Oryol province: history of the Oryol province. Krasnitsky L.N.

The territory of the modern Oryol region was inhabited as early as the Neolithic era (several Neolithic settlements and later settlements of the Bronze Age were found). Subsequently, several waves of resettlement passed through the territory of the region, making it very difficult to reconstruct the true picture of the ancient history of the region, however, the first settled population of the territory is associated with the Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi (about the 7th century), who became one of the ancestors of the population of Central Russia).

In the ninth century Vyatichi were dependent on the Khazar Khaganate, and later, as Old Russian state in the X-XI centuries. are part of it (Chernigov Principality).
During the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the Orel region is actively involved in the fight against enemies. So, in the battle on the Kalka in 1223, detachments of the Chernigov and Trubchesky princes participated. In 1380, the boyar Peresvet Bryansky from the detachment of the governor of Prince Dmitry Bryansky began the battle on the Kulikovo field with single combat with the Tatar Murza. In 1422-1423. detachments of the Mtsensk and Novosilsk lands under the leadership of the Mtsensk governor Protasyev and Prince Novosilsky defeated the Tatar Khan Barak near Odoev. In 1423, the inhabitants of the Mtsensk land defeated Khan Kuidadat. In 1430-1431. Mtsensk withstood a three-week siege by the Tatars. Traces of mass and long stay of the Mongol-Tatar troops in the territory of the region were not revealed. However, serious historians have long abandoned the customary for the mass historical consciousness theories about the three-hundred-year period of the yoke, perceived as the occupation of the period of total wars of the twentieth century.
Simultaneously with the Mongol-Tatar raids, there was an active onslaught from the west of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which from the middle of the XIV century until 1503 included the Oryol lands, including Mtsensk, Novosil and Bolkhov.
From the beginning of the XVI century. Oryol lands became part of the Muscovite state. To the south of the Oka there is a steppe. Where did the raids of the Crimean and Nogai Tatars continue. In 1562, Divlet-Giray reached Mtsensk, burned down the settlement and ruined the county, as well as Novosil and Bolkhov; in 1565, the Bolkhovians put up stubborn resistance to the Tatars, withstood a 12-day siege, and forced Divlet Giray to retreat. From that time on, the strengthening of border lines began, through the construction of fortresses, guard posts, and fences. So, at the direction of Ivan the Terrible, the Orel fortress was built.
Officially, the founding date of Orel is considered to be 1566, when, at the direction of Ivan the Terrible, the Orel fortress was founded at the confluence of the Oka and Orlik rivers to protect the southern borders of the Moscow state.
The speed of construction of the main temple and the fortress itself (from the summer of 1566 to the spring of 1567) and the unfortunate choice of the construction site from a fortification point of view (on a river cape flooded by floods, well shot through from the neighboring high bank) is explained by the fact that the fortress was erected on the earthen ramparts of the old Orlovsky settlement. The earthen ramparts of the Orlovsky Kremlin have survived to this day in the city's children's park.
In 1567, Vasily Rostovsky and Vladimir Bezobrazov were appointed governors in Oryol. Strengthening the border contributed to the rapid settlement of the region, its economic development; people were attracted by fertile lands, service in the guards.
In 1595, there were 598 settlements, 3110 households, of which 1326 are landlords. 282 - hereditary small landowners, 1429 - peasant and Bobyl households. To early XVII century in the Oryol border lands, a mass of fugitive peasants and serfs, exiled participants in the Khlopok uprising defeated in 1603, accumulated, and this factor, against the backdrop of increased feudal oppression, rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry, contributed to the creation of a very turbulent situation in the region. Peasant unrest, which began in the Komaritskaya volost, spread to Liven, Yelets, reinforced by the detachments of Ivan Bolotnikov, who defeated the tsarist troops near Kromy and Yelets in August 1606. The Oryol fortresses, one after another, opened the gates, first to False Dmitry I, then to False Dmitry II. In the winter of 1607-1608. Orel was the residence of False Dmitry II.
The result of all the ups and downs of the "Time of Troubles" for the Oryol lands was their ruin, the almost complete extermination of the population throughout the space from the Don to the Desna, the transformation of Orel into ruins until 1625. In 1636, the city was restored to its original place.
Gradually, the Oryol fortress was overgrown with new buildings, and by 1652 it had three rows of fortifications. Until the 70s of the XVII century. the issue of transferring the fortress to the neighboring high bank was repeatedly considered, but the transfer was never made. By the end of the century, the Oryol fortress fell into disrepair. But due to the fact that the border of the Russian state moved far to the south, raids from the Crimea became less and less frequent, the fortress was not restored, and already at the beginning of the 18th century. was abolished and demolished.
Oryol region from the middle of the 15th century. from the border region began to turn into one of the centers of grain and hemp trade, the export was carried out mainly along the Oka (rafting, during floods and during the descent of special dams on tributaries).
After the provincial reform carried out by Peter I, Orel, together with other cities and lands, as part of districts and provinces, in 1708 entered first into the Kyiv province, then in 1727 into Belgorod.
Only in 1778, by the Decree of Catherine II, the Orel Province was created from 13 counties: Orel, Karachevsky, Bryansk, Yelets, Bolkhovsky, Trubchevsky, Sevsky, Kromskoy, Mtsensk, Livensky, Maloarkhangelsky, Lugansky, Deshkinsky. In 1779, Orel was almost completely re-planned, active building of the city began according to a regular plan, beautiful architectural ensembles were created, stone houses were built, the administrative center of the city was formed, at the same time the Orel River was renamed Orlik. Until 1796, Orel was the administrative center of not only the province, but also the Oryol viceroy. The population of the province at the end of the 18th century was about 968 thousand people, among them more than five thousand noble estates, including: Apraksins, Golitsyns, Dashkovs, Kamenskys, Kurakins, Lopukhins, Romanovs, Chernyshevs.
There is not a single significant event in the history of Russia in which the natives of the Oryol Territory would not take part. The Orlovtsy fought in the ranks of the troops of Peter I, fought in all the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th-19th centuries, the Patriotic War of 1812. In gold letters in military history Orlovtsy M.F. entered Russia. Kamensky, A.P. Ermolov, D.V. Davydov.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, troops passed through Oryol on their way to the active Russian army. Reserve units were formed here, reserve artillery was stationed. By order of M.I. Kutuzov in the building of the gymnasium, the house of the vice-governor, some private houses, the "Main Temporary Hospital" was deployed. During the war, three recruitings (11,300 soldiers) were carried out in the province. The heroes of 1812 were the Oryol landowners: General A.P. Ermolov, D.V. Davydov, Prince. P.I. Bagration.
Formation of Russian estate culture of the XVIII-XIX centuries. created fertile ground for the formation in the Oryol region of a unique layer of great Russian writers, speaking of which the words of N.S. Leskov that "Orel has made so many great writers drunk on its shallow waters, as no other city has placed at the service of Russia."
For a long time, noble estates were the centers of the spiritual life of the province. An event in Orel's life was the opening of a theater in 1815, owned by Count S.M. Kamensky. The theater operated until 1835. The “Great Reforms” of Alexander II, in particular, the abolition of serfdom, undermined the noble estate, the owners left them, moving to the cities.
But the Oryol land has become a second home for the famous Russian politicians. Here passed the years of formation as personalities of such significant figures for the history of Russia as S.A. Muromtsev and P.A. Stolypin.
By this time, Oryol fully carried out the functions of the administrative, commercial, cultural center of the agrarian province. In 1859, a telegraph communication line with Orel of St. Petersburg and Moscow passed through the territory of the province. In the 1860s, laying began through the territory of the province railway. Two railway lines ran through Orel: Moscow-Kurskaya and Rigo-Orlovskaya. They went into operation in 1868. At the same time, the first station with locomotive depot buildings was built. The network appears educational institutions open public libraries. In 1898, an intracity tram service was opened in Orel. In 1901, about 50 electric arc lamps were lit in the city.
In the events of 1905, Oryol, along with other provinces, showed the greatest revolutionary activity: two-thirds of the workers participated in the strike movement, 136 landowners' estates were destroyed by the peasants. The land question remained the main one in all subsequent years.
Orlovtsy actively participated in the political life of the Russian Empire. Among the deputies from the Oryol province were representatives of polar opposite political forces. Sincerely devoted to the ideals of the reorganization of society, cadet F.F. Tatarinov, the future minister of the tsarist government, who was shot as a hostage by A.N. Khvostov, one of the authors of the idea of ​​turning the Siberian rivers to the south, the Russian philosopher and economist S.N. Bulgakov, organizer of the "Union of Michael the Archangel" S.A. Volodimerov.
On August 3 (according to the new style), 1914, in the Peter and Paul Cathedral (now the place where the Central Regional Library is located), the “Highest Manifesto” was read to the peoples of the Russian Empire on the outbreak of war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. From Orel to the west, stationed in the city, the 17th Hussar Chernigov (for some time it was commanded by Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov), the 141st Mozhaisk, and the 142nd Zvenigorod regiments went west.
On March 2 (according to the new style), 1917, the news of the revolution that had taken place in Petrograd reached the population of the province. In the period from March to October 1917, many powers reigned in Orel and the province. On October 26, 1917, a telegram arrived in the city about the uprising in Petrograd, the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the victory of the Bolsheviks. Since that time, the province begins to live a different, new life, opening a new page in its history.
During the Civil War, Orel became the final point of the White Army's advance to the north during the attack on Moscow in the autumn of 1919. The city was under the control of the troops of A.I. Denikin from October 13 to October 20, 1919. Having suffered a defeat in the Oryol region, his troops began to retreat, ending a year later with a final defeat white movement. On November 4, 2009, the Civil War diorama dedicated to the events of 1919 was opened in the Military History Museum of the city.
Since 1928, the Oryol region was part of the Central Black Earth Region with its capital in Voronezh (until 1930 - the city of Orel - the center of the Oryol District), and since 1934 - a part of Kursk region. On September 27, 1937, the region was restored as the largest in the USSR (3.5 million people - 59 districts - 67 sq. km. - This is more than Switzerland, Holland, Spain). In 1976, 19 rural districts remained in the region. Currently, the Oryol region (administrative center - Orel) is one of the smallest in the Central Federal District.
During the Great Patriotic War, on October 3, 1941, Orel was captured by the 4th Panzer Division of the 24th Motorized Corps of the 2nd Panzer Group of Guderian. high rates German offensive they did not allow organizing the defense of the city, which was limited to the heroic resistance of individual units of the Soviet troops.
August 5, 1943 during the offensive phase of the Kursk operation Orel was released Soviet troops. The banner over the city was installed in a house on Ilyinskaya Square (modern Peace Square) by scouts Sanko and Obraztsov. On September 19, 1943, the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region in the history of the Great Patriotic War took place in Orel. The liberation of the city and the region is dedicated to the diorama "Breakthrough of the defense of the Nazi troops at the Orlovsky bridgehead in July 1943".
After the war, the city was restored as an industrial center, focusing both on traditional sectors of the economy associated with the processing of agricultural products, and on new ones - instrument making and mechanical engineering.
Having survived, like many regions of Central Russia, the period of development as a typical Soviet industrial center, the Oryol region fully experienced the difficulties of the transition period and adaptation to a market economy at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, having lost a significant part of its industrial potential as a result of breaking economic ties Soviet planned economy. Today, the region is taking on a new face in the context of focusing on the formation of a highly productive agro-industrial complex based on new innovative technologies as the basis of the region's economy.

