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ANUCHIN Dmitry Nikolayevich (September 8, 1843, St. Petersburg - June 4, 1923, Moscow) - anthropologist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist, museologist; prof. Imperial Moscow University (1884), ordinary acad. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1896), honor. member Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898); Dean of Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University (1911–12).
He graduated from the natural department of physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow University (1867). He defended his master's thesis. "On some anomalies of the human skull, mainly in their distribution by race" (1880), Assoc. by department anthropology of Moscow University. He lectured at the MVZhK on general geography (1885–86), a course in anthropology at the natural department of physics and mathematics. faculty (1890). Founded a cafe. geography at the Moscow University (1884), which laid the foundation for the modern geographical faculty. Also, on the initiative of A., the Museum of Anthropology was organized at the Moscow University (1879), department. anthropology (1919) and scientific research. Institute of Anthropology (1922). A. created the Geographical Museum with a library of 10 thousand tons. The founder of Russian limnology (lake science), carried out work on the study of the Upper Volga lakes. The results of the research (1894–95) are summarized in the work “The Upper Volga Lakes and the Headwaters of the Western Dvina” and in other works that laid the foundation for the study of lakes in Russia. The main specialty A. was anthropology. Being a convinced Darwinist, he considered it a collection of natural historical information about man, including evolution, comparative anatomy, biology, and the doctrine of races. Of great importance are A.'s works on the Ainu (1876), on the anomalies of the human skull (1880), on the geographical distribution of the growth of the male population of Russia (1889), on the history of art and beliefs among the Ural Chud (1899), on the ancient bow and arrows (1887 ). Geography was considered by A. as a comprehensive study of the surface of the Earth. Historically, it consisted of four main sections: astronomical (mathematical) geography, which studies the Earth as a world body, its shape, size, movement around an axis and in world space; physical geography, which explains the structure of the Earth as a whole, its geographical shells (atmo-, hydro-, lithospheres), their composition, physico-chemical processes developing in them, and interactions between spheres; biogeography, which studies the distribution of biological forms, the grouping of flora and fauna on land and in the aquatic environment, the patterns of their distribution; human geography (anthropogeography), including studies of the population, its racial and ethnic composition, density over populated parts of the world, natural areas, countries and states. At the heart of the general geographic and regional studies of A. lie three main principles: basing conclusions on accurate factual data, the application comparative method to find geographical patterns and a historical approach to clarifying the essence of each phenomenon
President of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (since 1890), Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Archaeological Society; corresponding member Paris Anthropological Society (1879); valid member Italian Society of Anthropology and Geography (1880); American Anthropological Society in Washington (1883); honor. member Royal Anthropological Institute in London (1897); member Russian Mining Society (1900). Author of major works on geomorphology, hydrology and regional studies, as well as university geographical courses: "History of Geography", "General Geography", "Geography of Russia". A. edited the journals: "Ethnographic Review" (1889), "Earth Science" (founded by him in 1894), "Russian Anthropological Journal" (1900). Founder of the school of geographers-researchers and teachers.
Pupils: L.S. Berg, A.A. Borzov, A.S. Barkov, A.N. Javakhishvili, B.F. Dobrynin, I.S. Schukin, S.G. Grigoriev, M.S. Bodnarsky, A.A. Kruber.
He was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III and IV degree, St. Anna II degree, the Order of the Legion of Honor.
Op.: The relief of the surface of European Russia in the consistent development of ideas about it. M., 1895; Upper Volga lakes and upper reaches of the Western Dvina. Reconnaissance and research 1894–1895 // Proceedings of the expedition for the study of sources major rivers European Russia. Issue. 61. M., 1897; Japan and the Japanese. Geographical, anthropological and ethnographic essay. M., 1907; About the people of Russian science and culture. 2nd ed. M., 1952; geographical work. M., 1954.
(08/27(09/08), 1843, St. Petersburg - 06/04/1923, Moscow)
Anthropologist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist, academician, professor, dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, honorary member of MOIP
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin came from a family of a hereditary nobleman, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. He was brought up first at home, and then at the IV St. Petersburg Gymnasium. Even in his school years, he was interested in history, in which he was well-read, and after graduating from the gymnasium in 1860, he entered the historical and philological department of the philosophical faculty of St. Botkin to go abroad for treatment. By this time, in addition to his passion for history, D.N. Anuchin had an interest in Russian ethnography. D.N. Anuchin spent three years abroad, using this time not only for treatment, but also for getting to know European university centers. He visited Heidelberg, Genoa, Rome, Geneva and in the summer of 1863 returned to Russia; settled in Moscow, with which he was inextricably linked throughout his later life.
In the autumn of the same year, he entered the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and concentrated on zoology, anthropology and ethnography. Working under the guidance of professors A.P. Bogdanov and S.A. Usov, in 1867 he successfully completed his studies and was released from the university with the rank of candidate. The essay presented by him at the end of the course was devoted to the zoology of vertebrates, the question "On the genetic affinity of species of the genus Bison."
In 1871, on the recommendation of Professor S.A. Usov, D.N. Anuchin took the position Scientific Secretary of the Imperial Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants. He stayed in this capacity for two years and did a lot to replenish the collection of valuable plants and animals of the Zoological Garden of Moscow University. In particular, it was thanks to his efforts through the Russian embassy in Turkey that he managed to deliver to Moscow a whole transport with plants and animals, which were placed in the university garden. In 1872, together with L.P. Sabaneev, a professor at Moscow University, D.N. Anuchin founded the journal Nature, which continues to be published to this day.
