Fascinating chemistry experiments. Interesting chemistry experiments that can be easily repeated at home

Such a complex but interesting science as chemistry always causes an ambiguous reaction among schoolchildren. The children are interested in experiments, as a result of which substances are obtained bright colors, gases are released or precipitation occurs. But only a few of them like to write complex equations of chemical processes.

The Importance of Entertaining Experiences

According to modern federal standards in general education schools such a subject of the program as chemistry was also not left without attention.

As part of the study of complex transformations of substances and solving practical problems, the young chemist hones his skills in practice. It is in the course of unusual experiments that the teacher forms an interest in the subject in his pupils. But in ordinary lessons, it is difficult for a teacher to find enough free time for non-standard experiments, and there is simply no time for children to conduct them.

To remedy this, additional elective and elective courses were invented. By the way, many children who are fond of chemistry in grades 8-9 become doctors, pharmacists, scientists in the future, because in such classes a young chemist gets the opportunity to independently conduct experiments and draw conclusions from them.

What courses are associated with entertaining chemistry experiments?

In the old days, chemistry for children was available only from the 8th grade. No special courses or extracurricular activities children were not offered a chemical orientation. In fact, there was simply no work with gifted children in chemistry, which had a negative impact on the attitude of schoolchildren to this discipline. The guys were afraid and did not understand complex chemical reactions, they made mistakes in writing ionic equations.

In connection with the reform modern system education has changed. Now in educational institutions offered in the lower grades. The children are happy to do the tasks that the teacher offers them, learn to draw conclusions.

Optional courses related to chemistry help high school students gain skills in working with laboratory equipment, and those designed for younger students contain bright, demonstrative chemical experiments. For example, children study the properties of milk, get acquainted with those substances that are obtained when it is sour.

Experiments with water

Entertaining chemistry for children is interesting when, during the experiment, they see an unusual result: gas evolution, bright color, unusual sediment. A substance such as water is considered ideal for conducting a variety of entertaining chemical experiments for schoolchildren.

For example, chemistry for children of 7 years old may begin with an acquaintance with its properties. The teacher tells the children about most of our planet is covered with water. The teacher also informs the pupils that in a watermelon it is more than 90 percent, and in a person - about 65-70%. Having told schoolchildren about how important water is for humans, we can offer them some interesting experiments. At the same time, it is worth emphasizing the “magic” of water in order to intrigue schoolchildren.

By the way, in this case, the standard set of chemistry for children does not involve any expensive equipment - it is quite possible to limit yourself to available devices and materials.

Experience "Ice Needle"

Let's give an example of such a simple and also interesting experiment with water. This is a building of ice sculpture - "needles". For the experiment you will need:

• water;
• salt;
• ice cubes.

The duration of the experiment is 2 hours, so such an experiment cannot be carried out in a regular lesson. First you need to pour water into the ice mold, put in the freezer. After 1-2 hours, after the water turns into ice, entertaining chemistry can continue. For the experience, you will need 40-50 ready-made ice cubes.

First, the children must arrange 18 cubes on the table in the form of a square, leaving an empty space in the center. Then, after sprinkling them with table salt, they are carefully applied to each other, thus gluing together.

Gradually, all the cubes are connected, and as a result, a thick and long “needle” of ice is obtained. To make it, 2 teaspoons are enough. table salt and 50 small pieces of ice.

It is possible, by tinting the water, to make the ice sculptures multi-colored. And as a result of such a simple experience, chemistry for children of 9 years old becomes an understandable and exciting science. You can experiment by gluing ice cubes in the form of a pyramid or rhombus.

Experiment "Tornado"

This experiment will not require special materials, reagents and tools. The guys will be able to make it in 10-15 minutes. For the experiment, stock up:

• a plastic transparent bottle with a cap;
• water;
• dishwashing detergent;
• sequins.

The bottle must be filled 2/3 with plain water. Then add 1-2 drops of dishwashing detergent to it. After 5-10 seconds, pour a couple of pinches of sparkles into the bottle. Tighten the cap tightly, turn the bottle upside down, holding the neck, and twist clockwise. Then we stop and look at the resulting vortex. Until the moment the "tornado" works, you will have to scroll the bottle 3-4 times.

Why does a "tornado" appear in an ordinary bottle?

When a child makes circular movements, a whirlwind similar to a tornado appears. The rotation of water around the center is due to the action centrifugal force. The teacher tells the children about how terrible tornadoes are in nature.

Such an experience is absolutely safe, but after it, chemistry for children becomes a truly fabulous science. To make the experiment more vivid, you can use colorant, for example, potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).

Experiment "Soap Bubbles"

Want to teach kids what fun chemistry is? Programs for children do not allow the teacher to pay due attention to experiments in the lessons, there is simply no time for this. So, let's do this optionally.

For elementary school students, this experiment will bring a lot of positive emotions, and you can do it in a few minutes. We will need:

• liquid soap;
• jar;
• water;
• thin wire.

In a jar, mix one part liquid soap with six parts water. We bend the end of a small piece of wire in the form of a ring, lower it into the soap mixture, carefully pull it out and blow it out of the mold with a beautiful soap bubble of our own making.

Only wire that does not have a nylon layer is suitable for this experiment. Else blow out bubble kids can't.

In order to make it more interesting for the guys, you can add food coloring to the soap solution. You can arrange soap competitions between schoolchildren, then chemistry for children will become a real holiday. The teacher thus introduces the children to the concept of solutions, solubility and explains the reasons for the appearance of bubbles.

Entertaining experience "Water from plants"

To begin with, the teacher explains how important water is for cells in living organisms. It is with the help of it that transportation takes place nutrients. The teacher notes that in case of insufficient amount of water in the body, all living things die.

For the experiment you will need:

• spirit lamp;
• test tubes;
• green leaves;
• test tube holder;
• copper sulfate (2);
• beaker.

This experiment will take 1.5-2 hours, but as a result, chemistry for children will be a manifestation of a miracle, a symbol of magic.

Green leaves are placed in a test tube, fixed in the holder. In the flame of an alcohol lamp, you need to heat the entire test tube 2-3 times, and then do this only with the part where the green leaves are.

