Seven Surprising Facts from the New NSO History Textbook. Pre-Russian history: Russian-Teleut war

Russian colonization The Novosibirsk Ob region was preceded by the rule of the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 13th century, the Ishim, Tyumen and Siberian khanates in the 14th-15th centuries. In the 16th century development began Western Siberia Russian explorers. In 1581-84. in a campaign against Siberia, he defeated Khan Kuchum, and in 1598 the voivode Voeikov completely destroyed the remnants of the Kuchum army. The local population accepted Russian citizenship, but only at the end of the 17th century. the first Russian prisons (Urtamsky, Umrevinsky) appeared on the territory of the region. Around 1644, the village of Maslyanino appeared on the banks of the Berdi. After almost three quarters of a century, the Berdsky prison was founded, and then on the banks of the Chausu - the Chaussky prison. Around 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded, and a few years later Ust-Tarksky, Kainsky, Ubinsky and Kargatsky fortified points appeared. Ostrogs, outposts and settlements formed around them became the basis of the first cities of the Novosibirsk Ob region: Kainsk (now Kuibyshev) and Kolyvan. The settlement of the Baraba Plain was facilitated by the construction in 1733-35. Siberian tract.

Ermak Timofeevich(between 1537-1540, the village of Borok on the Northern Dvina - August 5, 1585, the bank of the Irtysh near the mouth of the Vagai), Russian explorer, Cossack ataman, conqueror of Western Siberia (1582-1585), hero of folk songs. The surname of Yermak has not been established, however, in the 16th century, many Russian people did not have surnames. He was called either Ermak Timofeev (after his father's name), or Ermolai Timofeevich. Ermak's nickname is known - Tokmak. Born into a peasant family, he was distinguished by remarkable physical strength. Famine in his native land forced Yermak to leave for the Volga, where he hired an old Cossack as a “chury” (a handyman in peacetime and a squire on campaigns). Having obtained weapons for himself in battle, Yermak, from about 1562, began to "field" - to comprehend military affairs. Brave and intelligent, he participated in many battles in the Wild Field between the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Yaik, probably visited the Don and Terek, fought near Moscow (1571) with Devlet Giray. Thanks to the talent of the organizer, justice and courage, he became chieftain (no later than 1571). During Livonian War in 1581 he commanded a flotilla of Volga Cossacks operating along the Dnieper at Orsha and Mogilev; possibly participated in operations near Pskov (1581) and Novgorod (1582). As early as 1558, merchants and industrialists, the Stroganovs, received the first charter for "Kama abundant places", and in 1574 - for lands beyond the Urals along the Tura and Tobol rivers and permission to build fortresses on the Ob and Irtysh.