Since 1874, D.N. Anuchin began teaching as a teacher of natural history at the Women's Ekaterininsky Institute and Zoology at the VI Moscow Gymnasium. Then he was accepted as a full member of the Society of Natural Science Lovers, and in 1875 was elected its secretary. Since that time, the scientist was also a member of the Archaeological Society, the Moscow Society of Naturalists. In 1882, on his behalf, he led an archaeological expedition to Dagestan, he also participated in excavations on the territory of the Perm province. Since 1888, D.N. Anuchin was a permanent friend of the Chairman of the Archaeological Society.
A year later, the scientist was sent abroad to prepare a master's thesis. He worked in the Ecole Antropologique in Paris and in the anthropological laboratory of Professor Brock, participated in excavations in caves in the south of France. In addition, D.N. Anuchin worked a lot in libraries and museums in Berlin, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Leipzig. On behalf of the Society of Natural Science Lovers, at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, he organized and headed the Anthropological Department in its composition, and at the end of the exhibition he brought the entire exposition to Russia. The collections of prehistoric antiquities collected by the scientist were demonstrated at the Anthropological Exhibition in Moscow in 1879, and after that they were transferred to Moscow University for storage and became the basis of the current Anthropological Museum of Moscow State University, and D.N. Anuchin himself was appointed its first director. Therefore, after the scientist's death, the museum was named after him.
In 1880, D.N. Anuchin submitted to the court of Moscow University a master's thesis entitled "On some anomalies of the human skull and mainly on their distribution by race." A successful defense allowed him to get a position as a Privatdozent at Moscow University in the Department of Anthropology (founded shortly before with private funds). In 1884, he was elected an extraordinary professor at Moscow University and received the chair of geography and ethnography, retaining the teaching of anthropology.
In 1890, D.N. Anuchin was elected President of the Natural History Society. In the same year, on his initiative, the Anthropology Department was created at the society, and its founder was elected its chairman. At the same time, in 1890, the Geographic Department was founded at the society, which from the moment of its foundation and until 1923 was also headed by a scientist. Since 1894, the Geographical Department began to publish a magazine "geography", edited by him.
D.N. Anuchin was a regular contributor to many well-known Russian periodicals and scientific publications. He worked closely with the Russkiye Vedomosti newspaper, becoming their co-publisher in 1883, and in 1887 an editor in the Russian Courier newspaper, where he was a member of the editorial board. He was the author of many articles in the famous Brockhaus-Efron encyclopedic dictionary.
In subsequent years, D.N. Anuchin published a number of works, including “On the geographical distribution of the growth of the male population in Russia”, “Bow and arrows”, “On ancient artificially deformed skulls found in Russia”, “Report on a trip to Dagestan” and others, which served as the basis for the decision of the Moscow University Council to award him the title of Doctor of Geography honoris causa in 1891.
In the same year, the scientist was sent by the Moscow University to the expedition organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, headed by General Tillo, the purpose of which was to study the sources of Russian rivers. As a result of his participation in it, D.N. Anuchin published the well-known work “The Upper Volga Lakes and the Upper Reaches of the Western Dvina” (“Proceedings of the Expedition to Investigate the Sources of the Main Rivers of European Russia”, 1897), which not only gave an exhaustive description of the subject of research, but also provided with numerous cards.
In 1892, during the XI International Congress on Prehistoric Archeology and Anthropology in Moscow, where D.N. Anuchin was the General Secretary, on his initiative, a Geographical Exhibition was organized in the halls of the Historical Museum, which was very popular with visitors and specialists. D.N. Anuchin received gratitude from the Imperial Geographical Society for organizing this exposition. Upon completion of the exhibition, its exhibits were transferred for storage to Moscow University, where they became the basis for the creation of the Geographical Museum of Moscow University. From 1908 to 1923, D.N. Anuchin headed the work of the museum.
In 1891, D.N. Anuchin was elected an ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, however, due to the fact that he could not move to St. Petersburg for permanent residence ( required condition- residence in this city) at his own request in 1898 left this position with the simultaneous election of his honorary member of the Academy.
In 1911-1912. D.N.Anuchin acted as dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. In 1906, he was elected an honored ordinary professor, and in 1916, by decision of the Council of Moscow University, he was enrolled in the number of Honorary Members of the University. In 1912, at the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the Royal Society of London, it was he who was instructed to represent Moscow University at the celebrations held in England.
For his enormous contribution to the organization and development of anthropological and geographical research, D.N. Anuchin was elected a full or honorary member of many Russian and foreign universities, scientific societies and academies, including the Moscow Society of Naturalists. Among them are: the Anthropological Society of Paris (corresponding member since 1879), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Geography (active member since 1880), the American Anthropological Society in Washington (member since 1883), the Royal Anthropological institute in London (honorary member since 1897) and many others.
For his services, he was awarded Russian orders: St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degree, St. Anna 2nd degree and foreign awards. He was a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor.
D.N. Anuchin was one of those professors of Moscow University who did not withdraw into himself in connection with the revolutionary upheavals that Russia experienced in 1917. Despite his advanced age, until his death, he continued to work at Moscow University, heading the work of the Department of Anthropology and the activities of the Anthropological and Geographical Departments of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. With his active participation in 1922, the Research Institute of Anthropology was founded at Moscow University.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin died at the age of eighty in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Bibliography:
1. Sledges, boats and horses as accessories of the funeral rite // Antiquities, vol. XIV, 1890.
2. On the history of acquaintance with Siberia before Yermak // Antiquities, vol. XIV, 1890.
3. The relief of the surface of European Russia in the consistent development of ideas about it // Geosciences, 1895.
4. On the issue of wild horses and their domestication in Russia // Journal of the Ministry of National Education, 1896.
5. Proceedings of the expedition to investigate the sources of the main rivers of European Russia. M. 1897.
6. On the history of art and beliefs among the Ural Chud in the book: “Materials on the archeology of the eastern provinces”, M., 1899.
