Do-it-yourself artificial cleaning station. Do-it-yourself biofilter for a septic tank: implementation principles

Sanitary protection of populated areas has great importance to date. In the private sector, the problem of wastewater disposal is very common. Household drains are often very polluted. Such water should not be discharged into the sewer network without prior treatment. Biological treatment involves reducing the concentration organic matter. Often it is combined with mechanical, chemical cleaning and disinfection. Not everyone knows how to make biological treatment stations with their own hands, installation features.

Characteristic

Until recently, most houses had cesspools. Today they are becoming less and less. They were replaced by biological treatment plants. This group also includes a septic tank. The essence of biological treatment is that various microorganisms (bacteria), algae are used. They are bred specifically for wastewater treatment. This process is based on natural cleansing. To stimulate the activity of this microflora, additional aeration is carried out (air supply to the tank).

In addition, biological treatment plants provide mixing of wastewater and sedimentation of particles. In the latter case, we are also talking about mechanical purification of water. Such autonomous systems allow the use of treated effluents for other purposes. Often such water is used for technical or other needs. In more modern septic tanks, drains can be disinfected with UV or ultrasound. All treatment plants can be divided into simple and deep cleaning. The building includes the following components:

• camera;
• filter;
• department for mineralization of silt deposits;
• lighting chamber.

Main steps

To organize water purification with your own hands, you need to know the main stages of work. First, you need to dig a hole. Its dimensions may vary. It is preferable to make a pit 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 m. Its dimensions depend on the dimensions of the station itself. To strengthen the structure, formwork is made of wooden boards. There should be no gaps between boards. Work should be carried out by two or three people. Secondly, a thick layer of sand is laid at the bottom of the dug hole. It is needed for better filtering. Thirdly, it will be necessary to install the station itself for biological treatment.

At the next stage, it will be necessary to fill all departments of the station with water and fill in the voids around the structure. This is done with sand. The station must be level. Fourth, you need to organize a pipeline. Pipes are made with a diameter of 100-110 mm. The depth of the trench should be 0.2-0.7 m. The dug trench should be located at a slight slope towards the station. A sand cushion is laid on its bottom. Next is the installation of the pipeline. Do not forget about the thermal insulation of pipes. The pipeline is connected to the septic tank using a pipe. It should come with the station.

When located country cottage in an area that does not have a connection with the central sewer system, the only way to ensure the collection and purification of wastewater is a do-it-yourself suburban sewerage system. In general, in matters of improvement of country houses, the problem of sewerage equipment is most acute, because water can be delivered from a well or a well, heating will appear with the purchase of a heating boiler, but organizing wastewater disposal is not so easy.

Wastewater treatment methods

Today, there are many progressive technologies for wastewater disposal that do not cause damage environment. Here are the main types of sewerage for a country house:

• deep biological treatment plant.

Despite differences in design and operating principles, the device suburban sewerage of any kind is produced in strict accordance with SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03. The construction of a sewerage system is necessarily preceded by a planning stage, the result of which should be a suburban sewerage scheme drawn up on paper.

Cesspool

The cesspool is the simplest autonomous sewerage of a country house. Elementary installation, low cost - these are its advantages. But the operational maintenance of the pit will cost a pretty penny. Regardless of its volume, the pit will regularly be filled with drains, for pumping which you need to invite sewers. In addition to the high price for the services of these specialists, an unpleasant odor is guaranteed to be on your site during pumping activities.

Calculation of the volume of the cesspool

When constructing a cesspool, it is necessary to calculate what its volume should be. At the same time, they are repelled by the fact that the frequency of cleaning the pit is no more than twice a year. Next, the number of people permanently or temporarily living in a country house is taken and multiplied by a figure from 3 to 4 (each person produces so many cubic meters of waste every month). By such simple calculations, the required volume of the cesspool is calculated.

Construction of a cesspool

The organization of sewerage begins with the choice of a place for a future cesspool. It should be located at a distance of 12 m from the house and 1 m from the fence.

Pro tip: To avoid unpleasant consequences, install a septic tank and other treatment facilities at a distance of 30 m from water wells.

The sequence of work is as follows:

1. A hole of the required volume is dug. This can be done manually or with an excavator. The walls of the recess are leveled.

1. A reinforced mesh is laid out at the bottom of the pit to a height of 7-10 cm, fixed with stakes. It is better to use a mesh with cell sides of 20 x 30 cm, made of a metal rod with a diameter of 8-10 mm. Raising the mesh above the bottom is necessary so that when the concrete screed is subsequently poured, it does not press against the ground. To do this, you can put stones or bricks under the grid.
2. A concrete screed is laid with a layer of 20-25 cm. Time is expected until it dries completely (at least a week).
3. At this moment, the internal sewerage of a country house is being built. Then the sewer pipes are laid and brought to the pit (the outer part of the system).
4. When the floor of the cesspool is ready, they are taken for the walls. They can be made of concrete ("") or brick (""). In the first case, a removable formwork is built 30-50 cm in height with a reinforced grating inside. Concrete is poured into the formwork, time is given to dry. After the lower part of the walls is ready, the formwork is lifted to pour the next batch of concrete - and so on until the required height is reached. In the case of brick walls, masonry is used in checkerboard pattern- to improve the penetration of effluents into the soil.

