Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
It is forbidden to send convicts for especially dangerous crimes (c / r crimes, banditry, robbery, theft) and recidivists - only "household workers" to the ITL.
Story
Bakovlag's predecessors
- Construction 565 and ITL (ITL and Construction 565) - organized July 14, 1951; closed May 14, 1953 (renamed Bakovskiy ITL).
By Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 1032-518ss / op dated March 31, 1951, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the construction of air defense system facilities around the capital (code name "Berkut"), for which the construction department No. 565 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was organized. Creation of the system "Berkut" was put in the rank of the most important state task. General management is entrusted to the Third Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, funding - through the First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (both departments were supervised by L.P. Beria).
- Project feature - War Department was not a customer of the system. Even the highest military leaders of the country were not dedicated to the details of the work.
On July 14, 1951, by order No. 00514, for the performance of work on construction No. 565, a correctional labor camp of the “1st category” was organized for 20 thousand prisoners; the head of the camp, Major General M.M.Maltsev.
- In order to maintain the secrecy regime, foreigners and prisoners of war are not allowed to documentation and work.
Initially, Construction Department No. 565 was located in the village of Nikolskoye, at house 93 along Leningradskoye Highway. On December 3, 1951, by a resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 4920-2125ss, the Construction Department No. 565 was provided with a building according to Big Ordynka, 22/2.
- At the beginning of 1952, 13 camps were organized as part of the Construction Department No. 565:
For the special contingent, a credit system has been approved: in case of overfulfillment of the plan, - 3 days for 1 day of stay in the ITL.
- Construction work was carried out at all S-25 "Berkut" facilities simultaneously, including: "refueling" - two-line complexes for preparing missiles (non-encapsulated) for combat use - technical positions; "teplyaki" - semi-underground (designed for direct hits of 250 kg of air bombs) structures for placing equipment - radio technical positions; "pastures" - stationary positions (up to 60 launch pads) for the installation and pre-launch preparation of the delivered missiles - divisions (shelters for calculations are designed for a direct hit of 150 kg of a fragment); cable lines connections of "pastures" with "greenhouses"; vehicle fleets for TZM; residential camps of regiments, technical positions, corps, army headquarters (1st ("Horse") Army of ON Air Defense); buildings and structures of auxiliary services (sergeant schools, training "gas stations", etc.).
- Construction and installation work included: installation of ventilation and air-conditioning; installation of standby diesel generators (shelves, technical positions, command posts of buildings, command posts and ZKPs of the army). On technical positions: installation of equipment for receiving, hangar storage, assembly of missiles supplied by the industry; installation of equipment for separate reception, storage, distribution of fuel and oxidizer refueling posts; installation of equipment for receiving, storing (in bunding) and servicing missile warheads; installation of compressor equipment and compressed gas distribution networks high pressure by rocket refueling posts; installation of specialized drainage and fire fighting equipment.
In off-road conditions, two ring roads ("Betonki") were built, designed primarily for the delivery of ammunition: "Near Ring" - about 50 km from the center of Moscow, about 325 km long, later called Small Moscow Ring(A107); "Far Ring" - about 90 km from the center of Moscow, about 565 km long - the Great Moscow Ring (A108).
In addition to the construction of the roadway, culverts and small bridges, camouflage forest plantations were carried out.
- Service transport network built: Construction of the GUShOSDORA of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 1 (sections: Naugolnoye-Zhuklino, Dmitrov-Rogachevo, Dmitrov-Kuznetsovo, Selevkino-Golitsyno, Klin-Rogachevo, Klin-Karavaevo, a bridge across the Moscow River near the city of Voskresensk.); Construction of GUSHOSDORA MIA No. 3.
During the construction of roads, a bridge was built across the Moscow Canal in the area of the Morozki platform of the Savelovskaya railway, and two bridges across the Moscow River - in Bronnitsy and Voskresensk. The total length of the road network of the system (inter-object and intra-object) is 2000 km.
- In the areas adjacent to the "Near Ring", 22 positions for anti-aircraft missile regiments were built, prepared for installation, and equipped, with a step of 13.1 km, on the "Far Ring" - 34 positions, with a step of 14.7 km (the length of the regiment's roads is up to 25 kilometers).
7 (by 1955 built 3) technical bases ("gas stations") for storing and equipping missiles and railway access roads to them - near Istra, in Trudovaya, in Makarovo, near Fryazevo, in Belye Stolby, in Tolbino and near Golitsyno . 14 regiments of the defense sector formed a corps; in the area of corps command posts, facilities were built for 4 survey-type radars. The main and reserve command posts of the 1st Special Purpose Air Defense Army were built; means of wire and radio communication for system control and data transmission about the air situation. A 35 kV power grid and 35/6 kV substations were built next to each regiment to power the radio engineering centers and the starting positions of the regiments. The substations were under the jurisdiction of Mosenergo, but their main consumers were air defense facilities. Western publications mention that the annual volume of cement production in the country was spent on the construction of air defense facilities near Moscow.