7. A series of articles "Japan and the Japanese" // Geography for 1904-1906.
September 08, 1843 - June 04, 1923
one of the most prominent Russian scientists geographer, anthropologist, ethnographer, archaeologist, museologist, founder of the scientific study of geography, anthropology and ethnography at Moscow State University
Comrade of the Chairman of the Moscow Archaeological Society. In 1896 he was elected an ordinary academician in the department of zoology of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898), corresponding member of the Paris Anthropological Society (1879), full member of the Italian Society of Anthropology and Geography (1880), American Anthropological Society in Washington (1883), an honorary member of the Royal Anthropological Institute in London (1897), a member of the Russian Mining Society (1900).
Biography
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin studied at the 4th Larinsky Gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1860.
After graduating from the gymnasium, Dmitry Anuchin was enrolled in the Faculty of History and Philology, where he listened to lectures by Stasyulevich, Kostomarov, Sreznevsky and Sukhomlinov, but illness forced him to leave the university a year later and go abroad, from where he returned only in 1863 with updated information and a renewed worldview.
After the trip, Anuchin again entered Moscow University, this time in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and graduated as a candidate in 1867, but after graduation, Dmitry Anuchin continued to diligently teach ethnography, zoology and anthropology.
In 1880 he defended his master's thesis on the topic: "On some anomalies of the human skull, mainly in their distribution by race", after which he was elected an associate professor at the Department of Anthropology at Moscow University.
From 1875 he was a member of the IOLEAE (Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, and from 1890 he was president of the Society.
In 1880, D. N. Anuchin began to study the Valdai Upland, for the first time identified one of the highest points in the Tver province - Mount Kamennik (321 m), he also paid special attention to the relief of the upper reaches of the Volga.
In 1894-1895, Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin took part in an expedition led by A. A. Tillo to explore the sources of the Volga, Western Dvina, Dnieper, Upper Volga lakes and Lake Seliger in order to find out the reasons for the shallowing of rivers in the Tver province. Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin finally decided the question of the source of the Volga.
Heritage
At Moscow University, Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin created the Geographical Museum - one of the most complete in Russia, with a library of up to 10,000 volumes, and the Anthropological Museum - the largest museum on anthropology and ethnology. He founded the national school of geographers, is the founder of Russian limnology (lake science).
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin is the author of up to 600 works on ethnic anthropology and anthropogenesis, ethnography, primitive archeology, general physical geography, regional studies and the history of science.
Together with a group of scientists who united around A. S. Uvarov, one of the founders of the Russian and Moscow archaeological societies, the Historical Museum in Moscow, and archaeological congresses, Anuchin brought Russian archeology out of the amateur stage.
Anuchin's works "The relief of the surface of European Russia ..." (1897), "The Upper Volga lakes and the upper reaches of the Western Dvina" (1897) laid the foundation for a systematic study of the relief and lakes of Russia. Due to the thoroughness of the study (in order to map the depths of Seliger, about 8 thousand measurements were made), they are still the most fundamental work on Seliger and the Valdai Upland.
In 1916, Dmitry Nikolaevich donated to the Imperial Moscow University a personal library containing about 2,000 books on geography, ethnography, history, and natural science, including many rare editions. At the moment, Anuchin's library is stored in the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts. Scientific Library Lomonosov Moscow State University.
In 1900, on the day of the 25th anniversary of Anuchin, the Russian Anthropological Journal was founded in the anthropological department of the Society of Natural Science Lovers, which for 37 years (until 1937, when its publication ceased) was the central body of anthropological science in Russia. The first issue of the journal contains Anuchin's article "A quick look at the past of anthropology and its tasks in Russia." Anuchin formulates the main task of Russian anthropology as the study of the racial composition of the peoples of Russia, as a comparative anthropological analysis of modern and ancient types of the country's population and their relationship to the anthropological types of other territories. This topic has been central to the content of the Russian Anthropological Journal throughout the entire period of its existence. Racial anthropology was Anuchin's main area of anthropological research.
Of the later works of Anuchin, published in the Russian Anthropological Journal, the articles “Lamuts. Materials for the anthropology of the Tungus” (1916, No. 1-2) and “Mountain Chuvans. On the Anthropology of the Extreme Northeast of Asia" (1918, Nos. 1-2), which not only contain the first anthropological data on these remote groups, but also put more general question about the dolichocephalic Mongoloid racial type in the population of North Asia. A number of Anuchin's works, in addition to those already mentioned above, are devoted to the anthropology of the Slavs. Anuchin's lengthy review of F.K. Volkov's work "Anthropological features of the Ukrainian people" (1916) (16) deserves special consideration in connection with the issues of Slavic anthropology. The main point of Volkov's work is reduced to the assertion that the so-called Adriatic (Dinaric) anthropological type, which prevails among Ukrainians, is an ancient Slavic type, best of all, in addition to Ukrainians, preserved among the southern and western Slavs (with the exception of the Poles), with whom Ukrainians anthropologically show the greatest kinship. , while among Russians, Belarusians and Poles this ancient "Slavic race" was dissolved as a result of mixing with various Finnish, Lithuanian and other elements. “With this conclusion,” writes Anuchin, “it is already impossible to agree a priori; we know that nationality (or people), tribe and race are very different concepts; belonging to a well-known nationality is justified on common culture, history, national identity; belonging to a well-known tribe is determined by the commonality of the language, belonging to the same race - by the commonality of the physical (anthropological) type.