Pro tip: When making the walls of a cesspool or septic tank from concrete using removable formwork, make sure that there are no cracks or other damage in the walls after it is removed. Otherwise, the service life is reduced, and the damage to the environment increases many times.

As a rule, sewerage systems for a country house are built for long-term operation, therefore it is not recommended to use cinder blocks as a material for walls. From constant interaction with water, they are destroyed at a high speed.

The cesspool should without fail cover up. You can use a ready-made concrete slab equipped with a hatch, or you can make it yourself. Along the perimeter of the pit, along the upper boundary of the walls, extensions are arranged in the ground, into which an unedged board is installed. A reinforced grating is laid on top of it, the structure is poured with concrete.

Pro tip: As a cesspool, you can use a barrel with the desired volume (""), which must be buried in the soil. To extend the life of this design, cover the barrel with bituminous mastic.

septic tank

Principle of operation

More environmentally friendly and effective solution is a septic tank for the sewerage of a country house. Collecting wastewater, it provides excellent cleaning and clarification of liquids, and processes solid organic inclusions with the help of anaerobic bacteria.

In the assortment of specialized stores you can find ready-made septic tanks, which only need to be transported to the installation site and assembled. Although, it is possible to install the sewerage system in a country house with your own hands.

In order for anaerobic bacteria to perform their tasks effectively, wastewater must certain time settle in one chamber and then flow into the next. For a country cottage, the presence of three chambers in the septic tank is considered optimal. The fact is that two tanks are not enough for high-quality wastewater treatment, and installing 4 or more is costly.

By and large, a septic tank is a cesspool, divided by partitions, in which holes are equipped for the flow of wastewater. The bottom and walls of the septic tank are equipped with waterproofing to prevent feces from entering the ground.

Mounting process

Self-installation of a septic tank is identical to a cesspool device, the difference lies in the construction of two additional walls that will divide the pit into 3 parts.

The process consists of three steps:

1. A pit of the required volume is arranged, the walls are leveled.
2. The bottom is reinforced and poured with a concrete screed, which must dry completely.
3. By means of a removable formwork, side concrete walls. Then the area of ​​​​the septic tank is divided into 3 identical parts, formwork is built and 2 more walls are poured. Upon reaching ½ of the height of the inner walls, overflows are constructed. They are made from a piece of pipe, which is installed with a slope and poured with concrete. Between the first and second containers, the overflow installation height should be slightly higher than between the second and third.

Deep biological treatment stations

Those who have purchased such modern sewer equipment as a biological wastewater treatment plant for their country cottage do not have to worry about possible environmental pollution. Do-it-yourself construction of a sewerage system of this type is impossible, but self-assembly the finished system is quite affordable. With a station capacity of up to 1.5 m 3, lifting machines will not be required.

The station for deep wastewater treatment is made of polymeric materials, and therefore weighs a little. It can be lowered into a hand-dug pit by calling friends for help. It is important to have sewer installation so that the pipe connected to it does not have bends.

For areas with high level groundwater system can be installed on the surface of the earth or organize a partial recess. But then it is necessary to provide the station with a mechanism for forced transportation of wastewater.

An effective system for the accumulation and treatment of wastewater and waste is one of the main aspects comfortable life in the country. Therefore, local sewerage for a country house is so important and significant.

Country house or country house is good. But as is customary in places remote or somewhat remote from cities, there is no water supply and sewerage system. Sewerage arrangement - very milestone in order to comfortably live outside the city. But sometimes the services of specialized companies are expensive, moreover, unjustifiably. So why overpay if you can equip a treatment plant in a private house with your own hands? How? We will now tell you in detail.

What is a sewage treatment plant?

Before you start arranging treatment facilities in the house, you need to decide which type is right for you both in terms of consumer characteristics, price, and, if possible, self-assembly:

• The sewage storage tank is a cesspool in which a filtering bottom and sealed cesspools are equipped.
• Devices that process wastewater, namely septic tanks, biological deep cleaning stations, biofilters and aeration tanks.

If you dig deeper, then any of these systems can be installed by yourself without the involvement of specialists, well, unless you need a couple of friends and free time. But, before equipping one or another type, you need to figure out how suitable it is for you.

