappears. You should not apologize: “I understand, I didn’t manage to cover everything”, “I see, I tired you a little ...”, etc. You don’t need to remember anything additionally after you have formulated the conclusion - the whole impression of it will be blurred. You can not cut off speech without a conclusion and leave. In no case should you leave the audience in a mood of hopelessness and hopelessness in connection with the gloomy pictures you have drawn - you must definitely give the listeners some perspective, outline a way out and express confidence that the worst will not happen. It is necessary to end the speech only on an optimistic note. It is not recommended to end your speech with a phrase like “That's all I wanted to say” - it is better to end with a phrase related to the content of the speech or gratitude for your attention.
Answers to questions from the audience
How to answer questions? This is a problem for many speakers. Beginners, inexperienced speakers are afraid of questions, and sometimes they even consider such a speech to be successful, which did not raise questions from the audience. This is mistake. Questions should not be feared, and in order to increase the impact of your speech, questions from the audience should even be stimulated, and sometimes “provoked”. What are the basic principles of the speaker's response to questions?
All questions must be answered
Note that it is not necessary to answer all questions immediately. You can postpone the answer by saying: “I understand you, I will answer you a little later. This is not entirely relevant to our topic, but I will try to answer you at the end of our conversation...”. You can also say this: "This is a private matter, please come to me during a break (or after my speech), we will discuss this with you." It is better to answer even a not very serious question seriously, finding some rational grain in it.
Respond equally respectfully to everyone
This means that the speaker must show attention, respect for anyone who asks a question, recognize any question, the question of any listener as legitimate, legitimate, worthy of attention. By the way, when answering a question, you should never say to the questioner: “You misunderstood me”, you need to say: “It seems that I expressed myself unsuccessfully” or “Apparently, I could not explain my thought well”, etc.
Answer briefly
Do not turn the answer into a lecture! We have already noted above: a minute and a half is the limit for answering any question.
Oratory techniques. Climax. How to end a speech?
It has been said more than once that any speech consists of three parts: the beginning or introduction, the main part and the climax or conclusion. In the middle part, you need to talk in detail about all the little things and present the evidence base. But with the beginning and end, everything is much more complicated.
The introduction is necessary in order to hook the audience, get to know it, inspire confidence and announce the future speech. It is from this place that the formation of the success of the entire event begins. The question is how to end the speech?
The end of a speech is the most important point the entire performance. It reaches the highest emotional peak. The goal of the speaker is that after his speech everyone should be ignited by his idea and support his undertakings.
You can’t end your speech with a banal one: “I’m done. Thanks to all". It certainly won't impress, even if the rest of the parts were up to par. Even if you are limited in time, still plan a good start and fabulous ending. Better shorten the main part.
The climax of the performance enhances the effect of the whole event. Therefore, there must be a lot of emotions. We need to move everyone in the hall to some action.
In rhetoric, there are two stages of completing a speech. The first is generalization. The second is motivation. What do they mean?
Generalization is a kind of drawing a line, that is, summarizing. It is necessary to sum up the speech, draw conclusions. All this should be so technically thought out that even if a person slept through the entire event, he should understand what was discussed, what goals were pursued, what theses were put forward and what it all led to. It should become clear to everyone that there will be no continuation, since the topic has been disclosed and there is nothing more to talk about. One of the forms of summing up can be an open ending, when you ask a question to which the viewer himself must find the answer, after the performance, for example, as V. Pozner often does: “What am I doing all this for? Yes, so ... by the way! Good night"
Motivation is a call to action or decision. That is, from the speaker to the public there should be such a call as “Buy!”, “Vote!”, “Act!” etc.
In emotional terms, the performance should be energetic, optimistic. The audience should "burn" eyes. In no case do not stoop to absurdity and excessive pathos, do not make the ending sugary and sugary. Do not delay the end, everything should end at the peak of the audience's concentration and interest.
At the very end, you can also express your gratitude to the public. The bright ending is required element speech, which will become a tool for your achievements!
"Well said! Well Said! Presentations and conversations that get results.