The glass should be placed so that the gaseous substances released in the test tube fall into it. As soon as the heating is completed, to a drop of the liquid obtained inside the glass, add grains of white anhydrous copper sulfate. Gradually, the white color disappears, and copper sulfate becomes blue or blue.

This experience leads children to complete delight, because the color of substances changes before their eyes. At the end of the experiment, the teacher tells the children about such a property as hygroscopicity. It is due to its ability to absorb water vapor (moisture) that white copper sulfate changes its color to blue color.

Experiment "Magic Wand"

This experiment is suitable for an introductory lesson in an elective course in chemistry. First, you need to make a star-shaped blank from it and soak it in a solution of phenolphthalein (indicator).

During the experiment itself attached to " magic wand"The star is first immersed in an alkali solution (for example, in a solution of sodium hydroxide). Children see how in a matter of seconds it changes color and a bright crimson color appears. Next, the colored form is placed in an acid solution (for the experiment, the use of a hydrochloric acid solution would be optimal ), and the crimson color disappears - the asterisk becomes colorless again.

If the experiment is carried out for kids, during the experiment the teacher tells a "chemical fairy tale". For example, the hero of a fairy tale can be an inquisitive mouse who wanted to know why there are so many bright colors in a magical land. For students in grades 8-9, the teacher introduces the concept of "indicator" and notes which indicators can determine the acidic environment, and which substances are needed to determine the alkaline environment of solutions.

The Genie in the Bottle Experience

This experiment is demonstrated by the teacher himself, using a special fume hood. The experience is based on the specific properties of concentrated nitric acid. Unlike many acids, concentrated nitric acid is able to enter into chemical interaction with metals located after hydrogen (with the exception of platinum, gold).

Pour it into a test tube and add a piece of copper wire there. Under the hood, the test tube is heated, and the children observe the appearance of “red gin” vapors.

For students in grades 8-9, the teacher writes the equation of a chemical reaction, highlights the signs of its course (color change, the appearance of gas). This experience is not suitable for demonstration outside the walls of the school chemistry room. According to safety regulations, it involves the use of nitric oxide vapors (“brown gas”) are dangerous for children.

Home experiments

In order to warm up the interest of schoolchildren in chemistry, you can offer a home experiment. For example, to conduct an experiment on growing salt crystals.

The child should prepare a saturated solution of table salt. Then place a thin branch in it, and, as the water evaporates from the solution, salt crystals will “grow” on the branch.

The jar of solution must not be shaken or rotated. And when after 2 weeks the crystals grow, the stick must be very carefully removed from the solution and dried. And then, if desired, you can cover the product with a colorless varnish.

Conclusion

There is no more interesting subject in the school curriculum than chemistry. But in order for children not to be afraid of this complex science, the teacher must devote sufficient time in his work to entertaining experiments and unusual experiments.

It is the practical skills that are formed in the course of such work that will help stimulate interest in the subject. And in the lower grades, entertaining experiments are considered by the Federal State Educational Standards as an independent project and research activity.

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There are very simple experiences that children remember for a lifetime. The guys may not fully understand why this is all happening, but when time will pass and they will find themselves in a lesson in physics or chemistry, a very clear example will surely pop up in their memory.

website collected 7 interesting experiments that children will remember. Everything you need for these experiments is at your fingertips.

refractory ball

It will take: 2 balls, candle, matches, water.

Experience: Inflate a balloon and hold it over a lighted candle to show the children that the balloon will burst from fire. Then pour plain tap water into the second ball, tie it up and bring it to the candle again. It turns out that with water the ball can easily withstand the flame of a candle.

Explanation: The water in the balloon absorbs the heat generated by the candle. Therefore, the ball itself will not burn and, therefore, will not burst.

The pencils

You will need: plastic bag, pencils, water.

Experience: Pour water halfway into a plastic bag. We pierce the bag through with a pencil in the place where it is filled with water.

Explanation: If you pierce a plastic bag and then pour water into it, it will pour out through the holes. But if the bag is first filled halfway with water and then pierced sharp object so that the object remains stuck in the bag, then almost no water will flow out through these holes. This is due to the fact that when polyethylene breaks, its molecules are attracted closer to each other. In our case, the polyethylene is pulled around the pencils.

Non-popping ball

You will need: balloon, wooden skewer and some dishwashing liquid.

Experience: Lubricate the top and bottom with the product and pierce the ball, starting from the bottom.

Explanation: The secret of this trick is simple. In order to save the ball, you need to pierce it at the points of least tension, and they are located at the bottom and at the top of the ball.

Cauliflower

It will take: 4 cups of water, food coloring, cabbage leaves or white flowers.

Experience: Add food coloring of any color to each glass and put one leaf or flower into the water. Leave them overnight. In the morning you will see that they are stained in different colors.

Explanation: Plants absorb water and thus nourish their flowers and leaves. This is due to the capillary effect, in which the water itself tends to fill the thin tubes inside the plants. This is how flowers, and grass, and big trees. By sucking in tinted water, they change their color.

floating egg

It will take: 2 eggs, 2 glasses of water, salt.

Experience: Gently place the egg in a glass of plain clean water. As expected, it will sink to the bottom (if not, the egg may be rotten and should not be returned to the refrigerator). Pour warm water into the second glass and stir 4-5 tablespoons of salt in it. For the purity of the experiment, you can wait until the water cools down. Then dip the second egg into the water. It will float near the surface.

Explanation: It's all about density. The average density of an egg is much greater than that of plain water, so the egg sinks down. And the density of the saline solution is higher, and therefore the egg rises.

crystal lollipops

It will take: 2 cups water, 5 cups sugar wooden sticks for mini-kebabs, thick paper, transparent glasses, a saucepan, food coloring.

Experience: In a quarter cup of water, boil sugar syrup with a couple of tablespoons of sugar. Sprinkle some sugar on paper. Then you need to dip the stick in syrup and collect the sugar with it. Next, distribute them evenly on a stick.