Cesspool

This is the most cheap option, which can be applied to a private house. Before talking about how to equip it with your own hands, I would like to clarify some points about it. This type has been used for a very long time, it has some advantages:

• The available materials for the arrangement, one might say, are junk, and besides, they do not need much.
• The design is simple.
• Elementary installation.

installation of concrete rings for wastewater treatment plants

But, despite the clear advantages, you need to consider the disadvantages, as they can influence the final choice:

• Over time, it will become necessary to clean the pit using sewers, which is far from cheap.
• Not every site has the opportunity for the entrance of special equipment, you need to take care of this, so as not to rack your brains over cleaning later.
• There is also a restriction on the distance to the source of drinking water.
• Such a pit pollutes the soil.

Drains, getting through the sewer pipe, merge into a pit, in which a sand and gravel cushion is provided. From there, the liquid seeps into the ground, and solid waste remains on the pillow. Over time, it fills up and needs to be pumped out.

There are more modern version- this is a sealed cesspool, but here the need to call vacuum trucks can occur very often, especially if you live in the house regularly. In order to minimize the number of calls to special services, you need to choose a large capacity.

How to equip one and the other option, we will tell further.

Standard pit

Since ancient times, people have used cesspools. Then, at the dug hole, the walls were covered with clay, and the toilet itself was on the street. Today, of course, such "technologies" are no longer used.

digging a well for installing treatment facilities for a private house

Whichever option you choose, the first thing to do is dig a hole required sizes. Suitable for furnishing concrete rings, brick, even obsolete tires. In the latter case, the larger the diameter, the better.

With the use of concrete rings, the technology is somewhat different. To do this, you need to install a ring on the chosen place, then climb inside it and dig it out: as you dig, the ring will fall. With the next ring, do the same, and to the required depth. Then you need to fill the bottom with a sand and gravel pillow. In most cases, three to four rings will suffice. You also need to remember to provide an outlet for the drain, namely: a hole for the pipe, which will lead the drains to the required place.

When using old tires, you can either proceed in the same way as with concrete rings, or dig a hole in advance. In the second option for laying tires, the soil around them should be compacted so that there is no space between them and the wall of the pit. If brickwork is used, then the pits are dug in advance approximately the same size as the pit. Then it is simply covered with bricks using standard masonry mortar. Don't forget to wall up the pipe or leave room for it.

From above, this structure must be covered so that it does not exude odors and rainwater does not get there, or no one falls. It is also desirable to provide a vent and a pumping well.

Please note: this type will not work if there are a lot of drains, for a number of reasons:

1. The soil is not able to absorb very a large number of water.
2. Taking into account the fact that the filtration will be coarse, the liquid that enters the soil will be undertreated, which means that sewage will get into it and pollute it.

sealed pits

For their arrangement, it is necessary to purchase a special container. Today, the most common are plastic pits, their sizes vary from one to dozens of cubes, so you can choose by size. But here a problem arises: first of all, it needs to be transported somehow, and then installed in the place intended for it. Completely without attraction special equipment not enough here. Next, we will present the sequence of works:

• Digging a hole. If a large capacity is expected, then it is not so easy to dig it out, and it is better to use the services of an excavator. If you are not embarrassed by the not very harmonious appearance of the container, then you do not need to bury it at all.
• Screed. In most cases, the container is still hidden underground, but first the pit needs to be strengthened. To do this, it is necessary to reinforce and pour a small concrete screed.
• Capacity installation. After preparation, you can install a container in the resulting pit. She may be different shapes, so that, most likely, it will have to be covered with a layer of soil from above in such a way that only a pumping well remains on the surface.

When arranging this type of sewage treatment system for a private house with your own hands, you need to take into account some important factors. For example, do not wait until the container is filled to the brim: there must be at least a meter of distance between the lid and the drains. Take care of ventilation, so you can get rid of the strong smell when you open the hatch cover. So, equipping this type of pit, take care of the convenient entrance of special equipment.

installation of concrete rings without a bottom for arranging drainage

A closed cesspool has the following advantages:

• It can be arranged in any convenient place, as it does not pollute the soil and sources of drinking water.
• Such a cesspool is great for a country house, because it does not require high costs for service.

Septic tank, or how to rationally use drains

Another option is to make a septic tank with your own hands. It is a design of one, two, three or four containers. The more of them, the better the cleaning will be. With the maximum level of such filtration, it is even possible to use wastewater for technical purposes, for example, for watering or cleaning the territory.

installation of special septic tanks with a system for treating wastewater and draining into the ground

The essence of the work of this treatment plant is that the effluents, falling into one chamber, settle in it for some time. Heavy particles precipitate, then the resulting liquid passes into the next chamber. After these processes, the liquid enters the aeration field, where it is cleaned using soil bacteria, which in top layer a lot of soil. In order to make such a design with your own hands, you need to correctly calculate all its parameters and take into account the features, performance, which will primarily depend on the size of the septic tank.

