How to learn hard and soft verbs. Hard and soft consonants

All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In turn, consonants can be divided into hard and soft. This is one of the main characteristics of the consonant sound.

What sounds are called soft

Most students have no doubts whether the sound is soft or hard. Usually we distinguish them simply by ear. Indeed, these sounds are heard differently than solid ones. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves slightly forward towards the teeth and is localized in the region of the hard palate. That is why, after soft consonants, vowels are most often pronounced, which are also formed in front, next to the teeth.

Paired and unpaired soft consonants

Hard and soft sounds often form pairs. For example, a hard sound [B] corresponds to a soft [B ']. In transcription, softness is indicated by an apostrophe.

We see that in Russian there are several unpaired hard sounds and several unpaired soft sounds.

Hard and soft paired consonants can perform a meaningful function. For example, MAL and MYAL, CHALK and MEL. There are many linguistic riddles based on this.

How soft sounds are indicated in writing

As a rule, soft consonant sounds in writing can be indicated in different ways.

With a soft sign. However, we must remember that the soft sign indicates only the softness of the double consonant. If we have a hissing one in front of us, its softness cannot be indicated with a soft sign. Hissing ones are either always hard (and then they cannot be softened), or always soft (and then a soft sign is superfluous in this situation). After hissing, the soft sign performs a grammatical function, that is, with its help, nouns of the 2nd and 3rd declensions are distinguished.

Studying the Russian language already in the 2nd grade, the guys learn about the dual role of the letters E, E, Yu, Ya. If these letters are in the field of a double consonant, they are read E, O, U, A and simultaneously indicate the softness of the previous consonant: [L'E ], [L'O], [L'U], [L'A].

Similarly to the first case, after the hissing E, Yo, Yu, I cannot indicate the softness of the previous consonant, therefore the spelling of E and Yo after the hissing is difficult and is also learned in the form of a rule and also performs the grammatical function of distinguishing parts of speech. for example, the word "arson" is a noun, and the word "arson" is a verb.

In what cases it is not necessary to indicate softness in writing

Some soft consonant sounds and combinations are "not friendly" with a soft sign.

This is an unpaired soft sound [Y ']. The field is never put a soft sign.

In combinations CHK, CHN-LF, HF, TH, SCH-NShch, SC, a soft sign is not needed.

It is not required in combinations of ST, SN, ZD, ZN and some others, in which C or Z are softened when pronounced before a soft consonant: verses [S’T ’], difference [Z’N’], etc.

After the hissing, a soft sign usually performs a grammatical function, but it can also be a dividing one: “sews”, “whose”, etc.

Usually, children do not have serious difficulties in understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But on hard and soft consonants, you should dwell in more detail.

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

The very first thing to teach a child is that consonants can be hard and soft, but not letters.

Typical mistake:
Children confuse sound and letter. Remember that a sound is a sound, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft, only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.

Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish between soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case, signs will come to the rescue by which one can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.

Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds

What sound comes after the consonant:

• If after the consonant there is a vowel a, o, y, e, s, then the consonant is solid.
• If after the consonant there is a vowel and, e, u, i, then the consonant is soft.

Working with examples:
In the words "mother", "nora" - solid consonants, because after them come "a" and "o".
In the words "fly", "nanny" - consonants are soft, because after them come "e", "and", "I".

• If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
• There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard and what letter is written after them.

Always solid sounds - w, w, c.
Always soft - th, h, u.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds in a line, and underline "th, h, u". The underline symbolizes the pillow on which soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, so the sounds are soft.

Soft sign and hard sign

• If the consonant is at the end of the word, and after it is the letter “b”, then the consonant is soft.

This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.

Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds

When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward.

Table of signs of hard and soft sounds

Solid:

1. Before a, o, u, uh, s.
2. At the end of a word before a consonant.
3. Zh, c, sh.

Soft:

1. Before the vowels e, e, i, u, i.
2. If after the consonant there is a soft sign (dust, measles).
3. Y, h, sh.

A picture or just a list of thematic words is shown, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiced consonants in Russian.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in the tension of the vocal cords. Deaf sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without tension of the ligaments. Voiced sounds are pronounced with a voice, are caused by the vibration of the vocal cords, because. noisy air comes out of the larynx.

Mnemonic technique for memorizing deaf sounds:
Memorize the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi! All consonants here are deaf.

Examples of tasks for children

Tasks for training the difference of paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):

Tasks for the difference between a pair of consonants Г/К

Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

• soft and hard;

voiced and deaf;

paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

• if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
• after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
• if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,AT,G,D,F,W,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,With,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonants are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:

Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)

Note: in elementary school, hard consonants are marked in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.

Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with

We all want our children to write beautifully and competently. The ability to write without errors in Russian is not easy even for native speakers. Such a skill seems to confirm the knowledge and education of a person, and it is acquired at school. Every year, parents of future first-graders anxiously wait for the start of the school year and worry about their child's readiness for a new school life.

So many new knowledge and tasks await them ahead! And no matter how excellent and experienced the teacher may be, the child often needs the help of parents. For example, a first-grader will approach his mother with a request to name words in which all consonants are solid, and you will have to remember everything that you remember about it from school. It’s not always so easy to remember what you once learned in elementary school.

