Control work is a form of social control. Methods of social control

Over the long years of its existence, humanity has developed a number of different forms of social control. They are both tangible and completely invisible. The most effective and traditional form can be called self-control. It arises immediately after the birth of a person and accompanies him throughout his conscious life. At the same time, each individual himself, without coercion, controls his behavior in accordance with the norms of the society to which he belongs. The norms in the process of socialization are very firmly established in the mind of a person, so firmly that having violated them, a person begins to experience the so-called pangs of conscience. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control. And vice versa. The less self-control developed in people, the more often the institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. However, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens hinder the development of self-consciousness and expression of will, muffle internal volitional efforts. This is how vicious circle, in which more than one society fell into throughout world history. The name of this circle is dictatorship.

Often a dictatorship is established for a while, for the benefit of citizens and with the aim of restoring order. But it lingers for a long time, to the detriment of people and leads to even greater arbitrariness. Citizens who are accustomed to submit to coercive control do not develop internal control. Gradually they degrade as social beings capable of taking responsibility and doing without external coercion (i.e. dictatorship). In other words, under a dictatorship, no one teaches them to behave in accordance with rational norms. Thus, self-control is a purely sociological problem, because the degree of its development characterizes the prevailing in society social type people and the emerging form of the state. Group pressure is another common form of social control. Of course, no matter how strong a person's self-control is, belonging to a group or community has a huge impact on a person. When an individual is included in one of the primary groups, he begins to comply with basic norms, follow a formal and informal code of conduct. The slightest deviation usually causes condemnation by the group members, as well as the risk of exclusion. “The variation in group behavior resulting from group pressure can be seen in the example of the production team. Each member of the team must adhere to certain standards of behavior not only at work, but also after work. And if, say, disobedience to the foreman can lead to harsh remarks from the workers for the violator, then absenteeism and drunkenness often end with his boycott and rejection from the brigade. However, depending on the group, the force of group pressure may be different. If the group is very cohesive, then, accordingly, the force of group pressure increases. For example, in a group where a person spends free time, it is more difficult to exercise social control than in places where joint actions are regularly carried out, for example, in the family or at work. Group control can be formal or informal. The official includes all kinds of working meetings, advisory meetings, shareholders' councils, and so on. Under informal control understand the impact on group members by participants in the form of approval, ridicule, condemnation, isolation and refusal to communicate.

Another form of social control is propaganda, which is considered a very powerful tool that influences the human mind. Propaganda is a way of influencing people, in some respects hindering the rational enlightenment of a person, in which the person draws his own conclusions. The main task of propaganda is to influence groups of people in such a way as to shape the behavior of society in the desired direction. Propaganda must act on those forms social behavior that are closely related to the system of moral values ​​in society. Everything is subjected to propaganda processing, from the actions of people in typical situations to beliefs and orientations. Propaganda is used as a kind technical means fit to achieve your goals. There are 3 main types of propaganda. The first type includes the so-called revolutionary propaganda, which is needed in order to force people to accept a value system, as well as a situation that is in conflict with the generally accepted one. An example of such propaganda is the propaganda of communism and socialism in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The second type is destructive propaganda. Its main goal is to destroy the existing system of values. The clearest example of such propaganda was Hitler's, which did not try to force people to accept the ideals of Nazism, but at the same time tried with all its might to undermine trust in traditional values. And finally, the third type of propaganda is reinforcing. It is designed to consolidate people's attachment to certain values ​​and orientations. This type of propaganda is typical for the United States, where the existing system values. According to sociologists, this type of propaganda is the most effective, it serves very well to maintain established value orientations. In addition, it reflects the prevailing, traditional stereotypes. This type of propaganda is mainly aimed at instilling conformism in people, which implies agreement with the dominant ideological and theoretical organizations.

At present, the concept of propaganda in public consciousness associated mainly with military sphere or politics. Slogans are considered one of the ways to implement propaganda in society. A slogan is a short statement, usually expressing the main task or guiding idea. The correctness of such a statement is usually not in doubt, since it is only of a general nature.

During a period of crisis or conflict in a country, demagogues may throw slogans such as "My country is always right," "Homeland, Faith, Family," or "Freedom or Death," for example. But do most people analyze the true causes of this crisis, conflict? Or do they just go along with what they are told?

In his work on the First World War, Winston Churchill wrote: "Just one call is enough - and the crowds of peaceful peasants and workers turn into mighty armies, ready to tear the enemy apart." He also noted that most people, without hesitation, carry out the order given to them.