In 1967 the region was awarded the Order of Lenin.
Aronov. D.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Philosophy and History Department, Oryol State Technical University.

Pavlova OI, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and History, Oryol State Technical University.

TURGENEV IVAN SERGEEVICH (1818 - 1883)

The great Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in Orel. According to his father, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family. Mother, nee Lutovinova, a wealthy landowner; in her estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district of the Oryol province) the writer's childhood passed.

In 1833, the future writer entered the verbal department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. An indelible mark on the soul of young Turgenev was left by falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who at that time was experiencing an affair with his father. This deep feeling was reflected in the story "First Love" (1860).

In May 1838 Turgenev went to Germany. The catastrophe of the steamship "Nicholas I", on which the writer sailed, will be described by him in the essay "Fire at Sea". In Berlin, he met the ideologist of Russian anarchism M. A. Bakunin. Upon arrival in Russia, Ivan Sergeevich visits the Bakunin estate Premukhino, converges with this family. Soon, Turgenev's romance with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with his connection with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya).

In January 1843, Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior. In the same year, he met the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot Garcia). In May 1845, Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lived abroad. In France, Turgenev witnessed the revolution of 1848. The main work of this period was the "Notes of a Hunter", which is a cycle of lyrical essays and stories.

In April 1852, in response to the death of N.V. Gogol, banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev was sent to the congress to write the story "Mumu". In May he was exiled to Spasskoye.

Until July 1856, Turgenev lives in Russia: in the winter, mainly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spasskoye, he works in the editorial office of Sovremennik. In the future, Turgenev's year will often be divided into "European, winter" and "Russian, summer" seasons.

In 1863, there is a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot. His pan-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. In 1880, Turgenev takes part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of a monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81. the old writer is experiencing a stormy passion for the actress M. G. Savina, which adorned his last visits to his homeland.

Turgenev's death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord). The funeral in St. Petersburg turned into a mass demonstration. The great writer died in the town of Bougival, near Paris, and was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

LESKOV NIKOLAI SEMYONOVICH (1831 - 1895)

Born on February 4 (16 n.s.) in the village of Gorokhovo, Oryol province, in the family of an official of the criminal chamber, who came from the clergy. Childhood years were spent in the estate of the Strakhovs' relatives, then in Orel. In the wilderness of Oryol, the future writer was able to see and learn a lot, which later gave him the right to say: “I did not study the people by talking with St. Petersburg cabbies ... I grew up among the people ... I was my own person with the people ... I was that people are closer than all priests ... "In 1841-1846. Leskov studied at the Oryol gymnasium, which he failed to graduate from: in the sixteenth year he lost his father, and the family's property was destroyed in a fire. Leskov joined the Oryol Criminal Chamber of the Court. In 1849, with the support of his uncle, Kyiv professor S. Alferyev, Leskov was transferred to Kyiv as an official of the Treasury. In the house of his uncle, his mother's brother, a professor of medicine, under the influence of progressive university professors, Leskov's keen interest in Herzen, in the great poet of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, in Ukrainian culture awakened, he became interested in ancient painting and architecture of Kyiv, later becoming an outstanding connoisseur of ancient Russian art.

In 1857, Leskov retired and entered the private service of a large trading company, which was engaged in the resettlement of peasants to new lands, and on whose business he traveled almost the entire European part of Russia. In January 1861, Leskov settled in St. Petersburg with the desire to devote himself to literary and journalistic activities. He began to publish in Otechestvennye Zapiski. Then he travels extensively in Europe.

In the spring of 1863 Leskov returned to Russia. Knowing well the province, its needs, human characters, details of everyday life and deep ideological currents, Leskov did not accept the calculations of the "theoreticians" cut off from Russian roots. He talks about this in the story "Musk Ox", in the novels "Nowhere", "Bypassed", "On the Knives". They outline the theme of Russia's unpreparedness for the revolution and the tragic fate of people who connected their lives with the hope of its speedy implementation. Hence the disagreement with the revolutionary democrats. In 1870 - 1880. Leskov overestimated a lot; acquaintance with Tolstoy has on him big influence. National-historical issues appeared in his work: the novel "Cathedrals", "The Seedy Family". During these years, he wrote several stories about artists: "The Islanders", "The Sealed Angel".

The talent of a Russian person, the kindness and generosity of his soul have always admired Leskov, and this theme has found its expression in the stories "Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea)", "Dumb Artist", "The Man on the Clock". Satire, humor and irony occupy a large place in Leskov's legacy: "Selective Grain", "Shameless", "Empty Dancers", etc. The writer suffered from angina pectoris for many years. In the winter of 1895, his illness worsened, and on February 21 (March 5), Nikolai Leskov died.

FET AFANASIY AFANASIEVICH (1820 - 1892)

Born on November 23 (December 5), 1820 in the village of Novoselki near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province. A few months before his birth, his mother ran away from her husband with the Russian landowner Shenshin. At baptism, the boy was recorded as the legitimate son of Shenshin. But when he was fourteen years old, the Oryol spiritual consistory considered this record legally illegal. The boy was supposed to bear the surname of the father of the Hesse-Darmstadt subject Fet. He was deprived of all the privileges given to hereditary nobles. To return the lost position became an obsession that determined his entire life path. Then he was sent to a German boarding school in Verro (Estonia).

In 1837, Fet arrived in Moscow and soon entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, wrote poetry. In 1845, Fet entered as a non-commissioned officer in a cuirassier regiment stationed in the Kherson province - he dreamed of becoming a hereditary Russian nobleman, and the very first officer rank gave him the right to do so. In the years of Kherson, Maria Lazich, who was in love with him and loved by him, died in a fire (probably committed suicide), whom he did not dare to marry due to his poverty. The masterpieces of Fet's love lyrics are dedicated to her memory: "Irresistible Image", "Old Letters", "In the Silence and Darkness of the Mysterious Night", and others.

In 1853, Fet seeks a transfer to the Guards Regiment, stationed not far from St. Petersburg. He was never able to rise to the nobility, as new imperial decrees constantly raised the bar for military rank. In 1858

Fet retired with the rank of staff captain (he corresponded to the major), while the nobility gave only the rank of colonel. The poet again abruptly changes his life path. Married in 1857 to M.P. Botkina, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, he corrected his material affairs. In 1860, he bought the Stepanovka farm in his native Mtsensk district, in the places where the Shenshin family estates were located. Fet turned out to be an excellent owner, becoming a respected person among the landlord neighbors; For 11 years he held the honorary position of justice of the peace. Since 1862, he has been publishing essays in Russkiy Vestnik and other journals, in which he describes in detail his economic work.

In 1873, he managed to achieve the return of the Shenshin surname, hereditary nobility and hereditary rights. He returned to literature only in the 1880s, having become rich and bought a mansion in Moscow. After a long break, he again begins to write poems, which are published under the title "Evening Lights" in several hundred copies. Two volumes of memoirs appeared.

By the end of his life, Fet began to overcome senile ailments - his eyesight deteriorated sharply, he was tormented by attacks of suffocation. He died in Moscow on November 21 (December 3), 1892. By nature, it was a premeditated suicide: Fet suffocated while trying to commit suicide with a stiletto or a knife.

ANDREEV LEONID NIKOLAEVICH (1871 - 1919)

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born on August 9 in the city of Orel in the family of an official. At the age of 11, he entered the Oryol Gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1891. In his youth, he did not think of becoming a writer.

At the age of 26, after graduating from the law faculty of Moscow University, the future writer was going to become a barrister, but unexpectedly received an offer from a lawyer friend to take the place of a court reporter in the Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper. Having received recognition as a talented reporter, literally two months later he already moved to the Kurier newspaper. Thus began the birth of the writer Andreev: he wrote numerous reports, feuilletons, and essays.