All over Europe we see that these three categories do not coincide; there is no Roman, German, or Finnish race, and each of these tribal groups contains representatives of various anthropological types. II not only tribal groups, but also individual peoples show a complex anthropological composition ...
Is it possible to admit that the Ukrainians represent an exception from all the peoples of Europe, that is, that all of them (with a few exceptions on the outskirts of their territory) belong to the same race, as well as all southern and western (with the exception of the Poles) Slavs” (p. 51-52).
Analyzing Volkov's work in detail, Anuchin also shows the discrepancy between its conclusions and the actual anthropological material. This last testifies to the presence among Ukrainians of various racial types, moreover, the same ones in the main, which were included in the composition of both the Russian and Belarusian peoples. Anuchin also reveals the political tendentiousness of Volkov's concept. This concept, Anuchin points out, has its origins in German literature, where anthropological data are used to allegedly scientific evidence that the Slavs belong, but compared with the Germans, to another, lower race, destined by nature itself to be subordinate to the Germans, in particular at the Germans.
If Anuchin's main area of anthropological work was racial anthropology, then this activity ire should obscure from us his role in the development of other areas of anthropology in Russia.
In his works, Anuchin acts as a convinced evolutionist and propagandist of the "great teachings of Darwin" (Anuchin's words) in matters of the origin of man. Speaking at the congress of the Society of Russian Doctors in 1902 with a report "On the tasks and methods of anthropology", Anuchin characterizes state of the art the question of human evolution: “In the very process of evolution,” he says, “no one now doubts, because it is proved by all the data of paleontology, embryology, comparative anatomy, taxonomy, etc. Man could not avoid the general law; the successive evolution of its type from an animal is already indicated by an anatomical analysis of its structure and the history of its embryonic development; it can, of course, obtain the greatest clarification from paleontology, from the discovery of fossil remains of man and his predecessors ...
In the future, in all likelihood, other remnants of these predecessors of man will be found, but already found enough to admit that the origin of man belongs to ancient times and that the evolution of his type must have occurred over many millennia, even tens of thousands of years. , through a series of long-extinct forms that linked it successively with lower forms in the zoological system. Anuchin immediately appreciated the significance of Dubois's finds on the island of Java and, despite the authority of Virchow, whom Anuchin especially honored, recognized Pithecanthropus as one of the ancestral forms of man.
The problem of the origin of man is devoted, in addition to numerous small articles and notes on individual finds of fossil hominids, several of Anuchin's larger works, to which he tried to make as popular as possible. These are his works: "The Origin of Man and His Fossil Ancestors" (17), "On the Question of the Most Ancient People" (18), "The Origin of Man" (1922).
A critical attitude to theories that are insufficiently substantiated by factual material, caution in conclusions and high scientific exactingness are especially manifested in the indicated works of Anuchin, which he intended for the general public and which, according to the conviction repeatedly expressed by the author, should be especially checked and cleared of any hasty conclusions and constructions. Without hesitation in the main - in recognizing the evolutionary doctrine in relation to the formation of man - Anuchin, touching on particular issues of anthropogenesis, prefers an objective presentation of various theories to the defense of any one of them.
Of course, far from everything that Anuchin wrote in this area is correct and can be kept unchanged. Such, in particular, is his positive attitude towards Klyach's theory of anthropogenesis, his views on the relationship between the primitive and modern man, his assessment of the Piltdown find, in which Anuchin was inclined to see evidence of the very great antiquity of Homo sapiens, surpassing the antiquity of Neanderthal man. On the question of the place of Neanderthal forms in the genealogy of modern man, Anuchin shared the views of the English anthropologist Keess and saw in the Neanderthal a lateral branch, the result of the convergence of man in some features to an older type of ape-people.
But the value of these works by Anuchin is in the development of theoretical positions. Their main importance in popularization evolutionary doctrine, in the promotion of the latest achievements of science.
We are also indebted to Anuchin for the translation into Russian of a number of works on the origin of man. These are the books published shortly before the First World War with the close participation of D.N. Anuchin and M.A. Menzbier: Günther “The Origin and Development of Man”, Lehe “Man”, Obermaier “Prehistoric Man” and some others.
In his works, Anuchin appears as a convinced monogenist. “The human race,” he wrote in one of his articles (19), “is actually one species, and its most isolated varieties have only the meaning of subspecies. In other words, all mankind descends from the same common progenitors, the offspring of which only gradually formed different races. In the 1990s, to which Anuchin's article refers, the differences between mono- and polygenists went far beyond scientific disagreements on the biological question and were usually associated with political disputes about the historical fate of human races. And in none of Anuchin's works do we find racist ideas, from which many of the major anthropologists - Anuchin's contemporaries - abroad did not turn out to be free.
Through all his long scientific activity, Anuchin managed to carry the positivism and enlightenment orientation of the seventies, and as such he appears before us among his later contemporaries.
