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Instruction The frames of the film merge for us into continuous movement due to ...
Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers questions: what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect species, are divided into transitional and intransitive, change in inclination.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a definition or a circumstance.
Verb types
Verbs are of two types: perfect and imperfect. Verbsimperfect formanswer the question what to do?, and the verbsperfect look- what to do?
Imperfect verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result (did, painted).
Perfect verbs indicate the completion of the action, its end or result (done, painted).
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used (sing, sing, sing along, sing along).
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are calledtransitional.
transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object (wash the window, shake hands).
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs areintransitive, if the action does not directly transfer to another object (talk, walk).
Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix-sya (-sya)(smile, get angry).
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with suffix-sya (-sya) calledreturnable
(laugh, rejoice).
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix-syathey are not used).
verb mood
Verbs inindicative mooddenote actions that are happening or will actually happen (read, read, will read, read).
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs inconditional mooddenote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix-l- and particles would (b)(I would have looked, I would have gone). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular by gender.
Verbs inimperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request (read, go, bring).
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix-and-or null suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural --those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs-ka, which somewhat softens the order (tell me, play a game).
Verb tenses
Verbs in present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
Verbs in past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form -whose, -ti form past tense singular masculine without suffix -l-(furnace - bake, carry - carried, reach - reached).
Past tense verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.
Verbs in future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. composite Future tense imperfective verbs is formed from the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. From perfective verbs, the future tense is formed, from imperfective verbs, the future tense is formed.
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Russian morphology literary language*
VERB
Conjugation of verbs
Future tense, simple and compound
Forms of the future tense of verbs perfect. and imperfect. species, differing in meaning, also differ in their formation. Verbs have perfect. the form of the future tense corresponds in education to the form of the present tense in imperfect verbs. type, i.e. form, correlative with it and in meaning. Both of these forms are synthetic forms in which the totality of real and formal meanings is expressed in one and the same word, cf. the present tense of verbs is imperfect. kind write, read and the future tense of perfect verbs. kind write, read.
Imperfect verbs. the form of the future tense is formed analytically by combining the future tense form of the auxiliary verb be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb, i.e. of the verb from which the future tense should be formed, for example: I will read, you will write, they will decide etc. In the form of the future tense formed in this way, the infinitive of the conjugated verb expresses real and non-syntactic formal meanings (kind, reflexive or irrevocable, transitive or intransitive), while the auxiliary verb expresses syntactic formal meanings (mood, tense, person, number).
According to the terminology accepted in Russian grammar, the synthetic future tense of verbs is perfect. species is called the future simple (write, read), and the analytic future tense of verbs is imperfect. species - future difficult (I will write, I will read).
Verb face forms
In the present and future tenses, verbs form forms called personal, or persons. These forms denote the person to whom the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb, and the person denoted by the verb is determined through its relation to the speaker. There are three such personal forms: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person. Each of them is presented in units. and in plural. number.
The persons of the verb, opposing each other in meaning, form two pairs of correlative forms. One of them is formed by the forms of the 1st and 2nd person. These forms, as properly personal, are opposed by the form of the 3rd person, which by its meaning can be defined as non-personal and which only in relation to the 1st and 2nd person is designated as a form of the 3rd person.
The personal meaning of properly personal forms, i.e. forms of the 1st and 2nd person, basically corresponds to the meaning of personal pronouns-nouns. Form of the 1st person unit. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to himself: write, read. In other words, the person to whom the process refers is "I". 1st person plural number is used in the case when the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to a group of persons, of which he himself is a member, i.e. relates it to "we": write, read.
Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to his interlocutor, i.e. to the one to whom the speech is addressed, to "you": write, read. Its corresponding form is plural. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to a group of people (more than one) to whom he addresses with a speech, or to a group of people that includes the speaker's interlocutor, i.e. relates the process in general to "you": write, read. Also, 2nd person plural. number is used as a form of polite or formal address to one person (to "you"): Listen, Gorsky... You yourself know that I am not capricious now.(I. Turgenev), I want to know: how do you explain this? “But I want to know what right you have to question me,” I replied.. (I.Turgenev)
Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers are also used in the so-called generalized-personal meaning. This happens when the speaker means through it that the process expressed by the verb does not refer to any particular interlocutor, but to any possible person, including the speaker himself, for example: Ruined a completely human ... What are you going to do!(A. Pisemsky), Until you know him, you will not enter him - you are afraid, as if you are timid; and you will enter - as if the sun will warm you, and you will be all cheerful. (I. Turgenev) In this sense, the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers are widely used in proverbs: You will learn from the smart, you will unlearn from the stupid, Tears will not help grief, If you plant a seed, you will grow an apple tree. etc. The 2nd person can have a generalized personal meaning not only in the form of units. numbers, but also in plural form. numbers: A quarter of an hour before sunset, in the spring, you go out into the grove with a gun, without a dog. You find a place for yourself somewhere near the edge of the forest, look around, inspect the piston, wink at your comrade ... Birds chatteringly babble; the young grass gleams with the merry brilliance of emerald... you are waiting.(I.Turgenev)
Opposing in meaning to the 1st and 2nd persons in their totality, the form of the 3rd person means that the speaker does not attribute the process expressed by the verb to himself or to his interlocutor. In units In number, the form of the 3rd person in the absence of a subject has an impersonal meaning, i.e. it indicates the impossibility of attributing the process to any subject: It's still pounding in my head.(N. Gogol), The heat from her radiates. (I. Turgenev), There is a smell of fresh milk in the air.(N. Nekrasov), Burning at the sawmill. (A. Chekhov) Only if the verb has a subject or it stands out from the context, “implied”, this form means that the process refers to the speaker to some object, but not to a person in the narrow sense of the word, i.e. .e. speaker and his interlocutor: he writes, reads. In the presence of a subject, the form of the 3rd person plural has the same meaning. numbers indicating only the plurality of objects to which the process belongs: they write, read. In the absence of a subject, 3rd person plural. number has an indefinite personal meaning, i.e. it means that the process refers to the speaker to some objects, but indefinite and indefinable, since the speaker does not care who performs the process expressed by the verb: Bear! carry! carry!(N. Gogol), What is the name of this bridge?(A. Pushkin), Don't wave your fists after a fight. (Proverb), Please don't smoke. Thus, the use of the form of the 3rd person unit. number in an impersonal meaning corresponds to the use of the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers in an indefinite personal meaning. The latter cannot have an impersonal meaning, since this is prevented by the plural expressed by it. number. The value of multiplicity indicates that the process is produced by some objects (more than one) and, therefore, it cannot be represented in complete abstraction from the object that produces it.