The first story "Bargamot and Garaska" (1898), published in the "Courier", attracted the attention of readers and delighted Gorky. The plots of many works of this time are directly prompted by life ("Petka in the country"). In 1889 -1899. there are new stories by L. Andreev, including "Grand Slam" and "Angel", which differs from the first stories (based on cases from life) by the author's interest in a case in a person's life.

In 1901, the St. Petersburg publishing house "Knowledge", headed by Gorky, publishes "Stories" by L. Andreev, including the famous story - "Once Upon a Time". The success of the writer, especially among young people, was enormous. Andreev was worried about the growing alienation and loneliness modern man, his lack of spirituality - the stories "The City", "In the Grand Slam". Early Andreev is concerned about the themes of fatal accident, madness and death - "Thought", "The Life of Vasily of Thebes", "Ghosts". In 1904, at the height of the Russo-Japanese War, Andreev wrote the story "Red Laughter", which determined a new stage in his work. The madness of war is expressed in the symbolic image of the Red Laughter, which begins to dominate the world. During the revolution of 1905, Andreev assisted the revolutionaries, for which he was arrested and imprisoned. However, he was never a convinced revolutionary. His doubts were reflected in his work: the play "To the Stars", imbued with revolutionary pathos, appeared simultaneously with the story "So it was", which skeptically assessed the possibilities of the revolution.

In 1907 - 1910. published such modernist works as "Sava", "Darkness", "Tsar Hunger", philosophical dramas - "The Life of a Man", "Black Masks", "Anatema". During these years, Andreev began to actively cooperate with the modernist almanacs of the Rosepovnik publishing house. In the 1910s none of Andreev's new works becomes a literary event, nevertheless, Bunin writes in his diary: "Still, this is the only one of the modern writers to whom I am attracted, whose every new thing I immediately read." Andreev's last major work, written under the influence of world war and revolution, is "Notes of Satan". Andreev did not accept the October Revolution. In December 1917, when Finland gained independence, the writer and his family stayed in a Finnish dacha.

Writing talent was inherited by the son of Leonid Andreev - Daniil - a famous writer, poet and philosopher, author of the treatise "Rose of the World".

BUNIN IVAN ALEKSEEVICH (1870 - 1953)

Born October 22, 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of an impoverished nobleman, who belonged to an old noble family. The first three years of Ivan Bunin's life were spent in Voronezh, then on the Butyrki farm in the Yelets district of the Oryol province. In 1881 he entered the gymnasium in Yelets, but studied there for only five years, since the family had no funds for the education of his youngest son. Bunin was helped to master the program of the gymnasium and university by his older brother Julius. In May 1887, for the first time, the St. Petersburg weekly magazine Rodina published one of his poems. Since the autumn of 1889, Bunin has been working in the editorial office of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper, where he met his future wife Varvara Pashchenko, who worked as a proofreader for the newspaper. Bunin entered the service in Poltava as a librarian of the zemstvo council, and then as a statistician in the provincial council. In January 1895, after the betrayal of his wife, Ivan Bunin left the service and moved first to St. Petersburg, and then to Moscow.

In 1898, Bunin married Anna Tsakni, a Greek woman. Family life again turned out to be unsuccessful and in 1900 the couple divorced, and in 1905 their son Nikolai died. In 1906, Bunin met Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva in Moscow, who in 1907 became his wife and faithful companion for the rest of her life. Later, Muromtseva wrote a series of memoirs about her husband ("The Life of Bunin" and "Conversations with Memory"). In February 1920, Bunin emigrated first to the Balkans, then to Paris. From the summer of 1923 he moved to the Alpes-Maritimes and came to Paris only for some of the winter months. In 1933, Ivan Bunin, the first Russian writer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The official Soviet press explained the decision of the Nobel Committee by the intrigues of imperialism.

In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, the Bunins settled in the south of France, in Grasse, at the Villa Jeannette, where they spent the entire war. Bunin repeatedly expressed a desire to return to Russia, in 1946 he called the decree of the Soviet government “On the restoration of citizenship of the USSR subjects of the former Russian Empire ...” a “generous measure”, but Zhdanov’s decree on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad (1946) .), which trampled on A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko, led to the fact that Bunin forever abandoned his intention to return to his homeland. The last years of the writer were spent in poverty. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died in Paris. On the night of November 7-8, 1953, two hours after midnight, Bunin died: Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was buried at the Russian cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois, near Paris.

Among the works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin: “Poems”, “To the End of the World”, “Under the Open Sky”, “Antonov Apples”, “Pine Trees”, “New Road”, “Leaf Fall”, “Chernozem”, “Temple of the Sun”, “ Village”, “Dry Valley”, “Brothers”, “Cup of Life”, “Mr. from San Francisco”, “Cursed Days”; diary entries about the events of the October Revolution and its consequences, and others.

ZAYTSEV BORIS KONSTANTINOVYCH (1881-1972)

Born on January 29 in the city of Orel in the family of a mining engineer. In Kaluga, he graduated from a classical gymnasium and a real school. In 1898 he entered the Imperial Technical School, but a year later he was expelled for participating in student unrest. He goes to St. Petersburg, enters the Mining Institute, but soon leaves it, returns to Moscow and, having successfully passed the exams again, becomes a student at the law faculty of the university, but after studying for three years, he leaves the university. Passion for literature becomes a matter of life. In 1902, Boris Zaitsev was a member of the Moscow literary circle Sreda. The first successful publications open the way for Zaitsev to any magazines. The main advantage of his stories, novels, novels, plays was the joy of life, the bright optimistic beginning of his worldview.

In 1906, his acquaintance with Bunin turns into a close friendship, which will last until the last days of their lives, although at times they quarreled, however, very quickly reconciled. In 1912 he marries, a daughter, Natasha, is born. Among these events of his personal life, he completes work on the novel The Far Land and starts translating Dante's Divine Comedy.

Zaitsev lives and works for a long time in his father's house in Pritykino, Tula province. Here he receives the news of the beginning of the First World War and the agenda for mobilization. The thirty-five-year-old writer became a cadet at a military school in Moscow, and in 1917 became a reserve officer in an infantry regiment. He did not have to fight - the revolution began. Zaitsev is trying to find a place for himself in this collapsing world, which is given with great difficulty, revolts a lot, and turns out to be unacceptable. He participates in the work of the Moscow Educational Commission. Further, joyful events (book publications) are replaced by tragic ones: the son of his wife (from his first marriage) is arrested and shot, his father dies.

In 1921, he was elected chairman of the Writers' Union, in the same year cultural figures joined the famine relief committee, and a month later they were arrested and taken to Lubyanka. A few days later, Zaitsev was released, he left for Pritykino and returned in the spring of 1922 to Moscow, where he fell ill with typhus. After recovery, he decides to go abroad with his family to improve his health. Thanks to the assistance of Lunacharsky, he receives a visa and leaves Russia. First he lives in Berlin, works a lot, then in 1924 he comes to Paris, meets with Bunin, Kuprin, Merezhkovsky and forever remains in the capital of emigrant abroad.

Until the end of his days, Zaitsev actively works, writes and publishes a lot. He carries out what he has long planned - he writes artistic biographies of people dear to him, writers: "The Life of Turgenev" (1932), "Zhukovsky" (1951), "Chekhov" (1954). In 1964, he wrote his last story, The River of Times, which would also give the title to his last book.
January 21, 1972 Zaitsev died in Paris and was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois.

PRISHVIN MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1873 - 1954)

Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on February 4, 1873 in the Khrushchevo estate of the Yelets district of the Oryol province (Lipetsk region), into a merchant family. In 1883, Prishvin entered the Yelets Gymnasium, but was expelled from the 4th grade "for impudence to the teacher." I had to finish my studies at the Tyumen real school. In 1893-1897. Mikhail studied at the Riga Polytechnic Institute. In 1897, he was arrested for participating in Marxist circles, spent a year in the Mitav prison, and then sent into exile for two years in Yelets.
In 1900-1902. Mikhail Prishvin studied at the agronomy department of the University of Leipzig, after which he worked as a zemstvo agronomist, published several articles and books in his specialty. “In his distant youth, Prishvin fell in love with a student girl: it was abroad. The young man was not yet ready for the realization of active love: falling in love was only an excuse for his poetic flight. The bride, with feminine insight, understood everything and refused. The young man "soared" from this refusal even higher and the unsatisfied feeling switched entirely to poetry.
He returned to his homeland. The bride remained in England, withered and withered as a bank clerk. On the border of mental illness, suffering from loneliness, constantly thinking about the lost bride, Prishvin converges with a simple illiterate "the first and very good woman" and lives with her (Efrosinia Pavlovna) all her long life. Efrosinia Pavlovna bore the writer two sons: Lev Mikhailovich Prishvin-Alpatov and Peter Mikhailovich. But before old age, he sees in a dream the lost bride. -
Mikhail Prishvin began to publish in 1898. In literary circles, his name becomes known in 1907-1908. During the First World War, the writer was a war correspondent, in 1918-1922. worked as a rural teacher in the Smolensk region. In 1919, when Prishvin lived in Yelets, during the invasion of the city of the Cossacks, Mamontov Prishvin was almost shot, mistaking him for a Jew. Since 1923 the writer moved to Moscow. where in 1937 he managed to get an apartment in the house of writers, opposite the Tretyakov Gallery. “When arranging a secluded dwelling, Prishvin chose an apartment higher, on the sixth floor, - an “obstacle” for Efrosinia Pavlovna (Prishvin’s wife), so that she, afraid to use the elevator, came to Moscow less often.”
Mikhail Prishvin died on January 16, 1954 in Moscow. He was buried at the Vvedensky cemetery.