Leave the sticks to dry overnight. In the morning, dissolve 5 cups of sugar in 2 cups of water on fire. You can leave the syrup to cool for 15 minutes, but it should not cool down much, otherwise the crystals will not grow. Then pour it into jars and add different food colors. Lower the prepared sticks into a jar of syrup so that they do not touch the walls and bottom of the jar, a clothespin will help with this.

Explanation: As the water cools, the solubility of sugar decreases, and it begins to precipitate and settle on the walls of the vessel and on your stick with a seed of sugar grains.

lit match

Need: Matches, flashlight.

Experience: Light a match and hold it at a distance of 10-15 centimeters from the wall. Shine a flashlight on the match and you will see that only your hand and the match itself are reflected on the wall. It would seem obvious, but I never thought about it.

Explanation: Fire does not cast shadows, as it does not prevent light from passing through it.

Chemical experience of bromine with aluminum

If a few milliliters of bromine are placed in a test tube made of heat-resistant glass and a piece of aluminum foil is carefully lowered into it, then after a while (necessary for bromine to penetrate through the oxide film), a violent reaction will begin. From the heat released, aluminum melts and, in the form of a small fireball, rolls over the surface of bromine (the density of liquid aluminum is less than the density of bromine), rapidly decreasing in size. The test tube is filled with bromine vapor and white smoke, consisting of the smallest crystals of aluminum bromide:

2Al+3Br 2 → 2AlBr 3 .

It is also interesting to observe the reaction of aluminum with iodine. Mix in a porcelain cup a small amount of powdered iodine with aluminum powder. While the reaction is not noticeable: in the absence of water, it proceeds extremely slowly. Using a long pipette, drop a few drops of water on the mixture, which plays the role of an initiator, and the reaction will proceed vigorously - with the formation of a flame and the release of purple vapors of iodine.

Chemical experiments with gunpowder: how gunpowder explodes!

Gunpowder

Smoky, or black, gunpowder is a mixture of potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate - KNO 3), sulfur (S) and coal (C). It ignites at a temperature of about 300 °C. Gunpowder can also explode on impact. It consists of an oxidizing agent (nitrate) and a reducing agent (charcoal). Sulfur is also a reducing agent, but its main function is to bind potassium into a strong compound. During the combustion of gunpowder, the following reaction occurs:

2KNO 3 + ЗС + S → K 2 S + N 2 + 3СО 2,
- as a result of which a large volume is released gaseous substances. The use of gunpowder in military affairs is connected with this: the gases formed during the explosion and expanding from the heat of the reaction push the bullet out of the gun barrel. It is easy to verify the formation of potassium sulfide by smelling the barrel of a gun. It smells of hydrogen sulfide - a product of the hydrolysis of potassium sulfide.

Chemical experiments with saltpeter: fiery inscription

Spectacular chemical experience can be done with potassium nitrate. Let me remind you that nitrates are complex substances - salts of nitric acid. AT this case we need potassium nitrate. Its chemical formula is KNO 3 . On a sheet of paper, draw a contour, a drawing (for greater effect, let the lines do not intersect!). Prepare a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate. For information: in 15 ml hot water 20 g of KNO 3 are dissolved. Then, using a brush, we impregnate the paper along the drawn contour, while leaving no gaps or gaps. let the paper dry. Now you need to touch a burning splinter to some point on the contour. Immediately a "spark" will appear, which will slowly move along the contour of the picture until it closes it completely. Here's what happens: Potassium nitrate expands according to the equation:

2KNO 3 → 2 KNO 2 + O 2 .

Here KNO 2 +O 2 is a salt of nitrous acid. From the released oxygen, the paper chars and burns. For greater effect, the experiment can be carried out in a dark room.

Chemical experience of dissolving glass in hydrofluoric acid

Glass dissolves
in hydrofluoric acid

Indeed, glass dissolves easily. Glass is a very viscous liquid. The fact that glass can dissolve can be verified by performing the following chemical reaction. Hydrofluoric acid is an acid formed by dissolving hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. It is also called hydrofluoric acid. For greater clarity, let's take a thin speckle, on which we attach a weight. We lower the glass with a weight into the solution hydrofluoric acid. When the glass dissolves in the acid, the weight will fall to the bottom of the flask.

Chemical experiments with smoke emission

Chemical reactions with
smoke emission
(ammonium chloride)

Let's do a beautiful experiment to get thick white smoke. To do this, we need to prepare a mixture of potash (potassium carbonate K 2 CO 3) with an ammonia solution (ammonia). Mix the reagents: potash and ammonia. Add a solution of hydrochloric acid to the resulting mixture. The reaction will begin already at the moment when the flask with hydrochloric acid is brought close to the flask containing ammonia. Carefully add hydrochloric acid to the ammonia solution and observe the formation of a thick white vapor of ammonium chloride, the chemical formula of which is NH 4 Cl. The chemical reaction between ammonia and hydrochloric acid proceeds as follows:

HCl + NH 3 → NH 4 Cl

Chemical experiments: the glow of solutions

Glow reaction solution

As noted above, the glow of solutions is a sign of a chemical reaction. Let's conduct another spectacular experiment, in which our solution will glow. For the reaction, we need a solution of luminol, a solution of hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 and crystals of red blood salt K 3. Luminol- complex organic matter, whose formula is C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2. Luminol is highly soluble in some organic solvents while not soluble in water. The glow occurs when luminol reacts with some oxidizing agents in an alkaline medium.

So, let's start: add a solution of hydrogen peroxide to luminol, then add a handful of red blood salt crystals to the resulting solution. For greater effect, try conducting the experiment in a dark room! As soon as the blood red salt crystals touch the solution, a cold blue glow will immediately be noticeable, which indicates the course of the reaction. The glow in a chemical reaction is called chemiluminescence

Another chemical experience with luminous solutions:

For it, we need: hydroquinone (formerly used in photographic equipment), potassium carbonate K 2 CO 3 (also known as "potash"), pharmacy solution of formalin (formaldehyde) and hydrogen peroxide. Dissolve 1 g of hydroquinone and 5 g of potassium carbonate K 2 CO 3 in 40 ml of pharmacy formalin (formaldehyde aqueous solution). Pour this reaction mixture into a large flask or bottle with a capacity of at least one liter. In a small vessel, prepare 15 ml of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. You can use hydroperite tablets - a combination of hydrogen peroxide with urea (urea will not interfere with the experiment). For greater effect, go into a dark room, when your eyes get used to the dark, pour the hydrogen peroxide solution into a large vessel with hydroquinone. The mixture will begin to foam (hence the need for a large vessel) and a distinct orange glow will appear!