At the beginning of the speech, you have only 60 seconds to capture the attention of the audience, gain confidence in people, orient them in the topic and set them up for further listening. If you waste a precious introductory minute on jokes, agendas, apologies, useless details, thank yous, or incoherent stammers, your audience's attention will be irretrievably lost. You must be creative with the introduction, the most important part of the work. This is a difficult task for any speaker, and you will have to rehearse well and work out the challenging opening.
Darlene Price
1. Tell an exciting story
Storytelling is one of the most powerful and successful techniques. From birth, people like to listen and learn from. Fairy-tale heroes, villains from campfire tales or theatrical characters captivate us with their dialogues, conflicts and destinies. With their help, we gain worldly experience and draw parallels with our own life, which easily holds the attention of any person.
At best, it should be a personal first-hand story, telling the audience why you were puzzled by the topic of the report. Although a story about another person whom the public can recognize will do. Alternatively, reveal a fable, fairy tale, wisdom, or historical event. The idea is that your 60-90 second introduction will captivate the audience and contain the key idea of the entire subsequent report.
What problems have you (or someone else) encountered on the topic of the talk? How did you (or someone else) overcome them? Who or what helped or hindered you? What conclusions were made? What should your audience get and feel after reading the story?
2. Ask a rhetorical question
And what Russian does not like to drive fast?
And who are the judges?
Dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness?
Rhetorical questions help to convince. If they are thoughtful and presented in the right form, the audience will follow the path that the speaker intended. With their help, it is easy to persuade listeners to their point of view.
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com At the same time, the question does not always have to give an unambiguous answer “yes” or “no”. You can arouse people's curiosity and make them think about the answer by asking something more "heavy".
3. Voice a shocking statistic or headline
A bold statement or catchy headline is the perfect way to convince your audience to take your advice and follow through. The main thing is that they accurately reflect the purpose of your speech.
For example, the VP of Sales for a leading American company in the field of healthcare successfully sells software for hospitals in a very striking manner. He begins with dry but painfully sharp figures: “Medical errors leading to the death of a patient have become the third main reason death from heart disease and cancer. We are talking about 400 thousand cases per year. This is much more than previously thought. We are creating a world without medical errors, and we need your help.”
4. Use a strong quote
Bring words of wisdom famous person whose name will add attractiveness and social weight to your speech. But it is important to understand that the quote must be relevant: make sense and relevance specifically for your audience.
Imagine that you are the conflict manager and you are trying to convince the group to reach an agreement. When opening a negotiation, you could quote Mark Twain, who once said, “If two people agree on everything, there is no need for one of them.” The next sentence should add a touch of unity: "Even though not all of us see the way out of the problem in the same way, the efforts of each of us are extremely important in reaching an agreement."
5. Show an effective photo
A picture is worth a thousand words. And maybe more.
Use pictures instead of text whenever possible. A good photo adds aesthetic appeal, enhances comprehension, fills the audience's imagination, and makes the presentation more memorable.
Matej Kastelic/Shutterstock.com For example, the president of an electrical equipment company skillfully inspired his managers to cut costs. Instead of showing them the usual diagrams, graphs and tables, he opened the meeting with a rather strange question: "Why did the Titanic sink?" In unison, there was a mention of a collision with an iceberg. Then the head of the company displayed an image of an iceberg on the general screen: its tip was visible above the water, but much most of hiding under the surface. “The same is true for our company. Hidden costs are the same underwater danger that will pull us to the bottom.” This visual metaphor inspired executives, and their proposals ended up saving millions of dollars.
6. Get creative
Themed props are a sure way to keep your listeners' attention. Visual support will emphasize your idea.
So, being an avid tennis fan, the head of a large insurance company began his speech with a spectacular hit with a racket. Thus, he expressed his determination, "won a point against competitors", rallied the team and ultimately "won the Grand Slam".
Think about how you could use Wall Clock, a colorful bag, a bunch of carrots, juggling balls or manipulating cards to captivate the audience, add humor and get the message across.
7. Start a short video
Picture this: you start your presentation in front of the production department with a video in which satisfied customers give positive reference your product. Or you open a fundraising event for endangered species with a mini-film about the Amur leopard and its offspring.
The video evokes an emotional reaction. Unlike words and slides, a short film adds drama and conveys the essence of what is happening faster.
As Walt Disney said:
I'd rather entertain people and hope they learn something than educate people and hope they have fun.