It is very important to define correct dimensions septic tank. Here, the amount of effluents that will be produced by the inhabitants of the house in two days is taken into account. Now we are talking about the calculation for the first chamber, since for smaller ones such a calculation goes to knocks. So, knowing that the approximate number of drains per day for one person is 200 liters, this figure should be multiplied by 3 days, since the process of filtering drains in a septic tank can take up to 3 days. In total, we get 600 liters in three days, but this is subject to the residence of one person, if more, then 600 must be multiplied by the number of people permanently residing in the house, which means they use water to wash dishes, take a shower, use the toilet. Having made such simple calculations, it is better to round the resulting figure up. For example, if three people live, we will get a figure of 1800 liters, that is, it is better to take a septic tank for 2000 liters.

Another size of the septic tank can be calculated if there is a water meter. Here you also need to calculate for three days, it is best that two weekends and one weekday fall into this period, since it is on weekends that the water consumption is greater, which means that the load on the septic tank is greater.

Scheme of the treatment system

Before creating such a treatment system, it is necessary to develop its scheme. We will offer the simplest one that can be implemented. The basic system includes:

• A septic tank, it can be made from concrete rings, European cups, it can also be just a foundation pit in which the walls are lined with concrete. There should be at least two cameras.
• Aeration field where post-treatment will be carried out.

When arranging a septic tank, you need to take into account that the best result can be obtained using three cameras.

The entire structure must be sloped. First, there is a pipe with a slope to the septic tanks. Each department of the septic tank should have its own hatch to control its filling. This is followed by an overflow pipe of at least two meters. The filtration field should be from 5 to 20 meters long; ventilation pipes must be installed above it. Above you need a gravel cushion of at least half a meter.

You can make a septic tank with your own hands from improvised materials. The following factors should be considered: durability, environmental friendliness, compliance with sanitary standards, efficiency. You can make a septic tank from bricks, concrete rings, eurocubes.

Septic tank made of concrete rings

Septic tanks made of concrete rings are created no deeper than four meters. Four or five standard rings will be enough for this. The diameter can also be different: from 70 cm to 2 m, this indicator must be taken into account when calculating the required volume. First of all, decide how many wells there will be, where they will be located and where the aeration field will be located.

installation of meter-long concrete rings and fixing in the ground

Please note that each ring weighs several hundred kilograms, and this must be taken into account, because you will most likely have to use special equipment. But, in principle, you can do it yourself, although you will need helpers. The pit digging technology is the same as we told for the cesspool. Lay in this way you need to consistently all the rings. To bind the rings, reinforcement is used, which is welded in the middle of the structure. At the bottom of the septic tank, a screed is poured, waterproofing is carried out. The same must be done with the joints - they are covered with cement and waterproofed. With the second compartment, you need to do the same, but it needs to be made smaller in volume by 20%, from the first. From the last compartment of the septic tank, you need to make an exit to the aeration field.

European cup septic tank

It’s still easier here, you just need to find or buy such containers, you can even use them. Here it will not be possible to turn around in size especially: both the first, and the second, and subsequent containers will be the same in volume, only they need to be placed 20 cm below the level of the previous compartment. In such a cube, you need to make a hole for ventilation, it should be separate for each cube and for the aeration field. Before installing septic tanks, it is necessary to dig a hole. Cubes are not heavy, it is quite possible to move and mount them together.

installation of a septic tank from eurocubes and an overflow system

The containers must be connected to the pipe that comes from the house, between themselves and draw a conclusion to the aeration field, then this entire structure should be covered with a layer of earth, leaving only ventilation pipes and wells on the surface. Such septic tanks must be cleaned of sediment in order for them to work effectively.

brick septic tank

When arranging a septic tank of a brick pit, you need to decide on the number of drains. If there are less than a cube, then one camera will be enough. In a brick septic tank, a foundation is needed; on the basis of it, “walls” should already be erected. First you need to dig a hole. Its depth is the volume of the septic tank, we described above how to calculate it. It is also necessary to seal the bottom and think over a sand cushion.

construction of a brick septic tank complex system filtration and overflow

The arrangement of the chamber must begin with the processing of bricks with mastic, after which masonry is carried out using building concrete. After the construction of the structure, it is necessary to process the connection of the wall and floor of the pit with cement mortar. The walls must first be treated with clay, and then plastered, after which the installation of a two-layer waterproofing should be organized. For such a septic tank, a reinforced concrete slab is needed for overlapping. It should have two holes - one for the hatch, the second for the ventilation pipe (it can be both plastic and asbestos).

This option has many advantages, namely:

• Low price and availability.
• Reliability of a design and durability, on condition of the correct execution of works.
• Ease of arrangement.
• Placement and erection options, no need to be tied to a cube or a cylinder.
• All work can be carried out independently without the involvement of assistants.
• Practicality.

Of course, there are also disadvantages, namely:

• The construction process will take a long time, it is laborious.
• The design needs additional protection from environmental influences.

Important! Do not build a foam block septic tank, as it will not withstand exposure negative factors and just fall apart after a short time.

