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Quality adjectives
Only high-quality adjectives have a full and short form: good - choir, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, cute - nice.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expression in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: Here are the same strings. They are like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, in the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Case change retain only some adjectives in expressions of a folklore nature.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He is cheerful.
Relative adjectives have only the full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in" / "yn", "ov" / "ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case, they usually have only a short form.
For example: Daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
In indirect cases, such adjectives have:
either a short form: daddy's, wolf's;
or the full form: daddy's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy.
Quality adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, beautiful - beautiful.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what is it? what are and vary by gender, in the singular and numbers.
To give an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular, adjectives have a gender difference: case endings male, feminine and neuter are different. In plural adjectives have no gender differences, and case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian, there are three types of declensions of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives like red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declination possessive adjectives like brothers, aunts, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives into "y" such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, by the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard declension variant (rich, stone), a soft declension variant (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a stem for hissing, b) with a stem for g , k, x and c) with a basis on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a basis on a solid consonant, the stress in declension is either only on the basis (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, mute).
For adjectives with a base on a soft consonant and adjectives with a base on c, when declining, the stress always falls only on the base (stubby, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a solid consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: "oh" ("her") and "oh" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in a poetic language, the ending -oy ("her") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: swan.
Possessive adjectives in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: some of the case endings of these adjectives coincide with the endings of the solid declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in some cases noun endings are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix "in" in modern Russian are increasingly inclined by type full adjectives with a basis on a solid consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives for "rank" (bratnin, husband) are inclined in the same way as adjectives for "in".
Possessive adjectives in -ny (daughter, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft declension variant (for example, near).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.
Adjectives used as nouns are inflected general rules declension of adjectives.
Spelling of case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants, vowels are written s, o, y, and after soft consonants - vowels - i, e, y.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after hissing and c at the end of adjectives always depends on the stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden- a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -oy, in the unstressed - "yy", "yy".
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix "ij", except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples to secure the material.
What are the forms of adjectives?
In Russian, full and short forms of adjectives are distinguished. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of a qualitative adjective:
- Full adjectives- attributive, inflected forms (change by gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences, they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
- Short adjectives- predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, do not decline by cases), differ in book value. In sentences, as a rule, they act as a nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.
Full and short adjectives are studied at school in grade 5.
Types of ratios of full and short forms of adjectives
Not all words of this part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
- Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the basis of the adjective -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - cute, strong - strong).
- Adjectives that have only the full form. These include - adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming animal colors (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (foreign, former).
- Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, happy).
TOP 1 articlewho read along with this
Forms of adjectives
Forms of adjectives
Introduction
1. general characteristics adjectives
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Morphology is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech and forms of their change.
Parts of speech are certain lexico-grammatical classes of words that have common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.
Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, one of the significant parts of speech, such as an adjective, can be distinguished in the Russian language. This is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions what? what? whose?
It should be noted that adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Also, adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative, and differ in forms, i.e. have short and long forms.
In his control work, I tried to consider in detail the issue of the forms of adjectives, their distinctive features and the conditions under which the formation of these forms is possible.
1. General characteristics of adjectives
An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions which? what? whose?
Unlike verbs denoting a sign that exists in time ( whitening sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of an object or phenomenon, divorced from this object, phenomenon (white), adjectives show a constant sign of a particular object, indicated by a noun.
Adjectives have categories of gender, number and case, which are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun wood refers to the middle gender, used in the nominative singular; adjective high has the same shape) tall dream, tall pole, tall trees(with a change in the categories of nouns, the categories of adjectives change accordingly).
Adjectives that characterize the pronouns I and you (in the form of different cases), devoid of the meaning of gender, can acquire independent generic meanings and be the only exponents of these meanings: I, young and talented, am waiting for the recognition of success. You, strong and generous, will protect me. They tried to humiliate and insult you, proud and independent.
Adjectives can be qualitative, relative and possessive.
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms: fresh-- fresh, cute-- mil.
The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expression (usually in artistic speech), for example: Here are those strings. Like copper and like cast iron.(March.)
Only full forms are used in the definition function. In the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short night. The night is short. The night is short.
Full and short forms of adjectives in the function of the predicate differ stylistically: short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial, for example: And again the soul of poetryfull. (N.) Pupildiligent.
Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, while short ones denote a temporary one: From now on I know the price of the words of successful and stingy.(Born) To the forests, to the deserts silently endure, full of you, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow, once the sound of the waves.(P.)
In some cases, full forms indicate an absolute attribute of an object that is not associated with any specific conditions for its appearance, and short forms indicate a relative attribute, for example: short skirt-- the skirt is short(not at all, for someone) low door-- the door is low(not at all, but in order to carry a closet into it).
Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not: currant black, red; white mushrooms etc.
The short form is characterized by a shade of greater categoricalness. in the designation of an attribute of an object, cf .: Masha is smart. Masha is smart.
With words how And So only short forms are used: how beautiful, how fresh the roses were...(I. Myatlev.), with the words what kind-- complete: What a smart kid
The predicate expressed by the adjective in full form does not have the ability to syntactic control: Ivan-- malchik capable. The forest is beautiful. The short form can control dependent words: Ivan is capable of mathematics.
The short form can be synonymized with the full form in the instrumental case: was helpful-- was helpful, became greedy-- stal greedy.
With ligaments become, become, become the creative predicative predominates. When bundled to be both the short form and the instrumental predicative of the long form are possible.
When addressed politely You possible or short form B you are resourceful and smart), or the full form, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed: You are resourceful smart. You are resourceful and smart.
The use of the full form of an adjective in the plural when referring to one person is speech error. One cannot say: "You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart." Necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart or You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.
The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.
Historically, the short form is primary. She was older. The full forms were formed from short way attaching to them the case forms of the demonstrative pronoun.
IN Old Russian there was a special demonstrative pronoun: masculine - and (m), feminine - ha (I), middle - to (e). The nominative case of this pronoun disappeared from the language a very long time ago, and its indirect cases have been preserved (with changes) and are used in modern language as indirect pronouns he: him, him, them etc. Thus, in the feminine from young+ I happened young, neuter from young + e happened young. In the masculine gender, at the end of short adjectives, a special sound was pronounced, similar to [o] and depicted in writing by the letter b: from odds young+ aboutAnd happened young. In a similar way, from merging with pronouns, forms of other cases were obtained: from mloda+ his happened young from young+ to him it turned out m old etc.
At first, short and full adjectives were declined and changed by gender and number: short adjectives were declined by nouns of the 1st (feminine) or 2nd (m. and Wed.) declension, full - as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all.
Both short and full adjectives were used as definitions, that is, they agreed with the noun they referred to in gender, number and case. This is evidenced by some turns, which include case forms of krat-adjectives, for example: on bare feet, from young to old, his fuss flared up, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, as well as > chia and adverbial expressions formed from such aiming: I’ll pick up, hello, red, white, white, left, a. Traces of indirect cases of short forms of adjectives are preserved in the works of oral folk art: The young man finally turned to the red sun; announced the royal will; he speaks sweetly, as if a river is murmuring.(P.)
In the role of a predicate in the Old Russian language, short adjectives could act; full forms in this role began to be used no earlier than the 15th century.
In Old Russian, short adjectives are used with an indefinite noun denoting an unknown or first-mentioned object, and full adjectives with a definite noun denoting a known object, for example: good sister- this is some kind of sister and the one who is first mentioned, and kind sister is a certain, well-known sister.
The category of certainty-uncertainty turned out to be unstable in the Old Russian language, and short adjectives began to be preserved only as a nominal part of a compound predicate. Since the predicates are connected with the subjects, which are always in the nominative case, then the predicates, expressed by short adjectives, began to be used in only one case, that is, they began to decline.
Short forms are not formed from some adjectives, mainly those qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as indicated by their derivational connection with nouns. These include:
a) adjectives with a suffix -sk-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comradely;
b) adjectives with a suffix -oe- (-ev-): combat, strong-willed, business, advanced;
c) adjectives with a suffix -n-: near, upper, spring, evening, inner, far, old, autumn, last, color;
d) verbal adjectives with a suffix -l-, having the meaning "being in some state": backward, frozen, droopy, shabby;
e) adjectives denoting animal colors: bay, ne-(ey, savrasy;
f) adjectives denoting color not directly, but through relation to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);
g) adjectives with the meaning of subjective assessment: feisty, hefty, amiable.
Some adjectives are used only in short form: much, should, love, right, glad.
It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of the formation of short adjectives:
a) a short form of the masculine gender with a stem in sibilant does not have at the end s odorous, comely;
b) in the basis of some short masculine adjectives, fluent vowels appear between consonants one: strong-- strong, beautiful-- beautiful;
c) in the short form of the adjective so much n, how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable; between masculine nn appears fugitive e: valuable -- valuable, extraordinary-- unusual;
d) from an adjective worthy form short form worthy;
e) for adjectives ending in -enny, Short forms may be: immoral-- immoral And immoral. Adjectives that are formed from nouns with a stem ending in two or more consonants have a short form na - en: irreproachable - irreproachable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.
Relative adjectives in literary language are not short: folk, folk, folk, possessive adjectives ending in - in, - ov (- ev), - ij, on the contrary, are not complete: aunt's house, grandfather's story, teacher's portfolio, fox tail.