Among the works of Mikhail Prishvin are essays, short stories, short stories, novels: “In the Land of Fearless Birds” (1907; collection of essays), “Behind the Magic Kolobok” (1908; collection of essays), “At the Walls of the Invisible City” (1909; collection), "Adam and Eve" (1910; essay), "Black Arab" (1910; essay), "Glorious Tambourines" (1913), "Shoes" (1923), "Springs of Berendey" (1925-1926), "Ginseng" ( the first title is "The Root of Life", 1933; story), "Calendar of Nature" (1935; phenological notes), "Spring of Light" (1938; story), "Undressed Spring" (1940; story), "Phacelia" (1940; poem in prose) and others.

NOVIKOV IVAN ALEKSEEVICH (1877-1959)

Ivan Alekseevich Novikov was born on January 1, 1877 in the village of Ilkov, Mtsensk district, Oryol province. Graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute (1901). In 1899, Novikov published his first story, Sergei Ivanovich's Dream. In 1901, under the pseudonym M. Green-eyed, he published the play "On the Road", in 1904 - a collection of stories "Search", in 1906 - the novel "From the Life of the Spirit", in 1908 - a collection of poems "To the Holy Spirit". Starting as a realist, Novikov in 1904-1910 became interested in symbolism and mysticism (the novel The Golden Crosses, 1908), then returned to realism again. The writer focuses on the images of a disappointed intellectual seeking salvation in love (the story "Kalina in the front garden", 1917; "The Tale of the Brown Apple", 1917), the ideal Russian woman (the stories "Jeanne d'Arc", 1911 g., "The Miracle of St. Nicholas", 1912), youth of the beginning of the century (the novel "Between Two Dawns", the second name is "The Orembovsky House", 1915).
In the 1930s, Novikov turned to historical themes (“City, Sea, Village”, 1931). His most significant work is the novel "Pushkin in Exile" (Part 1 - "Pushkin in Mikhailovsky", 1936; Part 2 - "Pushkin in the South", 1943) - a historical and artistic canvas on a documentary basis. The action of the novel develops slowly, consistently, in detail. Novikov is a master of a psychological portrait, a picturesque landscape, a subtle lyricist and a connoisseur of the language. A. S. Pushkin is also dedicated to his play "Pushkin in the South" (1937), the screenplay "Young Pushkin" (1949). Novikov worked hard on The Tale of Igor's Campaign; in 1938 he made a verse translation of it; in the article "The Tale of Igor's Campaign and Its Author" (1938). Novikov put forward a hypothesis about the author of the monument. He owns a poetic translation of "Zadonshchina" (1949).
AT last years Novikov's life returned to poetry of a lyrical and philosophical plan (the collection Under the Native Sky, 1956) and wrote the books Turgenev is an artist of the word. About “Notes of a Hunter” (1954), a book of essays on the style of Russian writers “The Writer and His Work” (1956)
Ivan Alekseevich Novikov died on January 10, 1959.

APUKHTIN ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH (1840-1893)

Aleksey Nikolaevich Apukhtin, Russian poet and prose writer, was born on November 15 (27), 1840 in the city of Bolkhov, Oryol province, in the family of the Apukhtins, an old noble family. Childhood passed in the village of Pavlodar, in the father's family estate. The future poet studied at the St. Petersburg School of Law (1852-1859), where he became friends with P.I. Tchaikovsky. According to the composer's brother M.I. Tchaikovsky, Apukhtin enjoyed the patronage of I.S. Turgenev and A.A. Fet.
His first poems were imbued with anti-serfdom and civic motifs (the cycle "Village Essays", 1859) in the spirit of N.A. Nekrasov's poetry. In 1859, a cycle of small lyrical poems, Village Essays, was published in the Sovremennik magazine.
After 1862, he retired from literary activity, motivating this by the desire to stay out of the political struggle, away from any literary or political parties. He served in the Ministry of Justice, lived in a family estate in the Oryol province; in 1863-1865 - senior official for special assignments under the governor; then in St. Petersburg he was listed as an official of the Ministry of the Interior; I have been abroad several times. In 1865, in Orel, he gave two public lectures on the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, which marked Apukhtin's final departure from democratic positions. In the same year he returned to St. Petersburg.
After a long break (with the exception of magazine publications in 1872-1873), he returned to print from the mid-1880s - first with separate poems, and then with the collection "Poems" (1886), which brought him rapid fame as one of the best poets of the era of timelessness, who combined the "Anacreontic" hedonism of a sybarite with the sadness of a disappointed idealist, alien to the world of hypocrisy, vulgarity and self-interest. The dilettantism of his poetry, proclaimed by Apukhtin himself, manifested itself in a free variety of themes and genres (melancholic reflection, plot monologue, album or diary entry, "gypsy" romance, impromptu, friendly message, parody), while being distinguished by psychological authenticity, melodic and clear language, easily laying down on memory and on music (many of Apukhtin's poems are set to the music of Tchaikovsky and other composers - “Forget so soon”, “Does the Day Reign”, “Crazy Nights”, “Sleepless Nights”, etc. They are classic examples of Russian romance) .
The image of the “superfluous person” ripening in the poetic world of Apukhtin is confirmed both in the poem “A Year in the Monastery” (1885), and in the heroes of his prose - the stories “Countess D ** Archive” (1890); "The Diary of Pavlik Dolsky" (1891); in the fantastic story "Between Life and Death", all published posthumously in 1895, as well as in an unfinished novel from the pre-reform period (published in 1898), critically depicting the life and customs of secular society.
Apukhtin died in St. Petersburg on August 17 (29), 1893.

ESENIN SERGEY ALEKSANDROVICH (1894 - 1925) AND
REIKH ZINAIDA NIKOLAEVNA (1894-1939)

Sergei Yesenin was born on November 3, 1894 in the village of Konstantinov, Ryazan province, into a peasant family. Composing poetry from childhood (mainly in imitation of A. V. Koltsov, I. S. Nikitin, S. D. Drozhzhin), Yesenin finds like-minded people in the Surikov Literary and Musical Circle, of which he becomes a member in 1912. He begins to print in 1914 in Moscow children's magazines (the debut of the poem "Birch").
Young Yesenin graduated from a rural school, then a church teacher's school in Spas-Klepiki. During Yesenin's conquest of fashionable literary salons in Petrograd, Zinaida Reich appeared in his life.
Zinaida Reich was born in the village of Near Melnitsy near Odessa on June 21, 1894. She met the novice poet Yesenin at the editorial office of the newspaper Delo Naroda, where she worked as a secretary-typist. Yesenin was published in this newspaper.
At the end of August 1917, the young people arrived in Orel with Alexei Ganin to celebrate a modest wedding, to meet the parents and relatives of Zinaida Nikolaevna. In Petrograd, the newlyweds rented 2 rooms on Liteiny. At the beginning of their life together, Yesenin was proud that he had a wife. But Sergei did not live with her permanently, although she gave birth to two children from him - Tatyana (1918) and Konstantin (1920). And then, as Mariengof said, Yesenin asked a friend to help him send Zinaida to Orel. “... I can’t live with Zinaida ... I told her - she doesn’t want to understand ... She won’t leave, and that’s all ... she won’t leave for anything - Tell her, Tolya, that I have another woman.”
Zinaida Reich and her daughter went to Orel. After the final break with Zinaida, Reich Yesenin easily treated casual meetings, drank with pleasure and scandalized in taverns ...
From the translator Nadezhda Volpin, Yesenin had a son Alexander.
In 1921, Yesenin married the American dancer Isadora Duncan, who lived in Moscow. After the wedding, they traveled to Europe and the USA, after returning to Russia they parted.
In the autumn of 1925, Yesenin married for the third time Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya. At the end of November, due to the threat of arrest, he had to go to a neuropsychiatric clinic. Sofia Tolstaya agreed with Professor P.B. Gannushkin about the poet's hospitalization in a paid clinic at Moscow University. The professor promised to provide him with a separate ward where Yesenin could do literary work.
Employees of the GPU and the police ran off their feet, looking for the poet. Only a few people knew about his hospitalization in the clinic, but there were informants. On November 28, security officers rushed to the director of the clinic, Professor P.B. Gannushkin and demanded the extradition of Yesenin, but he did not extradite his countryman for reprisal. The clinic is being monitored. After waiting for a moment, Yesenin interrupts the course of treatment (he left the clinic in a group of visitors) and leaves for Leningrad on December 23. On the night of December 28, Sergei Yesenin committed suicide at the Angleterre Hotel.
In the autumn of 1921, Zinaida entered the studio of Vsevolod Meyerhold. He made a great actress out of her, gave Zinaida a house, a family, adopted Yesenin's children. During this period, Yesenin appeared again in the life of Zinaida. They began to secretly meet, he began to visit the children more often, but these meetings only added bitterness and pain to their difficult relationship. Z. Reich, in one or another poem by Yesenin, meets lines dedicated to her. When she learned of his death, she immediately left for Leningrad. As Konstantin Yesenin testified, my father constantly carried a photograph of “my trinity” in his wallet until the last hour. On July 14, Zinaida Nikolaevna was seriously wounded by the NKVD (7-8 wounds were inflicted in the heart area, one in the neck) and died in the hospital from blood loss.