decide |
decide |
I will |
} | decide |
we will |
} | decide |
Personal forms, as already mentioned, are present in the forms of the present and future tense. At the same time, since the present tense of verbs is imperfect. aspect and future simple in verbs perfect. species are synthetic forms, their personal forms are formed by changing the conjugated verb itself. In the complex future tense, the verbs are imperfect. aspect, which is an analytic form, personal forms are indicated by changing the auxiliary verb be, i.e. denoted by its personal forms.
Impersonal verbs
Some verbs from personal and generic forms form only the 3rd person singular. numbers in present and future tense and avg. gender in the past tense. Forms of the 3rd person and sredn. The genders of these verbs do not indicate any person and denote a process that occurs as if by itself, without anyone's active participation: I can't sleep, no fire.(A. Pushkin), He did not walk, did not walk, did not even want to climb up. (N. Gogol), There, here, but you can’t sit at home. (A. Pushkin), It was already late when we got home. (I. Turgenev) Such verbs are called impersonal. They are usually names or some natural phenomena: it gets light, it gets dark, it freezes, it gets dark, it soars(before the rain), etc., or various experiences and states of a person: dozing, thinking, sleeping, unwell, sick, feverish.
Formation of personal forms of the verb
Personal forms are formed by attaching to the basis of the crust. temp. special endings that simultaneously denote not only the person, but also the number of the verb. Therefore, verbs have six personal endings, three for each number. By differences in the sound expression of these endings most of verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation is characterized by endings: -y, -osh (-eat), -ot (-et), -om (-eat), -ote (-eat), -ut; second: -u, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at.
AT oral speech the endings of the first and second conjugations in many persons differ only when the ending is stressed. In the same case, when the stress falls on the stem, the same unstressed endings are pronounced for all verbs: -ish (kol'ish, l'ub'ish), -it (kol'it, l'ub'it), -im (kol'im, l'ub'im), -it' (colitis', l 'ub'it'), -ut (kol'-ut, l'ub'ut). Therefore, both the verbs of the first and the verbs of the second conjugations are pronounced without stress in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. numbers and 1st and 2nd persons plural. the number of the end of the second conjugation (because and- phoneme variant<and> and not <о> ), in the 3rd person plural. numbers - the end of the first conjugation. Such pronunciation of unstressed personal endings is typical, for example, of the language of many Muscovites.
A certain kind of difference exists between the verbs of the first and second conjugations in the nature of the stem from which the personal forms are formed, i.e. basics of present. temp. For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem is present. temp. as it appears in the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers, may end in back-palatal consonants (bake-ut, shore-ut), into hard consonants, paired with soft (push-ut, met-ut, lead-ut, carry-ut, carry-ut, row-ut, swim-ut, press-ut, or-ut), on hissing and j (pash-ut, knit-ut, cry-ut, sparkle-ut, spray-ut, game-ut, drawing-ut) and on soft r ’, l ’ (por-yut, coll-yut), while the verbs of the second conjugation have the stem of the present. temp. into soft consonants, paired with hard (let-yat, sit-yat, hang-yat, carry-yat, wail-yat, love-yat, catch-yat, noise-yat, ring-yat, hot-yat, vel-yat), as well as hissing and j (kish-at, tremble-at, scream-at, crack-at, squeal-at, poj-at). Thus, the basis of present. temp. into back-palatal consonants and hard consonants, paired with soft, have only verbs of the first conjugation, and the basis for soft consonants, paired with hard (except r', l'), are only verbs of the second conjugation. The stems do not differ in conjugations only when they have sibilant consonants at the end, j and soft r', l'.
The formation of personal forms by adding endings is accompanied by a change in the stem, which is expressed in the alternation of consonant phonemes at its end according to certain norms. These alternations are presented in verbs only with certain final consonants in the stem and occur in forms determined for each conjugation.
In verbs of the first conjugation, the alternation of phonemes at the end of the stem occurs during the formation of the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person units. numbers and 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers. In these forms, back-palatal consonants change to sibilants: bake-ut, bake-eat (peg-et, bake-eat, bake-ete), shore-ut - save-eat, and hard consonants, paired with soft ones, into the corresponding soft ones: push-ut - push'-you (push'-et, push'-em, push'-ete), met-ut - met'-you, ved-ut - lead'-you, carry-ut - carry'- eat, take-ut - carry'-you, row-ut - row'-you, float-ut - swim'-you, press-ut - press'-you, or-ut - or'-you etc. A very single exception is represented by only one verb weave, in which the posterior to is replaced in alternation not by hissing h, like other verbs, but soft to', compare: tk-ut - tk’-you, tk’-et etc. It is interesting to note that the personal forms of the verb weave with to' basically represent, except for a few borrowed words, the only case in the Russian language where to' appears in a phonetically independent position, i.e. as a separate phoneme, not a variation of the posterior phoneme<to>.