- In 1953, the construction of roads, military camps, and other things slowed down due to the spring amnesty of a large number of special contingents. It was proposed to present the objects of the system for delivery in three stages:
- first of all, in May 1954, put into operation the inner belt of defense (22 B-200 radars), all system detection stations, a central command post and three technical positions;
- secondly, in July 1954, put into operation the western half-ring of the outer defense belt (17 B-200 radars) and the fourth technical position;
- thirdly, in September 1954, put into operation the eastern half-ring of the outer defense belt (17 B-200 radars) and three more technical positions.
Bakovlag
- Bakovsky ITL was organized accordingly on May 14, 1953 (renamed from Construction 565 and ITL), and closed on July 23, 1956.
Dislocation: Moscow region, Kuntsevo, Rabochy Settlement, st. Stalin, d. 24.
Letter: ZhB - passed from its predecessor.
Telegraph code:"Traverse".
The address: Moscow-Kuntsevo-4, post box ZhB-864; Kuntsevo, Moscow region, post box ZhB-864.
Over the period of its existence, its subordination has changed as follows:
Production
The prisoners of the Bakovsky ITL, like its predecessors, were actively used in the following types of work:
- Industrial construction in the city of Elektrostal and locality Bolshaya Volga from 02/02/1955 (after transfer to the Bakovlag of the Camp Department (LO) during Construction 352 and Podlesnoye LO)
- Construction of defense facilities, completed mainly by 1956 [Works at defense facilities, completed mainly by 1956 (S-25 Berkut system) (Ensuring the functioning of the system: officer school in Gorky; residential villages at factories for the production of components fuel and rocket bodies in the Tula region).
- Industrial and housing construction in the districts of Katuar, Dolgoprudny, Zheleznodorozhny, Dubna, Zagorsk
- Work in industrial zones in Moscow, in the area of Catuara, Elektrostal
- Work at the mechanical plant 2 of Glavpromstroy, in the motor transport office (Khimki district), in the department of the chief mechanic (Moscow), at the fruit and vegetable base.
Number of prisoners
see also
- DOXY at Spetsstroy of Russia (Dolgoprudny)
- Successor, in terms of construction and installation divisions: Main Directorate of Special Construction (Glavspetsstroy), transferred to the Ministry of Medium Machine Building.
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Notes
Literature
- The System of Correctional Labor Camps in the USSR, 1923-1960: A Handbook/Memorial Society. State. archive of the Russian Federation. Comp. M. B. SMIRNOV Ed. N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky. - M.: Links, 1998. - 600 p., map. - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7870-0022-6.
- Vsevolodov V. A. Go in peace: on the history of the repatriation of German prisoners of war from the USSR (1945-1958) - M .: Moscow Publishing House, 2010. - 388 p. - 500 copies. - ISBN 5-85167-002-9.
- Anti-aircraft artillery and anti-aircraft missile troops of the air defense. Part two "Anti-Aircraft Missile Forces of Air Defense". Moscow, Military publishing house, 1994.
Links
An excerpt characterizing the Bakovsky forced labor camp
- Not Kutuzov, but how do you put it, - well, yes, everything is the same, not many are left alive. Go over there, over there, to that village, all the authorities have gathered there, - this officer said, pointing to the village of Gostieradek, and passed by.Rostov rode at a pace, not knowing why and to whom he would now go. The sovereign is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov was driving in the direction indicated to him and along which the tower and the church could be seen in the distance. Where was he in a hurry? What was he to say now to the sovereign or Kutuzov, even if they were alive and not wounded?
“Go along this road, your honor, and they’ll kill you right here,” the soldier shouted to him. - They'll kill you!
- O! what are you saying! said the other. – Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov thought about it and went exactly in the direction where he was told that they would kill him.
“Now it doesn’t matter: if the sovereign is wounded, can I really take care of myself?” he thought. He drove into the space where most of the people who fled from Pracen died. The French had not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or wounded, had long since left it. On the field, like shocks on a good arable land, there were ten people, fifteen killed, wounded on every tithe of the place. The wounded crawled down in twos, threes together, and unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as it seemed to Rostov, their cries and groans were heard. Rostov trotted his horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became afraid. He was afraid not for his life, but for the courage he needed and which, he knew, would not withstand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who had stopped shooting at this field, littered with the dead and wounded, because there was no longer anyone alive on it, saw the adjutant riding on it, pointed a gun at him and threw several cores. The feeling of these whistling, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-pity. He remembered last letter mother. “What would she feel,” he thought, “if she could see me here now, on this field and with guns aimed at me.”
