Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
The history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been going on for decades. Exacerbations alternate with thaws. The confrontation has many reasons: geopolitical, religious, economic and ideological. V modern history practically all the states of the Middle East are drawn into the conflict between the countries of Palestine and Israel. In addition, the conflict concerns the interests of other states of the world community.
Ancient times
Now it is hard to imagine, but once peace reigned in the ancient lands of Palestine. Arabs and Jews coexisted in this territory in ancient times. They lived in what is now Palestine from the 12th century BC. This continued until the creation of the Roman Empire. The Romans drove out the Jews, while the Arabs continued to exist in the Palestinian lands. In the future, Palestine was part of Byzantium, the Arab Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, the territory came under British control.
Return of the Jews to Palestine
By the 20th century, there were about seven percent of the Jews among the inhabitants of Palestine, the rest of the population were Arabs. The Zionist organization, formed by small Jewish communities, in 1897 at a congress in Basel decided to Jewize Palestine, as historical homeland people. The active settlement of the territory of Palestine by Jews began after the end of the First World War. Then the dominance over the region was transferred to Great Britain. This was the beginning of the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
The British Foreign Secretary began to promote the idea of returning the Jewish people to the land of Palestine. One of the steps towards the realization of this idea was a letter from the minister to the leader of the Zionist movement, according to which Palestine was affirmed as the center of the Jewish nation.
Causes of the conflict
It is necessary to consider in more detail what is the cause of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. The main indicator that gave impetus to the formation of the conflict was the territorial issue. At the time of the mass migration of Jews, Palestine was already densely populated by Arabs, who had lived there for about one and a half thousand years. The Arabs quite rightly considered themselves the indigenous inhabitants of the state and did not want to share territorial and Natural resources of their country.
Another major cause of hatred in the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been religious factor. Incompatible ideologies, the location on the same territory of shrines, cultural and historical values of the two peoples have not been allowed to resolve differences for more than a decade.
Impact of World War II
The Second World War and its aftermath marked a new milestone in the history of the conflict between Palestine and Israel. The facts that contributed to the development of the conflict were the massive emigration flows of Jews to Palestine and the growth of terrorist groups from both opponents.
During the war, about two hundred thousand Jews arrived in Palestine. Thus, by 1947, almost a third of the population of Palestine consisted of Jews. In addition, dissatisfaction with British domination grew among the Arabs. The Arab population of the country made several attempts to overthrow the British authorities, who encouraged the resettlement of Jews. It also provoked the creation of various Arab and Zionist terrorist movements.
Formation of the State of Israel
In connection with the aggravated situation in Palestine and the increased number of armed clashes between Arabs and Jews, Great Britain turned to the world community for help in resolving the conflict. This issue was submitted to the UN General Assembly in November 1947. As a result, world political leaders in the UN adopted a resolution on the creation of a new state.Thus, Palestine was divided into three parts: Jewish Israel, Arab Palestine and neutral territory - the city of Jerusalem. It has become major event in the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
This decision could not suit the Arabs in any way. This was due to the fact that Israel was allocated a territory of three thousand square meters more than for an Arab state, although the numberArabs living in Palestine outnumbered the Jewish population.
The Arab states immediately reacted to the UN resolution, and in 1948 the first Arab-Israeli war began. Since then, the conflict between the countries of Palestine and Israel has escalated into a larger Arab-Israeli conflict.
War for independence
The war lasted a year. Six Arab states opposed Israel. The most active opponents of Israel were Egypt, Syria and Lebanon. As a result of the war, Israel not only defended its right to be called independent state, but also won another seven thousand square kilometers of Palestinian land. The Arab state planned in the resolution was never created.
The territories not captured by Israel were divided between Egypt and Jordan. During the war, nine hundred thousand Arabs fled from Palestine. More than five hundred thousand Jews were expelled from Arab countries and settled in Israel.