The chemical reactions in which the glow appears do not occur only during oxidation. Sometimes the glow occurs during crystallization. The easiest way to observe it is table salt. Dissolve table salt in water, and take enough salt so that undissolved crystals remain at the bottom of the glass. Pour the resulting saturated solution into another glass and add concentrated hydrochloric acid to this solution drop by drop. The salt will begin to crystallize, and sparks will fly through the solution. It is most beautiful if the experience is set in the dark!

Chemical experiments with chromium and its compounds

Multicolored chrome!... The color of chromium salts can easily change from purple to green and vice versa. Let's carry out the reaction: let's dissolve in water a few purple crystals of chromium chloride CrCl 3 6H 2 O. When boiling, the purple solution of this salt turns green. When the green solution is evaporated, a green powder of the same composition as the original salt is formed. And if you saturate a green solution of chromium chloride cooled to 0 ° C with hydrogen chloride (HCl), its color will turn purple again. How to explain the observed phenomenon? It's rare in inorganic chemistry an example of isomerism - the existence of substances that have the same composition, but different structure and properties. In the violet salt, the chromium atom is bonded to six water molecules, and the chlorine atoms are counterions: Cl 3, and in green chromium chloride they change places: Cl 2H 2 O. In an acidic environment, dichromates are strong oxidizing agents. Their recovery products are Cr3+ ions:

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4H 2 SO 4 + 3K 2 SO 3 → Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 4K 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O.

Potassium chromate (yellow)
dichromate - (red)

At a low temperature, violet crystals of potassium chromium alum KCr (SO 4) 2 12H 2 O can be isolated from the resulting solution. The dark red solution obtained by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a saturated aqueous solution of potassium dichromate is called “chromic peak”. In laboratories, it is used for washing and degreasing chemical glassware. The dishes are carefully rinsed with chromic, which is not poured into the sink, but is used repeatedly. In the end, the mixture becomes green - all the chromium in such a solution has already passed into the Cr 3+ form. Especially strong oxidizing agent- chromium oxide (VI) СrО 3 . With it, you can light an alcohol lamp without matches: just touch the wick moistened with alcohol with a stick with several crystals of this substance. When CrO 3 is decomposed, dark brown chromium (IV) oxide powder CrO 2 can be obtained. It has ferromagnetic properties and is used in the magnetic tapes of some types of audio cassettes. The body of an adult contains only about 6 mg of chromium. Many compounds of this element (especially chromates and dichromates) are toxic, and some of them are carcinogens, i.e. capable of causing cancer.

Chemical experiments: the reducing properties of iron

Ferric chloride III

This type chemical reaction refers to redox reactions. To carry out the reaction, we need diluted (5%) aqueous solutions of iron (III) chloride FeCl 3 and the same solution of potassium iodide KI. So, a solution of iron (III) chloride is poured into one flask. Then add a few drops of potassium iodide solution to it. Observe the color change of the solution. The liquid will take on a reddish-brown color. The following chemical reactions will take place in the solution:

2FeCl 3 + 2KI → 2FeCl 2 + 2KCl + I 2

KI + I 2 → K

Ferric chloride II

Another chemical experiment with iron compounds. For it, we need dilute (10–15%) aqueous solutions of iron (II) sulfate FeSO 4 and ammonium thiocyanate NH 4 NCS, bromine water Br 2. Let's start. Pour a solution of iron(II) sulfate into one flask. 3-5 drops of ammonium thiocyanate solution are also added there. We notice that there are no signs of chemical reactions. Of course, iron(II) cations do not form colored complexes with thiocyanate ions. Now add bromine water to this flask. But now the iron ions "given themselves out" and colored the solution in a blood-red color. this is how the (III) ion of valence iron reacts to thiocyanate ions. Here's what happened in the flask:

Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ + n NCS– (n–3) – + n H 2 O

Chemical experiment on the dehydration of sugar with sulfuric acid

Sugar dehydration
sulfuric acid

concentrated sulfuric acid dehydrates sugar. Sugar is a complex organic substance whose formula is C 12 H 22 O 11. Here's how it goes. Powdered sugar is placed in a tall glass beaker, slightly moistened with water. Then a little concentrated sulfuric acid is added to the wet sugar. mix gently and quickly with a glass rod. The stick is left in the middle of the glass with the mixture. After 1 - 2 minutes, the sugar begins to turn black, swell and rise in the form of a voluminous, loose black mass, taking the glass rod with it. The mixture in the glass gets very hot and smokes a little. In this chemical reaction, sulfuric acid not only removes water from sugar, but also partially turns it into coal.

C 12 H 22 O 11 + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) → 11C + CO 2 + 13H 2 O + 2SO 2

The released water during such a chemical reaction is mainly absorbed by sulfuric acid (sulfuric acid "greedily" absorbs water) with the formation of hydrates, hence the strong release of heat. And carbon dioxide CO 2, which is obtained during the oxidation of sugar, and sulfur dioxide SO 2 raise the charring mixture up.

Chemical experiment with the disappearance of an aluminum spoon

Mercury nitrate solution

Let's carry out another funny chemical reaction: for this we need an aluminum spoon and mercury nitrate (Hg (NO 3) 2). So, let's take a spoon, clean it with a fine-grained sandpaper then degrease with acetone. Dip a spoon for a few seconds in a solution of mercury nitrate (Hg (NO 3) 2). (remember that mercury compounds are poisonous!). As soon as the surface of the aluminum spoon in the mercury solution becomes gray, the spoon must be removed, washed boiled water dry (wetting, but not wiping). After a few seconds, the metal spoon will turn into fluffy white flakes, and soon only a grayish pile of ash will be left of it. This is what happened:

Al + 3 Hg(NO 3) 2 → 3 Hg + 2 Al(NO 3) 3 .