Considering educational activities as a public duty of a scientist to the people, Anuchin did not stand aside from journalism. Since 1881 he becomes a regular contributor to Russkiye Vedomosti, the newspaper of the Moscow liberal intelligentsia, and in the period 1898-1912. - and the second editor of this newspaper. In Russkiye Vedomosti, Anuchin writes on the most diverse issues of scientific and social life. He owns the biography and correspondence of Darwin that appeared on the pages of the newspaper, an article about II Mechnikov, memoirs about Herzen and many other articles.
We stopped above at that period pedagogical activity Anuchin, when the teaching of anthropology at Moscow University was limited to episodic anthropological courses that Anuchin taught at the Department of Geography. As an independent specialty, anthropology was absent at the university until 1907, when, in connection with university reforms, the specialty “anthropology” was established at the department of geography, understood in those years as a complex of disciplines (properly physical anthropology, ethnography, archeology).
In 1913, the Russian scientific community celebrated the 70th anniversary of Anuchin's birth. From all over the world, the telegraph brought words of greeting and respect on anniversaries. Anuchin was a member of almost all the academies and scientific societies of the main states. This high appreciation of his personal scientific merits was the recognition of the significance and role of Russian anthropology in world science.
Anuchin met the Great October Socialist Revolution at the age of 74. He unconditionally takes the side of those who give their strength and knowledge to the construction of a new state. Anuchin not only continues his work at the university and in scientific societies, but also acts as the initiator and organizer of new scientific institutions. A scientist and educator, Anuchin was able to correctly outline the prospects that the socialist revolution opened up for the sciences he represented. At the request of Anuchin, the Department of Anthropology was established at Moscow University in the spring of 1919. Anuchin handed over the department of geography to his closest students, and he himself moved to the department of anthropology, from which he was forced to leave almost 40 years before, at the dawn of his pedagogical activity.
At the end of the eighth decade, suffering from a serious illness, Anuchin finds the strength in himself for new endeavors. He again starts working on the collections of the Anthropological Museum, reads a number of new courses (on the history of anthropology, on the origin of man, etc.), gathers his students to teach in the department.
Anuchin's last listeners recall with reverence how, in the difficult conditions of 1920-1921, in the unheated room of the old university building, the weakening, sick Anuchin read his last courses, as before last days of his life, he carefully prepared every lecture, selected preparations, as if with his hands numb from the cold he kept notes in museum catalogs.
Extreme simplicity and clarity of presentation, a huge abundance of scientific facts, always critically reviewed and verified, a slightly skeptical attitude towards all theoretical constructs and undisguised disregard for excessive sophistication - such were Anuchin's university lectures forever remembered.
Almost until the last day of his life (June 4, 1923) D.N. Anuchin did not stop his versatile scientific and organizational activities. With special sympathy he followed the development of the local lore movement in our country, which so corresponded both to his enlightening views and to the complex method of study. He was the honorary chairman of the Central Bureau of Local Lore. At the first All-Russian conference of local historians (in December 1921), Anuchin makes a report on the study of man, takes an active part in the work of the conference on the study of the natural productive forces of Russia (1922), writes articles on local history and museum construction (20) .
Anuchin's initiative owes its foundation to the Research Institute of Anthropology at Moscow University. The Institute was organized in 1922 in the system of the Association of Scientific Research Institutes of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and opened a new, post-Anuchinsk period in the development of Russian anthropology.
NOTES
1. V.V. Bunak, D.N. Anuchin’s activities in the field of anthropology, Russian Anthropological Journal, vol. 3 - 4, 1924.
2. The best biographical essays about D.N. Anuchin belong to V.V. Bogdanov; see his works: Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin, Collection in honor of the seventieth birthday of Professor D.N. Anuchin, ed. About-va love. natural, antr. and ethnogr., 1913; Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin. Anthropologist and geographer. Moscow About-in test. nature, 1940.
3. So, a well-known anthropologist, prof. A. Torok in his study of the Ainu turtles (Archiv fur Anthropologie, Bd. XVIII, 1889, p. 87) writes that “the monograph of the honored author (D.N. Anuchin. - M. L.) is undoubtedly the most important of all hitherto published about the Ainu race.
4. Bull. de la Soc. d "Anthr. de Paris", 1878.
6. "Prehistoric archeology of the Caucasus". 1884; "Bow and arrows. Archaeological and ethnographic essay, 1887; "On the tasks of Russian ethnography". 1889; “Sled, boat and horses as accessories of a funeral rite”, 1890: “On the history of acquaintance with Siberia before Yermak. Ancient Russian legend "About unknown people in eastern country. Archaeological and ethpographic study. 1890. and others.
7. "K ancient history domestic animals of the city of Russia”. 1886; "On the remains of a dog, wolf and fox from the deposition of the Stone Age on the shores of Lake Ladoga". 1882. and others.
8. "On Anthropological Research in Siberia". 1883; "On ancient, artificially deformed turtles found within Russia", 1887, etc.
10. Work of V. V. Bunak. The geographical distribution of the growth of the draft population of the USSR according to the data of 1927 (Anthropological Journal, 1930, No. 2) is devoted to the same topic as Anuchin's study; it significantly supplements Anuchin's materials, clarifies his constructions, but on the whole retains his main conclusions.
11. W. Ripley. The races of Europe, 1900.
12. Congres International d "archeologie et d" anthropologie prehistoriques, 11th session a Moscou, 1892.
13. A.A. Ivanovsky. The population of the world. An Anthropological Classification Experience, Proceedings of the Anthropological Department, vol. XXVII, 1911.
14. “The experience of a new anthropological classification and the dispute of A. A. Ivanovsky”, “Earth Science”, I-II, 1913, pp. 234-268.