"Well said! Well Said! Presentations and conversations that get results.
At the beginning of the speech, you have only 60 seconds to capture the attention of the audience, gain confidence in people, orient them in the topic and set them up for further listening. If you waste a precious introductory minute on jokes, agendas, apologies, useless details, thank yous, or incoherent stammers, your audience's attention will be irretrievably lost. You must be creative with the introduction, the most important part of the work. This is a difficult task for any speaker, and you will have to rehearse well and work out the challenging opening.
Darlene Price
1. Tell an exciting story
Storytelling is one of the most powerful and successful techniques. From birth, people like to listen and learn from. Fairy-tale heroes, villains from campfire tales or theatrical characters captivate us with their dialogues, conflicts and destinies. With their help, we gain worldly experience and draw parallels with our own life, which easily holds the attention of any person.
At best, it should be a personal first-hand story, telling the audience why you were puzzled by the topic of the report. Although a story about another person whom the public can recognize will do. Alternatively, reveal a fable, fairy tale, wisdom, or historical event. The idea is that your 60-90 second introduction will captivate the audience and contain the key idea of the entire subsequent report.
What problems have you (or someone else) encountered on the topic of the talk? How did you (or someone else) overcome them? Who or what helped or hindered you? What conclusions were made? What should your audience get and feel after reading the story?
2. Ask a rhetorical question
And what Russian does not like to drive fast?
And who are the judges?
Dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness?
Rhetorical questions help to convince. If they are thoughtful and presented in the right form, the audience will follow the path that the speaker intended. With their help, it is easy to persuade listeners to their point of view.
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com At the same time, the question does not always have to give an unambiguous answer “yes” or “no”. You can arouse people's curiosity and make them think about the answer by asking something more "heavy".
3. Voice a shocking statistic or headline
A bold statement or catchy headline is the perfect way to convince your audience to take your advice and follow through. The main thing is that they accurately reflect the purpose of your speech.
For example, the VP of Sales for a leading US healthcare company successfully sells hospital software in a very flashy manner. He starts with dry but painfully poignant figures: “Medical errors leading to the death of a patient have become the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. We are talking about 400 thousand cases per year. This is much more than previously thought. We are creating a world without medical errors, and we need your help.”
4. Use a strong quote
Give the wise words of a famous person whose name will add attractiveness and social weight to your speech. But it is important to understand that the quote must be relevant: make sense and relevance specifically for your audience.
Imagine that you are the conflict manager and you are trying to convince the group to reach an agreement. When opening a negotiation, you could quote Mark Twain, who once said, “If two people agree on everything, there is no need for one of them.” The next sentence should add a touch of unity: "Even though not all of us see the way out of the problem in the same way, the efforts of each of us are extremely important in reaching an agreement."
5. Show an effective photo
A picture is worth a thousand words. And maybe more.
Use pictures instead of text whenever possible. A good photo adds aesthetic appeal, enhances comprehension, fills the audience's imagination, and makes the presentation more memorable.
Matej Kastelic/Shutterstock.com For example, the president of an electrical equipment company skillfully inspired his managers to cut costs. Instead of showing them the usual diagrams, graphs and tables, he opened the meeting with a rather strange question: "Why did the Titanic sink?" In unison, there was a mention of a collision with an iceberg. Then the head of the company displayed an image of an iceberg on a common screen: its tip was visible above the water, but a much larger part was hidden under the surface. “The same is true for our company. Hidden costs are the same underwater danger that will pull us to the bottom.” This visual metaphor inspired executives, and their proposals ended up saving millions of dollars.
6. Get creative
Themed props are a sure way to keep your listeners' attention. Visual support will emphasize your idea.
So, being an avid tennis fan, the head of a large insurance company began his speech with a spectacular hit with a racket. Thus, he expressed his determination, "won a point against competitors", rallied the team and ultimately "won the Grand Slam".
Think about how you could use a wall clock, a colorful bag, a bunch of carrots, ball juggling, or card manipulation to captivate your audience, add humor, and get your message across.
7. Start a short video
Imagine you start your production presentation with a video in which satisfied customers give a positive review of your product. Or you open a fundraising event for endangered species with a mini-film about the Amur leopard and its offspring.