In the solution, at the beginning of the reaction, a thin layer of aluminum amalgam (an alloy of aluminum and mercury) appears on the surface of the spoon. The amalgam then turns into fluffy white flakes of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3). The metal consumed in the reaction is replenished with new portions of aluminum dissolved in mercury. And, finally, instead of a shiny spoon, white Al (OH) 3 powder and tiny droplets of mercury remain on the paper. If, after a solution of mercury nitrate (Hg (NO 3) 2), an aluminum spoon is immediately immersed in distilled water, then gas bubbles and white flakes will appear on its surface (hydrogen and aluminum hydroxide will be released).

My personal experience of teaching chemistry has shown that such a science as chemistry is very difficult to study without any initial knowledge and practice. Schoolchildren very often run this subject. I personally observed how a student of the 8th grade at the word "chemistry" began to frown, as if he had eaten a lemon.

Later it turned out that because of dislike and misunderstanding of the subject, he skipped school in secret from his parents. Of course, the school curriculum is designed in such a way that the teacher must give a lot of theory at the first chemistry lessons. Practice, as it were, fades into the background precisely at the moment when the student cannot yet independently realize whether he needs this subject in the future. This is primarily due to the laboratory equipment of schools. AT big cities at present, things are better with reagents and instruments. As for the province, as well as 10 years ago, and at present, many schools do not have the opportunity to conduct laboratory classes. But the process of studying and fascination with chemistry, as well as with other natural sciences, usually begins with experiments. And it is no coincidence. Many famous chemists, such as Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska-Curie (schoolchildren also study all these researchers in physics classes) have already started experimenting since childhood. The great discoveries of these great people were made in home chemical laboratories, since chemistry classes at institutes were available only to wealthy people.

And, of course, the most important thing is to interest the child and convey to him that chemistry surrounds us everywhere, so the process of studying it can be very exciting. This is where home chemistry experiments come in handy. Observing such experiments, one can further look for an explanation of why things happen this way and not otherwise. And when a young researcher encounters similar concepts at school lessons, the teacher’s explanations will be more understandable to him, since he will already have his own own experience conducting home chemical experiments and the knowledge gained.

It is very important to start learning natural sciences from ordinary observations and examples from life, which, in your opinion, will be most successful for your child. Here are some of them. Water is a chemical substance consisting of two elements, as well as gases dissolved in it. Man also contains water. We know that where there is no water, there is no life. A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days.

River sand is nothing but silicon oxide, and also the main raw material for glass production.

A person himself does not suspect it and carries out chemical reactions every second. The air we breathe is a mixture of gases - chemicals. In the process of exhalation, another complex substance is released - carbon dioxide. We can say that we ourselves are a chemical laboratory. You can explain to the child that washing hands with soap is also a chemical process of water and soap.

An older child who, for example, has already begun to study chemistry at school, can be explained that almost all elements can be found in the human body. periodic system D. I. Mendeleev. In a living organism, not only all chemical elements are present, but each of them performs some biological function.

Chemistry is also medicines, without which at present many people cannot live even a day.

Plants also contain the chemical chlorophyll, which gives the leaf its green color.

Cooking is hard chemical processes. Here you can give an example of how the dough rises when yeast is added.

One of the options for getting a child interested in chemistry is to take an individual outstanding researcher and read the story of his life or watch an educational film about him (films about D.I. Mendeleev, Paracelsus, M.V. Lomonosov, Butlerov are now available).

Many believe that real chemistry is harmful substances, it is dangerous to experiment with them, especially at home. There are many very exciting experiences that you can do with your child without harming your health. And these home chemical experiments will be no less exciting and instructive than those that come with explosions, pungent odors and puffs of smoke.

Some parents are also afraid to conduct chemical experiments at home due to their complexity or lack of necessary equipment and reagents. It turns out that you can get by with improvised means and those substances that every housewife has in the kitchen. You can buy them at your nearest household store or pharmacy. Test tubes for home chemical experiments can be replaced with pill bottles. Reagents can be stored glass jars, for example, from baby food or mayonnaise.

It is worth remembering that the dishes with reagents must have a label with the inscription and be tightly closed. Sometimes the tubes need to be heated. In order not to hold it in your hands when heated and not get burned, you can build such a device using a clothespin or a piece of wire.

It is also necessary to allocate several steel and wooden spoons for mixing.

You can make a stand for holding test tubes yourself by drilling through holes in the bar.

To filter the resulting substances, you will need a paper filter. It is very easy to make it according to the diagram given here.

For children who do not yet go to school or are studying in elementary grades, setting up home chemical experiments with their parents will be a kind of game. Most likely, such a young researcher will not yet be able to explain some individual laws and reactions. However, perhaps just such an empirical way of discovering the surrounding world, nature, man, plants through experiments will lay the foundation for the study of natural sciences in the future. You can even arrange original competitions in the family - who will have the most successful experience and then demonstrate them at family holidays.

Regardless of the age of the child and his ability to read and write, I advise you to have a laboratory journal in which you can record experiments or sketch. A real chemist must write down a work plan, a list of reagents, sketches of instruments and describes the progress of work.

When you and your child just begin to study this science of substances and conduct home chemical experiments, the first thing to remember is safety.

To do this, follow the following safety rules:

2. It is better to allocate a separate table for conducting chemical experiments at home. If you do not have a separate table at home, then it is better to conduct experiments on a steel or iron tray or pallet.

3. It is necessary to get thin and thick gloves (they are sold in a pharmacy or hardware store).

4. For chemical experiments, it is best to buy a lab coat, but you can also use a thick apron instead of a dressing gown.

5. Laboratory glassware should not be used for food.

6. In home chemical experiments, there should be no cruelty to animals and violation of the ecological system. Acidic chemical waste should be neutralized with soda, and alkaline with acetic acid.

7. If you want to check the smell of a gas, liquid or reagent, never bring the vessel directly to your face, but, holding it at a certain distance, direct, waving your hand, the air above the vessel towards you and at the same time smell the air.

8. Always use small amounts of reagents in home experiments. Avoid leaving reagents in a container without an appropriate inscription (label) on the bottle, from which it should be clear what is in the bottle.