In verbs of the second conjugation, the alternation of the final consonants of the stem occurs during the formation of the form of the 1st person singular. numbers. Here, soft teeth change to sizzling: let'-at - lie down, sid'-at - sit-y, pros'-at - ask, woz'-at - lead-y, sad'-at - sad-y, drive'-at - drive-by; and soft labials - on combinations of labials with soft l': wop’-at - yell’-u, love’-at - lovel’-u, count’-at - graphl’-u, lov’-at - lovl’-u, noise’-at - noisel’-u etc.
Verbs are distributed according to conjugations as follows: the second conjugation includes verbs in which the stem is present. temp. non-derivative to a soft consonant or sibilant, and the stem is past. temp. derivative with suffixes -and-(bel-and-l - bel-yat, resh-and-l - resh-at, love-and-l - love-yat and etc.), -e-(mountains-e-l - mountains-yat, years-e-l - years-yat, sid-e-l - sid-yat and etc.), -a- (shout-a-l - scream-at, stoj-a-l - stoj-at, sp-a-l - sp’-yat and etc.). Therefore, the second conjugation includes, firstly, the verbs of the IV productive class (bel-and-l - bel-yat) and, secondly, the verbs of the second group of the I non-productive class (gor-e-l - gor-yat, scream-a-l - scream-at). All other verbs, with the exception of a few that differ in features in the formation of personal forms, belong to the first conjugation.
Three verbs – want to run and honor – form some personal forms according to the first conjugation, and others - according to the second. Of these, the verb to want has in plural. number of endings of the second conjugation, which are attached to the usual basis for this conjugation into a soft consonant t': hot-im, hot-ite, hot-yat. Personal forms of units. the numbers of this verb are formed by means of the endings of the first conjugation, and they are attached to the stem in which the consonant t' is replaced by h: want-u, want-eat, want-et. Two other verbs - run away and honor, having the stems of the present, characteristic of the verbs of the first conjugation. temp. to the posterior G(cf. run-ut and shore-ut) and solid t(cf. Thu-ut and met-ut), which, when forming the 2nd and 3rd person units. numbers and 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers are replaced by well(cf. run away and save-eat) and t'(cf. what's up and met'-you), from personal forms according to the first conjugation form only the 3rd person plural. numbers: run-ut, th-ut, in other forms they have endings of the second conjugation: run-ish, run-it, run-im, run-ite and th-it, th-it, th-im, th-it.
Completely apart in the formation of personal forms are verbs eat, get bored, give, create. They differ from other verbs primarily in that they have special personal endings in singular. including: 1st person -m, 2nd person -sh, 3rd person -st, moreover, these endings are attached to a stem that is different from the stem of personal plural forms. numbers, i.e. to the stem into a vowel, not a consonant, as in the plural. number.
Plural number
Plural base. the numbers of these verbs end in a consonant d: soft for verbs eat, get bored(cf. ed-yat, bored-yat) and hard in alternation with soft in verbs give, create(cf. dad-ut - dad'-im, created-ut - created'im). The former have plural in all personal forms. the numbers of the end of the second conjugation, the second in the 1st and 2nd persons - the end of the second conjugation, and in the 3rd person - the first. As well as eat, get bored, give, create, form personal forms and verbs derived from them with prefixes.
Past tense
Verbs in the past tense change by number, and in the singular they change, moreover, by gender. Gender and number in the past tense are indicated by endings. Namely, male. the genus is characterized by the absence of an ending (zero ending), female. gender has an ending -a, avg. genus – -about, pl. number - ending -and. In addition to endings, generic forms of units. numbers are different from plural forms. number by the fact that the former have a past tense suffix - solid l, while the second has l soft.
Plural number
Verbs whose past tense form is formed from a stem ending in a consonant: b, p, d, k, x, h, s, p, in men's gender do not have a suffix -l, compare: perished - perished, blind - blind, shore - whether - shore, tol-whether - tolok, dry-whether - dried up, carried-whether - carried, carried-whether - carried, died-whether - died.
Gender and number of the past tense are syntactic forms that, by means of agreement with the noun-subject, show that the process expressed by the verb refers to the subject masculine, feminine. or avg. kind or to the subject in the plural. number, for example: The artillery roared harder. We received orders to move forward. Suddenly, the flames of fire sharply licked the ranks of the front fighters. A landmine exploded.
On average gender past tense, in addition, is used when the role of the subject is words that do not distinguish gender, for example, numerals: About ten men were sitting near him.(I. Turgenev), or infinitive. I didn't have to lie. (I. Herzen), It never crossed my mind to laugh. (I. Turgenev) Finally, on average. In the same way, the past tense is used in impersonal sentences: A tree was lit by a thunderstorm, and there was a nightingale nest on a tree. (N. Nekrasov), AT opened window pulled dampness and preliu.(A.Fadeev) In this case, the mean. the gender of the past tense acts as a parallel form to the 3rd person of the present and future simple tenses, when they are used in an impersonal sense (see above, p. 35).
Plural form the number of the past tense can be used in an indefinitely personal meaning, corresponding to the same meaning of the 3rd person plural. present and future numbers: He was caught at the station. They took me to the governor's office. Under interrogation, he answered willingly and cheerfully. - The name of? - Grigory Ivanovich Peskov.(L.Seifullina)
The past tense has no personal forms. Therefore, the person to whom the verb refers is indicated in the past tense by personal pronouns, which are always placed with the verb if the process expressed by it refers to the 1st and 2nd person of both numbers, except when the person is clear from the context of speech: We have received orders to advance. Silently crawling forward.