Suez Crisis
The next aggravation of the Arab-Israeli conflict came in 1956. The initiator of hostilities, called the "Suez Crisis", were France and Great Britain, opposing the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt. Israel joined the European states, while Egypt was supported by the US and the USSR. This time luck accompanied the Arab side of the conflict. Having won the war, Egypt actually became the leader of the Arab community. Later, the president of this particular country initiated the creation of an anti-Israeli coalition.
Six Day War and Judgment Day
The next war began eleven years later. After the Arabs closed the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez to Jewish ships, Israel went on the offensive. In just six days, the Israeli army managed to capture a significant part of the strategically important territories and expand its possessions.
Another attack followed from Syria and Egypt seven years later. It was the fourth war in the chronology of the Arab-Israeli conflict. On the sixth of October, the holy Jewish holiday - Judgment Day - the Arabs attacked Israel. The confrontation lasted twenty days, the Israeli army repelled the attack.
Peace treaty
Subsequently, Jews began to massively settle in the occupied territories, which was actively supported by the Israeli government. The world community called this step an occupation and condemned it in UN Resolution No. 242. According to this resolution, Israel was to vacate the occupied territories, except for those that were captured during the first war in 1948. However, this decision did not suit both warring parties, and the resolution was rejected.
The first step towards peace between Israel and Egypt was taken in 1977. The President of Egypt visited the Jewish state, thereby recognizing its existence. Many Arab leaders regarded this act as a betrayal. Thus, in the Arab League there was a split into supporters of a peace agreement with Israel and protesters. Libya, Syria and Algeria turned out to be the main opponents of peace with Israel. These countries have declared a political and trade boycott against states and companies that recognize Israel's independence. In 1978, a US-brokered peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel. Under this agreement, Israel liberated the Sinai Peninsula.
Relations with the Arab League
In the 1980s, relations between Israel and Lebanon worsened. The fifth war has begun. The Israeli army launched air strikes on the places of concentration of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The Israeli government withdrew its troops from the territory of Lebanon only at the beginning of the third millennium. This was largely influenced by the pressure of peacekeeping organizations.
The Arab uprising that broke out in the occupied territory forced the Israeli government to seek peaceful ways settlement of the aggravated situation. The result of the settlement of the conflict was a peaceful alliance with Jordan and attempts to declare the independence of the state of Palestine.
As a result of the agreements reached in 1993, the PLO recognized the independence of Israel, which, in turn, recognized the right to existence of the Palestinian national autonomy and undertook to withdraw its troops from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank of the Jordan. Over the following years, the peace process slowed down several times, which was associated with a change of government in Israel and new armed actions by both opponents. The absence of clearly defined borders of states prevented the conclusion of peace from putting an end to it. Difficulties also arose in connection with the growing number of terrorist groups of radical Arabs and Israelis.
It is difficult to describe the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine briefly, as this history continues today. For many years of confrontation, there are great amount exacerbation of the conflict and attempts to peacefully resolve it. Today, the most active opponent of the state of Israel is the Islamic movement.Hamas came to power in Palestine in 2006.
The Arab-Israeli conflict for many decades has been one of the most explosive among the Middle East "hot spots", the escalation of events around which can at any moment lead to a new regional war, as well as significantly affect the system international relations generally.
The conflict between Arabs and Jews over Palestine began even before the establishment of the State of Israel. The roots of the conflict go back to the period of the British Mandate and even earlier, when the position of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Palestine was determined by Islamic religious law, according to which the status and rights of religious minorities were lower than Muslim ones. The Jews then were subjected to all sorts of discrimination from the local authorities, concentrated in the hands of representatives of the Arab nobility and from the local Muslim population. This situation could not but leave a trace in the relations between the two peoples.
In addition, the roots should be sought in the clash of psychologies of two peoples: the Arab population, which was committed to the old religious traditions and way of life, believed in the spiritual authority of the authorities and representatives of the Zionist movement, who brought with them from Europe a completely new way of life.