The study of chemistry should begin with simple chemical experiments at home, allowing the child to master the basic concepts. A series of experiments 1-3 allow you to get acquainted with the basic aggregate states of substances and the properties of water. To begin with, you can show a preschooler how sugar and salt dissolve in water, accompanying this with an explanation that water is a universal solvent and is a liquid. Sugar or salt solids, soluble in liquid.

Experience number 1 "Because - without water and neither here nor there"

Water is a liquid chemical substance composed of two elements as well as gases dissolved in it. Man also contains water. We know that where there is no water, there is no life. A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days.

Reagents and equipment: 2 test tubes, soda, citric acid, water

Experiment: Take two test tubes. Pour in equal amounts of soda and citric acid. Then pour water into one of the test tubes, and not into the other. In a test tube in which water was poured, carbon dioxide began to be released. In a test tube without water - nothing has changed

Discussion: This experiment explains the fact that many reactions and processes in living organisms are impossible without water, and water also accelerates many chemical reactions. Schoolchildren can be explained that an exchange reaction has taken place, as a result of which carbon dioxide has been released.

Experience number 2 "What is dissolved in tap water"

Reagents and equipment: clear glass, tap water

Experiment: Pour into a clear glass tap water and put it in a warm place for an hour. After an hour, you will see settled bubbles on the walls of the glass.

Discussion: Bubbles are nothing but gases dissolved in water. AT cold water gases dissolve better. As soon as the water becomes warm, the gases cease to dissolve and settle on the walls. A similar home chemical experiment also makes it possible to acquaint the child with the gaseous state of matter.

Experience No. 3 “What is dissolved in mineral water or water is a universal solvent”

Reagents and equipment: test tube, mineral water, candle, magnifying glass

Experiment: Pour mineral water into a test tube and slowly evaporate it over a candle flame (the experiment can be done on the stove in a saucepan, but the crystals will be less visible). As the water evaporates, small crystals will remain on the walls of the test tube, all of them of different shapes.

Discussion: Crystals are salts dissolved in mineral water. They have a different shape and size, since each crystal has its own chemical formula. With a child who has already begun to study chemistry at school, you can read the label on mineral water, where its composition is indicated and write the formulas of the compounds contained in mineral water.

Experiment No. 4 "Filtration of water mixed with sand"

Reagents and equipment: 2 test tubes, funnel, paper filter, water, river sand

Experiment: Pour water into a test tube and dip a little river sand into it, mix. Then, according to the scheme described above, make a filter out of paper. Insert a dry, clean test tube into a rack. Slowly pour the sand/water mixture through a filter paper funnel. River sand will remain on the filter, and you will get clean water in a tripod tube.

Discussion: Chemical experience allows us to show that there are substances that do not dissolve in water, for example, river sand. The experience also introduces one of the methods of cleaning mixtures of substances from impurities. Here you can introduce the concepts of pure substances and mixtures, which are given in the 8th grade chemistry textbook. In this case, the mixture is sand with water, the pure substance is the filtrate, and river sand is the sediment.

The filtration process (described in Grade 8) is used here to separate a mixture of water and sand. To diversify the study of this process, you can delve a little into the history of cleaning drinking water.

Filtration processes were used as early as the 8th and 7th centuries BC. in the state of Urartu (now it is the territory of Armenia) for the purification of drinking water. Its inhabitants carried out the construction of a water supply system with the use of filters. Thick cloth and charcoal were used as filters. Similar intertwined systems downpipes, clay channels equipped with filters were also on the territory of the ancient Nile among the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Water was passed through such a filter several times through such a filter, eventually many times, eventually achieving best quality water.

One of the most interesting experiments is growing crystals. The experience is very clear and gives an idea of ​​many chemical and physical concepts.

Experience number 5 "Grow sugar crystals"

Reagents and equipment: two glasses of water; sugar - five glasses; wooden skewers; thin paper; pot; transparent cups; food coloring (the proportions of sugar and water can be reduced).

Experiment: The experiment should begin with the preparation of sugar syrup. We take a pan, pour 2 cups of water and 2.5 cups of sugar into it. We put on medium heat and, stirring, dissolve all the sugar. Pour the remaining 2.5 cups of sugar into the resulting syrup and cook until completely dissolved.

Now let's prepare the embryos of crystals - sticks. Scatter a small amount of sugar on a piece of paper, then dip the stick in the resulting syrup, and roll it in sugar.

We take the pieces of paper and pierce a hole in the middle with a skewer so that the piece of paper fits snugly against the skewer.

Then we pour the hot syrup into transparent glasses (it is important that the glasses are transparent - this way the process of crystal ripening will be more exciting and visual). The syrup must be hot or the crystals will not grow.

You can make colored sugar crystals. To do this, add a little food coloring to the resulting hot syrup and stir it.

The crystals will grow in different ways, some quickly and some may take longer. At the end of the experiment, the child can eat the resulting lollipops if he is not allergic to sweets.

If you do not have wooden skewers, then you can experiment with ordinary threads.

Discussion: Crystal is solid state substances. It has a certain shape and a certain number of faces due to the arrangement of its atoms. Crystalline substances are substances whose atoms are arranged regularly, so that they form a regular three-dimensional lattice, called a crystal. Row crystals chemical elements and their compounds have remarkable mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties. For example, diamond is a natural crystal and the hardest and rarest mineral. Due to its exceptional hardness, diamond plays a huge role in technology. Diamond saws cut stones. There are three ways to form crystals: crystallization from a melt, from a solution, and from a gas phase. An example of crystallization from a melt is the formation of ice from water (after all, water is molten ice). An example of crystallization from solution in nature is the precipitation of hundreds of millions of tons of salt from sea ​​water. In this case, when growing crystals at home, we are dealing with the most common methods of artificial growing - crystallization from a solution. Sugar crystals grow from a saturated solution by slowly evaporating the solvent - water, or by slowly lowering the temperature.

The following experience allows you to get at home one of the most useful crystalline products for humans - crystalline iodine. Before conducting the experiment, I advise you to watch with your child a short film “The life of wonderful ideas. Smart iodine. The film gives an insight into the benefits of iodine and unusual story his discovery, which will be remembered for a long time by the young researcher. And it is interesting because the discoverer of iodine was an ordinary cat.