BULGAKOV SERGIY NIKOLAEVICH (1871-1944)

Sergiy Nikolaevich Bulgakov was born on July 16/28, 1871 in the town of Livny, Oryol province, into the family of a priest. He studied at the Oryol Theological Seminary until 1887, then at the Yelets Gymnasium, and from 1890 at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1894 and was left to prepare for a professorship.
In 1896, Bulgakov published his first book, On Markets in Capitalist Production, written from a Marxist standpoint. In 1898 he married Elena Ivanovna Tokmakova (1868-1945). In 1905, at the news of the Manifesto on October 17, Bulgakov, wearing a red bow, went to a demonstration along with students, but at some point, in his own words, “felt quite clearly the spirit of the Antichrist spirit” and, having come home, threw away the red bow in the toilet
In 1906, Bulgakov was one of the founders of the Union of Christian Politics, and in 1907 he was elected to the State Duma from the Oryol province as a non-party "Christian socialist", he published articles where he preached the ideas of Christian socialism. However, after the dissolution of the Duma in 1907, Bulgakov became completely disillusioned with the revolution and became a staunch monarchist. In 1909, he participated in the collection "Milestones", the authors of which called on the intelligentsia to turn from revolution to religion. On June 11, 1918, Bulgakov received the priesthood at the Danilovsky Monastery in Moscow.
Since 1919, Bulgakov was a professor at Simferopol University, where he taught political economy and theology. Later he lived in Yalta. On September 20, 1922, officers of the Cheka conducted a search at Bulgakov's. On October 13, he was arrested and taken to Simferopol. There, Bulgakov was informed of the decision to deport him abroad. On December 30, he sailed from Sevastopol to Constantinople, where he arrived on January 7, 1923. From Constantinople in the same 1923 he moved to Prague, and in 1925 he settled in Paris, where he became a professor of theology and dean of the Orthodox Theological Institute. Abroad, Bulgakov wrote and published almost exclusively theological works: The Burning Bush (1927), Jacob's Ladder (1929), St. Peter and John" (1926), "Friend of the Bridegroom" (1927), "Lamb of God" (1933), "Bride of the Lamb" (1945), "Comforter" (1936), "Apocalypse of John" (1948), "Orthodoxy" ( 1964), a collection of sermons "Church Joy", etc. He also created religious and philosophical studies "The Tragedy of Philosophy" (1927) and "Philosophy of the Name" (1953).
Bulgakov died in Paris on July 13, 1944 from a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried on July 15, 1944 in the cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois.

BAKHTIN MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1895-1975)

The greatest thinker of the 20th century, whose works in the field of philosophy and philology are now considered classics, literary theorist and culturologist, Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin was born in Orel, in the family of a bank employee. He graduated from the classical department of the historical and philological faculty of Petrograd University. Since 1920 he began his pedagogical and literary activity, lived in Nevel, in Vitebsk, then in Petrograd.
In contrast to the "monologic" word of most writers, Dostoevsky's prose is "dialogical." The philosophical understanding of culture as a dialogue, which Bakhtin developed from observations of Dostoevsky's prose, led to a revolution in sociolinguistics and laid the foundation for modern cultural studies. Bakhtin showed that literature has its roots in " folk holidays- carnivals and mysteries of antiquity. Now it becomes clear that the point is not so much in the "people" of this culture, but in its traditional rituals, which allows you to transmit legends from the depths of centuries by "living example", without written fixation.
In 1928, Bakhtin was arrested by the GPU and exiled to the city of Kustanai, staying there until 1936, he often and for a long time visited Leningrad and Moscow, where from the end of summer - the beginning of autumn 1937 to the end of 1937 - the beginning of 1938 lived without a residence permit with relatives, and then rented a house with his wife in Savelovo, near Moscow, often lived in the capital.
World science received in the person of Bakhtin not just one of the most profound thinkers of the 20th century. - The Russian scientist with his ideas of culture as a dialogue posed a problem for which Western philosophy was not ready. At the end of 1940, he finished his work on F. Rabelais (defended as a Ph. In 1963 - 1964 he repeatedly spent several months at the House of Creativity of Writers in Maleevka near Moscow, from October 1969 to May 1970 he was treated at the Central Clinical Hospital, then at the hospital Podolsk.
He died on March 17, 1975, and was buried at the Vvedensky cemetery.
Bakhtin's main works are "Problems of Dostoevsky's Creativity" (1929) and "The Creativity of François Rabelais and the Folk Culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance" (1965), where a number of the most important principles of modern literary criticism and philosophy of culture were formulated and substantiated, as well as a collection of articles "Issues of Literature and aesthetics” (1975) were first published in Moscow and caused a wide scientific and public outcry, creating a circle of friends, students and admirers around Bakhtin (S.G. Bocharov, S.S. Averintsev, V.N. Turbin, etc.)

GRANOVSKIY TIMOFEY NIKOLAEVICH (1813 - 1855)

The famous professor of history, was born on March 21, 1813 in the city of Orel into a middle-class landowner family. At the age of 13, Granovsky was sent to the Kistera Moscow boarding school, where he stayed for two years, and then until the age of 18 he remained at home in the city of Orel.
In 1831 he entered the service of the Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg. Bureaucratic work had little appeal for him, and Granovsky entered the Faculty of Law, studied literature, history, and philosophy. At the end of the course, Granovsky entered the service as secretary of the Hydrographic Department. Then Granovsky received a two-year assignment to Germany to prepare for a professorship in world history. Especially during this period, he became interested in philosophy. The study of Hegel contributed to Granovsky's desire to consider cultural history as a whole and outline progressive development in it. In 1849, a doctoral dissertation on Abbot Sugeria highlighted the history of the formation of the state in France.
Upon his return from abroad, he occupied a prominent position among the young "Westernizer" professors at Moscow University. As an admirer of Peter the Great, Granovsky did not consider his work finished and fully sympathized with the liberal ideas that had swept Western Europe in the thirties and forties. Little by little, his disagreements in this respect with one of the people closest to him, Herzen, became apparent. Back in the mid-forties, Herzen joined materialism, while Granovsky defended the right to the existence of "romantic" ideals, without which personal and national life seemed incomplete to him. Granovsky did not sympathize with Herzen's activities abroad, although he was extremely burdened by the conditions of the then Russian life.
Granovsky avoided personal troubles in the service; but his spiritual condition during the reaction that followed 1848 was grave. He no longer found satisfaction in a professorship and had neither the inclination nor the opportunity to go into purely scientific work; for a long time he had been haunted by tides of melancholy and apathy; in the era of the Crimean War, this mood became unbearable, and Granovsky increasingly sought entertainment in a gambling and always almost unsuccessful card game.
Granovsky's body was never distinguished by its strength and could not endure the hard struggle of life for a long time. On October 4, 1855 Granovsky died at the age of 42 after a short illness.
Collected works of Granovsky has several editions. The main source for his biography is the work of A.V. Stankevich, the second edition of which is accompanied by a volume with Granovsky's correspondence (1897). Wed Annenkov, "A Wonderful Decade" (in "Memoirs and Essays", vol. III); P. Kudryavtsev, "Childhood and youth of Granovsky"; Grigoriev, “T.N. Granovsky before his professorship in Moscow” (“Russian Conversations”, 1856), R.Yu. Vipper (“The World of God”, 1905, and in the collection “Two Intelligentsia”), V.A. Myakotina (“From the history of Russian society”), P.N. Milyukov ("From the history of the Russian intelligentsia"), etc.

STOLYPIN PETER ARKADIEVICH (1868-1911)