In the village of Gostieradeke there were, although confused, but in greater order, Russian troops marching away from the battlefield. French cannonballs were no longer reaching here, and the sounds of firing seemed far away. Here everyone already clearly saw and said that the battle was lost. To whom Rostov turned, no one could tell him where the sovereign was, or where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was true, others said that it was not, and explained this false rumor that had spread by the fact that, indeed, in the sovereign’s carriage, the pale and frightened Chief Marshal Count Tolstoy galloped back from the battlefield, who left with others in the emperor’s retinue on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that behind the village, to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled about three versts and passing the last Russian troops, near a garden dug in by a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing opposite the ditch. One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed familiar to Rostov for some reason; another, an unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden. Only the earth crumbled from the embankment from the hind hooves of the horse. Turning his horse sharply, he again jumped back over the ditch and respectfully addressed the rider with the white sultan, apparently suggesting that he do the same. The horseman, whose figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily attracted his attention, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and by this gesture Rostov instantly recognized his mourned, adored sovereign.
"But it couldn't be him, alone in the middle of this empty field," thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly engraved in his memory. The sovereign was pale, his cheeks were sunken and his eyes were sunken; but all the more charm, meekness was in his features. Rostov was happy, convinced that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was unfair. He was happy to see him. He knew that he could, even had to directly address him and convey what he was ordered to convey from Dolgorukov.
But just as a young man in love trembles and trembles, not daring to say what he dreams of at night, and looks around frightened, looking for help or an opportunity to delay and escape when the desired minute has come, and he stands alone with her, so Rostov now, having reached that What he wanted more than anything in the world, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he had thousands of reasons why it was inconvenient, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be glad of the opportunity to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and in despondency. An unknown face may seem unpleasant and hard to him at this moment of sadness; then, what can I say to him now, when just looking at him my heart stops and my mouth dries up? Not a single one of those innumerable speeches that he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, now occurred to him. Those speeches for the most part kept under completely different conditions, they were spoken for the most part in the moment of victories and triumphs, and mainly on the deathbed from the wounds received, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed his love confirmed in deeds.
“Then, what am I going to ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when it is now 4 o'clock in the evening, and the battle is lost? No, I definitely shouldn't drive up to him. Should not disturb his reverie. It’s better to die a thousand times than to get a bad look, a bad opinion from him, ”decided Rostov and drove away with sadness and despair in his heart, constantly looking back at the sovereign, who was still in the same position of indecision.
While Rostov was making these considerations and sadly driving away from the sovereign, Captain von Toll accidentally ran into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove straight up to him, offered him his services and helped him cross the ditch on foot. The sovereign, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat down under an apple tree, and Toll stopped beside him. Rostov from afar, with envy and remorse, saw von Tol say something to the sovereign for a long time and with fervor, as the sovereign, apparently crying, closed his eyes with his hand and shook Tol's hand.
"And it could be me in his place?" Rostov thought to himself, and, barely holding back tears of regret for the fate of the sovereign, he drove on in complete despair, not knowing where and why he was now going.
His despair was all the greater because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only opportunity to show the sovereign his devotion. And he didn't use it... "What have I done?" he thought. And he turned his horse and galloped back to the place where he had seen the emperor; but there was no one behind the ditch. Only wagons and carriages were driving. From one furman, Rostov learned that the Kutuzovsky headquarters was located nearby in the village where the carts were going. Rostov followed them.
Ahead of him was the bereytor Kutuzova, leading horses in blankets. Behind the bereytor was a wagon, and behind the wagon was an old yard man, in a cap, a sheepskin coat, and with crooked legs.
- Titus, oh Titus! - said the berator.
- What? the old man replied absentmindedly.
- Titus! Start threshing.
- Oh, fool, ugh! - Angrily spitting, said the old man. Several minutes of silent movement passed, and the same joke was repeated again.
At five o'clock in the evening the battle was lost on all points. More than a hundred guns were already in the hands of the French.
Przhebyshevsky and his corps laid down their weapons. The other columns, having lost about half their men, retreated in disorganized, mixed crowds.
The remnants of the troops of Langeron and Dokhturov, mixed up, crowded around the ponds on the dams and banks near the village of Augusta.
At 6 o'clock, only at the Augusta dam, the hot cannonade of some Frenchmen could still be heard, who had built numerous batteries on the descent of the Pracen Heights and were beating at our retreating troops.
In the rearguard, Dokhturov and others, gathering battalions, fired back from the French cavalry pursuing ours. It was starting to get dark. On the narrow dam of Augusta, on which for so many years an old miller with fishing rods sat peacefully in a cap, while his grandson, rolling up his shirt sleeves, sorted through a silver quivering fish in a watering can; on this dam, over which for so many years the Moravians peacefully passed in their twin wagons loaded with wheat, in shaggy hats and blue jackets, and, covered with flour, with white wagons, left along the same dam - on this narrow dam now between wagons and cannons, people disfigured by the fear of death crowded under the horses and between the wheels, crushing each other, dying, stepping over the dying and killing each other, just to be accurate after walking a few steps. also killed.
Every ten seconds, pumping air, a cannonball slapped or a grenade exploded in the middle of this dense crowd, killing and spattering with blood those who stood close. Dolokhov, wounded in the hand, on foot with a dozen soldiers of his company (he was already an officer) and his regimental commander, on horseback, were the remnants of the entire regiment. Drawn by the crowd, they squeezed into the entrance to the dam and, squeezed from all sides, stopped because a horse fell in front under a cannon, and the crowd pulled it out. One shot killed someone behind them, the other hit in front and spattered Dolokhov's blood. The crowd advanced desperately, shrank, moved a few paces, and stopped again.