Short form of the verb
In the emotional language, from some verbs (mainly onomatopoeic or denoting movement), a special short form is used with the meaning of a sudden single action: Grab a friend with a stone in the forehead. (I. Krylov), Then the knight jumped into the saddle and threw the reins.(I. Krylov), Left, left and from the cart - bang into the ditch!(I. Krylov), Whip click - and like an eagle he rushed. (M. Lermontov), I shouted at her, and she suddenly clapped on the sofa. (A. Pisemsky) short form is expressed by the non-derivative stem of the verb and is usually used in the past tense of the indicative mood without indicating the person, number and gender. It has a transitive or intransitive meaning depending on which verb it is derived from, cf. from transitive verbs: grab, hit, bang(someone or something) grab, knock, bryak – and from intransitive verbs: jump, jump, jump(somewhere) - jump, bang, plop.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood means that the process expressed by the verb is considered not as real, but as expected: He would have helped you, I would have done it better, He would not have done that.. Depending on the syntactic conditions and the general context of speech, this meaning, the main one for the conditional mood, may change somewhat. Yes, in complex sentence when the process is limited by any conditions expressed in subordinate clause, the conditional mood in the main clause expresses the process as possible under certain conditions, i.e. it becomes conditional in the proper sense of the word: He wouldn't have done that if he knew, If I fell, I would never get up.(A. Pushkin) In a certain context, the conditional mood can express a process as a desired one: If only he would come, I would like to talk with you, You would tell us something, You would rather sit at home etc., approaching in this case in meaning with the imperative mood.
The conditional mood is formed analytically by combining the past tense of the conjugated verb with the particle would or b expressing the value of the assumption. In this case, the form of the past tense itself loses its temporal meaning, and the conditional mood expresses a process, the alleged implementation of which is irrespective of the moment of speech. The forms of gender and number with their meanings, as well as the ways of expressing attitudes towards a person, are the same for the conditional mood as for the past tense.
Plural number
Particle would, b mobile: it can stand both after the verb and before it, and finally, it can be separated from the verb in other words: I'd come if I wasn't busy Whatever happens, it's all your fault No matter how much they ask him, he still won't say. The most common location of a particle would after the first word of the sentence.
The imperative mood and its forms
The imperative mood, expressing a demand, an incentive to action, is an expressive form that expresses the volitional attitude of the speaker to the producer of the action. On this basis, it is opposed to the indicative and conditional moods, which are not in themselves forms of expression of will. As an expressive form, the imperative mood is characterized by a special motivating intonation, often accompanied by appropriate gestures and facial expressions. Through this intonation, the meaning of motivation, orders can be given to almost any word: Be silent! Keep quiet! Quiet! Here! Into the corner! Go away! etc. But while in this case intonation is the only means of expressing the impulse, in the imperative mood the impulse is expressed, in addition to intonation, by its very forms. It, therefore, is a special grammatical form of the verb, which serves to express the motivation, the expression of the will of the speaker.
The imperative mood is expressed by a number of forms, which, opposing each other in meaning, form a system of correlative forms. So, first of all, forms are opposed to each other, which express, on the one hand, the impulse to action addressed to the interlocutor of the speaking person, and on the other hand, the impulse addressed to the object of speech, i.e. 3rd person. The latter are called forms. 3rd person imperative mood: Let me be denounced as an old believer. (A.Griboyedov), Let the Finnish waves forget their old enmity and captivity ...(A. Pushkin) The first, i.e. forms expressing the impulse addressed to the interlocutor, in turn, are divided into correlative forms opposed to each other: joint shape and form 2nd person.
The joint form, or, as it is less accurately called, the form of the 1st person, expresses the urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform an action together with the speaker himself, i.e. the speaker encourages the interlocutor to take part in the action that he himself intends to perform: Let's go, let's go, Pyotr Ivanovich!(N. Gogol), Give me your hand, dear reader, and come along with me.. (I. Turgenev), Let's get out of here, Nikolai! Father, let's go!(A.Chekhov)
Unlike the joint form, the 2nd person of the imperative mood expresses an incentive to act without indicating its implementation by the interlocutor together with the speaker: Look, Pavlusha, study, do not be foolish and do not hang out.(N. Gogol), Don't tell me about him, do me a favor, don't tell me. (A. Ostrovsky) Thus, both of these forms, combining in the sense that both express an appeal to the 2nd person, are divided into a joint form and a form of the 2nd person, depending on whether they contain or do not contain an indication of the joint performance of an action by the interlocutor of the speaking person with the speaker himself.
In the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood, certain semantic differences are observed, connected and determined by the aspect of the verb. Verbs have perfect. the form of the 2nd person often expresses a softer, more polite appeal to the interlocutor than the corresponding form of imperfective verbs. species, cf.: clear the table and clear the table, sweep the room and sweep the room, write a letter and write a letter, solve a problem and solve the problem etc. This difference is due to the fact that the impulse expressed by the verb perfect. kind, is no longer directed at the action itself, but at its result, while the form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood of verbs is imperfect. of the species expresses the impulse specifically for action, as if ignoring its result. Somewhat different differences in meaning, determined by the aspect of the verb, are observed when the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood are formed in negative verbs, i.e. verbs with particle prefix not. Namely, in negative verbs perfect. the form of the 2nd person imperative usually has the meaning of a warning: don't fall, don't slip, don't catch a cold, don't forget(caution refers to the result of the action), and for verbs imperfect. this semantic connotation is absent: don't read this book, don't go there, don't listen to him etc., and the imperative mood has the meaning of prohibition. Characteristically, such differences are not observed in a joint form.