Around 1577, the Stroganovs asked to send Cossacks to protect their possessions from the attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. At the behest of Ivan the Terrible, Yermak's squad arrived at Cherdyn (near the mouth of the Kolva) and Sol-Kamskaya (on the Kama) to strengthen the eastern border of the Stroganov merchants. Probably, in the summer of 1582, they concluded an agreement with the ataman on a campaign against the “Siberian Sultan” Kuchum, supplying them with supplies and weapons. Aktai (Tobol basin). Yermak was in a hurry: only a surprise attack guaranteed success. The Yermakovites descended to the area of ​​the current city of Turinsk, where they scattered the advance detachment of the khan. The decisive battle took place on October 23-25, 1582 on the banks of the Irtysh, at Cape Podchuvash: Yermak defeated the main forces of the Tatars Mametkul, Kuchum's nephew, and on October 26 entered Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate (17 km from Tobolsk), found a lot of valuable goods and furs there . The remnants of the defeated Tatar horde migrated to the south, to the steppe. Four days later, the Khanty came to Ermak with food and furs, followed by local Tatars with gifts. Yermak greeted everyone with “kindness and greetings” and having imposed a tribute (yasak), promised protection from enemies. In early December, Mametkul's soldiers killed a group of Cossacks who were fishing on Lake Abalak, near Kashlyk. Ermak overtook the Tatars and destroyed almost all of them, but Mametkul himself escaped. To collect yasak on the lower Irtysh in March 1583, Yermak dispatched a party of mounted Cossacks. When collecting tribute, they had to overcome the resistance of the local population. After the ice drift on plows, the Cossacks went down the Irtysh. In the riverside villages, under the guise of yasak, they took away valuable things. Along the Ob, the Cossacks reached the hilly Belogorye, where the river, bending around the Siberian Ridges, turns north. Here they found only abandoned dwellings, and on May 29 the detachment turned back. Fearing rebellion local population, Yermak sent 25 Cossacks to Moscow for help, who arrived in the capital at the end of the summer. The king rewarded all participants Siberian campaign, forgave the state criminals who had joined Yermak earlier, and promised to send 300 archers to help. The death of Ivan the Terrible disrupted many plans, and the archers reached Yermak only at the height of the uprising raised by Karachi (Kuchum's adviser). Small groups of Cossacks, scattered across the vast territory of Western Siberia, were killed, and Yermak's main forces, together with reinforcements from Moscow, were blockaded in Kashlyk on March 12, 1585. The supply of food stopped, famine began in Qashlyk; many of its defenders perished. At the end of June, in a night sortie, the Cossacks killed almost all the Tatars and captured the convoy with food; the siege was lifted, but Yermak had only about 300 fighters left. A few weeks later, he received false news about a trade caravan going to Qashlyk. In July, Yermak, with 108 Cossacks, set out from Kashlyk towards the caravan to the mouth of the Vagai and Ishim, and defeated the Tatar detachments there. On a rainy night on August 6, Kuchum unexpectedly attacked the camp of the Cossacks and killed about 20 people, Yermak also died. According to legend, the wounded Yermak tried to swim across the Vagay River, a tributary of the Irtysh, but drowned due to heavy chain mail. 90 Cossacks escaped in plows. The remnants of the Cossack squad under the command of M. Meshcheryak retreated from Kashlyk on August 15 and returned to Russia. Part of Yermak's detachment stayed for the winter in the town of Ob. As early as the 16th century, legends and songs were composed about Yermak, and later his image inspired many writers and artists. A number of settlements, river, icebreakers. In 1904, a monument was erected to him in Novocherkassk (sculptor V.A. Beklemishev, architect M.O. Mikeshin); his figure stands out on the monument to the Millennium of Russia in Novgorod the Great.

Siberian Khanate

Siberian Khanate, a state in the West. Siberia, formed in con. 15th c. as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. Center - Chingi-Tura (now Tyumen), later - Kashlyk. In 1555, Khan Ediger recognized vassal dependence on Moscow; torn apart in 1572 by Khan Kuchum. In 1582, Ermak laid the foundation for the annexation of the Siberian Khanate to Russia, which ended in the end. 16th century

Novosibirsk region in ancient times

In the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. forest tribes of the Mongoloid type penetrated the territory of the Novosibirsk Ob region, and in III-II centuries BC e. - northern forest tribes By this time, settlements appeared - fortified settlements surrounded by earthen ramparts, ditches. At the beginning of the 13th century, the hordes of Genghis Khan fell upon Siberia, after whose death a struggle for power began between his sons and grandsons. At this time, the people of the Siberian Tatars developed in Western Siberia. It was formed as a result of the merger of local tribes: the Altai Kipchaks, who gave the Siberian Tatars their Turkic language, and the conquerors - the Tatar-Mongols. The Baraba Tatars lived in the western part of the Novosibirsk region, while the Chat Tatars lived in the northeastern part, along the banks of the Ob. One of the energetic tribal leaders Mara-Mamet in 1495 united the Tatar lands along the Tobol and in the middle reaches of the Irtysh into one khanate and declared himself its khan. Then he conquered and annexed the lands of the Tyumen Khanate and the Baraba Tatars to his possessions. The city of Isker (Kashlyk) became the capital, and the new khanate was named Siberian.

Novosibirsk region in the XVI-XVIII centuries.