Walk these hundred steps, and, probably, saved; stand another two minutes, and probably died, everyone thought. Dolokhov, who was standing in the middle of the crowd, rushed to the edge of the dam, knocking down two soldiers, and fled to the slippery ice that covered the pond.
“Turn around,” he shouted, bouncing on the ice that crackled beneath him, “turn around!” he shouted at the gun. - Keep! ...
The ice held it, but it bent and cracked, and it was obvious that not only under a gun or a crowd of people, but under him alone, he was about to collapse. They looked at him and pressed close to the shore, not yet daring to set foot on the ice. The regimental commander, who was standing on horseback at the entrance, raised his hand and opened his mouth, addressing Dolokhov. Suddenly one of the cannonballs whistled so low over the crowd that everyone bent down. Something flopped into the wet, and the general fell with his horse into a pool of blood. No one looked at the general, did not think to pick him up.
- Get on the ice! went on ice! Let's go! gate! don't you hear! Let's go! - suddenly, after the ball that hit the general, countless voices were heard, not knowing what and why they were shouting.
One of the rear guns, which entered the dam, turned onto the ice. Crowds of soldiers from the dam began to run to the frozen pond. Ice cracked under one of the front soldiers, and one foot went into the water; he wanted to recover and failed to the waist.
The nearest soldiers hesitated, the gun rider stopped his horse, but shouts were still heard from behind: “He went to the ice, that he was, go! gone!” And screams of horror were heard in the crowd. The soldiers surrounding the gun waved at the horses and beat them to turn and move. The horses started off the shore. The ice that held the footmen collapsed in a huge piece, and forty people who were on the ice rushed forward and backward, drowning one another.
The cannonballs still whistled evenly and plopped onto the ice, into the water, and most often into the crowd that covered the dam, ponds and shore.
On Pratsenskaya Hill, on the very spot where he fell with the staff of the banner in his hands, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky lay bleeding, and, without knowing it, groaned with a quiet, pitiful and childish moan.
By evening, he stopped moaning and completely calmed down. He did not know how long his oblivion lasted. Suddenly he felt alive again and suffering from a burning and tearing pain in his head.
While the Nazi camp system's propaganda campaign was widely publicized, the Soviet Union's penal camps received only brief mention in the international press.
Following brief information is an attempt to highlight some of the facts.
The Russian Revolution, secretly inspired by the trio of Marx, Lenin and Trotsky, and funded by international bankers, especially Kuhn Loeb, was Jewish from the start. Their intention, in which they succeeded, was to destroy the basis of the society that existed in Russia by destroying both the peasantry and the aristocracy. In this case, the Gulag, the forced labor camps, played a decisive role.
Many of Stalin's henchmen, such as Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, were Jewish internationalists, as were most of the women around him. In 1937, Jews made up only 5.7 percent of the party, and they made up the majority in the government, where many of them used Russian pseudonyms.
On September 5, 1918, Dzerzhinsky was instructed to carry out the Leninist policy of red terror. By the end of 1919 there were 21 registered camps in Russia, and at the end of 1920 there were 107.
In the early 1920s, the Soviet Union created two separate prison systems. The regular prison system that dealt with criminals and the "special" prison system that dealt with "special" prisoners: i.e. priests, former tsarist officials, bourgeois speculators, etc., and which came under the control of the Cheka, later known as the GPU, OGPU, NKVD and, finally, the KGB. Ultimately, these two systems would unite and work on the principles of the latter.
In the last decades of the tsarist regime, when Russia was undergoing belated industrialization, no one made any attempt to explore and settle the far northern regions of the country, although they were already known to be rich in minerals. The climate was too harsh, the potential human suffering too great, and Russian technology too primitive. The Soviet regime was, however, less concerned about such things.
The Solovetsky Islands are an archipelago in the White Sea. The monastery complex has served as a prison before. Solovetsky monks kept political opponents of the tsar in prison.
In 1945, in a lecture on the history of the camps, the chief administrator of the system stated that the camp system arose in Solovki in 1920, and not only the camp system, but also the whole Soviet system forced labor originates there in 1926.
The Solovetsky camp united other Soviet prisons on the island. The conditions of cruelty and comfort were probably more extreme than elsewhere due to the special nature of the prisoners and guards. Such camps were clearly unprofitable from the very beginning.
By November 10, 1925, the need to make better use of the prisoners was obvious, but it was only with the advent of Nastal Aronovich Frenkel that a change in concept occurred. He was a Jew who mysteriously rose from the position of a prison guard to one of the most influential Solovetsky commissars with the blessing and support of Yagoda, a Jew, the people's commissar of internal affairs, that is, the head of the NKVD.
At Solozhenitsyn's in the Gulag Archipelago, it was Frenkel who personally came up with a plan where the amount of food given to prisoners depended on the amount of work done, and he tried to run the camp as a functioning enterprise. This murderous labor system would wipe out the weaker prisoners within weeks and cause innumerable deaths.