Other options

The last septic tank option that we would like to talk about is a tire septic tank. This option is cheap and takes less time to implement than the previous one. All work is carried out in stages:

• First you need to markup. Lay a tire on the ground, which will be the basis of the first well, at some distance for the second. If there are more of them, then for the next ones. Now you need to dig holes according to the marks.
• Bottom. It in any septic tank should not let sewage into the ground. That is why it must either be concreted or covered with the so-called "clay plug", that is, a layer of clay of at least 20-25 cm.
• Tire preparation. Everyone needs to cut upper part, use a jigsaw or other suitable tool for this. By carrying out this operation, it will be possible to obtain smoother edges of the well, which will not let runoff into the ground.
• Mounting. You need to stack them one on top of the other. For the stability of the structure, they must be tied together with wire, in the future, all connecting seams are treated with a sealant to prevent seepage of drains. At a distance of 2/3 to the bottom, you need to insert a transition pipe through which the drains will enter the well from the house.
• The remaining space between the well and the pit should be covered with a layer of earth, for example, use the one that remains after digging it.
• Lid. Any material that does not rot will do.

As you can see, arrange treatment plant everyone can do it with their own hands, and it is not necessary to spend money on expensive cleaning systems. A self-made septic tank will serve faithfully for many years.

Everyone who builds a country house and conducts sewage is simply obliged to take care of how to treat wastewater, because many unscrupulous residents install cesspools even without making any internal finishing works. Once in the soil, wastewater can move into the water supply systems of nearby structures, and this has a bad effect on human health. Wastewater contain a large amount of harmful impurities and heavy metals.

Technological scheme of wastewater treatment by bio-membrane method with post-treatment by reverse osmosis.

In order to prevent getting into drinking water all kinds of impurities from wastewater, it is necessary during the construction sewer systems immediately think over and equip a biological treatment system. For wastewater treatment plant can be used different methods and designs. There are special cleaners for sale, but they are not at all cheap. It is easier and cheaper to build structures with your own hands. Installation will take about two weeks.

Types of cleaning

The following facilities can be used for biological wastewater treatment:

• ordinary cesspool;
• cesspool overflow pit using a concrete ring;
• underground or surface septic tank.

Scheme of the installation for biological wastewater treatment: 1 - primary sedimentation tank; 2 - preaerator; 3 - aeration tank; 4 - activated sludge regenerator; 5 - secondary sump.

Water procedures of any person: washing, bathing, cooking - this is an integral and necessary part of life. The waters that form after all human hygiene procedures are called wastewater. This waste water is sent to the sewer with all the dirt, bacteria and chemical constituents of the powders and detergents. It is possible to drain all this into a nearby river, but then sooner or later all living things will die in it. That is why biological wastewater treatment is necessary.

Septic tanks provide it to the fullest. For their effective work some rules must be followed. If the structure is erected correctly, there will be no unpleasant odors during its use and the biological component of wastewater treatment will be provided. Septic tanks do not need to be constantly cleaned, like cesspools.

Building materials

It is worth noting that this type of biological treatment will last more than one year, both in winter and in summer. One operating condition is the addition of antiseptic and antibacterial powders to eliminate emerging odors. For the described type of septic tank, the following components are required:

1. Scheme.
2. Eurocubes (800 l each). They will work better than concrete buildings because over time the concrete can break down. Cubes are kept up to 50 years.
3. Tees.
4. Pipes.
5. Inlet and outlet pipes.
6. Shovels for digging trenches.
7. Lids and improvised means for closing a septic tank.
8. Bricks for the base under the covers.
9. Concrete solution.
10. Formwork and reinforcing bars + wire.
11. Plastic for warming cubes.
12. Oilcloth for waterproofing.

Preparatory work

The operation of the septic tank will be correct only if incoming and outgoing pipes are installed on the containers (Eurocubes). Only after installing these nozzles can they be placed in the ditch. In order for the soil not to crush the containers, after digging the trench it is necessary to concrete it on four sides, because the cubes have a thin wall that can crack under pressure. To prevent freezing of wastewater, it is advisable to furnish the cubes with foam sheets.

Before installing the cubes, they must be filled with plain water. This is to prevent damage during installation. Biological treatment with installed tanks is the first stage in the sewerage. Considering the processes of wastewater treatment and further outflow to aeration fields, you should think about a ditch for a drainage system. This ditch should be about 30 m long, and the depth depends on the soil indicators, but not less than 70 cm.

trench preparation

Before you start digging a trench, you need to mark the place. The cleaning installation takes place only in good, sunny weather, because the concrete solution in the rain and snow will harden for a very long time. In addition, the earth is difficult to dig in winter. In order for the cubes to fit, you need to make a trench 40-60 cm wider than the size of the perimeter of the cubes. It is possible to avoid the penetration of moisture into the soil and isolate the concrete solution from moisture by overlaying the trench with oilcloth.