15. See “E.M. Chepurkovsky’s Dispute”, “Earth Science”, I-II, 1916, pp. 139-150.
16. D.N. Anuchin. To the Anthropology of Ukrainians, "Russian Anthropological Journal", No. 1-2, 1918, pp. 49-60.
17. "Results of science", 1912.
18. "Nature", 1916.
19. "Race" - in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, v.51, p.359.
20. On the issue of the organization of the museum of applied life and art, "Kazan Museum Bulletin", 1920; On the need to establish an anthropo-ethnographic institute in Moscow (ibid.); culture prehistoric man on individual regions of Russia and its study, Collection of local studies.
M.G. Levin
Printed counterpart:
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin (1843-1923) //
Proceedings of the Institute of Ethnography. N.N.Miklukho-Maclay. - New series. T.I In memory of D.N.Anuchin (1843-1923). - M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin (1843-1923)
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin was the creator of Russian academic (university) geography, anthropology, ethnography and archeology; he brought up a great galaxy of disciples in all these fields of knowledge and remained the universally recognized head in each of them for many decades, right up to his very last days.
The big, inquisitive, extremely sober mind of D. N. Anuchin always penetrated the very essence of the phenomenon under study. Thanks to his amazing ability to work, exceptional memory and breadth of interests, D. N. Anuchin possessed the rarest erudition in the field of natural history and in the field of historical sciences. All this together allowed Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin to use in his research a lot of various materials, to deeply, interestingly and versatile interpret any issue he studied.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Anuchin was born in St. Petersburg on September 8, 1843. His father was in military service and participated in Patriotic War 1812 Mother, the daughter of a peasant, was educated in one of the St. Petersburg pensions. A fairly good home library, where there were books by the most advanced writers of that time, helped D. N. Anuchin acquire extensive knowledge even in his youth. After graduating from high school, he began to study at the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. He did not manage to finish it because of the discovered pulmonary tuberculosis. In the spring of 1861, on the advice of doctors, he went abroad, first to Heidelberg and then to Italy. D. N. Anuchin, despite his illness, worked hard, eagerly absorbing new impressions and widely using the libraries of the cities in which he lived to supplement his education. At the same time, he became acquainted with the newly published "Origin of Species" by C. Darwin. In this regard, he became more and more interested in natural science. In the summer of 1863 his health improved so much that he decided to return to Russia. However, it was not good enough to live in St. Petersburg. D. N. Anuchin settled in Moscow. He entered the natural history department of Moscow University, with which all his further activities are connected.
A convinced Darwinist, D. N. Anuchin, after graduating from the university in 1867, under the influence of his talented teacher Professor A. P. Bogdanov, an outstanding zoologist and public figure who was also involved in anthropology, took up the development of one of the most pressing scientific problems - the problem of the origin of man from ape-like ancestors. He carefully studied the skeletons of monkeys, collected all the materials existing in world science on the anatomy of the skeleton, muscles and brain of anthropoid apes. In 1874 he published the monograph "Anthropomorphic apes and the lower races of mankind", which he defended for a master's degree in zoology. This outstanding work began a whole series of studies by D. N. Anuchin on issues related to the origin of man, to which he repeatedly returned throughout his entire career, until the very last days. So, in 1922, his work was published under the title: "The Origin of Man." Along with this main problem of anthropology, D. N. Anuchin tirelessly developed another most important and most difficult problem of this science - the origin of human races. He began this series of works with the publication in 1874 of the monograph The Ainu Tribe. Already these first works brought D. N. Anuchin wide popularity not only here, but also abroad. The second group of works was also devoted to his doctoral dissertation "On the geographical distribution of the growth of the male population of Russia" (1889).
In all his anthropological works, D. N. Anuchin firmly adheres to the only correct view that all human races originated from one root. “The similarity of all known races,” he writes, “in the basic physical and psychological characteristics and the ability of all of them, including the most isolated ones, for example, the Negro and the white, to sexual mixing and to produce hybrids, speaks in favor of the fact that all human varieties are variants of the same species. Thus, D. N. Anuchin resolutely rejected the view of the origin of human races from various ape-like ancestors, which served as the basis for the German anti-scientific savage "racism" with its race of masters and the race of slaves.
In 1877, Moscow University sent D. N. Anuchin to Paris for three years to improve in anthropology and prepare an anthropological exhibition in Moscow.
The advanced views and high scientific merit of the first monographs made D. N. Anuchin a welcome guest of the outstanding Parisian anthropologists of that time.
This business trip played a very important role in the development of D. N. Anuchin’s scientific activity. He studied during this time anthropological, ethnographic and archaeological museums Western Europe- France, England, Czech Republic (Bohemia), Germany, Belgium; together with outstanding French specialists, he conducted a number of archaeological excavations in France; accepted, at the suggestion of his French colleagues, an active part in the organization of the anthropological department at the Paris World Exhibition, got acquainted with a number of Western European countries, did a great job of preparing an anthropological exhibition in Moscow, which was organized after his return. The exhibits of this exhibition formed the basis of the Anthropological Museum of Moscow University.