The joint form and the 2nd person of the imperative mood form a singular. and plural. numbers, and the ratio of these forms is such that the value of units. number is defined negatively with respect to the plural. number. Plural forms numbers indicate that the impulse to action is addressed to more than one person: Proletarians of all countries, unite! Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let's die near Moscow...(M. Lermontov) Forms of units. the numbers do not contain an indication of the number of persons to whom the call to action is addressed. Therefore, units number can be used as when referring to one person: Look, Pavlusha, study, don't be a fool and don't hang out. (N. Gogol), Prove that you are my friend, let's go together. Let's go, shake the old. (A. Chekhov), and when referring to a number of persons greater than one: Listen to my command! Line up!(A. Fadeev), Nothing to do, break down the door guys. (N. Chernyshevsky), Friends! Let's go with a sad soul to pay him the last debt. (N. Karamzin) Plural. the number, in addition to its main meaning, can also have the meaning of a polite appeal to one person: Give me your hand, dear reader, and come along with me.. (I. Turgenev), . (I.Turgenev)
As already mentioned, forms expressing an appeal to the interlocutor, i.e. the joint form and the form of the 2nd person in their totality are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person. The meaning of the person of these forms in general corresponds to the personal meaning of the forms of the 3rd person of the present and future tenses. In particular, the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers can have an indefinitely personal meaning, for example: Let me be denounced as an old believer. (A.Griboyedov)
|
Comm. view |
Imperfect view |
|||
(let's) decide |
let's decide |
||||
|
decide |
decide |
|||
|
let him decide |
let him decide |
In addition to these forms, the imperative mood also has forms denoting a certain kind of intimacy in relation to the speaker to the person to whom he is addressing. The value of intimacy in address is often accompanied by a touch of familiarity. These forms are formed by means of a special suffix -ka, which can be attached to any form of the imperative: Listen, let's look for a better ford. (I. Krylov), Yakov, raise the curtain, brother. (A. Chekhov), “Let’s go to Lgov,” Yermolai once told me. (I. Turgenev), But anyway, let's become better tea drink. (I. Turgenev), etc. Depending on the presence or absence of this suffix, all forms of the imperative mood can be divided into forms with an indication of intimacy in addressing a person and into forms without such an indication.
Use of the 2nd person singular imperative
In the system of forms will command. inclinations form of the 2nd person unit. number stands out in the sense that it can be used not only in the meaning of command. inclinations. The possibility of such use is explained mainly by the peculiarities of the personal meaning of this form. Being, as in general commands. inclination, a form expressing the volitional attitude of the speaker to the person, the form of the 2nd person matters command. inclinations, however, only when it is used in reference to a certain specific person or persons. In the same case, when it is used in a generalized personal meaning corresponding to the generalized personal meaning of the form of the 2nd person of the present and future tense, it to a greater or lesser extent, or even completely loses the meaning of command. inclinations: Well, I admit, cut forests out of need, but why destroy them.(A. Chekhov), Do you need tea, sugar? Do you need tobacco? This is where you turn around.(A. Chekhov), Even if you die of anguish, will they pity you? How about, wait. At the same time, the inherent command is also lost. inclination motivating intonation. It is significant that in a similar sense, it is precisely that form of command that is used. mood, which is largely characterized by negative grammatical features: the absence of an indication of the joint implementation of an action and an indication of the number of persons addressed by the speaker with motivation.
Losing the value will command. inclinations, form of the 2nd person unit. number remains, however, an emotional, expressive form and is used mainly in oral speech to express various shades predictive value. The generalized personal meaning of this form allows it to be used in relation to the 1st and 3rd persons. So, the form of the 2nd person will command. mood can be used in the sense of a forced action, usually reported with a hint of discontent, protest: He serves the master, and sweep, and clean. (I. Goncharov), They have a ball, and batiushka, drag yourself to bow. (A.Griboyedov), Here you sin, and the authorities answer for you. (V. Sleptsov), And he all laugh, but make others laugh. (I. Turgenev) and others; or in the meaning of an involuntary action with an emotional tinge of surprise: My father, and love him: what do you order to do. (I. Turgenev), Well, think it over me, this man. (V. Sleptsov), And they get together at night, convicts, then. (L. Tolstoy), Only suddenly she bowed, but on her back, and broke her leg.(I.Turgenev)
In a complex sentence, the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers will command. mood, mainly formed from verbs perfect. species, can be used in the meaning of the conditional mood. The action expressed by it in this case can refer to any person and with it (usually after) the subject is placed in any of the numbers: If he were seven spans in the forehead, but he would not leave my court. (A. Pushkin), And if there were pistols, he would have been long gone. (N. Gogol), And if it wasn't for me, you would have smoked in Tver. (A.Griboyedov), Do not take a pinch of fox hairs, she would have a tail. (I. Krylov)
Formation of imperative mood forms
In the conjugation system of the verb will command. the inclination is distinguished by the wide use of the analytical method of forming forms. So, the forms of the 3rd person and to a large extent the joint form will command. moods are formed by combining an auxiliary word or particle with the form of a conjugated verb, which in this case expresses mainly only the real meaning and non-syntactic formal meanings, while the syntactic formal meanings are expressed by a separate auxiliary word. Extremely characteristic of commands. moods are also agglutinative forms, i.e. forms formed by the addition of suffixes expressing only one formal meaning, so that several formal meanings are conveyed by a series of suffixes "glued" to each other. In this regard, the forms of the 2nd person will command are especially indicative. inclinations. True, their main forms are the forms of units. numbers - are formed in the usual Russian language in an inflectional way, i.e. through a suffix denoting several formal meanings, with a change in the stem through the alternation of phonemes, and represent not one, but two types of forms, but derivatives of units. form numbers are formed in a typically agglutinative way, by "gluing" unambiguous and same-type suffixes. Elements of agglutination are also present in the joint form of command. inclinations.