Politician, Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was born on April 2 (14), 1862 in the capital of Saxony - Dresden. He came from an old noble family, with roots dating back to the beginning of the 16th century.
At first he lived in the Serednikovo estate in the Moscow province, then moved to Lithuania. In 1878-1881. Stolypin lives and studies in Orel. The first education in Stolypin's biography was received at the Oryol Men's Gymnasium. Pyotr Stolypin was especially interested in studying foreign languages ​​and the exact sciences.
In June 1881, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was issued a matriculation certificate. In 1881 he entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where, in addition to physics and mathematics, he enthusiastically studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. Among his teachers was D.I. Mendeleev.
In 1884, after graduating from university, he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior, married O.B. Neidgart.
Two years later, Stolypin transferred to the Department of Agriculture and rural industry Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, where he held the position of assistant clerk, corresponding to the modest rank of collegiate secretary. A year later, he moved to the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as the Kovno district marshal of the nobility and chairman of the Kovno congress of peace mediators. In 1899 he was appointed marshal of the nobility of Kovno; soon P.A. Stolypin was elected an honorary magistrate for the Insar and Kovno judicial magistrate districts. In 1902 he was appointed governor of Grodno. From February 1903 to April 1906 he was the governor of the Saratov province. At the time of Stolypin's appointment, about 150,000 inhabitants lived in Saratov, 150 factories and factories were operating, there were more than 100 educational institutions, 11 libraries, 9 periodicals. All this created the city the glory of the "capital of the Volga region", and Stolypin tried to strengthen this glory: a solemn laying of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, a doss house took place, new educational institutions, hospitals were built, asphalting of Saratov streets began, construction of a water supply system, installation of gas lighting, modernization of the telephone network. Peaceful transformations were interrupted by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.
The first revolution (1905-1907) found Stolypin at the post of governor of Saratov. The Saratov province, in which one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary underground was located, found itself in the center of revolutionary events, and the young governor had to confront two elements: the revolutionary, opposition to the government, and the "right", "reactionary" part of society, standing on monarchical and Orthodox positions . Already at that time, several attempts were made on Stolypin: they shot at him, threw bombs, the terrorists in an anonymous letter threatened to poison Stolypin's youngest child, the three-year-old son of Arkady.
To fight the insurgent peasants, a rich arsenal of means was used from negotiating to the use of troops. For the suppression of the peasant movement in the Saratov province, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - the chamberlain of the court of His Imperial Majesty and the youngest governor of Russia - received the gratitude of Emperor Nicholas II.
April 26, 1906 P.A. Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of I.L. Goremykin. On July 8, 1906, after the dissolution of the First State Duma, Goremykin's resignation was announced and his replacement by Stolypin, who thus became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Having headed the cabinet of ministers, P.A. Stolypin proclaimed a course of social and political reforms. The agrarian ("Stolypin") reform was launched, under the leadership of Stolypin a number of major bills were developed, including the reform of local self-government, the introduction of universal primary education, state insurance of workers, and religious tolerance.
The revolutionary parties could not come to terms with the appointment of a staunch nationalist and supporter of strong state power to the post of prime minister, and on August 12, 1906, an attempt was made on Stolypin's life: bombs were blown up at his dacha on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg. At that moment, in addition to the family of the head of government, there were also those who came to see him at the dacha. As a result of the explosion, 23 people were killed and 35 injured; among the wounded were the children of Stolypin - the three-year-old son Arkady and the sixteen-year-old daughter Natalya; Stolypin himself was not injured. As it soon became clear, the attempt was made by a group of Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalists who separated from the Socialist Revolutionary Party; This party itself did not take responsibility for the assassination attempt. At the suggestion of the sovereign, the Stolypin family moves to a safer place - to the Winter Palace.
In a short time, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was awarded a number of royal awards. In addition to several Imperial rescripts with an expression of gratitude, in 1906 Stolypin was granted the office of chamberlain, on January 1, 1907 he was appointed a member of the State Council, and in 1908 he was secretary of state.
Having fallen ill in the spring of 1909 with lobar pneumonia, Stolypin left St. Petersburg and spent about a month with his family in the Crimea, in Livadia. A talented politician, economist, lawyer, administrator, orator, Stolypin almost abandoned his personal life, devoting all his strength to the Russian state: chairmanship of the Council of Ministers, which convened at least twice a week, direct participation in meetings on current affairs and on legislative issues (sessions often dragged on until the morning); reports, receptions, a thorough review of Russian and foreign newspapers, the study of the latest books, especially those devoted to issues of state law. In June 1909 P.A. Stolypin was present at the meeting of Emperor Nicholas II with Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. The meeting took place in the Finnish skerries. On the yacht Shtandart, a conversation took place between Prime Minister Stolypin and Wilhelm II, who subsequently, according to various testimonies, said: "If I had such a minister, to what height we would raise Germany!"
"The tsar was an extremely weak-willed person and just as stubborn. Nicholas II did not tolerate in his environment either people with a strong character, or those who surpassed him in intelligence and breadth of outlook. He believed that such persons "usurp" his power, "rub" the autocrat into the background, "violating" his will. That is why S. Yu. Witte did not come to the court, and now it was the turn of the second largest statesman after Witte in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century - P. A. Stolypin. The reforms conceived by him, did not threaten the foundations of the autocracy, but the revolution was defeated, and, as Nicholas II and his tipsters from the Council of the United Nobility believed, it was defeated forever, and therefore no reforms were required at all.Approximately from 1909, small, but systematic nitpicking and slandering of the extreme right to the tsar began to the head of government. It was decided to create a Naval General Staff of two dozen people. Since this caused additional costs, Stolypin decided to pass his states through the Duma, which approved held the budget. Immediately followed by a denunciation to Nicholas II, who was the "supreme leader of the army" and believed that all cases of the armed forces - his personal competence. Nicholas II defiantly did not approve the draft law on the states of the Moscow State School, passed through the Duma and the State Council. At the same time, the "holy old man" G. Rasputin, who had been circling at court for several years, acquired a significant influence on the exalted queen. The scandalous adventures of the "old man" forced Stolypin to ask the tsar to expel Rasputin from the capital. In response to this, sighing heavily, Nicholas II replied: "I agree with you, Pyotr Arkadievich, but let ten Rasputins be better than one hysteria of the empress." Having learned about this conversation, Alexandra Fedorovna began to hate Stolypin and, in connection with the government crisis when approving the states of the Naval General Staff, insisted on his resignation
In 1911 Stolypin resigned. Too few of his initiatives and plans are put into practice, besides, he is constantly forced to be distracted by the settlement of local conflicts, to stop the arbitrariness and bribery of city governors. However, Nicholas II does not accept the resignation. After a conversation with the emperor, Stolypin agrees to stay, but on the condition that a number of members of the State Council, whom the prime minister considers his opponents, be replaced by other people pleasing to him.
On September 1, 1911, another assassination attempt on the Prime Minister took place, which this time succeeds. Eser D. G. Bogrov shoots Stolypin in the opera. September 5, 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin dies in Kyiv. Buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

ROSTOPCHIN FYODOR VASILIEVICH (1763 - 1826)

Fedor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, a famous Russian statesman, was born on March 12 (23), 1763 in the village of Kosmodemyanskoye, Livensky district, Oryol province.
From the age of 10 he was listed in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment; in 1792 he received the title of chamber junker, "in the rank of brigadier."
In Moscow, in the city to which the attention of all Europe was drawn, patriotic agitation began on an unprecedented scale among the common people. The famous posters from Rostopchin calling not to be afraid of the enemy were very popular. New regiments and the largest militia in Russia were formed in Belokamennaya. With the approach of the Russian army, Moscow turned out to be the main base for its supply of weapons and food. Rostopchin himself actively nurtured the idea of ​​a people's battle near the walls of the ancient capital. Not receiving any instructions from the command about the fate of the city, the governor-general began the evacuation of state property and institutions. The fate of Moscow was decided without him, the count was not even invited to the military council on September 1. The next day, Russian troops left the city, and it immediately caught fire in several places. The French authorities, not without reason, accused Rostopchin of arson. This was supported by the testimony of the arsonists, a number of documents and eyewitness accounts. But the count himself refused to participate in the organization of a grandiose fire.
After the enemy troops left Moscow, the governor-general began to restore normal life. The city was gradually rebuilt, and under the leadership of Rostopchin, a reconstruction plan was drawn up. However, Muscovites gradually forgot their patriotic upsurge in the summer of 1812. They were replaced by grief over property lost in the fire of war. Public opinion began to look for the culprit of their hardships, and soon he was found - Rostopchin. After all, it was the governor-general who urged Muscovites to stay in the city, because it was he who promised that the city would not be surrendered to the enemy, and it was on his orders that their houses were set on fire. Surrounded by anger and distrust, Rostopchin tried to find support in St. Petersburg, but the tsar did not want to go against public opinion, and on August 30, 1814, the count was dismissed from the post of Moscow governor-general.
In an effort to improve his health, Rostopchin went abroad and met with an enthusiastic reception. Europeans honored him as a hero, as a man who defeated Napoleon. Even in Parisian theaters, performances stopped when Rostopchin entered his box. Surrounded by fame, the count returned to Russia only at the end of 1823, where he died on January 18 (30), 1826.
In addition to the mentioned posters, of which more than 16 are known and which were published in 1889 by A.S. Suvorin, Rostopchin owns a number of literary works; many of them were published by Smirdin in 1853; in 1868, M. Longinov compiled a complete list of Rostopchin's works, including works that were not included in the Smirda edition.
The most important works of Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin: "Materiaux en grande partie inedits, pour la biographie future du C-te Th. R." (Brussels, 1864; Russian translation in the second book of "The Nineteenth Century" by Bartenev, "Notes" were written long after the incidents described, as a result of which the view expressed in them often does not fit with reality), "The Truth about Moscow Fires" (Paris, 1827) , "The last days of the life of Empress Catherine II and the first day of the reign of Paul I" ("Readings of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities", 1860, book III), "News, or the Killed Alive" (comedy), "Oh, the French!" (the story, in "Notes of the Fatherland", 1842, book 10; both the comedy and the story were written with the aim of arousing the national feeling of the Russians), "About Suvorov" ("Russian Messenger", 1808, ¦ 3), "Journey through Prussia" ("Moskvityanin", 1849, book I), "Note on the Martinists", presented in 1811 to Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna" ("Russian Archive", 1875, ¦ 9); "Poetic autobiography" (ib., 1873, ¦ 5) etc. Rastopchin's extensive correspondence with Emperor Alexander I, Bantysh-Kamensky, Vorontsov, Rumyantsev and many others is published in the "Russian Archive" (most of all for 1873 and 1875), "The Archive of Prince Vorontsov", "The Archive of Historical and Practical information about Russia" and others. Rostopchin had an extensive library and archive, which he allowed many scientists to freely use.

KALINNIKOV VASILY SERGEEVICH (1866-1901)

Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov, a famous composer, was born in the village of Voiny, Oryol province, now the Mtsensk district of the Oryol region.
Kalinnikov came from a bureaucratic family, was educated at the Oryol Theological Seminary, where he began to study music and for some time conducted the choir. In 1884 he entered the preparatory classes at the Conservatory, however, not being able to pay tuition fees, he was expelled a few months later. Nevertheless, he managed to get a place at the Music and Drama School of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, where he studied bassoon and composition until 1891. Among his teachers were S.N. Kruglikov, A.A. Ilyinsky, P.I. Blaramberg. Kalinnikov also attended lectures by V.O. Klyuchevsky, which he read at Moscow University.

Having no reliable income, Kalinnikov was forced to periodically play the violin, bassoon or timpani in theater orchestras, as well as rewrite notes. The musician was supported by the music critic Semyon Kruglikov, and Pyotr Tchaikovsky spoke approvingly of his talent, recommending him for the post of conductor of the Maly Theater in 1892. In addition to conducting, Kalinnikov also gave private lessons in music theory and singing during this period. In the autumn of 1893, the composer's health deteriorated sharply (there were signs of tuberculosis), and he left for the Crimea, where he spent the remaining years of his life, continuing to compose. He died prematurely on December 29, 1900 in Yalta.