Since 1917, after the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in Palestine, relations between Jews and Arabs began to heat up and develop into a political conflict, aggravated every year. The conflict was fueled by the influence of Great Britain, and later - Germany and Italy - on the Arab population.
Since 1947, the war was already in full swing on the territory of Palestine for the creation of a Jewish national state. In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on the basis of Resolution No. 181 of the UN General Assembly, adopted in November 1947. Arab countries reacted extremely negatively to what was happening by not recognizing Israel, which led to an escalation of the conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab countries. During the Arab-Israeli war (1947-49), Israel managed to defend its independence and take over Western Jerusalem and part of the territory assigned to Palestine under a UN mandate. Iran did not participate in this war, which is connected with overcoming the severe consequences of the Second World War.
At the time of the next Arab-Israeli clash (Six-Day War, 1967), Israel went deep into the Sinai Peninsula, captured the Golan Heights, the West Bank of the river. Jordan, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.
However, during the 1970s, Iran continued to cooperate with Israel in terms of trade, as well as in the field of defense and security.
During the Yom Kippur War (1973), Iran provided little and implicit support to Israel in the form of fighter jets and other military equipment. The war ended with Israel's victory, and the defeated Arab OPEC members imposed an oil embargo on countries that support Israel and grossly overpriced a barrel of oil, which led to a state of "oil shock" in the world.
After 1979, Iranian-Israeli relations deteriorated sharply. The key idea raised in Iran at that time was the spread and expansion of the Islamic revolution beyond the borders of the state. Israel's control of Jerusalem, home to the al-Aqsa Mosque (Islam's third sanctuary), has become a stumbling block.
In 1981, Iran rejected the plan to create Palestine on the West Bank of the river. Jordan. Iran began to declare that Palestine should be created within the former borders and the presence of Israel there undermines the interests of the entire Islamic world. Subsequent presidents of Iran propagated a negative attitude towards Israel, and built their own political course in an anti-Israeli spirit. On this basis, Iran acquired allies in the face of Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and other Arab countries.
In September 1980, the Iran-Iraq war began over the border territory, which took over all the attention of Iran. Both warring parties received colossal financial and military assistance from outside, as well as individual structures. In 1988, the war ended in a draw.
In 1995, Iran was subjected to sanctions by the United States, which were expressed by a ban on the supply of weapons, to which Russia joined. Only by 2001 did Russia restore deliveries.
In 1997, Khatami became President of Iran, who was later replaced by Ahmadinejad. Khatami tried to bring Iran out of isolation and establish contacts with the West. However, he had to face religious leaders who were forming anti-Israeli public opinion.
Against this background, in the early 2000s, the United States willingly supported Israel and drew the attention of the IAEA to Iran's actions. Iran signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty back in 1968 nuclear weapons and ratified it in 1970. Now the IAEA has been urging Iran to adopt an Additional Protocol to the NPT, allowing for unauthorized inspections of any objects on Iranian territory for compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
In December 2003, Iran signs it in Vienna at the IAEA Headquarters. Since that moment, the world community has been drawn into the discussion of the Iranian nuclear program. This document gives the IAEA the opportunity to agree to the implementation of Iran's nuclear programs. Iran has demonstrated the full openness of its actions in relation to international obligations.
The Iranian parliament has not yet ratified the protocol, so Iran does not consider itself obliged to report to the IAEA inspectors.
While Khatami was in power, he made possible attempts to have the IAEA stop discriminating against Iran and recognize its right to conduct nuclear research under the NPT, while indicating that, in accordance with this treaty, Iran has the right to carry out a full nuclear cycle, including uranium enrichment . However, over time it became clear that the more stubbornly Iran proved its case, the more irreconcilable became the position of the West, which was fully shared by Israel. Therefore, since 2005, Iran sharply toughened its position and again drew the attention of the world community to Israel as the owner of a real nuclear weapon.