The struggle for dominance in Siberian Khanate aggravated in the middle of the 16th century, when one of the descendants of Genghis Khan, the son of the Uzbek ruler Kuchum, who seized all power in Siberia, presented his claims to the Khan's throne.
After the conquest of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, the paths to the east opened up before the Russian people. On September 1, 1582, a detachment of the legendary Yermak set off for Siberia. The decisive battle with Kuchum took place on October 26, 1582 on the banks of the Irtysh. In it, Yermak won a victory and then took Isker (Kashlyk) without a fight. After the death of Yermak in 1584, the surviving 150 Cossacks left Siberia and went "to Russia." But at this time, a detachment sent by the new Tsar Fedor, headed by the governor I.Ya. Mansurov crossed the Urals and established himself in Siberia. On August 20, 1598, Andrei Voeikov's detachment defeated Kuchum's army at the mouth of the Irmen River in what is now the Novosibirsk Region. Having suffered a defeat, Kuchum could no longer recover from him. The Chat and Baraba Tatars accepted Russian citizenship. A new period in the history of Siberia began.
From the end of the 16th century, mass migration to Siberia from the European part of the country began. The government launched vigorous activity: the peasants of the northern counties, exiles, city dwellers (townspeople) “cleaned up” (that is, recruited) by the tsarist governors were sent to Siberia. However, free settlers played a decisive role in the formation of a permanent peasant population. They were attracted by rumors of free fertile lands and a free life.
Under the protection of defensive lines, Russian peasants began to settle in the southern regions of Western Siberia. The settlement of the territory of the region began from the Tomsk district. In 1703, near the mouth of the Umreva River, the Umrevinsky Ostrog grew up, Russian villages appeared in the basins of the Oyash, Chaus, and Inya rivers. In 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded - Russian settlement on the territory of the future Novosibirsk. In 1713, the Chaussky prison was set up on the banks of the Ob. After another 3 years, the Berdsky prison grew up at the mouth of the Berdi. In 1722, in the Baraba steppe, along the road connecting Tara with Tomsk (and which later became part of the Moscow-Siberian tract), Ust-Tartassky, Kainsky and Ubinsky fortified points were founded.

Novosibirsk region in the XIX-XX centuries.

In 1822, on the initiative of M.M. Speransky, a reform of the management of Siberia was carried out, taking into account both the interests of the state and the needs of the region with a multinational composition of the population. The Manifesto of February 19, 1861 granted the peasants personal freedom. This reform was of considerable importance for the region, although there were no landlord peasants here. The number of migrants from the central land-poor regions of Russia to Siberia has noticeably increased. In 1893, in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the railway bridge across the Ob, the village of Aleksandrovsky appeared, renamed in 1895 into Novonikolaevsky. Thanks to the convenient geographic location its trade and economic importance rapidly increased, the Ob station became the largest station in Siberia.
Industry gradually developed in cities and towns. In many villages, small, based on manual labor oil refineries that produced oil for export. By 1907 there were several dozen of them. P. A. Stolypin even declared that Siberian oil began to give more money to the treasury than Siberian gold.
At the end of 1906, in accordance with the agrarian law of November 9, a new mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia began ( Stolypin reform). During 1906-1914, about 3 million people moved to Siberia. The government gave the settlers benefits, but the conditions were not easy.
In 1909, Novonikolaevsk received the status of a city.
The World War made Novonikolaevsk one of the centers that supplied soldiers, equipment, and food to the front. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and footwear enterprises grew rapidly. The decrease in the male population in the village led to the fact that in 1915 less grain was harvested than in 1914. In 1925 it was renamed to Novosibirsk.