Short adjectives have three types of stress.
They are shown in the table:
Fixed accent based | Adjectives with non-derivative stems | Kipuch, kipuch, kipuch, kipuch; Curly, curly, curly, curly; Useful, useful, useful, useful; Submissive, submissive, submissive, submissive. | |
Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the form of the feminine | One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives with a non-derivative stem and adjectives with a derived stem with suffixes - ok (- yok), -к-. | Bel, white, white, white; Boss, barefoot, barefoot, barefoot; Fast, fast, fast, fast; Merry, merry, merry, merry. | |
Emphasis on ending | Hot, hot, hot; Must, must, must; Easy, easy, easy; Small, small, few; Tricky, tricky, tricky; Equal, equal, equal. |
Conclusion
In my test, I considered two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main theses:
Ш Full and short form have qualitative adjectives
Ш The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness.
Ш Only full forms are used in the definition function
Ш Short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial.
Ш Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, and short ones - a temporary one.
Ш Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not.
Ш The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.
Ш The short form is historically primary.
Ш Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short
Ш Short adjectives have three types of stress.
Ш Fixed accent based on
Ш Stress on the ending
Ш Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the feminine form.
Bibliography
1. Kovadlo L. Ya., Starichenko V. D. 1750 examination questions, tasks and answers in the Russian language for schoolchildren and university applicants. - M.: Bustard, 2001.
2. Rosenthal D. E. A guide to the Russian language for university students. - M., 1994.
3. Russian language: Theory and practice. - Minsk, 1995.
4. Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.
5. Shansky I. M. Russian language is excellent. - Rostov n / a, 1998.
Words denoting signs of an object and answering the questions “what?” and "whose?" in Russian are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, there can be no adjective at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in the sentence and may even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(which?) old man- adj. and sat (who?) blind- n.).
Accordingly, with a change in the word being defined, the dependent will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic features. It is expressed by endings. Adjectives are always in the same gender, number and case as the noun they are related to.
Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the end of an adjective, one should:
- find the noun to which it refers (attached);
- put the question from the noun to the adjective. The ending of the question will prompt the desired ending of the adjective; for the most part they are in tune: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(what kind?) quiet; growth(what?) high; branches(what?) thin);
- At the same time, it must be remembered that the question “what?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m.
In these cases:- ending is written under stress -Oh (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
- no accent - -th / -th (pencil(which?) sharp, blue).
- degree of comparison;
- full or short form.
- ending is written under stress -Oh (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.
- Quality.
Answering the question "which one?" And indicate the quality of items: color ( yellow Red), size ( big, small), weight ( heavy, small), character traits ( laughable, sullen), age ( young, old), taste qualities (bitter, sour). Most of them can easily find antonyms ( big - small, sharp - blunt) or synonyms ( big - large, huge, enormous);
- Relative.
They also answer the question "what?", but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street flashlight, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk ribbon), destination ( ski costume, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
- Possessive.
The only ones who answer the question "whose?", since characterize an object by its belonging to any living being (mother's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
- form a short form, answering the question "what?", ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
- show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high - higher - even higher - highest - highest).
- simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
- compound forms with the help of additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
- Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but only by numbers and by gender (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
- In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparative degree of a simple form do not change at all ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster…) and in the composite superlative degree built on its basis ( above - above all).
Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of C. p. pl. hours, and for the masculine - and in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful(what?) shoes and I see handsome(what?) girls).
Possessive adjectives decline differently. Their type of declension is called mixed. There is a special set of endings. They don't have to match. At the same time, in the declension of adjectives with the suffix -y- and adjectives with suffixes -un-/-in- or -ov-/-ev- there are differences.
Possessive adjectives with a suffix -y- necessarily in the middle of the word a soft sign is written ( dog, sable, marten, fox...); in all forms except for the initial one (m. s. h. I. / V. p.), in it the endings will be zero ( hare_, fox_, cat_, sable_).
The ranks of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative when fox(what? what is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what? i.e. strong) patience.
And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchanged and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).
Some qualitative adjectives in the modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also invariable.
§one. General characteristics of the adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
- inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.
Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.
Quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships
- synonyms: big, large, huge, enormous
- antonyms: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
oh, oh, oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:
Singular
Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.
Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.
Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.
Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.
Plural
Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.
Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
- light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)
§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.
In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In the modern language, as definitions, short adjectives are found in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful girl, in broad daylight.
Do not be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.
§five. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
- Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
- Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among simple shapes in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- quality
- relative
- Possessive
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessive
Are relative adjectives derived?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessive
Do adjectives in full form change by case?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?
- For full
- For brief
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change by gender?
- Not all
Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?
Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- quality
- For quality
- Possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
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