In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in Iran. In June 2006, Ahmadinejad proposed holding not only in Iran but also in Europe a referendum on the topic "What feelings do citizens have towards Israel?" Ahmadinejad denies that Iran has nuclear bomb and believes that Iran has every right to nuclear development. He constantly focuses on the presence of nuclear weapons in other countries, especially Israel, and sees no reason to worry, because the era of nuclear weapons has passed.
Today, Iran keeps the whole world in suspense. An open information war is being waged between Iran and Israel, the United States. New sanctions come into force, regular reports from the IAEA come to the UN, but this only leads to increased isolation of Iran. However, Ahmadinejad new force develops nuclear capability. Every year, the IAEA collects new evidence in favor of Iran's development of nuclear weapons. Iran does not cease to assert that the program is peaceful. The Iranian nuclear program is being discussed everywhere. In early 2012, Israel began discussions with the US about invading Iran and bombing nuclear facilities. To this end, negotiations are held regularly. Israel argues its position by the fact that it fears for its future fate, so it is forced to act radically.
The Arab-Israeli conflict currently includes four parallel processes: the process of restoring peace between the Arabs and Israel; the process of the gradual destruction of the country of Israel; the process of intensification of the Arab-Israeli conflict; process global confrontation Muslim civilization to the rest of humanity.
The presence of Iran's nuclear program haunts neither Israel nor the entire world community.
December 19, 2012 Israel launches an air strike on several sites in Iran that are believed to be infrastructure for Iran's nuclear program. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force makes a somewhat unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city of Jerusalem.
Armed conflict has the potential to escalate into a regional or even world war, in which the United States, Arab countries, Russia, China, Great Britain and France and other states of the world will be drawn.
If the conflict continues, enormous damage is expected due to the bombing of nuclear facilities and military operations on the territory of Iran, in particular, where the civilian population will be under threat first of all. This also applies to other countries in the Middle East region, which will subsequently be involved in the conflict. It is very important now not to let the conflict grow to a regional scale, and even more so - a global one.
The UN Security Council is obliged to intervene and create mechanisms to counter the deterioration of the situation in the region, as well as contribute to the speedy cessation of the armed conflict and the beginning of a peaceful settlement between the parties.
On December 19, 2012 at 6:00 am, Israel began to deliver precision strikes on some Iranian targets, namely on the Iranian nuclear facility Parchin, which is located 30 km southeast of Tehran. It was no coincidence that Parchin was chosen as a target. It was at this military base that IAEA inspectors and Israeli intelligence discovered the development of nuclear weapons. Iran has started enriching uranium up to 20%, which is absolutely unacceptable. This situation undermines the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program. enriched uranium within 5% is enough to support the operation of nuclear power plants.
In the spring and summer of 2012, satellite images of the Parchin military base were uploaded to the judgment of the world community on the website of the Institute of Science and International Security (ISIS). Iran once again did not allow IAEA inspectors to check on the Parchin base. Based on this, Israel decided to launch preventive strikes on a nuclear facility. The United States, in turn, supported him.
Iran immediately reacts to Israeli actions. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force makes a return unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city of Jerusalem.
The mobilization of American air and ground forces began. The United States is pulling its troops to the borders of Iran ground troops from Afghanistan and the Arabian Peninsula and naval forces from the Persian Gulf Now the world community is faced with the question: Do regional leaders dare to intervene in fighting, or will it all end with the bombing of nuclear facilities, as was the case in Syria and Iraq? How will the UN Security Council react?
A more dramatic situation is emerging around Iran. Iran without the support of the Arab countries will not be able to resist the US and Israel. How the conflict will end is unknown. Iran is unlikely to want to give up its nuclear ambitions, as did Iraq and Syria.
The Arab-Israeli conflict today is one of the most acute international problems, and the problems of migration (Muslims to Europe and residents Central Asia to Russia) modern world are also acute.
Sotskova V.P.