Joint form unit number coincides in form with the 1st person plural. future tense numbers. At the same time, since the verbs are imperfect. If the future tense, the so-called future complex, is formed analytically, then their joint form is also analytical, cf .: perfect. view decide, say, do and imperfect. view we will decide, we will speak, we will do. However, some verbs are imperfect. species form a joint form unit. numbers according to the model of perfect verbs. kind. These are verbs with the meaning of a certain movement, in which this form coincides with the form of the 1st person plural. present tense numbers: go, run, fly and etc.
Analytic joint form, coinciding with the form of the 1st person plural. number of the future tense, is used, in general, relatively rarely. Instead, verbs have an imperfect. type, the analytical form is usually used, which is formed by connecting a movable auxiliary particle let's and the infinitive of the conjugated verb: let's decide, let's talk, let's do etc. The same particle is often placed in the joint form of verbs perfect. type: let's decide, let's write, let's fly away and etc.
Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers will command. inclinations, as a rule, are formed from the basis of the present tense. Only very few verbs are an exception in this respect. Thus, verbs VII are non-product. class, i.e. verbs with stem past. temp. to suffix -va- and the basis of present. temp. without this suffix to suffix -j- (yes-va-l - yes-j-ut) have command in the 2nd person. inclinations a particular basis on -vaj-, compare: yes-j-ut - yes-wai, (co) hello-j-ut - (co) hello-wai, (y) know-j-ut - (y) know-wai, (c) hundred-j-ut - (c) sta-wai. Then, in verbs VI is an unproduct. class with the basis of past. temp. into a vowel and and the basis of present. temp. without this vowel j (bi-l - bj-ut) the basis of the 2nd person will command. inclination differs from the basis of the crust. temp. fluent vowel e, compare: bj-ut - beat, vj-ut - wei, lj-ut - lei, pj-ut - drink, shj-ut - shei. Isolated verbs give, create form a command. inclination with base let me create, and the verb there is- with base eat. Finally, the verb drive as the 2nd person will command. mood is a form formed from a completely different root : go.
In modern Russian, there are two types of formation of the 2nd person form command. inclinations. In some verbs, it is formed by attaching to the basis of the present. temp. suffix -and: go-ut - go-and, carry-ut - carry-and, push-ut - push-and, for other verbs - without this suffix, and then it equals the stem: get up - get up, hide-ut - hide, game j-ut - game j, drawing j-ut - drawing.
With suffix -and command. mood is formed in verbs that are in the 1st person singular. numbers present. temp. have an accent on the ending: keep - keep, shout - shout, carry - carry, shore - take care, go - go, take off - take off, except for a few with the basis of crust. temp. on the j: I sing - sing, I stand - stop, I'm afraid - be afraid, I chew - chew etc. The stress in such forms is on the suffix -and. In addition, the form with the suffix -and, already unstressed, also form some verbs in which the stress is in the 1st person unit. numbers present. temp. falls on a stem, but only if that stem ends in two consonants: cum - cum, jump - jump, knock - knock, clean - clean(but cleanse), spoil - spoil(but more often mess up), etc. Also with an unstressed suffix -and form a command. mood verbs with a prefix you-, transferring stress to themselves when they themselves are formed from verbs that have in command. mood suffix -and, compare: carry and take out, buy and buy, write and write out etc. The rest of the verbs form the 2nd person command. inclinations without suffix.
In the formation of both one and the other form, i.e. both with a suffix and without a suffix, in certain cases there is a change in the basis from which the command is made. mood. Namely, for verbs with stems present. temp. into a hard consonant, paired with a soft one, this consonant will command. mood is replaced in alternating order with the corresponding soft consonant. So in forms without a suffix: sit-ut - sit down, bud-ut - be, climb-ut - climb, den-ut - day, get up-ut - get up, throne-ut - touch etc. The same is observed in the formation of forms with a suffix, where before the phoneme and, i.e. in a position that is phonetically independent for hard phonemes, however, soft consonants are pronounced: met-ut - met'-i, id-ut - id'-i, carried-ut - carried'-i, wez-ut - wez'-i, push-ut - push'-i, call-ut - call '-and, row-ut - row'-and etc.
Replacement hard consonants into soft ones occurs only in relation to those hard ones for which there are paired soft consonants. Hard phonemes that do not have paired soft ones remain in the formation of the 2nd person command. inclinations without replacement. Therefore, hard hissing consonants are not replaced sh, w: hear-at - hear, write-ut - write-and, rezh-ut - cut, lie-at - lie-and etc., and therefore the consonants of the posterior palatine are not replaced: lie down - lie down. The form lie down, although it is completely isolated, it is formed quite naturally, without representing any "exception". Its exclusivity is only in the fact that not a single other verb with a stem is present. temp. on the posterior form of the 2nd person will command. mood is not formed without a suffix and, compare: pek-ut - pek-i, tk-ut - tk-i, shore-ut - shore-and, lg-ut - lies etc. However, even in the form with a suffix, hard phonemes are not replaced by soft ones. The softness of the consonants here is not the result of replacing one phoneme with another, i.e. their alternation, and the consequence of a phonetic change in the posterior palatine phonemes k, g in their position before the phoneme and, since this position is known to be a phonetically dependent position for the posterior palate, in which they change into softened variations k', g'. Thus, at the end of the base in forms like mk-i, lg-i etc. - the same posterior phonemes as in the form lie down. The difference between them is purely phonetic.
As a result of the replacement in the formation of the 2nd person, it will command. inclinations of hard consonants, paired with soft ones, into their corresponding soft ones, the basis of this form can have only soft consonants at the end, and from hard consonants only unpaired with soft ones, i.e. hissing sh, w and posterior k, Mr.