At the disposal of the propagandist there are also many symbols and signs that carry the ideological charge he needs. For example, a flag can serve as such a symbol, such ceremonies as a volley of twenty-one guns and a salute also have a symbolic character. Love for parents can also be used as leverage. It is obvious that such concepts - symbols as the fatherland, the motherland - the mother or the faith of the ancestors, can become a powerful weapon in the hands of clever manipulators of other people's opinions.

Of course, propaganda and all its derivatives are not necessarily evil. The question is who does it, and for what purpose. And also in who this propaganda is being directed at. And if we talk about propaganda in a negative sense, then you can resist it. And it's not that hard. It is enough for a person to understand what propaganda is and learn to identify it in the general flow of information. And having learned, it is already much easier for a person to decide for himself how compatible the ideas suggested to him are with his own ideas about what is good and what is bad.

social control through coercion is also another common form of it. It is commonly practiced in the most primitive as well as traditional societies, although it may be present in smaller numbers even in the most advanced nations. In the presence of a high population of a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. Modern societies have rigorously developed rules, or a system of control through coercion, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types deviations from the norm.

Social control through coercion is characteristic of any government, but its place, role, and character in various systems are not the same. In a developed society, coercion is attracted mainly for crimes committed against society. The decisive role in the fight against offenses belongs to the state. It has a special apparatus of coercion. Legal norms determine for what state bodies can apply the method of coercion. The means of coercion are physical and mental violence, i.e. threat. There is also no reason to believe that a threat can only be a means of coercion when it is punishable in itself. The state must also protect its citizens from coercion by threats, which in themselves are not punishable if the content of the threat is an illegal act, otherwise impunity for many cases of serious mental violence would be allowed. The element of coercion, joining the threat, gives it another and greater value. It goes without saying that the threat must contain, in itself, an indication of a significant, in the eyes of the threatened, illegal evil, otherwise it will be unable to influence the will of the threatened.

In addition to the above, there are many other forms of social control, such as rewards, pressure from authority, punishment. A person begins to feel each of them from birth, even if he does not understand that he is being influenced.

All forms of social control are covered by its two main types: formal and informal.

Human life is regulated by numerous norms that determine what is good and what is bad. One of the mechanisms for creating and maintaining order among people is social control, which has different types and features.

What is social control?

The mechanism used to maintain order in society is called social control. With its help, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of deviations in the behavior of people and the receipt of punishments for them. It uses regulation. Social control is a tool that helps a person to learn the norms of culture that have developed in society. The term was first introduced in France by the sociologist Gabriel Tardom.

Social control in sociology

To regulate human behavior in society are used different methods which imply the subordination of the individual to the group. The concept of social control includes two elements: norms and sanctions. The first term refers to the rules and standards enshrined in legislation or approved by society that regulate people's behavior. Sanctions are elements of social control, involving the definition of methods for rewards and punishments that encourage people to adhere to norms.

Social control in the economy

Any organization creates groups of people based on some form of social control. Researchers in the history of economics have identified four main types of regulation.

1. For primitive people the essence of social control had a moral character.
2. When the slave system was established, corporal punishment was used.
3. During the period of feudalism, social control was based on administrative restrictions.
4. During the establishment of capitalism, economic control was used.

Social control in religion

For communication in the public and as a means of social control, religion is applicable, which unites great amount of people. She has own methods and techniques based on the authority of the Lord. If you look at history, you can find many examples where religious means of social control helped maintain public relations when the role of the state weakened. In this case, the main instruments of religion include: the cult of the prophet, sacred books and faith.

Why do we need social control?

In all types of society there was social control and initially it was simple customs, with the help of which they understood what was acceptable and what was not. There are a number of important functions for which social regulation is used:

1. Protective. With the help of certain restrictions, it is possible to preserve public (life, honor, freedom, property, and so on) and prevent attempts to encroach on them. With the help of the protective function, it is possible to transfer social experience from one generation to another.
2. Regulatory. The functions of social control are manifested in different levels life, and in this case means a set of processes that direct, define and limit the form for the realization of one's own potential and experience of a person or group in certain conditions.
3. Stabilizing. The value of social control for society is manifested in the ability to predict human behavior in different situations which helps maintain social order.