The next process will be the installation of reinforcing bars and formwork. The rods must be taken according to the size of the depth of the trench. They are connected with iron wire. Then installed wooden planks along the perimeter of the reinforcing bars. Next, a concrete solution is mixed (sand and cement in a ratio of 2: 6). After thorough mixing of the solution, it is poured between the soil and the connected reinforcing bars. Reinforcement is installed for the strength of concrete.

Drying of the solution occurs in warm weather for 10 days. After the solution dries, you need to remove the formwork. Those places where the solution has not hardened or has some shortcomings must be coated until a smooth surface is obtained. The trench is ready. Cubes need to be installed only after they have been built.

Drain design

To begin with, the tank drains are sealed. If the neck is too small to fit a tee, it will need to be cut slightly. On both sides of each cube, you need to make holes for the pipe that will enter. The distance from the top of the cube is 15-25 cm. For further installation of ventilation, cut out holes are required on the horizontal "roof" of the cubes.

It is important that all pipe connecting processes are carried out using tees.

In order for wastewater treatment to take place in the right way, you need to connect the cubes together. For such a connection, you need to cut a round part from opposite sides of each cube. Its diameter must match the diameter of the pipes. This hole should be 30 cm below the hole in the sewer pipe. The containers are connected to each other with a pipe. Care must be taken to be very good connection. This is necessary in order to avoid drips and the penetration of sewage through the holes.

For connection, a metal whip is used, which is welded to the surrounding mesh of the container. In the second container, it is necessary to cut a hole in order to install a pipe for the drainage system in the future. It is important to carefully treat each pipe joint with silicone sealants.

At the end of the installation and connecting work, the containers must be lowered into the trench and covered with foam sheets, then covered with earth. Only ventilation pipes should remain on the surface.

The next process that needs to be carried out is the removal of the drainage pipe from the tanks. To do this, it is necessary to purchase a perforated pipe with a diameter of 5 cm. This pipe must be connected to one of the tanks and led out through the aeration ditch. For the correct operation of the system and its non-freezing, it is necessary to lay out this ditch with gravel for 25 cm. After installing the pipe in the ditch, it is covered with gravel and then with earth.

If the groundwater level is high or unstable, has fluctuations that depend on weather conditions, it is necessary to create a bulk drainage field. In this case, all the above work should be done, but with additional installation another container. It will serve as an additional well. A pump is installed inside this tank, which is equipped with a pre-switching off float. This is done so that the wastewater, already treated, is pumped into the area of ​​​​the drainage field, which is filled up higher than the groundwater.

In no case should it be allowed to fill to the brim of the container in which the wastewater is located, especially in the cold season. When the liquid inside the container freezes, this liquid will expand, and the walls of the cubes may burst due to the internal pressure created. Good way, which will not allow such emergencies is the installation of a drain barrel. It must be installed below the freezing point. There is another option - the maximum insulation of the walls of the containers.

Ventilation systems must be installed. When installing sewer systems, ventilation risers or installations are installed that suck in air using the valve method. They do this so that there is no accumulation of rarefied air in the pipes, which prevents the sewage from draining into the tanks. Compartments for wastewater treatment are best divided into a clean compartment and a dirty one.

After all the work done and after the compartments are filled up, for interior beauty in the yard, you need to make a brick frame. This is also done in order to equip the tanks with lids. Yes, and extra insulation will not hurt. That is, you need to cover the top places of these tanks brickwork. Having made markings and a small foundation with formwork and reinforcing bars, you need to fill everything concrete mortar. What ratio of the components of the solution will be needed is described above.

After the foundation has hardened, you need to lay out the bricks around the perimeter and with the help of cement mortar connect them. The structure should be insulated with covers. You can use hatches or make opening doors on a vertical surface brick house. This is also convenient because upon the arrival of the machine that will pump out the contents, you can simply open the lid to access the septic tank.

Work principles

The principle of biological treatment is to prevent wastewater from entering the soil and aquatic environment, because there are many water supply systems on the territory of private houses, for example, wells, rivers and lakes. Once in the soil, wastewater mixes with groundwater, and then enters the water supply system, so wastewater must be treated.

The principle of operation of the above-described septic tanks for wastewater treatment is the mechanical separation of solid components from the liquid. For wastewater treatment, the main thing is to prevent these solid components from entering the soil and water. After separating the solid parts from the liquid, the liquid part of the wastewater will be decomposed anaerobically. In the first stage of cleaning, thanks to the two-level device of the drain tank, the liquid passes from one section to another. Anaerobic digestion refers to the process of digestion by bacteria. For such biological treatment, it is necessary to add biological activators to the tanks.

When wastewater treatment takes place, those wastes that remain undissolved, and this is approximately 1%, settle at the bottom of the septic tank. Purified water will enter the ground, but will not harm the environment, although it is not sterile.

To clean such a structure, it is necessary to call a special sewage machine. But this will need to be done, if we count from the moment of construction, almost after 1.5 years. Installation work of septic tanks experts recommend to carry out in the fall. It is not so debilitating for a person, since there is no summer heat, and there will be no great activity of microbes, which is also important.