Education plural. the number of the joint form and the form of the 2nd person has an agglutinative character. Plural the number of both forms is formed by adding a plural suffix -those to the form numbers: decide, say, let's go; sit, climb, play, push, call etc. In the joint form formed analytically, the suffix -those attached to an auxiliary verb we will or particle let's, i.e. to the word, which is the carrier of not real, but formal meanings: let's work, let's write, let's decide and others. Also to the auxiliary particle let's plural suffix attached -those in the case when this particle is placed in a joint form formed from perfect verbs. species, cf.: decide and let's decide let's do it and let's do it, let's write and let's write and etc.
Similarly, forms are formed with the meaning of intimate appeal. They are formed by adding the suffix -ka, but not only to the forms of units. numbers: let's decide, let's go, sit down, play, go, as well as plural forms. numbers: decide, let's go, sit down, play, go. In analytic forms, the suffix -ka joins, as does the plural suffix. numbers -those, to the auxiliary word: let's work, let's write, let's do(cf. let's write) and etc.
It should be noted some features in the order of joining the suffix -ka in education command. moods of reflexive verbs. While the suffix -those joins the forms. numbers before the return particle: let's walk, walk suffix -ka joins the forms. and plural. numbers after the return particle: let's go, let's go.
The 3rd person form will command. inclination is an analytic form. It is formed by combining an auxiliary particle let be or let with the form of the 3rd person present. or bud. simple tense depending on the type of the verb: let be or let it go, let it or let him come. Unlike other analytical forms in the 3rd person will command. moods, the auxiliary word expresses, however, not all formal meanings. So, the person and the number in it are denoted by a conjugated verb: 3rd person singular. numbers - the form of the 3rd person unit. numbers present. or bud. (simple) time: let it go, come; 3rd person plural numbers - the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers: let them come, let them come. Only the meaning of intimacy in address is expressed in the usual way for analytical forms, by attaching a suffix to the auxiliary particle -ka: let them go, let them come.
In solemnly poetic speech, as an auxiliary word for the formation of the 3rd person, command. mood is used instead of particles let, let particle Yes: May the conquered element make peace with you!(A. Pushkin), May he meet an age rich in honor, may he be a glorious participant ...(V. Zhukovsky), Honor calloused hands! Let their work be argued!(F. Miller)
PARTICIPLE
The predicative forms of the verb are opposed by attributive forms - participle and gerund, i.e. forms in which the verb acts as minor members of the sentence.
The participle is an attributive form of the verb that expresses the process denoted by the verb as a property of the object: wasteland overgrown with bushes, a dimly burning lamp, a bone-chilling wind, cracked rocks, a slow-moving wagon etc. Therefore, in the sentence, it acts as a secondary member that determines the noun, i.e. as a definition. The relation of participles to a noun is expressed by the syntactic forms of gender, number and case, by means of which the participles agree in gender, number and case with the noun they define. Participles, therefore, are inflected forms, and their declension is identical with the declension of adjectives, with which they are approached by consistent forms of gender, number and case, as well as similarities in syntactic use.
Participles express non-syntactic formal meanings of time, which denote the relationship between the moment of the process, expressed by the participle, and the moment of speech. By differences in this ratio, present participles and past participles are distinguished. Their temporal meaning generally corresponds to the temporal meaning of the present and past forms of the indicative mood.
Present participles indicate that the process they express is taking place regardless of the moment of speech: Everyone envied the harmony that reigned between the arrogant Troyekurov and his poor neighbor. (A. Pushkin), and therefore, it can also occur at the moment of speech: I look, a horse is slowly rising uphill, carrying a cart of brushwood.(N. Nekrasov) These participles are formed only for imperfective verbs. kind. Past participles indicate that the process they express preceded the moment of speech: I pass along the field with a narrow border, overgrown with porridge and tenacious swan.(A. Maikov), The steppes teemed with herds of deer and wild horses roaming in herds.(N. Gogol), The sun was already hidden in a black cloud resting on the ridge of the western mountains.(M. Lermontov) These participles are formed like imperfect verbs. species, and for verbs perfect. kind. Thus, the verbs are imperfect. species have participles of both present and past tense ( playing and playing, whitening and whitened, drawing and painting etc.), and the verbs are perfect. species - only past participles ( played, turned white, painted etc.). True, in verbs perfect. species in some cases, participles are formed according to the type of participles of the present tense for imperfect verbs. kind, for example: We are very glad when someone coming from the capital finds that they have exactly the same as in St. Petersburg.(N. Gogol), Kalinovich involuntarily remembered Nastenka, doomed to live in the wilderness and all her life, perhaps not seeing any balls or theaters.(A. Pisemsky), however, such forms have not been established in the language and are perceived as erroneous. For some verbs of this kind, formations have the meaning of adjectives, for example: future, future, next and etc.
Thus, participles are attributive forms of the verb, which, expressing the process as a property of an object, have a non-syntactic formal meaning of time and syntactic agreed forms of gender, number and case, indicating the relationship of the participle to the noun.
In their meaning and syntactic use, participles are very close to adjectives, into which they often pass, losing their tense and verbal meaning. Such a transition is favored by some syntactic conditions, for example, the use of participles without controlled words or without any words defining participles in a position before the noun being determined. In this case, it is often difficult to determine whether a given form is a participle or an adjective. In particular, there is often a transition to adjectives of the present participles, for example: brilliant mind, pleading eyes, defiant voice, aspiring writer, prominent politician etc. The temporal meaning of this form, essentially negative, can easily be perceived as the absence of an indication of time, as a result of which the sign denoted by the word appears in the meaning of a permanent property and quality, and not a process occurring in time.