Types of social control

There are several classifications based on different criteria. There are forms of social control depending on the subject:

1. Administrative. Implemented by managers at different levels with a focus on existing regulations. The disadvantages include the fact that administrative control can not always be operational, objective and all-encompassing.
2. Public. The structure of social control includes a form of regulation, which is carried out thanks to public organizations. To do this, use different statutes and regulations related to their status. Its effectiveness is due to the fact that such groups are organized and structured.
3. Group. This implies the mutual control of individual members of the team. It can be formal, that is, when meetings, meetings and conferences are used, and informal, implying a common collective opinion and mood.

Internal and external social control

If we focus on the scope of regulation, then the following classification is distinguished:

1. external social control. It implies a set of certain mechanisms used to regulate the reality of a person. It can be formal and informal. This classification will be discussed later. AT modern world such control is ineffective, since it is necessary to constantly monitor the actions of each person or social community. As a result, a certain chain of "controllers" is formed, which is more characteristic of totalitarianism.
2. Internal social control. This means that each person controls himself independently, taking into account known norms of behavior. Correction of behavior is carried out with the help of a sense of sight and shame that a person feels as a result of violation of social rules. For the successful functioning of self-control, it is important to clearly identify norms and values.

Formal and informal social control

As already mentioned, external regulation is divided into two separate groups:

1. formal control. It implies official agreement or denial on the part of the authorities or various organizations, media, education systems, and so on. For this, various laws, decrees, instructions and other documents are used. Formal social control is a series of actions that are designed to force a person to comply with the law. There are different authorities for this. It gives good results in large groups.
2. informal control. In this case, it means receiving approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues and other people from the environment. For this, traditions, customs and the media are used. Informal control is exercised by such social institutions as family, school and church. It gives results when focusing on small groups.

Social control and self-control

It has already been said that internal social control is also called self-control and it means the assessment and regulation of one's own thoughts and behavior. In this case great importance has a will that determines a person's ability to make and implement conscious decisions. Social control provides an opportunity to achieve goals in life. It can be determined by focusing on congenital genetic characteristics and psychological human skills.

Social control and deviation

Deviation from social norms or deviation implies the behavior of an individual or group of individuals that is contrary to existing norms. They can take different forms. Examples of perpetrators include criminals, sinners, innovators, geniuses, and other people whose behavior is out of line. It is worth noting the fact that it is very difficult to determine social control, since situations are often not unambiguous.

The desire for such deviations can be caused by a number of reasons that are of a biological, psychological and social nature. The deviation structure includes three main components:

1. A person who has certain behavioral traits.
2. Norms fixed in order to evaluate the command of the deviant type.
3. People or organizations that can regulate a person's command.

Social control is a concept in sociology that means a purposeful activity to check the functioning of an object for compliance with some criteria. This is usually supported public order. And most often in practice, social control is control over the individual, although nothing prevents you from monitoring different organizations, enterprises, etc. in a similar way. This also often happens.

It should be noted that deviant behavior and social control are inextricably linked. Without one there would be no other and vice versa. It is quite easy to give examples here, for example, alcoholics, drug addicts, representatives of certain subcultures attract the most public attention. Which is quite easy to explain: others involuntarily expect them to violate the order. And this happens quite often.

It should be noted that due to social control, the deviation is either corrected or removed one way or another from society. As a result, stability and security are ensured in this way. And the protective functions of social control are carried out.

But this also has a downside. Controlled behavior often limits individuals in the ability to realize themselves. And in traditional societies quite strongly.

The implicit prohibition of deviant behavior may not be expressed in any written form. Sometimes it exists in the form of morality, traditions, customs. And in this manifestation it is periodically quite rigid, interfering with development.

The development of social control led to the emergence of new varieties. At the same time, the old ones often remain relevant. Thus, their number is increasing. So, social control is presented in the form:

1. moral impact. It is both positive and negative. These are all sorts of ways of moral encouragement, approval of behavior, support, congratulations, expressions of gratitude, gratitude, growing popularity, etc. At the same time, a boycott, a sharply negative reaction, public ridicule, reprimand, censure in other ways act as a negative reaction.
2. State measures. Here the concept of social control is somewhat transformed. Many even put this option in a separate category.
3. legal influence. Law as a means of social influence, obstacles to deviant behavior turned out to be one of the most effective. At the same time, abuse can itself become a violation.
4. Production incentives and punishments. In fact, these are the norms and sanctions that apply to a single enterprise. Often the stimulation of the desired behavior occurs in an economic way.

It is worth noting that social science today distinguishes other varieties. For example, some researchers consider it necessary to point out family control, it is especially strong in relation to adolescents due to the power of parents over children, including legal ones.