Kalinnikov's style continues the traditions of Russian musical classics (composers of The Mighty Handful and P.I. Tchaikovsky). The most famous work of Kalinnikov is the First Symphony "g-moll", written in 1895 and dedicated to Kruglikov. First performed at a concert of the Russian Musical Society in Kyiv. It was a huge success and soon firmly entered the repertoire of both domestic and foreign orchestras.

Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov wrote: the cantata "John of Damascus", 2 symphonies, 2 orchestral intermezzos, an orchestral suite, symphonic paintings "Nymphs", "Cedar and Palm Tree", music for "Tsar Boris" by Count A. Tolstoy (overture and 4 intermissions), prologue to the opera "1812", ballad "Mermaid", string quartet, romances, piano pieces.

POLIKARPOV NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH(1892-1944)

Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov was born in the village of Georgievskoye, Oryol province, on June 10, 1892, in the family of a priest. After graduating from elementary school, he entered the Oryol Seminary. In 1911, he was admitted to the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute at the shipbuilding department. In 1916, Polikarpov received an engineering degree and went to work in the aviation department of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ).
From 1918 to 1929, under the leadership of Polikarpov, at least ten types of aircraft were built and put into serial production, including the famous U-2.
In 1929, Polikarpov was among the "enemies of the people." He was charged with the fact that he is the son of a priest, and therefore is not able to imbue the Marxist-Leninist ideology, to believe in the bright ideals of communism. Officially, the designer was accused of "counter-revolutionary sabotage in the aviation industry."
In December 1929, Polikarpov was allowed to organize a design bureau in the dungeon of the Butyrskaya prison (TsKB-39 OGPU). D.P. began to work with him. Grigorovich, I.M. Kostkin, A.D. Nadashkevich, E.I. Mayorov. The work of the design bureau was provided by plant No. 39. It is not surprising that after some time the design bureau was transferred to hangar No. 7 of the factory airfield. A company of prisoners developed a very successful fighter, adopted by the Red Army Air Force under the designation I-5. On March 18, 1931, a sentence was signed for Polikarpov - ten years in prison.
In June 1931, after the successful completion of flight tests of the I-5 and the spectacular flight of test pilot Valery Chkalov in front of Stalin, Voroshilov and Ordzhonikidze, Polikarpov was given his freedom. The outstanding designer was rehabilitated only on September 1, 1956.
In the period from 1931 to 1944, Polikarpov created at least ten more types of aircraft, mainly fighters, including such landmark aircraft as the I-15, I-153 and I-16. Polikarpov's products at the time of creation have always surpassed their opponents. So it was with the I-16, the I-180 was better in flight characteristics than the Bf.l09E, Yak-1 or LaGG-3, second only to the MiG-3 and then only above 2700 m. Polikarpov's last I-185 fighter, ready for serial production in 1943, surpassed all Soviet fighters of that period in the entire altitude range. According to the set of characteristics, the La-7 and Yak-3 aircraft approached (but did not surpass) the I-185, but these aircraft appeared in 1944. The fat cross on the I-185 was put at the suggestion of Yakovlev.
It is widely believed that luck turned away from the king of fighters after the death of Valery Pavlovich Chkalov on the I-180 on December 15, 1938.
N.N. Polikarpov died on July 30, 1944.

RUSANOV VLADIMIR ALEKSANDROVICH (1875 - 1913?)

Born November 15, 1875 in Orel in a merchant family. His father died when Rusanov was still a child. Rusanov's mother placed him in a classical gymnasium, but he was soon expelled for poor progress. The same thing happened after he entered the real school. Dissatisfied with his studies, he became close to the revolutionary-minded youth. In 1894 he joined an underground circle, which in 1896 became part of the Social Democratic Workers' Union. In 1901, Rusanov was exiled for two years to the Vologda province in the city of Ust-Sysolsk.
In the autumn of 1903, together with his wife, Rusanov left for Paris, where he entered the Sorbonne University in the natural department, studied hard and hard. The brilliant completion of the theoretical course in 1907 gave him the right to defend his doctoral dissertation. In an effort to benefit his homeland, Rusanov decided to collect material for his dissertation on Novaya Zemlya, the geology of which was almost not studied, and the minerals were not explored.
On July 10, 1907, Vladimir Alexandrovich set off on his first voyage on the steamship "Koroleva Olga Konstantinovna" to Novaya Zemlya. Four more times, in 1908-1911, he visited the islands of Novaya Zemlya, each time enriching science with discoveries. In 1908, Rusanov went on an expedition to Novaya Zemlya as a geologist. He made the first ever overland voyage across Novaya Zemlya, crossing it from Neznaniy Bay to Krestovaya Bay on the western side of the island. In the spring of 1910, he was again invited to the Novaya Zemlya Expedition, but this time as its leader. The expedition ship "Dmitry Solunsky" under the command of the famous polar captain G.I. Pospelov left Arkhangelsk with five scientists and ten crew members on board. Breaking through the ice captivity, the ship made a detour of the entire northern island of Novaya Zemlya.
In 1912 V. A. Rusanov led an expedition to Svalbard. On the ship "Hercules" sailed 14 people. Twenty years later, Soviet coal mines were laid on the archipelago in exactly the places that V.A. Rusanov.
After completing work on Svalbard, three members of the expedition returned to the mainland, and the rest turned the schooner to the east. Only in late autumn, from Rusanov's last telegram, left by him on Novaya Zemlya for transmission to St. Petersburg, did they learn in the capital what goal the researcher had set for himself. There was no more news about the voyage of the Hercules ...
Only in 1934, on a nameless island, located near the shore of Khariton Laptev, was a pillar dug into the ground, on which the inscription “HERCULES. 1913". In the same year, on another island located in the Minin skerries, the remains of clothing, cartridges, a compass, a camera, a hunting knife and other things that belonged to the expedition members on the Hercules were found. Perhaps the place of death of the polar explorers is somewhere here. So far there are more questions than answers. The Arctic holds a secret...
V. A. Rusanov was one of the people who make up the pride of the country. “I am guided by only one thought: to do everything I can for the greatness of the Motherland,” he wrote. His deeds are proof of that. A bay and a peninsula on Novaya Zemlya, a glacier on Severnaya Zemlya, a cape on Franz Josef Land, and a mountain in Antarctica are named after V. A. Rusanov.

GENUSKAMENSKY

Buildings in the estate "Saburovskaya fortress" in the Oryol region are associated with the Counts Kamensky. The village of Saburovo passed to them in 1728, having been confiscated from the disgraced A.D. Menshikov. In 1732, the village was a palace, in 1742, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the village was returned to F.M. Kamensky, who owned it a little earlier. In 1755, the estate was granted to his son Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky, later a well-known military leader and public figure who was fond of literature and theatre. He began his military service in 1757 as a volunteer in the French army. Subsequently, he participated in the Seven Years (1756-1762) and Russian-Turkish Wars (1768-1774), where he distinguished himself in the battle of Khotyn, the siege of Bender, in the battle of Turno. In 1774 Lieutenant General M.F. Kamensky defeats the Turks at Eni Bazaar.
During the second Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791) he defeated the Turks at Gankur.
The beginning of the reign of Paul I brought M.F. Kamensky new ranks and awards. He received the rank of general of the infantry, and in 1797 he became a field marshal and count. The last military campaign of M.F. Kamensky - participation in the war with France in 1805-1807. On December 14, 1806, the field marshal resigned and retired to his estate.
Obviously, when M.F.Kamensky lived in Saburov, the fence of the estate was erected, resembling a fortress. Lancet openings and separate decorative details are close to the pseudo-Gothic of the end of the 18th century.
The last owner of the Saburovskaya fortress from the Kamensky family was Count Sergei Mikhailovich. He gained fame as a passionate theatergoer. In 1815 he opened a fortress theater - one of the first Russian theaters, later immortalized in literary works and memoirs of his contemporaries. The theater absorbed the count's considerable fortune and in 1827 he was forced to sell Saburovo, where his father, brother and grandfather were buried.
A monument of history and culture of federal significance, the former estate of the Counts Kamensky, the Saburovskaya fortress includes 4 towers, a theater building and the Church of Michael the Archangel. Adopted for state protection by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1327 of August 30, 1960
The Church of Michael the Archangel was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church for free use and is currently undergoing repair and restoration work.
The complex, with the exception of the church, is in an unsatisfactory condition and needs design, repair and restoration work. But in order to start state financing of such work, it is necessary to determine the balance holder responsible for the monument, who, meeting federal requirements, can organize restoration work on its territory. Currently, the issue of transferring the ensemble to the regional ownership is being decided, since this will make it easier to find a responsible balance holder and begin the restoration of a truly unique monument of manor architecture.