Novosibirsk region during the Civil War

The news that the Provisional Government had been overthrown in Petrograd, and All-Russian Congress Soviets proclaimed Soviet power, came to the region on November 9, 1917. First of all, banks were nationalized - Russian-Asian, Siberian Trade. This was followed by the nationalization of water transport and the Trans-Siberian Railway - the basis of the economy of the Novonikolaev region. The privately owned Altaiskaya Railway. All this quickly led to the destruction of existing economic ties and to chaos.
At the beginning of 1918, an armed detachment was formed against the Bolsheviks in Novonikolaevsk, relying on the support of the townspeople, merchants, and industrialists. The peasantry of Siberia, embittered against grain requisitions, actually came out on their side. The performance of the Czechoslovak Corps dramatically changed the balance of power. The power of the Soviets fell. Novonikolaevsk and the region adjacent to it were in the rear of the whites. By the summer of 1919, the Red Army deployed to Eastern Front general offensive. On November 14, the capital of Kolchak, Omsk, fell. A month later, the Volga regiment of the 27th division of the 5th red army entered Novonikolaevsk.
Having restored power in Western Siberia, the Bolsheviks announced a surplus appraisal. Food was forcibly confiscated from the peasants and sent to Central Russia. The policy of "war communism" caused a deep crisis in the Siberian countryside. The peasants reduced the area under crops, slaughtered livestock, and reduced the harvest of grain. In March 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), the surplus appraisal was replaced by a food tax. Now the state did not take all the grain from the peasants, but only part of it. The remaining peasants had the right to sell. Thus, a step was taken market economy- NEP. The New Economic Policy breathed life into industry as well. A stream of people flocked to Novonikolaevsk from everywhere. There was not enough housing, shacks were built and dugouts were dug, such settlements were called "nakhalovkas".
Novonikolaevsk-Novosibirsk turned from a provincial town in the Tomsk province into the capital of the entire Siberian region. In the second half of the 1920s, the country took a course towards industrialization. Private landowners were forcibly driven into collective farms. Industrialization and collectivization were accompanied by mass repressions not only among the peasantry, but also among party workers, workers, employees, intellectuals, and the clergy.
Until 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk Region was part of the Tomsk Governorate, from 1921 to 1925 - the Novonikolaev Governorate, from 1925 to 1930 - the Siberian Territory, and from 1930 to 1937 - the West Siberian Territory.
On September 28, 1937, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Region and Altai region. This date is considered the official day of the formation of the region.
Subsequently, in 1943, the Kemerovo region was separated from the region, and in 1944, the Tomsk region.

Novosibirsk region during the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, the industry of the region quickly switched to the production of products for the army, aviation and navy. By the end of 1941, 70% of the total production of Novosibirsk enterprises was products for the front. This period contributed to the rapid economic development areas.
Factories, institutes, and creative teams are being evacuated here from the front line. In the first months of the war, specialists and equipment from more than 50 plants and factories arrived in the Novosibirsk Region, 26 hospitals were organized. The unfinished building of the Opera and Ballet Theater houses exhibits from the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the Hermitage, museums in Moscow, Leningrad, Novgorod, Sevastopol and other cities.
Groups of a number of theaters come to Novosibirsk.
During the war years, the industry of the Novosibirsk region, with the participation of evacuated factory teams, increased output by 8 times. Echelons with military equipment and ammunition are sent to the front. Enterprises produce aircraft, shells, optical sights, uniforms, radio transmitters.

Novosibirsk region in the post-war years

After the end of the war the most important direction development of Siberia was considered the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex. In the development of the country's aviation industry, the role of the plant named after. Chkalov in Novosibirsk, which in the 1950s began to produce high-speed jet fighters MIG-19. Another industry that has received powerful development has become radio electronics. Plant them. The Comintern was the only enterprise in the east of the country that produced radar stations. The Elektrosignal plant and others have completely switched over to the production of military radio engineering products. Agriculture the post-war period is characterized by the massive development of virgin and fallow lands. In the region for 1954-1960 they were plowed 1549 thousand hectares. Already in 1954, the collective farms handed over to the state three times more grain than in the previous year. Grain purchases amounted to 1,638,000 tons (in 1953, only 391,000 tons). For this record, the Novosibirsk Region was awarded the Order of Lenin. Major "shifts" during the years of the thaw occurred in the development of culture, education, and science. One of the most significant events was the creation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok. AT short time Akademgorodok has gained high international prestige. The experience of creating Akademgorodok was then used in the organization of the Siberian branch of the Agricultural Academy, and in 1969 a research center was created near Novosibirsk and the settlement of Krasnoobsk arose. In 1970, the Siberian branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences began its work, which in 1979 was transformed into the Siberian branch of this academy.