Also, social control and deviation in close interaction can be observed in different religious groups. Here moral encouragement and punishment can alternate with quite real hardships and punishments.

Forms of social control

If we talk about the forms of social control, they were replaced as society developed. Historically, these were unspoken rules of conduct, customs and instructions. In the present, they have taken on a more formal character: laws, decrees, orders, instructions, regulations, etc.

Elements of social control

The main elements of social control are norms and sanctions. The first refers to the rules, a specific variant of behavior. It can be both quite strictly regulated (only in this way and nothing else, for example, a certain order of filing tax return), and to assume different options.

Sanctions concern the reaction of society to human behavior. They reward or punish, depending on whether the individual has done what is expected of him or not. In addition, the structure of social control also considers informal and formal sanctions. Let's take a closer look at each variety.

So the formal positive sanctions is an official remuneration from state bodies, legal entities, officials, etc. Can be expressed in the form of medals, orders. There is a ceremony of presenting diplomas, honorary awards, memorable gifts and other things.

Informal positive sanctions - public reaction, compliments, praise, smiles, gifts, applause and so on. Often come from relatives or from strangers.

Formal negative sanctions- Punishment provided by law. They mean arrest, fine, dismissal, prison term, restriction of some rights to certain time, deprivation of privileges, etc.

Informal negative sanctions - refusal to communicate with loved ones, neglect, censure, breaking friendships. The individual is periodically perceived much worse than the official ones.

It should be noted that the structure of social control quite allows the application of different sanctions, including the direction, for the same act. And one more thing: norms are also divided into technical and social. The latter reflects social life, trends and much more. Social norms and social control are very closely related to each other.

A social control mechanism?

How exactly public control works? There are 3 main areas in total:

1. Socialization. As we grow, communicate, build a certain line of behavior in contacts with others, we learn to understand what is condemned by society, and what is approved, why. Here, the methods of social control act slowly and imperceptibly for many, but at the same time they are the most effective. And it is not easy to overcome them even for an outright rebel. Many criminals, for example, reacted more strongly to the reaction of their inner circle than to the fact of breaking the law.
2. Group influence. Every individual is part of some social group. This is a family, a work team, some kind of community with which he identifies himself. And such a unit can have a rather strong impact on him.
3. Various forms of coercion. If for some reason the first 2 methods did not work on a person, then in this case the state, represented by law enforcement agencies, begins to use its force.

Often, all 3 methods mentioned can act simultaneously. Of course, within each group there is a division, since these categories are themselves very general.

Functions of social control

Security has already been mentioned. In addition, social control also stabilizes, so that the foundations do not change with each generation. And the norms themselves are often a kind of yardstick with which the individual compares his actions and evaluates his own behavior. It makes sense here to talk about inner work with yourself and about self-control.

What is combined with external control. It is a combination of different institutions that act on the individual, forcing him one way or another to socially useful behavior and forcing him to abandon what is really dangerous for others.

The Importance of Social Control

The exercise of control by society is a basic condition for the survival of society. Otherwise, individual individuals could simply destroy it. Protection and stabilization have already been mentioned above. It should also be noted that such control acts as a kind of border. It also acts as a deterrent.

That is, any single individual could try to express his dissatisfaction with a neighbor or business partner in a criminal way. Moreover, the effectiveness of the work of law enforcement agencies in certain regions of Russia is so low that not everyone is afraid of the law.

However, the fear of judgment from parents or elders in the settlement is much stronger. He was entrenched in the process of socialization. And therefore, now for individual representatives of society, the word of the head of the family is more important than the law. This can not be called unequivocally positive, but such a deterrent works. Therefore, its importance should not be underestimated.

Social control, its types. Norms and sanctions. Deviant (deviant) behavior

social control - a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.

social norms

social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. So social norms divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms proper.

Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

To social norms usually include:

group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");

social customs (for example, hospitality);

social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),

public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);

social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called the general rules of social behavior.

social sanction

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function.

There are the following mechanisms of social control:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of sanctions (types of social control)

Formal (official):

Negative (punishment) - punishment for breaking the law or violating the administrative order: fines, imprisonment, etc.

Positive (encouragement) - encouragement of a person's activity or act by official organizations: awards, certificates of professional, academic success, etc.

Informal (informal):

Negative - condemnation of a person for an act by society: offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, defiant ignoring of a person, etc.

Positive - gratitude and approval of unofficial persons - friends, acquaintances, colleagues: praise, approving smile, etc., etc.