It is to help the parents of first graders that this article, where we recall and streamline what a first grader will have to learn and learn firmly about consonants and vowels in words. This topic is very important for the subsequent development of grammar and phonetics of the Russian language by children, without this literate writing cannot be achieved in the future.

• One of the important basic skills that later determines the literacy of the child, his success in mastering the Russian language, is the ability to hear and understand its sounds. Here, parents should clearly bring to their children the difference between the concepts of “letter” and “sound”, teach them to distinguish one from the other.
• It is no secret that sometimes adults themselves consider it possible to replace one word with another in a conversation with a child, which does not interfere with adults, but confuses the baby. He must firmly remember that the sound is what is heard, and the letter is what is written, and they do not always coincide.
• The next thing that the little schoolboy has to learn is what kind of brick sounds words are made up of and how they are transmitted when writing.
  This is what 1st grade teaches. The student will learn that the Russian language divides these sounding speech bricks into 2 large groups - vowels and consonants.

A child can easily learn vowels: they can be sung or shouted. But the consonant is not so simple! Often similar, but different consonants in writing are denoted by the same letter, and you need to learn to distinguish them according to certain signs.

According to their sound, consonants can be hard or soft, voiced or deaf. Voiceless consonants are those that are created when, on exhalation, air meets an obstacle in the form of a tongue, lips, or teeth. Voiced will be those where a voice joins this.

This table below introduces the consonants of these two groups..

Children learn to distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants quite quickly. But how to determine whether hard or soft consonants in a word can be more difficult to learn.
Meanwhile, it is necessary that the child in the word feel all the consonants, this determines subsequent literate writing. It is important that, as well as voiced / deaf, he clearly distinguishes between a hard or soft sound he meets.

About hard and soft consonants

In order for a first grader to learn to distinguish which consonant sounds in terms of hardness and softness denote letters in a syllable, we draw his attention to the fact that the softness or hardness of consonant sounds is determined by the vowels behind them.

• When we see or hear vowels a, u, e, o, s after consonant sounds, then these are words with hard consonants;
• When the consonants are followed by e, e, yu, and, i, they are soft.

It is best to consolidate the understanding of this rule with examples. For this, pairs of words are taken, where syllables with hard and soft consonants are in the same position, which helps children better understand the difference in their pronunciation and remember this rule.

Table with examples of writing sounds in soft and hard usage:

In a combination of two consonants in a row, the first will be hard, even when the second is soft. For example, in Kamchatka, the sound M is hard, and Ch is soft. But it happens that there is no vowel behind the consonant, but you have to pronounce a combination of two (or even three) consonants.

Then you need to know the following rule:

1. Most of the sounds have 2 pronunciations - hard or soft, depending on the vowels that follow them. They are called - paired consonants. But in Russian there are consonants that do not have a pair, they are always hard or always soft.
2. The always hard ones include C and hissing Zh, Sh. These are all solid consonants;
3. Only soft consonants include the sound th and hissing Ch, Shch. If these soft consonants are followed by hard vowels (a, o, y, etc.), they still remain soft.

How hardness / softness is indicated in writing

There are no special icons for conveying in writing how a given letter sounds hard or soft. The softness of consonants is transmitted only when transcribed with a special apostrophe. Hardness is not indicated in any way. At the same time, it is not difficult to learn which consonants denote letters in syllables, it is enough to remember these rules.

The sound of soft and hard consonants in writing is indicated by two methods:

• With the help of vowels that follow the consonant. Softness is denoted by the letters e, e, u, i, following the consonant, and all the rest are hard;
• In the second case, the function of designating hardness / softness is played by a soft and hard sign.

Summarize

Consonant sounds in Russian are divided into several large groups - voiced / deaf and soft / hard. In both of these groups there are sounds that have a consonant pair and those that are unchanged. Therefore, in each of these large groups, paired and unpaired consonants are also distinguished.

Unpaired

We fix by playing

In order for children to better remember and hear the difference in sounds in the language, it is necessary to consolidate what they learned at school with games.

1. Write three words. The players take turns writing each other a word, to which they need to add two more, where there are consonants paired with the given one. For example, bark - mountain - weight;
2. Or the leader gives the task: write three words where all consonants are of the same type;
3. Catch! The leader pronounces a word or syllable and throws the ball to the children. At the same time, it stipulates in advance under what conditions to catch, and which not. For example, we catch voiced ones, deaf ones do not. We catch hard, soft - no.
4. sing along! The leader sings soft syllables, and the children answer with the opposite. For example: la-la-la in response to la-la-la, ha-ha-ha - hee-hee-hee, etc.;
5. make a list. Here the child is given the task of making a list of dishes for the holiday, or things for the trip, where in the words all consonants are soft or vice versa;
6. Sound charging. Each sound has its own movement. A word with a dull sound - we raise our hands, voiced - we bounce, etc.

By this principle, you can come up with new games or adapt already known ones. This allows children to show their own creativity and understanding of the past.