Literature
- Rapoport M.A. The perception of Jewish immigration to Palestine by the Arab public in 1882-1948. - St. Petersburg, 2013. - 71 p.
- Mesamed V. Israel - Iran - from friendship to enmity. URL: http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1266528060.
- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.
Druzhilovsky S.B. Iranian-Israeli relations in the light of the development of the Iranian nuclear program. URL: http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2006/04-05-06a.htm.
There is such a point in the world - Palestine. For many, this is holy ground. But even people who do not believe too much understand that Palestine on the world map is not an ordinary place.. This is not just one of the conflicts, it is a symbolic point of the world around which our history and our culture were formed. Palestine on the world map, the capital Jerusalem - these words ring in the soul of every person. It is here and now that there is a struggle for the values for which it took place in these places a thousand years ago, two thousand, two and a half thousand years ago.
Palestine on the world map in 2014 is two enclaves separated by Israel - the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. But once it was the only Holy Land...
Palestine and Israel - a history of conflict
In general, the entire Middle East is the cradle of the three Abrahamic religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. And in Palestine, at all times, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived side by side. Since ancient times, Palestinian peasants grazed on these lands, cattle, and grew various crops. Here is the first qibla of Muslims and the third shrine in Islam - the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
The Israelites only ruled over parts of Palestine for 4 centuries, while the Muslim presence dates back 12 centuries! Moreover, the people of Israel left Palestine since 135 AD. until the 20th century. Thus, their connection with the holy land was interrupted for 18 centuries.
So what is the reason for the conflict between Israel and Palestine? With the destruction of the Ottoman Caliphate, European powers rushed to the East in an attempt to divide it. Therefore, it is not surprising that in 1907, at a conference in London, the capital of the British colonial empire, the term "buffer state" was first used. The idea was to create a shield in Palestine against the Muslim population of the region and separate the Asian part of the caliphate from the African.
This event was preceded by the founding of the World Zionist Organization under the leadership of Theodor Graetzl in 1897. The political campaign for the formation of a Zionist state in the lands of Palestine and active diplomatic work, especially in colonial Britain, were successful. However, Caliph Abd al-Hamid's persistent proposals to sell Palestinian lands to Jewish settlers were categorically rejected: “I advise him not to touch this topic. I cannot sell a single inch of this land, because it does not belong to me, but to my people. My people created the Empire through sacrifice and blood, and we will shed our blood before we give this land to anyone. Let the Jews keep their millions for themselves. If the Empire falls apart, they will get it for free. But this will only happen through our dead bodies. And I will not allow it, under any pretext ever.
Palestine rejected the proposals, so the conflict with Israel began.
Israel and Palestine, the conflict in short is a struggle
In December 1917, England completely occupied Palestine, and the commander british army proclaimed: "Now Crusades completed." By the 20th year, she established martial law throughout Palestine. Thus began the conflict with Israel, whose state appeared on the map in 1948.
The Palestinians were deprived of constitutional rule, and its lands began to be populated by immigrants from Europe of Jewish origin, who began to form combat units.
Until 1948, Jews owned only 6.5% of the entire land area of Palestine.
At the end of World War II, Jews declared that their security could only be ensured by a national Jewish state in the lands of Palestine. And on August 13, 1945, American President Truman asked the British Prime Minister to allow the immigration of 100,000 Jews to Palestine. And on November 29, 1947, the UN, under pressure from the United States and the USSR, decided to divide Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. Thus, the Jewish minority received 54% of the land of Palestine, although before that they owned only 6 percent.
Soon, during the war between the Arab army and detachments of Jewish militants, the annexation of 78% of the lands of Palestine took place, and on May 14, 1948, the Jews announced the creation of Israel. 60% of the population were expelled from Palestine - this is from 800,000 to 1 million 390. 478 Palestinian villages were burned (there were 580 in total). The most brutal massacre of the Palestinian civilian population was in the village of Der Yassin. Then 254 women, old people and children were killed. All Palestinian infrastructure was destroyed, and so when they say that Palestine and Israel are a story of conflict between religion and science, then partly it is. Zionist radicals plunged Palestine, which once served as a scientific, educational and cultural center in the East, into a state of primeval desert.