Types of social control

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control based on official approval or condemnation, carried out by the authorities state power, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. This control is especially effective in large social groups Oh.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is most severely punished, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social action, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

Human consciousness- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, so self-control is essential condition social behavior of people. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Deviant behavior

Under deviant(from lat. deviatio - deviation) behavior modern sociology implies, on the one hand, an act, actions of a person that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society, and on the other hand, a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established standards. within a given society, norms or standards.

One of the recognized in modern sociology is the typology deviant behavior, developed by R. Merton.

Typology of deviant behavior Merton is based on the concept of deviation as a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways to achieve them. Accordingly, he distinguishes four possible types of deviation:

innovation, which implies agreement with the goals of society and the denial of generally accepted ways to achieve them (the “innovators” include prostitutes, blackmailers, creators of “financial pyramids”, great scientists);

ritualism associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the significance of the ways to achieve them, for example, a bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully completed, double-checked, filed in four copies, but the main thing is forgotten - the goal;

retreatism(or flight from reality), expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and ways to achieve them (drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.);

rebellion, denying both goals and methods, but striving to replace them with new ones (revolutionaries striving for a radical breakdown of all social relations).

Some causes of deviant behavior are not social in nature, but biopsychological. For example, a tendency to alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted from parents to children.

Marginalization is one of the causes of deviations. The main sign of marginalization is the gap social connections, and in the "classic" version, economic and social ties are first torn, and then spiritual ones. As a characteristic feature of the social behavior of the marginalized, one can name a decrease in the level of social expectations and social needs.

Vagrancy and begging, representing a special way of life, have recently become widespread among various types of social deviations. The social danger of social deviations of this kind lies in the fact that vagabonds and beggars often act as intermediaries in the distribution of drugs, commit theft and other crimes.

Positive and negative deviations

Deviations (deviations), as a rule, are negative. For example, crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, terrorism, etc. However, in some cases it is possible positive deviations, for example, sharply individualized behavior, characteristic of original creative thinking, which can be assessed by society as “eccentricity”, a deviation from the norm, but at the same time be socially useful. Asceticism, holiness, genius, innovation are signs of positive deviations.

Negative deviations are divided into two types:

deviations that are aimed at causing harm to others (various aggressive, illegal, criminal actions);

deviations that harm the personality itself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants, are defined by the concept of "social control".

social control- a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. AT narrow sense of social control - is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of people's activities and behavior.

Social the control includes two main element: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions- any reaction on the part of others to the behavior of a person or group.

Kinds:Informal(intragroup) - based on the approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through means mass media.

Formal(institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions(army, court, education, etc.)

In sociology, it is known 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with a reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "multiple possibilities").

In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means containment of the natural elements, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following mechanisms of social control:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions political activity person, satisfaction and realization of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building a state of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society: the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; the competition of its constituent structures and various groups of people; free-forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social politics states; mixed economy; large specific gravity in a middle class society. The state of civil society his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose states. Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of its main areas of activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, having relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its condition. This influence, as a rule, is positive, aimed at maintaining stability and the progressive development of civil society. Although history knows the opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon social power has quality features. It is organized in the form of a state apparatus; manages society through a system of functions and certain methods. Externally, the state is represented in various forms. State signs- its qualitative features, expressing the features of the state in comparison with other organizations that carry out power-management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of the exercise of power, special public power, inextricable connection with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

mass consciousness- base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk Behavior(including spontaneous) is the term of political psychology, which denotes various forms behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

The forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, mayhem, riot.

mass hysteria- a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch hunt", post-war " cold war", trials of "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, forcing the threat of a "third world war" by the media in the 60-70s, mass intolerance towards representatives of a different nationality.)

rumors- a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is distributed through informal channels.

panic- this form of mass behavior, when people who are faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and injuring each other.

pogrom- a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or a person.

rebellion- a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, unrest, confusion, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

culture is a system of values ​​accumulated by mankind over the long history of its development. including all forms and ways of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture also appears as a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). Basic elements of culture: language, customs, traditions, mores, laws, values.

Values- these are socially approved and shared by most people ideas about what kindness, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. Values ​​are the defining element of culture, its core. They act like a) desirable, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, artistic form, etc.; b) criterion for evaluating real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally motivate to activity. AT value system social subject may include various values:

1 ) meaningful life (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal security, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (industriousness, social status, etc.); in) interpersonal communication(honesty, disinterestedness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to a small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).