The prisoners were transported by rail to the east and north in conditions so horrendous that it is hard to imagine. They were stuffed into wagons with no basic amenities with a minimum amount of food and water.
In 1929 the Soviet regime also accelerated the collectivization of agriculture. A vast upheaval that was deeper than the Russian revolution itself. The incredible short term rural commissars forced millions of peasants to abandon their small land and join the collective farms, driving them off the land their families have cultivated for centuries.
The transformation permanently weakened the Soviet Agriculture and caused a terrible famine in the Ukraine and southern Russia in 1932 and 1934 A famine that wiped out six to seven million people. Collectivization forever destroyed the connection of rural Russia with the past.
Was it, simply, a harbinger of "globalization"? echoed common idea destruction of the connection of people with the land, the destruction of peasants and aristocrats?
By the mid-1930s, there were 3,000,000 prisoners in the Gulag system, dispersed among about a dozen camp complexes and several smaller places of detention.
Their existence was not completely secret, but no one, however, spoke about it openly. Since 1929, the OGPU has been part of the credit for the development of the Soviet Union, they planned and equipped geological expeditions that explored coal, oil, gold, nickel and other metals that were under the permafrost layer in the tundra of the Soviet Arctic and subarctic far north.
Prisoners were sent to areas where there was nothing, no housing, no training, no proper tools, meager supplies and freezing temperatures.
Khrushchev spoke of 17 million deaths in labor camps between 1937 and 1953.
According to another source, the number of those sent to camps in the USSR was 28.78 million. How many of them died? It is impossible to say for sure, as no sufficiently reliable mortality statistics have been published.
And now? In whose hands are the fruits that cost the death and suffering of millions? A look at the names of contemporary Russian oligarchs provides the answer. Berezovsky, Khodorkovsky, Abramovich, Gusinsky, Fridman - all Jews.
Mention or concern about the plight of Israel's Palestinian victims is another omission in the international press.
The idea of a conspiracy, an attempt to seize world power, no doubt sounds like some kind of science fiction story. Before dismissing this idea, the following questions should be asked:
Why the desire to control the media?
Why financial control?
Why economic control?
Why evidence of Jewish involvement in revolutions?
Regardless of the answer, the fact remains that, in given time, control of the world and everything in it is quietly seized by people whose motives are suspect.
An anti-Semitic view? No, just the desire to find that elusive substance - the truth. There is no doubt that there are many Jews who are unaware of the aspirations of their kind. In any case, the term "anti-Semitic" is a misnomer as it refers to many Semitic peoples who are not Jews and who are themselves victims of the same policy, it must be added that the statement that all Jews are Semites is incorrect. Many of them are descendants of the Khazar Ashkenazi from northeastern Russia, further questioning Israel's legitimacy.
Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, Labor Settlements and Places of Detention (Gulag)
Definition
The Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, Labor Settlements and Places of Detention (GULAG) is a division of the NKVD, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice of the USSR, which managed the system of corrective labor camps (ITL) in 1934-1960, the most important body of the system of political repressions of the USSR.
Story
On April 25, 1930, by order of the OGPU No. 130/63, in pursuance of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “Regulations on Correctional Labor Camps” dated April 7, 1930, the OGPU Camp Administration (ULAG) was organized (SU USSR. 1930. No. 22. S. 248). From November 1930 the name began to appear Gulag (Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps of the OGPU).
On July 10, 1934, as a result of another reorganization of the Soviet special services, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR was created, which included five main departments. One of them was General directorate of camps(GULAG). In 1934, the escort troops of the USSR were reassigned to the Internal Guard of the NKVD. On October 27, 1934, all correctional labor institutions of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR moved to the Gulag.
How did you get
Those who go to govern the GULAG get there through the schools of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Those who go there to guard are called up through the military registration and enlistment offices.
And those who go there to die must go through, without fail and only, through arrest, this is how their journey began ...
For what
A year before the start of the war, the GULAG's centralized card index reflected the necessary data on almost 8 million people, both those who had been in isolation in the past, and those held in places of detention as of today.
March 1, 1940. This number, along with people convicted of "sedition" for an anti-collective farm anecdote or ditty, even for the nicknames of animals, were also isolated for hooliganism, violation of the law of the labor regime, also included those convicted of banditry, armed robbery, robbery, smuggling, desertion, speculation, embezzlement of state property, official economic and other crimes. I would like to note that they “planted” and tried not only adults, but also children, starting from the age of twelve, to the fullest extent of the law and up to execution. And according to the decree of the 35th year, such arguments as not intentionality, negligence and ignorance - did not have weight in court.
Structure (what it consisted of)
The system united 53 camps with thousands of camp departments and points, 425 colonies, and more than 2,000 special commandant's offices. In total, over 30,000 places of detention, the Gulag managed the system of corrective labor camps (ITL).