The French scientist Bernard Courtois during the years of the Napoleonic wars noticed that in the products obtained from the ashes of seaweed, which were thrown onto the coast of France, there is some substance that corrodes iron and copper vessels. But neither Courtois himself nor his assistants knew how to isolate this substance from the ashes of algae. Chance helped speed up the discovery.

At his small saltpeter plant in Dijon, Courtois was going to conduct several experiments. There were vessels on the table, one of which contained an alcoholic tincture of seaweed, and the other a mixture of sulfuric acid and iron. On the shoulders of the scientist sat his beloved cat.

There was a knock on the door, and the frightened cat jumped down and ran away, brushing the flasks on the table with its tail. The vessels broke, the contents mixed, and suddenly a violent chemical reaction began. When a small cloud of vapors and gases settled, the surprised scientist saw some kind of crystalline coating on the objects and debris. Courtois began to explore it. Crystals to anyone before this unknown substance were called "iodine".

So it was opened new element, and Bernard Courtois's domestic cat went down in history.

Experience No. 6 "Obtaining iodine crystals"

Reagents and equipment: tincture of pharmaceutical iodine, water, a glass or a cylinder, a napkin.

Experiment: We mix water with tincture of iodine in the proportion: 10 ml of iodine and 10 ml of water. And put everything in the refrigerator for 3 hours. During cooling, the iodine will precipitate at the bottom of the glass. We drain the liquid, take out the iodine precipitate and put it on a napkin. Squeeze with napkins until the iodine begins to crumble.

Discussion: This chemical experiment is called extraction or extraction of one component from another. In this case, the water extracts the iodine from the spirit lamp solution. Thus, the young researcher will repeat the experience of the cat Courtois without smoke and beating dishes.

Your child will already learn about the benefits of iodine for disinfecting wounds from the movie. Thus, you show that there is an inextricable link between chemistry and medicine. However, it turns out that iodine can be used as an indicator or analyzer of the content of another beneficial substance- starch. The following experience will introduce the young experimenter to a separate very useful chemistry - analytical.

Experience No. 7 "Iodine-indicator of starch content"

Reagents and equipment: fresh potatoes, pieces of banana, apple, bread, a glass of diluted starch, a glass of diluted iodine, a pipette.

Experiment: We cut the potatoes into two parts and drip diluted iodine on it - the potatoes turn blue. Then we drip a few drops of iodine into a glass of diluted starch. The liquid also turns blue.

We drip with a pipette iodine dissolved in water on an apple, banana, bread, in turn.

Watching:

The apple didn't turn blue at all. Banana - slightly blue. Bread - turned blue very much. This part of the experience shows the presence of starch in various foods.

Discussion: Starch, reacting with iodine, gives a blue color. This property gives us the ability to detect the presence of starch in various foods. Thus, iodine is, as it were, an indicator or analyzer of starch content.

As you know, starch can be converted into sugar, if you take an unripe apple and drop iodine, it will turn blue, since the apple is not yet ripe. As soon as the apple ripens, all the starch contained will turn into sugar and the apple does not turn blue at all when treated with iodine.

The following experience will be useful for children who have already started studying chemistry at school. It introduces concepts such as chemical reaction, compound reaction, and qualitative reaction.

Experiment No. 8 "Flame coloring or compound reaction"

Reagents and equipment: tweezers, table salt, spirit lamp

Experiment: Take with tweezers a few crystals of coarse salt table salt. Let's hold them over the flame of the burner. The flame will turn yellow.

Discussion: This experiment makes it possible to carry out a chemical combustion reaction, which is an example of a compound reaction. Due to the presence of sodium in the composition of table salt, during combustion, it reacts with oxygen. As a result, a new substance is formed - sodium oxide. The appearance of a yellow flame indicates that the reaction has passed. Such reactions are qualitative reactions to compounds containing sodium, that is, it can be used to determine whether sodium is present in a substance or not.

Friends, good afternoon! Agree, how sometimes it is interesting to surprise our crumbs! They have such a funny reaction to. She shows that they are ready to learn, ready to assimilate new material. The whole world opens at this moment before them and for them! And we, parents, act as real wizards with a hat, from which we “pull out” something amazingly interesting, new and very important!

What will we get out of the "magic" hat today? We have 25 experimental experiments there for children and adults. They will be prepared for babies different ages to get them interested and involved in the process. Some can be carried out without any preparation, with the help of handy tools that each of us has at home. For others, you and I will buy some materials so that everything goes smoothly for us. Well? I wish all of us good luck and forward!

Today will be a real holiday! And in our program:

So let's decorate the holiday by preparing an experiment for birthday, New Year, March 8, etc.

Ice bubbles

What do you think would happen if simple bubbles that crumble in 4 years so loves to inflate, run after them and burst them, inflate them in the cold. Or rather, right into the snowdrift.

I give you a hint:

• they will burst immediately!
• take off and fly away!
• freeze!

Whatever you choose, I say right away, it will surprise you! Can you imagine what will happen to the little one?

But in slow motion - it's just a fairy tale!

I complicate the question. Is it possible to repeat the experience in the summer in order to get a similar option?

Choose answers:

• Yes. But you need ice from the fridge.

You know, even though I so want to tell you everything, but that’s exactly what I won’t do! Let there be at least one surprise for you!

Paper vs water

We are waiting for the real experiment. Is it really possible for paper to win over water? This is a challenge for everyone who plays Rock-Paper-Scissors!

What we need:

• Paper;
• Water in a glass.

Cover the glass. It would be nice if its edges were a little wet, then the paper will stick. Gently turn the glass upside down... No water leaks!

Inflate balloons without breathing?

We have already carried out chemical children's experiences. Remember, there the very first for very small crumbs was a room with vinegar and soda. So, let's continue! And we use the energy, or rather, the air that is released during the reaction for peaceful purposes.

Ingredients:

• Soda;
• The bottle is plastic;
• Vinegar;
• Ball.

Pour soda into a bottle and pour 1/3 of vinegar. Shake lightly and quickly pull the ball over the neck. When it inflates, bandage and remove from the bottle.