To make life in the country comfortable, it is necessary to carry out the main communications - plumbing and sewerage. On the suburban areas often there is no centralized sewerage network, so each owner of the house solves the problem on his own. Periodic use of the dwelling does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment, it is enough to arrange a septic tank.

Often in summer cottages, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped with a plumbing system, this option justifies itself, but when installing plumbing fixtures and large volume drained water, it is not enough. In this article, we will talk about how to make a sewer in a country house with our own hands in various ways (from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping), and also demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photo and video instructions.

Sewerage should be built according to the developed project, including schemes for external and internal piping.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most convenient is the installation of a collector of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.

1. Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country. You can dig a pit manually or with an excavator.
2. At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
3. It is necessary to install formwork from boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
4. It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe trimmings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer line and the overflow pipe between the sections.
5. The formwork is poured with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume with the help of a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at a time.
6. In the first compartment, the bottom is poured with concrete, a sealed section is formed, it will serve as a sump. Here, the wastewater will be divided into solid coarse fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that overflows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
7. The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer sedimentary rock(crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) for filtering wastewater.
8. An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an angle of 30 mm on running meter. In height, the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made to provide better cleaning.
9. The overlap of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs. Be sure to arrange a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and exhaust. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump of such a system will be cleaned every 2-3 years.

Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.

If the soil in the area is clayey or groundwater is very close to the surface, it will not work to arrange a septic tank of this design. You can stop at a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and secured to concrete slab in the pit.

Another option is a biological treatment plant. Local stations are convenient and efficient, they are indispensable for suburban buildings of a large area. Specialists are engaged in the installation and launch of the device, the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.

External line laying

From the exit of the sewer pipe from the house to the septic tank, it is necessary to lay a pipeline. The main line must lie at a slope providing the flow of polluted water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes should be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the trench is shallow, provide thermal insulation for the line.

The average depth for laying sewers is 1 meter, in warm regions it is enough to go down by 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.

The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If necessary, make a turn, this place is equipped with a manhole. For the line, you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, their connection must be tight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand, and then with soil.

The design, which does not require regular pumping of sewage, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. It can be two / three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in size. In two-chamber septic tanks, the sump occupies ¾ of the structure, and in three-chamber ½. Here, a preliminary treatment of wastewater takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final post-treatment of wastewater takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.

The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. Thus, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps to avoid the systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.

It is worth considering that in wastewater, in addition to organic matter, there are also insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a design will also have to be periodically pumped out in order to get rid of the sediment that accumulates in the sump. This can be done with a fecal / drainage pump. The frequency of maintenance of a septic tank depends entirely on the size / volume / composition of wastewater.

For the independent construction of such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The norm of water consumption per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of households, you get daily allowance water consumption in the home. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.

18 m 3. In this case, you need a septic tank that has a depth and length of 3 m each, and a width of 2 m. Multiplying all sides, you get 18 m 3. The minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to the drain pipe is 0.8 m.

The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is processed by anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually, this sediment thickens and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be immediately cleaned. The septic tank needs to be cleaned infrequently. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge for 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.

Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewage equipment.

However, not so long ago, biological preparations with special enzymes appeared, processing sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment plant.

Bacteria need to be "fed" with oxygen for greater efficiency of their work. Tanks for a septic tank can be bought or made independently.

Before installation finished construction septic tank, it is necessary to determine a suitable place for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house should go directly to the septic tank. Turning the pipeline is best avoided, because it is in such places that blockages form.

The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.

If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab / screed. The size of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.

The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).

The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise, melt water in the spring will flood the equipment of the device.

After installing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done with the help of cables placed in the stiffeners of the septic tank. In this case, you can not do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to communications, after digging trenches for pipes, laying a sand cushion and installing pipes. They should be laid under a slight slope - 1-2 cm per linear meter. Pipe laying is carried out to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.

The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.

To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After that, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem, you will need a polypropylene cord and a building hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, it will be possible to insert a sewer pipe into it.

If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect electric cable. It is carried out from the shield to a separate machine. It must be laid in a special corrugated pipe and placed in the same trench as the sewer pipe. The septic tank has special holes with stamps. Connect a cable to them.

If the level of soil freezing in your area is large enough, then insulate the septic tank. Any heater can be thermal insulation material which can be used for laying in the ground.

After completing the connection of electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be covered with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure in the process of backfilling the soil, water must be poured into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the backfill level of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.

If you are not satisfied with the finished plastic autonomous system for wastewater treatment, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. An excellent inexpensive material for the implementation of the plan is concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.

Among the advantages of a septic tank from reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:

• Affordable price.
• Unpretentiousness during operation.
• The ability to perform work without the help of specialists.

Of the shortcomings, the following deserve attention:

1. Presence bad smell. It is impossible to make the structure absolutely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
2. The need to clean the chambers from solid waste using sewage equipment.