Here are some of the most famous labor camps: Akmola camp for the wives of traitors to the Motherland (ALZHIR), Bamlag (Baikal-Amur forced labor camp), Berlag (Coastal forced labor camp), Bezymyanlag, Belbaltlag, Dallag (Far Eastern forced labor camp), Dmitrovlag , Volgolag, Norilsklag (Norilsk ITL), Perm camps, Pechorlag, Pechheldorlag, Prorvlag, Svirlag SVITL (North-Eastern Correctional Labor Camp), Sevzheldorlag, Siblag, Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp (SLON), Taezhlag, Khabarlag, Yagrinag.
Gulag statistics
Until the end of the 1980s, official statistics on the Gulag were classified, access to the archives was impossible for researchers, so estimates were based either on words former prisoners or members of their families, or on the application of mathematical and statistical methods.
After the archives were opened, official figures became available, but the statistics of the Gulag are incomplete, and data from different sections often do not fit with each other.
According to official data, in total, in the system of camps, prisons and colonies of the OGPU and the NKVD in 1930-56, more than 2.5 million people were kept at a time (the maximum was reached in the early 1950s as a result of the post-war tightening of criminal legislation and social consequences famine of 1946-1947).
In total, about 10 million people passed through the Gulag in the 1920s and 1950s.
“Other measures” refers to the deduction of time spent in custody, compulsory treatment and expulsion abroad. For 1953, only the first half of the year is given.
Number
After the publication in the early 1990s of archival documents from leading Russian archives, primarily from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the Russian Center for Socio-Political History, a number of researchers concluded that in 1930-1953 6.5 million people, of which for political reasons - about 1.3 million, through forced labor camps in 1937-1950. about 2 million people were convicted under political articles.
So, based on the given archival data of the OGPU-NKVD-MVD of the USSR, we can conclude: in 1920-1953, about 10 million people passed through the ITL system, including 3.4-3.7 million people under the article counter-revolutionary crimes.
National composition of prisoners
According to a number of studies on January 1, 1939 in the Gulag camps National composition The prisoners were distributed as follows:
Russians - 830,491 (63.05%) Ukrainians - 181,905 (13.81%)
Belarusians - 44,785 (3.40%) Tatars - 24,894 (1.89%)
Uzbeks - 24,499 (1.86%) Jews - 19,758 (1.50%)
Germans - 18,572 (1.41%) Kazakhs - 17,123 (1.30%)
Poles - 16,860 (1.28%) Georgians - 11,723 (0.89%)
Armenians - 11,064 (0.84%) Turkmens - 9,352 (0.71%)
other nationalities - 8.06%
According to the data presented in the same work, on January 1, 1951 years in camps and colonies, the number of prisoners was:
Russians - 1,405,511 (55.59%) Ukrainians - 506,221 (20.02%)
Belarusians - 96,471 (3.82%) Tatars - 56,928 (2.25%)
Lithuanians - 43,016 (1.70%) Germans - 32,269 (1.28%)
Uzbeks - 30029 (1.19%) Latvians - 28,520 (1.13%)
Armenians - 26,764 (1.06%) Kazakhs - 25,906 (1.03%)
Jews - 25,425 (1.01%) Estonians - 24,618 (0.97%)
Azerbaijanis - 23,704 (0.94%) Georgians - 23,583 (0.93%)
Poles - 23,527 (0.93%) Moldovans - 22,725 (0.90%)
other nationalities - about 5%.
Information on the death rate of prisoners in the Gulag system for the period 1930-1956.
Early release
On November 24, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR extended the decree of July 12, 1941 throughout the USSR and decided on the additional release of certain categories of prisoners, for example, former military personnel convicted of untimely appearance in the unit and insignificant official, economic and military crimes committed before the start of the war, while they were transferred to units of the army in the field. Disabled persons, the elderly, who had the remainder of the sentence of up to 3 years, were also subject to release, except for those convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes. Thus, they rather got rid of disabled "freeloaders" than gave them early release.
Who was released
In 1941-1942. from forced labor camps, according to the Decree
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Decree State Committee
Defense, 43,000 Polish citizens and up to 10 thousand Czechoslovak citizens were released, most of them sent to form national units.
And in accordance with the decisions of the State Committee of Defense, citizens of the USSR of nationalities fighting with Soviet Union countries (Germans, Finns, Romanians). The mobilized contingents were used in industry, mainly in the extraction of coal and oil, in the production of weapons, ammunition, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as in the most important construction projects of the NKVD.
Improvement activities physical condition prisoners
Due to the strongest loads and the huge amount of work, already in the first year of the war there was a significant change in the physical condition of the prisoners, in the direction of reducing their ability to work. Specific gravity labor groups in general, the composition of prisoners by category of work was:
| | 1940 (%) | 1942 (%) |
fit for hard work | 35.6 | 19.2 |
fit for average work | 25.2 | 17.0 |
fit for easy labor |15,6 |38,3 |
disabled and weakened | 23.6 | 25.5 |
Role in the economy
Already by the beginning of the 1930s, the labor of prisoners in the USSR was considered as an economic resource. A decree of the Council of People's Commissars in 1929 ordered the OGPU to organize new camps for receiving prisoners in remote areas of the country.