The video evokes an emotional reaction. Unlike words and slides, a short film adds drama and conveys the essence of what is happening faster.
As Walt Disney said:
I'd rather entertain people and hope they learn something than educate people and hope they have fun.
Rules for making public statements
accessible to listeners
How to start a performance?
Start of the performance presents the greatest difficulty. At the same time, it is extremely important, because at this moment the mind of the listeners is fresh and relatively easy to impress. If you rely on chance, then this can lead to too serious consequences. The beginning of the speech should be carefully prepared in advance.
Introduction should be short and consist of no more than one or two sentences. You can often do without it altogether.
Get right down to the point of your speech, spending on this the minimum number of words. Nobody will object to this.
Don't start your speech with a humorous story. This is not always successful, especially for beginners. Only very few people can successfully tell a funny anecdote. More often than not, this attempt will confuse the audience instead of pleasuring it. The story should be on point, humor should be the icing on the cake, not the cake itself.
never apologize, as it usually annoys listeners. Say exactly what you are going to say, say it clearly, quickly, and sit in your seat.
Don't start your speech too formally. Do not show that you carefully prepared it. It should look free, unintentional, natural. This can be achieved by talking about what has just happened or what has just been said.
To grab the attention of the audience at the beginning of your speech, you can use the following techniques:
- arouse the curiosity of the listeners;
- to tell interesting story;
- start with a specific illustration;
- Ask a Question;
- start with some "amazing" quote or facts;
- show that the topic of the speech is related to the vital interests of the audience.
How do you make the meaning of your speech clear?
1. Make the unfamiliar understandable by linking it to familiar objects and phenomena.
2. Avoid technical terms in your speech. Express your thoughts in simple and understandable language.
3. Be sure that the subject you are about to talk about is as clear to you as sunlight at noon.
4. Use the visual perception of the listeners. When possible, use exhibits, pictures, illustrations. Be specific (don't use the word "dog" if you mean "white fox terrier with a black spot above the right eye").
5. Repeat your main points, but do not repeat or use the same phrases twice or thrice.
6. Make Your Abstract Statements Understandable by Accompanying General Categories concrete examples and occasions.
7. Don't try to raise too many questions. In a short talk, it is impossible to properly address more than one or two sections of a large topic.
8. Conclude your talk short summary the terms you have stated.
9. If possible, use balanced sentences and contrasting ideas.
10. Interest is contagious. The audience will certainly be covered by it if the speaker himself is imbued with it.
How to end a speech?
The ending of the speech is indeed her most strategic important element. What is said at the end, listeners are likely to remember longer.
Don't end your presentation by saying, “That's about all I have to say about this. So I guess I'll end here." Finish, but don't talk about finishing.
Carefully prepare the ending of your speech, rehearse it in advance. Know almost word for word how you are going to end your presentation. Finish your speech smoothly. Don't leave it unfinished and broken like a jagged rock. Remember: good improvisation is well prepared improvisation.
- to summarize - to repeat again and briefly state the main points that you touched upon in your speech;
- call to action
- give the listeners an appropriate compliment;
- cause laughter;
- quote suitable poetic lines;
- use a vivid quote;
- create an emotional uplift.
When preparing the beginning and end of a speech, always link them together. Stop speaking before the audience wants it. Remember: after the peak of popularity, satiety sets in very soon.
Examples of public speaking.
In each of the above passages, those features of the text that are noted as having a positive impact on the audience are highlighted. All speeches are devoted to the problem of stimulating teachers to conduct methodological self-educational work.
1. “Dear colleagues! ( appeal). This is not the first time we are gathering this year on the issue of intensifying the work of methodological associations ( generality of cause). I express my gratitude (names are given, to whom it is addressed) to those who supported this line of work of the school ( pointing to positive examples). Yes, indeed, “another modernization” (nods towards the most dissatisfied listener) fell on our professional path (recognition of the right of the audience to their own opinion). Methodical work - component of all education, it is through it that modernization is possible ( emphasis).
I spoke more than once about the results of the analysis of the lessons attended ( reference to past experience of interaction). Their strict examination gives every reason to believe that we all have them without exception ( division of responsibility) are built in the same way. Only for open lesson we try to delve into the methodological literature ( frank admission of an unsightly fact). Yes, indeed, we have a small salary, we are overloaded with part-time jobs and part-time jobs, our families at home want to see us not only sitting at books and notebooks ( anticipation of objections).