Returning home, D. N. Anuchin began a series of his outstanding works on ethnology, the first of which was devoted to a comparative study of bows and arrows (1881), this most ancient throwing weapon of mankind. Some time later, works followed: "Sled, boat and horses as accessories of a funeral rite", "On the history of acquaintance with Siberia before Yermak" (1890), "On the history of art and beliefs of the Ural Chud. Chud images of flying birds and mythical winged creatures" (1899) and others. In the analysis of all these very diverse questions, D. N. Anuchin applied the historical method. So, for example, he studied the bow and arrow from the point of view of their consistent development; it was completely new in those days in this kind of work and aroused very great interest, especially abroad. All these works have not only retained all their scientific interest today, but are regarded by ethnographers as examples of scientific creativity. Approaching the analysis of ethnological material historically, D. N. Anuchin was an innovator who stood much higher than the teachings of the scientific schools common at that time, for example, the school of the Leipzig professor Ratzel with his crude geographical materialism, which strove social phenomena explained by the direct influence of natural factors.
With great attention, D. N. Anuchin also studied the origin of domestic animals as the basis of one of the most important branches of the economy. This was reflected in his works: "On the remains of a dog, wolf and fox from the Stone Age deposits on the coast of Lake Ladoga", "On the ancient history of domestic animals in Russia", "On the issue of wild horses and their domestication in Russia".
Returning from Paris, D. N. Anuchin took the chair of anthropology at Moscow University. However, in 1884, in connection with the introduction of a new university charter, it was liquidated, since the Ministry of Education looked at the teaching of anthropology in the spirit of Charles Darwin as undermining the foundations of tsarism. But soon a new field of fruitful activity opened up before D. N. Anuchin - in 1885, departments of geography were established at the universities. In Russia, by this time, famous geographical expeditions were carried out to Central Asia, to the outlying territories of Russia, mainly Asiatic, organized by the Russian geographical society. But the Society relied in these works on nugget geographers - P. A. Kropotkin, N. M. Przhevalsky, P. K. Kozlov, G. N. Potanin and others. There were no geographers with a university geographical education in Russia. Therefore, all the first professors who occupied the newly opened departments of geography were scientists of related disciplines: the anthropologist E. Yu. Petri in St. Petersburg, the geologist P. I. Krotov in Kazan, the botanist A. N. Krasnov in Kharkov, and the botanist Panfilov in Odessa. Moscow University nominated D. N. Anuchin for this post. Thanks to his many-sided erudition, multifaceted interests, and the wide complexity of his research, he was best prepared to occupy the new department.
Exceptional talents and the energy with which D. N. Anuchin took up a new business, by the beginning of the 90s, put him far ahead in comparison with other heads of geographical departments. He became the generally recognized head of Russian university geography. The program of his activity was clear to him. It was necessary to create a cadre of well-trained geographers. But in order to create them, it is not enough to have a chair. It is necessary to create conditions for the growth of scientific personnel graduating from the university. It is necessary to create such conditions that there is a place to print works. Finally, it was necessary in general to raise interest in Russian society in geography, it was necessary to convince the Russian public that the development of geographical science is an important moment in the development of culture.
D. N. Anuchin consistently put this program into practice. He was a man who not only possessed vast and versatile knowledge, but also a man of great organizational talent and the ability to approach people.
D. N. Anuchin began to develop this activity in 1890, having received a doctorate in geographical sciences a year earlier without defending a dissertation. In 1890 he was elected president of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography at Moscow University. This testified to how high was the authority of D. N. Anuchin in scientific circles. In the same year, he organized a geographical department in the depths of this Society, which he led until his death, which followed on June 4, 1923. Through the efforts of D.N. Anuchin, this department turned into a large organization where people who descended from university bench young geographic frames.
In 1892, D. N. Anuchin organized the first geographical exhibition in Moscow. He collected for her a large number of interesting exhibits from institutions, from individuals and various companies. The exhibition occupied Hall 9 of the Historical Museum and was a great success. Most of the exhibits remained at the disposal of the university and formed the basis of the Geographical Museum at the department of D. N. Anuchin.
In 1894, D. N. Anuchin undertook a new enterprise, which was also supposed to gradually increase the level of scientific personnel created by him: together with a galaxy of his students, he took part in a large expedition to explore the upper reaches of the rivers of the European part of Russia and conducted first personally, and then, with the help of his students, a large number of studies of lakes and, thus, laid the foundation for the development of Russian limnology.
Communicating with newly entering students, D. N. Anuchin saw how low the level of teaching geography was in high school. In 1902, he organized a geographic and pedagogical commission at the Geographical Department, thanks to the work of which new excellent textbooks appeared, for example, the well-known textbooks by A. A. Kruber, S. G. Grigoriev, A. S. Barkov, S. V. Chefranov. They also compiled a number of large school anthologies in geography. Following the textbooks, geographical manuals were published. All this made it possible to raise the teaching of geography in secondary school to a very high level.
In 1915, on the initiative of D.N. Anuchin, the First All-Russian Conference of Geography Teachers was convened in Moscow, which, after carefully analyzing the formulation of the teaching of geography in high school, made a number of important decisions who had big influence for the further establishment of the teaching of geography in the country. D. N. Anuchin tried to raise interest in geography among the broadest masses of the population. To do this, he resorted to the press, collaborating in the newspaper "Russian Vedomosti" and responding to all the events of Russian and foreign life, one way or another connected with geography.