It is possible to reduce the frequency of the need to pump out a septic tank if bioactivators are used. They reduce the amount of solid fractions due to the fact that they accelerate the process of their decomposition.

If the installation of the rings is illiterate, then the septic tank will be leaky, which will increase the risk of untreated sewage penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be airtight, so this drawback of the system is rightfully called conditional.

The scheme for the construction of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1-2 chambers designed for settling and treating wastewater and a filtration field / filter well.

If few people live in your house and a minimum of plumbing devices are connected to the sewer, then you can easily get by with a septic tank, consisting of one sump and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have many households and many devices are connected to the sewer, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.

How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building codes, the septic tank chamber must contain a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that in order to build a septic tank for 5 people, you will need a sump of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people, you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m 3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that in order to equip a septic tank in this particular case, you will need 5 rings.

The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate the septic tank chambers and the filter well. These works, of course, can be done manually, but it is long and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order digging a pit from a company with earthmoving equipment.

The bottom of the pit at the installation site of the sedimentation chambers must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of penetration of untreated effluents into the ground. Before starting concrete work, it is necessary to drain a part of the bottom of the pit for the installation of sedimentation tanks, laying a sand cushion on it, with a layer of 30–50 cm.

If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a blank bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.

The place for the filter well also requires the preparation of the base. Under it, you need to make a pillow of sand, crushed stone and gravel with a thickness of at least 50 cm.

To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. It is very difficult to perform these tasks manually. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is laborious. Yes, and the bottom will have to be filled after the installation of the last ring, which will entail a number of inconveniences. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.

Typically, the rings are fastened together with a solution, but for greater structural reliability, they can be fastened with metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not suffer due to ground movement.

Now it's time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to bring pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they must be installed with a bend.

To seal the joints, you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. From the outside, the tanks must be treated with coating or built-up waterproofing.

Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water ingress will be minimized.

Installation of ceilings / backfill

Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, in which holes are provided for mounting sewer manholes. Ideally, the backfilling of the excavation should be carried out with soil with a high percentage of sand in its composition. But if it is impossible to realize this, the pit can be covered with soil removed from it before.

Now the septic tank can be put into operation.

The wastewater treatment system from barrels, as well as a similar design made of concrete goods, can be two- or three-chamber. Wastewater will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The principle of operation of this device is similar to the construction of reinforced concrete rings.

For the arrangement of an autonomous sewage system according to the principle of a treatment system, you can use any containers. It may be old metal / plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.

If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Plastic containers have several advantages over their metal counterparts:

1. A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
2. Barrels are highly resistant to the aggressive effects of effluents. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
3. The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at the place of permanent deployment.
4. Plastic does not need to be further processed, unlike metal.
5. The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of penetration dirty waters into the ground.

Plastic barrels must be securely fixed when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts, they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are attached with cables to concrete base(it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab installed). In order not to crush plastic barrels, backfilling should be carried out very carefully.

For seasonal use, sewage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.

The popularity of metal containers for arranging sewerage is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. As a cover, you can use the appropriate size wooden blank or the one provided by the manufacturer. For mounting metal septic tank you need to dig an appropriate pit, which also needs to be concreted - walls and bottom.

Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they have been treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, their installation as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.

Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not the best solution, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. Yes, and such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.

For the installation of a reliable wastewater treatment system, it is better to use factory polymer barrels.

To make a septic tank from 220 l barrels, you will need the following materials:

• geotextile - 80 m 2;
• sewerage pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
• crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m 3;
• corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º - 4 pcs.;
• plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l - 2 pcs.;
• coupling, flange - 2 pcs.;
• wooden peg - 10 pcs.;
• Y-shaped sewer tee - 4 pcs.;
• building level;
• drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m - 2 pcs.;
• epoxy two-component sealant - 1 pc.;
• glue for PVC - 1 pc.;
• water tape - 1 pc.

Of the tools you will need:

• Shovel.
• Electric jigsaw.
• Rake.

For a summer house / small country house, with economical use, standard plastic barrels are suitable. Installing such a cleaning system is easy. If you do not drain black drains into the sewer, then the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If the house has a toilet, then the sewer will have to be cleaned regularly, calling for sewage equipment.

For private houses with permanent residence, barrels will not be enough. For sewage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes / tanks / tanks. The process of their installation in the ground does not differ from the installation of barrels.

The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too long distance complicate the process of connecting the sewer to the house:

• there is a need for a large deepening of the pipeline;
• on the way to the septic tank, you will need to install a revision well.

The sewerage system from metal barrels does not require large financial investments and complex installation work. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed for overflowing liquid from one barrel to another and a transition to the filtration fields / drainage well.

Each subsequent container must be located below the previous one in level.

The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated with foam. After that, the pit with a septic tank is filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels are short-lived, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.

Pipe laying

Scheme