How to help Palestine
When we are asked how to help Palestine, we answer - everything is needed. Everything is missing there. It needs bread medical equipment, medicine, Construction Materials. The Gaza Strip is an island cut off from the 21st century.
And our foundation carries charitable aid there.
Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said today that residents of the Gaza Strip may not count on the normalization of the economic situation, including the lifting of the border blockade, as long as the Hamas movement remains in power there. The conflict, however, is no longer limited to the territory of the Palestinian enclave - Israel today came under rocket fire from Lebanon. V Russian society, and especially on the Internet, the Arab-Israeli conflict, as always, is discussed unusually vigorously. The correspondent of Fontanka understood the true causes of the Middle East problems.
Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said today that residents of the Gaza Strip may not count on the normalization of the economic situation, including the lifting of the border blockade, as long as the Hamas movement remains in power there. The conflict, however, is no longer limited to the territory of the Palestinian enclave - Israel today came under rocket fire from Lebanon. In Russian society, and especially on the Internet, the Arab-Israeli conflict, as always, is being discussed unusually vigorously. In the shade of native birches, opponents express peremptory opinions that would be more appropriate under the canopy of Lebanese cedars. The correspondent of Fontanka understood the true causes of the Middle East problems.
The Arab-Israeli conflict, as we know it, did not begin a year or two ago. but exact date, with which you can count the chronology, exists. This is November 29, 1947, when the UN General Assembly adopted resolution No. 181 on the division of Palestine into two states - Jewish and Arab.
Since the end of the First World War, this territory was under the British Mandate. The British maintained a certain order there, which, roughly speaking, amounted to the fact that in response to Arab protests against Jewish immigration, quotas were introduced for the number of visitors. Nevertheless, the number of visitors grew, and the situation in the region became more and more difficult. Great Britain decided to leave the fate of Palestine to the discretion of the UN.
The moment was chosen exactly - literally a couple of years, and the creation of the state of Israel, most likely, would be out of the question. Back in March 1946, Winston Churchill delivered his famous Fulton speech, from which it is customary to count the beginning of cold war. After World War II, Britain's position in the world weakened, and the Middle East was divided among themselves by new superpowers - Soviet Union and USA. Here, the future opponents turned out to be unexpectedly unanimous.
President Harry Truman explained his position to his own State Department in 1946: “I beg your pardon, gentlemen, but I have to take into account the hundreds of thousands of those who stand for the success of Zionism. There are not hundreds of thousands of Arabs among my voters.”
The Soviet leadership could also count on the fact that Israel would become a "red" outpost in the Middle East - among the settlers there were many immigrants from Russia, who often adhered to very leftist beliefs. Finally, in his memoirs, NKVD General Pavel Sudoplatov points to other motives of Joseph Stalin, citing his following words: “Let's agree with the formation of Israel. This will be a pain in the ass for the Arab states, and then they will seek an alliance with us.”
This was said almost on the eve of the UN resolution on Palestine, and, it is worth noting, this is how events developed in the future - it quickly became clear that Israel was not ready to act in line with the Soviet line, but the friendship of the USSR with Syria, Egypt, Libya and other Middle Eastern regimes gradually expanded.
The UN resolution of November 29, 1947 prescribed an approximately equal division of Palestine between Jews and Arabs. Both sides received three staggered enclaves, while Jerusalem and Bethlehem, as places of importance for the three faiths - Jews, Muslims and Christians - were to remain under international control. 33 countries, including the USA and the USSR, voted for this decision, 13 were "against", and 10, including the UK, abstained. It is worth noting that a number of radical Jewish public organizations, operating in Palestine, did not support this decision, and the League of Arab States did strongly oppose it.