The development of geographical culture in Russia urgently required the publication of high-quality geographical scientific publications in Russian. D. N. Anuchin solved this problem in two ways: by creating original books devoted mainly to the geography of Russia, and by publishing translations of the best foreign books. He organized the compilation and production geographical descriptions Russia on large territories, published under the general title "Great Russia" and edited by him. In connection with Russo-Japanese War he compiled an interesting book "Japan and the Japanese". The article by D. N. Anuchin, written in 1922, is exceptionally interesting in terms of breadth of conception and implementation: "Asia, as the progenitor and teacher of mankind, its present and future." He did a great job of editing the translation of Zupan's well-known guide "Fundamentals of Physical Geography" (in 1900 and 1914), providing it with additional chapters and a number of very important notes. Under his editorship, Russian translations of such excellent books as F. Nansen's "Among the Ice and in the Darkness of the Polar Night", O. Nordenskiöld's "The Polar World and Adjacent Countries", A. Philippson's "Middle Earth" were published.
D. N. Anuchin attached great importance to publications of works about the largest, especially outstanding researchers of the past. Through his efforts, the first volume of N. N. Miklukho-Maclay's Travels was prepared for publication. At the same time, D. N. Anuchin in 1922 published a large article in Geosciences about the personality and activities of this remarkable Russian researcher. D. N. Anuchin edited and published a Russian translation of the book by A. Humboldt " central Asia", prefaced her with a great original study: "A. Humboldt as a traveler and geographer, and in particular as a researcher of Asia", where he described in detail A. Humboldt's journey through Russia. He published an interesting article "Geography of the 18th century and Lomonosov" and an original study on the personality and activities of X. Columbus.
No matter how great for the development of Russian geographical thought and culture was the appearance of all the above-mentioned works of D. N. Anuchin, but in the first place in this respect, undoubtedly, is the publication of the geographical journal Zemlevedenie, organized by him at the Geographical Department and quickly won world fame. The importance of this journal for the development of Russian geography can hardly be overestimated.
The task that D. N. Anuchin set himself as the editor of "Earth Science" was to keep the reader informed of all the burning geographical issues in our country and abroad. Many summary reviews and abstracts were published in journals, often written by D. N. Anuchin himself. The department of criticism was also well placed, always strict, but benevolent. In the magazine one could find an analysis of all the major works published in Russia. Doctoral dissertations were especially detailed. This was of great scientific and educational importance. Often, D. N. Anuchin published his original works on geography in the journal. This includes a whole series of articles related to the study of lakes and upper rivers in European Russia, the article "The surface relief of European Russia in the consistent development of ideas about it" and others.
Of particular importance for the growth of Russian geographical science was the remarkable businesslike responsiveness of D. N. Anuchin, as the editor of Geosciences. He did not chase after the big names of the authors or their official position. The only criterion was the quality of the article. If the work was valuable, it was published, even if the author had not proven himself in anything else and was not personally known to D. N. Anuchin. Therefore, each geographer considered "Earth Science" to be his own journal. D. N. Anuchin himself wrote up to 600 works. It was the result of intense, tireless activity. Such is the many-sided activity of D. N. Anuchin as the head of Russian geography.
He played a similar role in anthropology and archeology. Since 1894, he was the permanent chairman of the anthropological department of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography; since 1888 - deputy chairman (later chairman) and de facto head of the Moscow Archaeological Society. Dmitry Nikolayevich Anuchin died on June 4, 1923. The enormous scientific authority of D. N. Anuchin and his wise, benevolent attitude towards people, which, however, did not exclude strict but fair criticism, rallied around him a significant team of geographers, anthropologists, and archaeologists. With all his remarkable and varied activities, D. N. Anuchin won a place of honor in the history of Russian and world geography, anthropology, ethnology and archeology.
The main works of D. N. Anuchin: Anthropomorphic apes and the lower races of mankind, "Nature", 1874; Materials for anthropology East Asia. 1 - The Ainu tribe, "Proceedings of the Anthropological Department of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography", 1874; About some anomalies of a human skull and mainly about their distribution on races, in the same place, 1880, t. VI; The Origin of Man and His Fossil Ancestors, Itogi Nauki, 1912; The Origin of Man, Gosizdat, 1922 (3rd ed., M.-L., 1927): Great Russia. Geographical, ethnographic and cultural essays modern Russia, M., 1912; A course of lectures on the history of geography (litograph), M., 1885; A course of lectures on ancient geography (lithograph), M., 1887; From a trip to the sources of the Volga and Dnieper, "Sev. Vestnik", 1891, No. 8; Report of the reconnaissance expedition of 1894 to explore the upper reaches of the Zap. Dvina, St. Petersburg, 1894; The relief of the surface of European Russia in the consistent development of ideas about it, "Earth Science", 1895, vol. I; The latest study lakes in Europe and some new data on the lakes of the Tver, Pskov and Smolensk provinces, ibid.; Land. Brief information on orography, "Earth Science", 1895, vol. II-III; Upper Volga lakes and the upper reaches of the Western Dvina. Reconnaissance and research in 1894-1895, M., 1897; Lakes of the region of the sources of the Volga and the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, "Geography", 1898, parts I-II; Japan and the Japanese. Geographical sketch with maps and drawings, M., 1907; Course of physical geography (lithograph), 1907; Reaching the North Pole, "Earth Science", 1909, vol. III; Protection of natural monuments, "Earth Science", 1914, vol. I-II.
About D. N. Anuchin:Bogdanov V. V., D. N. Anuchin. Moscow, 1941. Collection in honor of the 70th anniversary of D. N. Anuchin, M., 1913; Kruber A. V., In memory of D. N. Anuchin, "Earth Science", 1924, c. 1-2; Bunako V. V., The activities of D. N. Anuchin in the field of anthropology, "Russian Anthropological Journal", 1924, c. 3-4; Berg L. S., Essays on Russian history geographical discoveries, M.-L., 1946.