To be continued
* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N. Essay on the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1945.
A verb is a part of speech that tells about all the actions of a person and animals. This is the most complex morphological substance. It must be treated very carefully and studied in the most detailed way. This article can help in this difficult matter.
What is the verb
Cunning and insidious, revealing not only how objects work, but also in what state they are.
The verb rarely gives up its role as a predicate, but it can itself be in the role of any of the members of the sentence.
Features possessed by verbs
The grammatical features of this part of speech are very diverse:
- Mood
- Time
- Numbers
Verbal questions are as multifaceted as its signs. In accordance with species forms: what to do? and what to do? According to the tenses of the verb: what does it do?, what will it do?, what will it do?, what did it do?, what did it do?
Verbs can form participles and participles. These two forms combine verbs together with signs of other parts of speech. Participles are friends with adjectives, and participles with adverbs.
species pairs
The perfect and imperfect look can be easily learned to distinguish. It all depends on the question being asked. If the prefix s- is present in the question, then the name of the species also begins with the letter "s".
The action has already ended or is about to begin.
If the prefix in the question is non-, then the form is imperfect.
Verbs indicate an action that is continuous or repeated.
For example, to the verb "come" you need to ask the question: what to do?. The view is perfect. The verb "to go" comes with the question what to do?. The look is imperfect.
Verbs can change
Changing a verb in Russian is called conjugation. If verbs have the same endings, they are combined into whole groups. These groups are conjugations, there are only two of them. The first conjugation is characterized by the letter -e when changing in persons and numbers, and the second conjugation differs by the letter -i. This is determined without special trouble only in the case when the endings are stressed, but if doubts arise due to the fact that the verb has an unstressed personal ending, you will need to use a rule that has a number of exception verbs. In this case, the first conjugation is not too demanding, it takes away a lot of verbs and two more that end in -it: shave and lay. But the second conjugation is extremely demanding of itself, it will not invite every verb to its group. It includes only those that end in a combination of letters -it, Only 7 verbs with -et and only 4 verbs with -at.
The meaning of the verb morphological features and syntax function
Verb - This independent part speech that denotes an action, state, or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).
In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - forms of mood and time), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).
Infinitive
The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).
The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)
The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) a -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [to]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).
Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).
Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.
Verb stems
The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive and basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.
To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.
To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person is taken plural): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.
To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.
There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.
Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive | Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense |
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a. | 1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing). |
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw. | 2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw). |
3. Real past participles: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew. | 3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing). |
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp. | 4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable). |
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing). |
Verb type
Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.
Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -well).
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying
to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).
Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.
Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:
1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;
2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;
3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:
1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);
2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.
Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.
Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.
Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).
There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).
Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have complex shape) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.
Verbs transitive and intransitive
Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.
transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.
Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:
1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.
When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).
Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.
Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).
Reflexive verbs
To reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.
Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.
Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.
Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.
Verb conjugations
Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in more broad meaning than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)
Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowels in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent
I conjugation | II conjugation |
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If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.
But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).
Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).
All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.
It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).
There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish- I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.
Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).
eat eat | ladies give give give |
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eat eat eat | give dad-they will give |
Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers there is and essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: I will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.
It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).
verb mood
Verbs change according to moods. The form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(Future tense).
Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).
AT conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.
Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -and- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).
Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ and etc.
Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).
Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).
The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).
verb tense
In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.
The form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, as in violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).
Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.
The form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).
Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.
Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.
Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.
The form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).
Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.
The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.
Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).
Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).
Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).
Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).
Person, number and gender of the verb
Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.
There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.
The form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.
The form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.
The form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.
The form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.
Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.
Category faces and numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers and childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.
Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.
In Russian there are so-called inadequate and redundant Verbs.
Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.
A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.
In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes by two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.
These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates impersonal proposals, and the subject of them is impossible.
Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).
Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.
Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o and smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance and It gets dark early in winter.
Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of constant features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.
Scheme morphological analysis verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) | An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect look; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate. |
When it comes to the form of the verb, we say: “Build the verb in the form of the 2nd person plural of the future tense.” Based on this, we can say that the form of the verb is person + number + time. Building your answer according to this formula, you will never miss anything. Now let's move on to the definition of all three terms.
Person and number to determine the form of the verb
The face is the one who performs the action. To determine it, ask a question to the verb who? or what? If the answer is:
- I / we - then this is a 1st person verb, it refers directly to the speaker or the group of people in which he is a member. For example: I cook, we build;
- you / you - this is a 2nd person verb, it refers to the one / those with whom we are talking. For example: you lie, you go,
- he / she / it / they - then this is a 3rd person verb, it refers to someone else (not to the speaker and not to the interlocutor). For example: he runs, she drinks, they are friends.
Time to determine the form of the verb
Determining the time is very simple: it is done almost intuitively:
- In present tense verbs, the action is happening now, right now. Even if the time is not indicated in the sentence, you can understand it yourself. For example: sculpt (when?) now building (when?) today,
- in past tense verbs, the action takes place in the past: yesterday, a week ago, etc. For example: drawing (when?) yesterday,
- in future tense verbs, the action will only take place in an hour, tomorrow, etc. For example: learn (when?) tomorrow.
Infinitive
Verbs in the indefinite form do not have gender, person, or number, but they do have an aspect. These verbs end in -ty, -ty or -who. Their form is determined using the question:
- what to do?, then it is imperfect. For example: (what to do?) read ;
- if a question is asked about the verb what to do?, he is perfect. For example: (what to do?) read.
Other verbs also have aspect, but this is not indicated when determining their form. It is worth noting that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because the action is either completed in the past or will be completed in the future.
It is easy to determine the form of the verb, since everything is done almost intuitively, the main thing is to remember the algorithm: person + number + time.