Such an experience a small one will be able to show even in kindergarten.

Rain from a cloud

We need:

• Bank with water;
• Shaving foam;
• Food coloring (any color, you can use several colors).

We make a cloud of foam. Big and beautiful cloud! Leave it to the best cloud maker, your child 5 years. He will definitely make her real!

photo author

It remains only to distribute the dye over the cloud, and ... drop-drip! Rain is coming!

Rainbow

Maybe, physics children are still unknown. But after they make the Rainbow, they will definitely love this science!

• Deep transparent container with water;
• Mirror;
• Lamp;
• paper.

Place a mirror at the bottom of the container. At a slight angle, shine a flashlight on the mirror. It remains to catch the Rainbow on paper.

Even easier is to use a disc and a flashlight.

crystals

There is a similar, only already finished game. But our experience interesting the fact that we ourselves, from the very beginning, will grow crystals from salt in water. To do this, take a thread or wire. And we will hold it for several days in such salty water, where the salt can no longer dissolve, but accumulates in a layer on the wire.

Can be grown from sugar

lava jar

If you add oil to a jar of water, it will all collect on top. It can be tinted with food coloring. But in order for the bright oil to sink to the bottom, you need to pour salt on top of it. Then the oil will settle. But not for long. The salt will gradually dissolve and “release” beautiful droplets of oil. Colored oil rises gradually, as if a mysterious volcano seething inside the jar.

Eruption

For toddlers 7 years it will be very interesting to blow up, demolish, destroy something. In a word, the real element is for them. and therefore we create a real, exploding volcano!

We sculpt from plasticine or make a “mountain” from cardboard. We put a jar inside it. Yes, so that her neck fits the "crater". We fill the jar with soda, dye, warm water and ... vinegar. And everything will begin to “explode, the lava will rush up and flood everything around!

A hole in the bag is not a problem.

This is what convinces book of scientific experiments for children and adults Dmitry Mokhov "Simple Science". And we can verify this statement ourselves! First, let's fill the bag with water. and then we pierce it. But what they pierced (a pencil, a toothpick or a pin) will not be removed. Are we running out of water? Checking!

Water that does not spill

Only such water still needs to be made.

We take water, paint and starch (as much as water) and mix. The end result is plain water. Just don't spill it!

"Slippery" egg

In order for the egg to really crawl into the neck of the bottle, it is worth setting fire to a piece of paper and throwing it into the bottle. And cover the hole with an egg. When the fire is out, the egg will slip inside.

snow in summer

This trick is especially interesting to repeat in the warm season. Remove the contents of the diapers and soak with water. All! Snow is ready! Now such snow is easy to find in the store in children's toys. Ask the seller for artificial snow. And don't ruin diapers.

moving snakes

To make a moving figure, we need:

• Sand;
• Alcohol;
• Sugar;
• Soda;
• Fire.

Pour alcohol on a hill of sand and let it soak. Then pour sugar and soda on top, and set fire! Oh what a cheerful this experiment! Kids and adults will love what the snake comes to life!

Of course, this is for older children. Yes, and it looks pretty scary!

battery train

The copper wire, which we twist into an even spiral, will become our tunnel. How? Connect its edges, forming a round tunnel. But before that, we “launch” the battery inside, we only attach neodymium magnets to its edges. And consider yourself a perpetual motion machine! The steam locomotive drove off.

Candle swing

To light both ends of the candle, you need to clean the bottom of it to the wick from wax. Heat the needle over the fire and pierce the candle in the middle with it. Put the candle on 2 glasses so that it rests on the needle. Burn the edges and wiggle slightly. Then the candle itself will swing.

Elephant Tooth Paste

The elephant needs everything big and much. Let's do it! We dissolve potassium permanganate in water. Add liquid soap. The final ingredient, hydrogen peroxide, turns our mixture into giant elephant paste!

Let's drink a candle

For greater effect, we paint the water in a bright color. We put a candle in the middle of the saucer. We set it on fire and cover it with a transparent container. Pour water into a saucer. At first, the water will be around the container, but then everything will soak inside, to the candle.
Oxygen is burned, the pressure inside the glass decreases and

Real chameleon

What will help our chameleon change color? Cunning! Give your toddler 6 years paint a plastic plate in different colors. And you yourself cut out the figure of a chameleon on another plate, similar in shape and size. It remains not to firmly connect both plates in the middle so that the upper one, with a cut out figure, can rotate. Then the color of the animal will always change.

Light up the rainbow

Arrange the Skittles on a plate in a circle. Pour water into the bowl. just wait a bit and get a rainbow!

smoke rings

Cut off the bottom plastic bottle. And pull the cut edge balloon to get a membrane like in the photo. Light the incense stick and place it in the bottle. Close the lid. When there is solid smoke in the jar, unscrew the lid and tap on the membrane. Smoke will come out in rings.

colorful liquid

To make everything look more spectacular, paint the liquid in different colors. Make 2-3 blanks of colored water. pour water of the same color into the bottom of the jar. Then carefully, along the wall from different sides, pour vegetable oil. Pour water mixed with alcohol over it.

Egg without shell

Put a raw egg in vinegar for at least a day, some say for a week. And the focus is ready! An egg without a hard shell.
The egg shell is rich in calcium. Vinegar reacts actively with calcium and gradually dissolves it. As a result, the egg is covered with a film, but completely without a shell. It feels like an elastic ball to the touch.
Also, the egg will be larger than its original size, as it will absorb some of the vinegar.

Dancing little men

It's time to mess around! Mix 2 parts cornstarch with 1 part water. Put a bowl of starchy liquid on top of your speakers and turn up the bass!

Decorating the ice

We decorate ice figures of various shapes with the help of food paint mixed with water and salt. Salt corrodes the ice and seeps deep, forming interesting passages. Great idea for color therapy.

Launching paper rockets

We free tea bags from tea by cutting off the top. We set fire! Warm air picks up the package!

There are so many experiences that you will definitely find something to do with children, just choose! And don't forget to come back for a new article that you'll find out about if you subscribe! Invite your friends to visit us! And that's all for today! Till!