This order was given by the head of the region Vladimir Gorodetsky. What is interesting about the new textbook, what amazing facts from history native land will be able to tell, found out the correspondent of the site.

Ancient City of Chicha

From the history course, we know a lot about the ancient cities of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. On the territory of the Novosibirsk region in the Bronze Age, there was also a huge settlement, with an area of ​​​​up to 240 thousand square meters with a population of up to two thousand people. At that time, this was a huge figure, a real metropolis. This proto-city, located in the Zdvinsky district, was named Chicha after the name of the nearby village. The settlement has defensive ramparts and other structures dating back to the 8-7th century BC. And the very first settlers came to this territory 15 thousand years ago.

Bronze Age men's fashion

An amazing discovery of the Bronze Age (8-7 century BC) was discovered by archaeologists in the Vengerovsky region. At the excavations of the Sopka-2 archaeological complex, scientists found an object resembling a real razor.

This is a thin sharpened metal plate, which, among other things, could be used as surgical instrument. Not far from this place, on Vengerovo-2, scientists unearthed another interesting artifact - ceramic, which brought to us the sounds of antiquity. It is quite possible that this is the very first children's toy on Earth.

big crossroads

Novosibirsk owes its rapid development good location. The city exists as a transport hub, a place where roads cross from east to west, from south to north, from Europe to Asia and in other directions. Finds of antiquity and the Middle Ages in this area are also represented by artifacts different cultures and civilizations.

it Chinese coins, Iranian household and luxury items, a bronze Indian image of the Buddha, and even an iron sword, made on the island of Gotland (modern Sweden), where the famous weapons workshop existed in the Middle Ages. The Carolingian type of sword means that the weapon dates back to the era of Charlemagne. The blade is engraved with a dedication to the Virgin Mary. How he got here is still a mystery to historians.

Thus, in ancient times, our city was at the crossroads of various paths.

Three Kolyvan

The name "Kolyvan" was the first in Siberia to receive (and still retain) a settlement founded near Lake Kolyvansky in Altai. Since 1727, the first Demidov copper smelter was located here, as well as the office of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories district.

Trading shop of the Vassinsky consumer society (Toguchinsky district). From the exposition of the Toguchin Museum of Local Lore

When three governorships were established in Siberia in 1783, the capital of Kolyvansky was made Berdsky prison, located in the center of the region. It was renamed and became the second Kolyvan. However, the new province did not last long; three years later, Berdsk was returned to its original name. But in the course of the city reform of M. M. Speransky in 1822, “the city of Kolyvan was re-established, and he was appointed from the Chausy prison.”

Delivery of oil by the peasant artel "Red Eagles in the Chulym region (1920s)

This is how the third Kolyvan appeared, this name has been attached to the settlement on the Chaus to this day.

Peasant uprising near Novonikolaevsk

The Bolsheviks turned the New economic policy(NEP) after the uprising of the peasants in central Russia. Much less is known about another uprising that took place in the village of Kolyvan in June 1920.

The Kolyvan peasants, impoverished by the endless requisitioning carried out by the "red" government, almost captured Novonikolaevsk, as a result of which a state of siege was declared in the city.

Together with the Kolyvans, the peasants of the villages of Kochenevo, Chik, Vyuny, Novotyryshkino, Oyash, Dubrovino and others rose up to fight for bread. All disparate performances were brutally suppressed, many participants were shot.

World record for bricklaying

On December 7, 1945, in Novosibirsk, at the construction of houses No. 5, 7 and 11 on Mira Street, Semyon Maksimenko set a new world record for laying bricks. With his helpers, he laid 121,000 bricks in eight hours.