However, on May 14, 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, proclaimed the declaration of a Jewish state. The very next day, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan attacked the new country. Israel withstood, and under the control of Jordan and Egypt were, respectively, the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza Strip. These are approximately the territories on which, according to the UN resolution, the state of the Arabs of Palestine was to be created.
Even then, David Ben-Gurion himself did not build any special illusions about the legitimacy of the state of Israel from the point of view of international law. In 1950, he admonished Israeli diplomats this way: “When the state was proclaimed, it faced three problems: the problem of borders, the problem of refugees, and the problem of Jerusalem. None of them has been and will not be solved by persuasion. Only the recognition of the irreversibility of political changes can contribute to their solution. […] We captured Beersheba against the opinion of the UN and the Security Council. The same applies to Jaffa, Lod, Ramla and Western Galilee. The refugee problem will also be solved by the force of facts, namely our refusal to allow them to return. In this matter, it is most difficult to explain the validity of our position. In addressing these three problems the creation of an irreversible political reality prevails over the politics of persuasion.” An irreversible political reality has not been created for 60 years.
It is worth noting that the potential for the development of statehood among the Jews and Arabs of Palestine was quite different. The book of the founder of Zionism, Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State. Experience modern solution Jewish Question” was published as early as 1896, and since then many bright minds have worked on this issue. At the same time, the Arabs of Palestine, who had not yet tasted the fruits of European civilization, after the Second World War lived in the difficult conditions of their desert land and did not think about statehood.
However, a little less than twenty years later, this problem has become quite relevant. In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed. And three years later, as a result of the Six-Day War, Israel gained control of Gaza, the West Bank of the Jordan and eastern Jerusalem with its shrines. It is in connection with this that the PLO begins to develop broad - including terrorist - activities.
Just before the start of the war, the famous Israeli poetess Naomi Shemer wrote the song "Yerushalayim shel zaahav" - "Jerusalem of Gold". Against the background of the victories of the Israeli army, it immediately became the informal anthem of the country, symbolizing the end of the centuries-old humiliation of the Jewish people. The song was later used by Steven Spielberg in the movie Schindler's List and became the official anthem for Israel's 60th anniversary.
Oddly enough, but the motives of the Palestinians are surprisingly consonant with the intonations of this song - it is all about overcoming national humiliation and returning pride. On one of their websites, adherents of independent Palestine write this: “We were one of the most despised and abused nations in our era until the intifada began (the uprising of the Palestinians against the Israeli authorities - approx. "Fontanka"). It has greatly reduced the despair in our souls, it has changed the way we look at ourselves, it has allowed us to say: We were a nation of defeatists, obedient people with a frozen history. However, the intifada, with its dynamic history, allowed the Arabs to change their perception of themselves, to better understand the world around them.”
In total, since its existence, Israel has experienced seven wars, in three of which it started hostilities itself, and two intifadas. Hamas is now calling on its supporters for a third intifada. Enough blood has been spilled on both sides and too many words have been said to understand that the situation has no solution. In fact, it is not possible to divide, for example, the Negev desert as a percentage of the number of victims on both sides.
But the war continues even when the soldiers return to the garrisons, and the partisans to their bases. The Arab-Israeli conflict is not only and not even so much the number of victims on both sides, but the confrontation of opinions and a dispute over words. And here everything comes into play - from talking about the fact that since the Palestinians never had a state, they do not have the right to one (why, in fact, not?), to beaten horror stories about bloody matzah.
There are even more sophisticated examples. Israel Defense Forces Corporal Gilad Shalit was taken hostage on June 25, 2006 by Hamas militants who demanded the release of women and children under 18 from Israeli prisons. Three days later, Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to rescue the corporal. The whole story was heatedly discussed in the media and began to resemble an episode from the movie "The Tail Wags the Dog" about a private hero nicknamed Old Shoe. The "Summer Rains" ended with the economic blockade of Gaza. And now, when the conflict has flared up again, the Palestinians are already declaring that Gilad Shalit was wounded as a result of Israeli shelling of the peaceful quarters of Gaza.