Even more clearly the attitude of the authorities towards prisoners as economic resource expressed by Joseph Stalin, who spoke at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938 and stated the following about the then-existing practice of early release of prisoners:
Stalin's words
“..We are doing poorly, we are disrupting the work of the camps. Of course, these people need to be released, but from the point of view of the state economy, this is bad […] Otherwise, we will free them, they will return to their place, snuggle again with the criminals and go along the old path. In the camp the atmosphere is different, it's hard to spoil it. I'm talking about our decision: if we release them ahead of schedule, these people will again follow the old path. Perhaps, so to speak: to make them free from punishment ahead of schedule so that they remain at the construction site as civilian employees? ... "
Work of prisoners
In the 1930s-50s, prisoners of the Gulag were building a number of large industrial and transport facilities:
canals (White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin, Canal named after Moscow, Volga-Don Canal named after Lenin);
HPPs (Volzhskaya, Zhigulevskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Nizhnetulomskaya, Ust-Kamenogorskaya, Tsimlyanskaya, etc.);
metallurgical enterprises (Norilsk and Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works, etc.);
objects of the Soviet nuclear program;
a number of railways (Transpolar Railway, Kola railway, the tunnel to Sakhalin, Karaganda-Mointy-Balkhash, the Pechora Mainline, the second tracks of the Siberian Mainline, Taishet-Lena (beginning of BAM), etc.) and motorways (Moscow - Minsk, Magadan - Susuman - Ust-Nera)
The corrective labor camp (ITL) is a large institution in the system of places of deprivation of liberty in the USSR that existed in the 1920s and 1950s under the leadership of the Main Directorate of Camps and Places of Detention of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR.
The term "corrective labor camp" should be understood not as a separate zone in which prisoners served their sentences, but, first of all, as a large camp administration, a set of a large number of camp zones combined to solve special production problems.
On the GULAG Map, under the ITL icon, the locations of camp headquarters who led and coordinated the activities of their departments: individual camp sites , business trips, hospitals, etc.
ITL was a complex multifunctional organization. Its main tasks included: "ensuring state security", that is, isolating prisoners and preventing their escape, "re-education and correction through socially useful labor" and the solution of certain production problems.
A special department or unit was responsible for the implementation of each function: armed guards (VOHR) - for security; cultural and educational part (KVCh) - for re-education; production and operational part - for production activities. All these services were subordinate to the head of the camp.
The “Temporary instruction on the regime of keeping prisoners” of 1939 indicated that camp points and business trips were to be organized near the objects of future work, and prisoners were obliged to work as assigned by the camp administration. main goal penitentiary practice in the USSR, the “effective use of the labor of prisoners” was determined.
The corrective labor camp was organizationally subordinate not to the local, regional department of labor camps and colonies (in the Kama region it was UITLK in the Molotov region), but directly to the Main Directorate of Camps and Places of Detention of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR in Moscow. In each ITL there was a stationary administrative and economic center, located in a large village or, more often, a city, with necessarily developed communications - roads, telephone communications. The center was supposed to coordinate and organize the activities of its individual camp points (OLP) , as well as small camp trips organized at industrially significant places. It is these centers, the headquarters of the camp administrations, to which numerous camp zones were subordinate, that are marked on our Gulag Map.
The forced labor camp had, as a rule, a complex structure. It was divided into camp departments (LO), which in turn were subordinated to separate camp points (OLP), that is, direct camps, zones. Camp sites, in turn, could contain camp sites. From OLPs or camp sites were allocated 
teams and missions. When laying new railway lines, OLPs or camp sites were often called "columns" or "tracks".
It should be noted that all these camp units were initially temporary in nature, they operated only as long as they had a production need. It could be two or three months, or it could be several years. Therefore, their number, the very structure of the ITL was constantly changing: both upwards and downwards.
In the ITL in the 1930s - 1950s, three categories of regime for keeping prisoners were established: strict, enhanced and general.
- on the strict mode especially dangerous criminals convicted of banditry, armed robbery, premeditated murders, escapes from places of detention and incorrigible repeat offenders were kept. They were under increased security and supervision, could not be escorted, were used mainly on heavy physical work, they were subjected to the most severe penalties for refusing to work and for violating the camp regime. Those convicted for political reasons (according to the infamous Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR) also belonged to especially dangerous criminals;
- on the enhanced mode Convicted for robberies and other dangerous crimes, recidivist thieves were kept. These prisoners were also not subject to escort and were used mainly for general work;
- the rest of the prisoners in the ITL, as well as all those who were in corrective labor colonies (CITs) were kept on general mode. They were allowed to be unescorted, used for lower-level administrative and economic work in the apparatus of camp divisions and correctional colonies, as well as involving them in guard and escort service for the protection of prisoners.