For greater clarity, a clock dial and shields were installed on the transformer box, on which the number of bricks laid was hung out. For rationalization proposals that made it possible to speed up construction and save materials, Maksimenko was awarded the Stalin Prize.

Three Presidents of France and Nixon

The capital of Siberia was visited by many high-ranking guests from abroad, in particular, US Vice President Richard Nixon (1959), Finnish President Urho Kekkonen (1961), French Presidents Charles de Gaulle (1966), Georges Pompidou (1970) and François Mitterrand (1986), Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito (1968), Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1976), future Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1983).

Visit of Charles de Gaulle (left) to Academgorodok. June 1966

In 1997, the then First Lady of the United States visited Novosibirsk. Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev repeatedly visited Novosibirsk. The first came four times (in 1956, 1959 and 1961), the second - twice (in 1972 and 1978). Mikhail Gorbachev visited Novosibirsk in 1979, but during the years of leadership of the country he never came to the city.

The first man on the moon set a mandatory visit to Novosibirsk as one of the conditions for a visit to the USSR. Here he collected a handful of earth near the house where Yuri Kondratyuk worked - the first scientist who developed the optimal flight path to the moon. And the flight of a man to the moon passed along the “Kondratyuk route”.

The editors of the site thank the authors of the textbook, an employee of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Elena Solovieva, and the head of the Department of National and World History of the National State Pedagogical University, Olga Khlytina, for their help in writing the material. Photos provided by the authors of the textbook.

The indigenous inhabitants of Western Siberia are the Baraba Tatars (now there are about 14 thousand of them in the region). However, these peoples suffered from the constant raids of the Kalmyks, from which Russian settlements also suffered. Therefore, the Russians preferred to settle further north, in the area of ​​modern Tomsk. The first zaimka on the site of the Novosibirsk region was founded in 1695 by the boyar son Alexei Kruglik - later it became the village of Kruglikova, which still exists in the Bolotninsky district. Soon after, several more villages sprang up.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Berdsky prison was built, which ensured security in the surrounding area. The prison was filled mainly with immigrants from the Chausy department and the villages of the Tara district. As the risk of military raids by nomads decreased, the number of migrants increased, and many migrants did not have official permission to change their place of residence and, to one degree or another, were persecuted by the authorities. And in 1722, the Siberian line of fortresses was erected along the Irtysh River, which consisted of the Ust-Tartas, Kain and Uba fortifications.

In the first half of the 18th century, the southeastern part of the Baraba zone and the northern part of the Kulunda steppe began to be settled. The main occupations of the population in the territory of the present Novosibirsk region in those days were arable farming, fishing, hunting and carting.

At the end of the 17th century, the first prisons appeared on the territory of the region - Urtamsky and Umrevinsky, near which settlers from the European part of Russia began to settle. The very first Russian villages arose on the banks of the Oyash, Chaus and Inya rivers. Around 1644, the village of Maslyanino was formed on the Berd River.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the famous Ural industrialist Akinfiy Demidov built two copper smelters - Kolyvan and Barnaul. Other plants for the smelting of copper and silver were built on the rivers Kasmal, Nizhny Suzun, Aley, Bolshaya Talmovaya. The largest enterprise - the Suzunsky copper-smelting plant - arose in 1764-1765, and since 1766 the Suzunsky copper-smelting plant began to work. mint who minted copper coins.

In 1893, in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the railway bridge across the Ob, the Aleksandrovsky settlement arose. Since 1895, it began to bear the name Novonikolaevsky. Due to its convenient geographical location, due to the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the navigable Ob River and transport routes, its trade and economic importance grew rapidly. In 1909, Novonikolaevsk received the status of a city, and in 1925 it was renamed Novosibirsk.

Until 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk Region was part of the Tomsk Governorate, from 1921 to 1925 - the Novonikolaev Governorate, from 1925 to 1930 - the Siberian Territory, and from 1930 to 1937 - the West Siberian Territory. But on September 28, 1937, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory. This date is considered the official day of the formation of the region.

In 1943, the Kemerovo region was separated from the Novosibirsk region, and in 1944, the Tomsk region.