Developing Clausewitz, information warfare is a continuation of conventional warfare by other means. To the massive Western media support for Israel, which is inevitable, if only because most of the bureaus are in Tel Aviv and not in Gaza, Palestine responds with the inventive tradition of Pallywood. This term has recently been used to designate Arab television studios in which staged stories about the conflict are filmed. Recently, for example, a story appeared on Gaza television in which cruel Zionists kill Farfour, a mouse beloved by Palestinian children. Filmed in the format of a news story, Farfour is portrayed by an actor in a suit. Following Farfur, the bee Nakhul and the bunny Assud became martyrs.
Nobility and desire for peace in the positions of both sides, in fact, is not much. Suicide bombers on Jerusalem buses are found being besieged by Israeli forces in Beirut in 1982. Then aviation and artillery bombarded the city for two months in a row, causing irreparable damage to it. On the shelling of Israeli territories with Qassam missiles - the hunt for the terrorists of the Black September group, who were killed by the Mossad without trial or investigation, moreover, an outside waiter was killed. Of course, they are terrorists, but what about the notorious legal norms?
The Palestinian administration is not sympathetic, with the PLO mired in corruption under Yasser Arafat, and Fatah and Hamas, which are now more concerned with the struggle for power than solving the problem of independence. But also the Israeli ideology, which, on the one hand, in the mouths of some politicians clearly smacks of natural fascism, and, on the other hand, as if as a payment for the Holocaust, on occasion frees the authorities from any existing legal norms, to put it mildly, causes mixed feelings.
But don't blame the little ones for everything. After all, the State of Israel, with all its flaws and virtues, was not created by kibbutznik settlers. Its appearance was the result of the system of international law, the sketches of which were sketched back in 1945 at the Yalta Conference. Palestine became one of the bargaining chips used by the USSR and the USA in their competition.
The system has since become dilapidated and cramped, the UN is remembered only in connection with some kind of cultural activity, but no one has revised the rules of the game. Therefore, making predictions about the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict is the same as entering into a dispute of pique vests. The role of Barack Obama, oil prices, the number of victims, and even Dmitry Medvedev is completely unimportant here. Shooting in Gaza will end a little later or a little earlier. Then it will start again, maybe in the West Bank. Or maybe the Arabs will start killing each other.
It is virtually impossible to unfold any tangle of contradictions that goes back into the depths of the twentieth century. Too many dead, too many words, and, as a rule, mercenary and dishonest. There are many examples. For example, North and South Korea, obviously, they themselves will never agree on the unification, and this problem does not bother anyone anymore. The southerners themselves feel pretty good, and only the United States sometimes remembers the northerners in connection with paranoia about the nuclear threat.
There are also episodes that have become history at all, but still remain the reason for long-term political strife. For example, the problem of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire. It is obvious that Turkey will not recognize it for the foreseeable future. The massacres of the Armenian population in 1915, of course, were (as, indeed, the Turkish). But, returning to Israel, the recognition of the genocide may entail analogies with the Holocaust and corresponding claims from the Armenians. How far they can go is unknown.
All these episodes have one thing in common. These are the concepts of the nation state, self-determination, sovereignty, which, having originated with capitalism at the dawn of the New Age, have become small for the current global peace. The listed conflicts can develop more or less bloody, but their radical solution requires revision operating system international relations, which would allow the creation of some new institutions that act in the interests of the common good and humanism, and not to please any of the parties. As they wrote in the Soviet press, in the interests of peace and good neighborliness.
Unfortunately, such changes are impossible without great upheavals. And they will happen. Maybe not tomorrow, and not even ten years later, but they are inevitable, and will bring with them new insoluble conflicts. The story hasn't ended.
Nikolay Konashenok,
Fontanka.ru