I expressed my proposals for the development of methodological work at school at the last Methodological Council. I wrote the main directions of its activation on the board ( visual representation). There are five of them. I ask you to comment on them or contribute your own ( Willingness to interact with listeners)».
2. “Today we will talk about methodical work. But first I would like to tell a parable about a horse ( laughter) (intriguing opening). A man in the market praises his horse to the buyer, emphasizing that it runs fast. And he says to him: "Then you need to sell it cheaper." "Why so?" the man asks. “What if she runs fast, but in the wrong direction?” ( laugh).
Why am I doing this? I was the day before yesterday at a seminar in one school. There, a teacher speaks with the message “the use of NLP in mathematics lessons in primary school". Performs with enthusiasm, the directors all like it. And I ingenuously ask: “What linguistic - in mathematics? What kind of programming, if thinking has always been developed on mathematics? What is the scientific basis for this innovation? How will this affect children, now and in the future? Do you understand where this brisk teacher can run without a methodical watch? ( rhetorical questions).
Another example. My son began to prepare for a history session at the institute, sorting through his old notebooks. It also became interesting for me to remember how the material was given before. I open it: the biography of Chernomyrdin is given by the teacher on the full page in the notebook for the record ( laugh). Of course, there are no good history books and all that. Are there good teachers?.. As the horse ran along the ideological road, it cannot be stopped ( problematization through metaphor, reliance on examples from own life and work).
Dear my colleagues! Dear associates! ( pretentious appeal). You and I have passed more than one obstacle course, we will pass this one too ( emphasizing commonality with listeners, expressing confidence in their capacity). Tell me the words with which I can explain to each of you that no one will allow us to work like this today. Methodical work is our face, it is the level of our professionalism. Methodological work for a teacher is an appeal to new knowledge. Without it, our work is meaningless. I am for meaningful work. And you?.. ( publicity, appeal to listeners)».
3. “I agree with previous speakers that methodological work has great importance in the teacher's work link to previous speakers). Even when it is not paid for, and even when it is carried out at its own expense - I mean courses and methodical literature (open, possibly oppositional, attitude to the problem). Imagine a pediatrician on a small salary who treats with the knowledge of his student days that ended thirty years ago. Will you argue with the fact that we are equally responsible for the growing person ( comparison)?
In my presentation, I focus on what makes methodical work vital for a teacher ( summary of the content of the speech).
The first thing to remember numbering of advanced arguments). The child we teach is changing before our eyes. This year's fifth grader cannot be taught the way we taught current fifth graders. We need to look for other methods, even explain in other words educational material (making obvious arguments).
Second. A teacher engaged in methodical work is a teacher respected by us, parents and students. In a situation where the prestige of our profession is falling, we are obliged (I emphasize - we are obliged) to ensure that our work is treated with respect ( appeal to values).
And third. We are what we leave behind. What will be left of us when we ourselves are gone? A stack of ironed duvet covers?.. If memory, then let us be remembered as brilliant professionals in our field. And even better - as the authors of "manuals", textbooks and articles in our professional journals, as delegates to congresses and conferences, as the best representatives our country ( appeal to higher meanings).
Thank you for the opportunity to say all this gratitude to the listeners)».
Efficiency business meeting held in the form public speaking, increases if the following characteristics are present:
Ø the accuracy of the information provided, the verifiability of the actual material;
Ø showing confidence in the audience, including their professional and life situation in the context of the speaker's speech;
Ø examples from own experience and from the experience of listeners;
Ø emphasizing the significance, prestige of what is said in the speech;
Ø emphasizing common interests and goals with the audience;
Ø well-thought-out structure of the text, its emotional and figurative expressiveness;
Ø sensitive response to the mood of the audience;
Ø friendliness, ease of communication;
Ø providing listeners with the opportunity to choose their attitude to the perceived material, the absence of coercion and categoricalness;
Ø Established feedback from the audience (this will be discussed in detail below).
The situation of public speaking allows you to determine what type of speaking, monologue (dominant, authoritarian) or dialogic, the speaker adheres to the most. These two types are compared according to several indicators given in the table.