In the camps of the Gulag of the NKVD-MVD, located on the territory of the Molotov region , was focused a large number of prisoners convicted of various crimes. In particular, these included: “political” (convicted under article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR), criminals, “bytoviki” (persons convicted of domestic crimes), “ukazniks” (persons convicted by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - for absenteeism without good reasons, for repeated delays in work over 20 minutes, for unauthorized departure from a defense enterprise, etc.), prisoners of war, “mobilized” (those who were forced to perform labor service as part of the labor columns and battalions of the Labor Army during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945).
In the "forest" camps and colonies, the majority of prisoners were criminals, while in the "industrial" - "political". This was due to the fact that no special qualifications were required at the felling; First of all, physical strength was needed. While specialists were needed in the "industrial" camps and colonies, there were many of them among the "enemies of the people".
During the Great Patriotic War, in the Kama region, as in other regions of the USSR, another, special group of camps appeared - check-filtration (PFL). Soldiers of the Red Army who had been captured by the enemy (including those who served in the Nazi paramilitary formations), as well as persons of military age who ended up in the occupied territory, were sent there. Many of those who successfully passed the filtration (that is, were recognized as undetected in crimes and connections with foreign intelligence services) remained in the PFL for a long time for purely political and economic reasons.
The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 25, 1956 recognized "the continued existence of the ITL of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR as not ensuring the fulfillment of the most important state task - the re-education of prisoners in labor" was recognized as "inappropriate". According to this resolution, all corrective labor camps were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union republics (according to territorial affiliation) and subsequently reorganized into corrective labor colonies (CITs).
From that moment on, the GULAG, as a division of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and a system of forced labor camps, ceased to exist.
Used sources and literature:
- GARF, F.r-5446. Op.55. D.2061. L.3-8. Regulations on corrective labor camps of 1930. / Gulag, 1918-1960. Documentation. M., 2002. S. 66.
- GARF, F.r-5446. Op.55. D.2061. L.3-8. Temporary instruction on the regime of keeping prisoners in the ITL of the NKVD of the USSR in 1939.
- Suslov A.B. Special contingent in the Perm region (1929-1953). Ek-Perm., 2003. P.207.
- Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1443-719s of October 25, 1956
List of forced labor camps GULAG of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR, operating on the territory of the Perm Territory (former Molotov Region) in the 1920s - 1950s
The list lists only camp administrations of central subordination, without mentioning forced labor camps and colonies subordinated on a territorial basis (in our case, this is UITLK in the Molotov region).
The list is structured in chronological order- from the date of the order on the creation of ITL. Both the main names of the camp administrations and others that were also mentioned in official documents were used.
When creating the Map, materials published in the reference book were used "The system of labor camps in the USSR» .
|
Name of the camp administration |
Time of existence |
CORRECTIONAL LABOR CAMP (ITL), a type of correctional institution for the maintenance and use of labor of those sentenced to imprisonment for more than three years, in the USSR in 1929-64. The ITL system was formed by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 11.7.1929 "On the use of the labor of criminal prisoners." The term "ITL" was introduced by the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated November 6, 1929 "On Amending Articles 13, 18, 22 and 38 of the Fundamental Principles of the Criminal Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics", which established a criminal penalty in the form of imprisonment in the ITL. The camps repeatedly changed departmental affiliation: in 1929-34 they were part of the OGPU of the USSR; in 1934-53 - the NKVD (from 1946 - the Ministry of Internal Affairs) of the USSR; in 1953-54 - Ministry of Justice of the USSR; in 1954-64 - the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the RSFSR. The Gulag (1930-56), the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Institutions (1956-59) and the Main Directorate of Places of Confinement (1960-64) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the RSFSR carried out the activities of the ITL. The activities of the labor camps were regulated by the Regulations on labor camps, approved by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of 04/07/1930, and the Regulations on labor camps and colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, approved by the order of the USSR Council of Ministers of July 10, 1954, since until 1957 the labor camps were only in union subordination.
The ITL system was used as one of the forms in which political repressions were carried out in the 1920s - early 1950s, and was also intended to solve the most important national economic and military-economic tasks during the period of forced industrialization and during the Great Patriotic War. The number of prisoners (from several hundred to several tens of thousands of people) and the structure of the ITL were determined by the volume and nature of the work performed. Basically, the ITL consisted of the camp administration, several camp departments and separate camp points (usually a residential area and a work site). Camp sites were created to perform isolated work by a small number of prisoners. The camp administration included personnel, regime and operational work, security, accounting and distribution (since 1947 - special), political, cultural and educational, supply, planning, medical, and also production divisions. The following types of labor camps were distinguished: construction; timber industry; territorial production complexes; agricultural; auxiliary.
As a result of the amnesty of 1953, which led to a halving of the number of prisoners, and in connection with the cessation of the construction of a significant number of facilities in 1954-1956, the number of labor camps gradually decreased. The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of 10/25/1956 "On measures to improve the work of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR" provided for the reorganization of labor camps into corrective labor colonies, but, despite this, the decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 14, 1958 allowed organizing new labor camps. The last ITL, whose prisoners built special facilities of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building of the USSR, were liquidated in 1964.
See literature under the article GULAG.