DAVYDOV DENIS VASILIEVICH (1784-1839)

The famous partisan, poet, military historian and theorist, Denis Vasilyevich Davydov was born into an old noble family in Moscow on July 16, 1784; having received an excellent, at that time, home education, he entered the cavalry guard regiment, but was soon transferred to the army for satirical poetry, to the Belarusian hussar regiment (1804), from there he moved to the hussar Life Guards (1806) and participated in campaigns against Napoleon ( 1807), Swedish (1808), Turkish (1809).
The family estate of the poet is located in the village. Davydovo (Denisovka) of the current Krasnozorensky district of the Oryol region. He dedicated the poem "To my desert" to his native corner. A memorial sign to Denis Davydov was installed on the site of a manor house in the village of Davydovo in 1987. And five years later, the park-reserve "Denis Davydov's Estate" was opened here.
On the big Smolensk road, Davydov more than once managed to recapture military supplies and food from the enemy, intercept correspondence, thereby instilling fear in the French and raising the spirit of Russian troops and society. Davydov took advantage of his experience for a remarkable book: "Experience in the theory of partisan action." In 1814 Davydov was promoted to general; was chief of staff of the 7th and 8th army corps (1818 - 1819); in 1823 he retired, in 1826 he returned to the service, participated in the Persian campaign (1826 - 1827) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising (1831).
In 1832 he finally left the service with the rank of lieutenant general and settled in his estate. There he took up exclusively literary work, only occasionally visiting Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov proposed to transfer the ashes of Bagration there. This proposal was accepted, and he was supposed to accompany the coffin of the commander, but could not do this for health reasons. The disease crippled his strength, and on April 22, Davydov died at the age of 54. He was buried on his estate.
The strongest mark left by Davydov in literature is his lyrics. Pushkin highly appreciated his originality, his peculiar manner in "twisting the verse." As a poet, Davydov definitely belongs to the brightest luminaries of the second magnitude in the horizon of Russian poetry. As a prose writer, Davydov has every right to stand alongside the best prose writers of Russian literature. Pushkin valued his prose style even more than his poetic style.
Davydov entered the history of Russian literature as the creator of the genre of "hussar lyrics", the hero of which is a lover of wild life, at the same time a free-thinking person, an opponent of violence against a person ("Hussar Feast", "Song of the Old Hussar", "Semi-Soldier", " Borodino field). Last poem, written in 1829, is considered one of the best historical elegies of Russian romantic poetry.

ERMOLOV ALEXEY PETROVICH (1772-1861)

Alexei Petrovich Yermolov was born into the family of the Mtsensk district marshal of the nobility, descended from the Tatar Arslan Murza, who arrived in Moscow in 1506. He received his education at the Noble Boarding School of Moscow University. In 1794 Ermolov became a participant in the suppression of the Polish uprising; for distinction during the storming of Prague, he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree. Two years later, Alexey Petrovich participated in the Persian campaign.
Since 1801, Yermolov was appointed commander of a horse artillery company. He participated in the campaigns of 1805 and 1806-1807. From August 1807 - commander of the 7th artillery brigade as part of the division of General Dokhturov. For differences in the battle of Gutstadt and Passage, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. In the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland, he commanded the artillery of the left flank. He was promoted to major general.
From May 1811, Yermolov commanded the guards artillery brigade, and later - simultaneously the guards infantry brigade (life guards Izmailovsky and Lithuanian regiments). From March 1812 he was the commander of the Guards Infantry Division. After the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, at the insistence of M.B. Barclay de Tolly Yermolov replaced F.O. Paulucci as chief of the General Staff of the 1st Western Army. The closest assistant to Barclay de Tolly, the opponent of the retreat. During the Battle of Borodino, he actually performed the duties of Chief of Staff M.I. Kutuzov. He personally led the counterattack of the 3rd Battalion of the Ufa Infantry Regiment against the "Raevsky Battery" occupied by the French, and was wounded.
After the battle, he served as chief of staff of the united armies. At the council in Fili on September 1 (13), Yermolov opposed the abandonment of Moscow and offered to give the French a battle. He distinguished himself in the battles of Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma, Krasny. In 1812 Yermolov was appointed commander of a reinforced detachment. From November 21 - Acting Chief of Staff of the 1st Western Army. From December 19, 1812 - commander of the artillery of the army in the field. After the unsuccessful battle of Lützen, Yermolov was accused of dishonesty and transferred to the post of commander of the 2nd Guards Infantry Division.
In the battle of Kulm, Yermolov led the 1st Guards Division, and after General A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy took over his corps. Since 1814, Alexei Petrovich commanded the Observation Army on the Austrian border. In 1815 - the commander of the guards corps. At the end of the campaign, Yermolov was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class. Since 1816, he was appointed commander of the Separate Georgian (from 1820 - Caucasian) corps, head of the civilian unit in Georgia, Astrakhan and the Caucasus provinces, and extraordinary ambassador to Persia. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1826-28. came into conflict with General I.F. Paskevich, resigned "due to domestic circumstances." In 1831 Yermolov became a member of the State Council. In 1837 he was renamed general of artillery. During the Crimean War in 1855, he was elected head of the militia in 7 provinces, but due to disagreements with the command he left the post. He died on April 11, 1861 in Moscow and, according to his will, was buried in Orel, next to his father, in the church of the Trinity cemetery.

KORF FYODOR KARLOVICH (1774-1823)

Fyodor Karlovich Korf - lieutenant general, participant in World War II - was born in 1774 in the family of a privy councillor.
He received an excellent education in his father's house. Enrolling at the age of thirteen as a vice-sergeant major in the Life Guards Horse Regiment, he was released in 1794 into the army as a captain and in the same year participated in the war with Poland. For bravery during the storming of Prague, he was awarded the Order of George 4th degree.
In 1800, Baron Korf was promoted to major general.
The campaigns of 1806 and 1807 were the beginning of his military fame. Appointed as a brigade commander, he participated in almost all the battles in Prussia and especially distinguished himself at the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, where he was wounded in the arm. For this battle, he was awarded the Order of George 3rd degree.
In 1809 he was with Russian troops in Galicia. In 1810 he was appointed Adjutant General and in 1811 the head of the 2nd Cavalry Division.
During the Patriotic War, Baron Korf participated in the battles near Vitebsk, Smolensk, at Borodino - for the courage shown in this latter he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general - and then in almost all cases during the pursuit of the French army, and especially distinguished himself in the battle of Vyazma.
After Borodin - again in the rearguard affairs, and after Maloyaroslavets - in the forefront of the army. In 1813, Korf took part in many rearguard battles. Near Levenberg, his cavalry captured two banners, 16 guns and 3,500 prisoners. In 1814 he took part in hostilities. Upon his return to Russia, he commanded a cavalry division, then a corps.
Korf died in Orel from a lung disease on August 30, 1823 and was buried in a cemetery near the bishop's house. On his grave, officers of the 2nd Cuirassier Division, using the funds they collected, erected a monument to the work of Professor Martos.

MYASOYEDOV GRIGORY GRIGORYEVICH (1834-1911)

Grigory Grigorievich Myasoedov was born in the village of. Pankovo, Tula province (now the Oryol region) and belonged to an old noble family. As a child, the boy read a lot, often drew. His father strongly encouraged his interest in art.
The future artist began his studies at the Oryol Gymnasium, where the professional artist I. A. Volkov taught drawing.
In 1853 he entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. A difficult situation developed between the artist and his father. The father completely deprived his son of material assistance, and only a portrait of his father painted from nature in 1857 reconciled them. In 1862, Myasoedov graduated from the Academy of Arts in the class of historical painting, having received a large gold medal for the composition "The Escape of Grigory Otrepyev from the Inn on the Lithuanian Border" and was encouraged by a pensioner's trip. In 1863 he visited Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, worked in Paris, Spain. In Rome, he studied at a private academy. In 1867 he lives in Florence.
In 1869 he returned to Russia. In Moscow, he paints the painting "Spell", for which he received the title of academician. In the late 1860s, while abroad, Myasoedov came up with the idea of ​​organizing the Association of Wanderers. On December 16, 1870, the first general meeting of members of the TPHV was held, where a board was elected, which included Myasoedov. He became the author of the first statute of the TPHV and remained a permanent member of the board for forty years.
On November 29, 1871, the first traveling art exhibition was opened in St. Petersburg, which was then shown in Moscow, Kyiv and Kharkov. Myasoedov presented the painting "Grandfather of the Russian Navy" for this exhibition.
In March 1872, the 2nd traveling exhibition opened, which exhibited the most significant painting by Myasoedov - "Zemstvo is having lunch". This picture brought success to the artist. The painting reveals the main task of Wandering realism - "the desire for the real and everyday", noted by V.V. Stasov.
In 1876 the artist moved to a farm near Kharkov. He became interested in gardening and gardening. From this moment, one can note the beginning of a decline in his work. His attitude to peasant life is changing. Myasoedov was attracted by topics that reveal folk beliefs and traditions.
In the late 1880s, Myasoedov lived in Poltava in a large estate with a garden, a park and a pond. In autumn and winter, the artist left for the Crimea. One of his last works was the painting "Ripening Fields".
Like many Wanderers, Myasoedov experienced a crisis in the 1890s. He realized that his time was irrevocably gone. Shortly before his death, he was going to perform three large paintings under the single name "Holy Russia".
Grigory Grigoryevich died in 1911, in his estate Pavlenki near Poltava.

KURNAKOV ANDREI ILYICH (1916 - 2010)

People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR named after I.E. Repin, Professor of the Oryol State University Kurnakov Andrei Ilyich belongs to the generation of painters who began their journey into great art after the Great Patriotic War, in the forties.

He was born in 1916 in a working-class family on one of the outskirts of the city of Orel. Difficult childhood, passionate love for drawing from the first school years, graduated with honors from the Oryol Art School in 1937, work as an artist in the regional youth newspaper, four years of war, filial love for the Fatherland and native Orlovshchina - this is the "soil and fate" of the post-war creativity of the front-line soldier - the artist Andrei Kurnakov, which remain the subject of his creative searches and aspirations, a source of inspiration to the present.

Having already passed the Moscow studio for professional development under the famous painter B.V. Ioganson, being a member of the Union of Artists of the USSR, the thirty-three-year-old Kurnakov, due to his character of constant dissatisfaction with what he had done and the desire for excellence, applied to the Kharkov Art Institute. In 1954, Kurnakov's diploma work "Weapon Found" was exhibited at the All-Union Exhibition in Moscow.

The high traditions of domestic landscape painting and the art of genre portraiture became the creative credo of the artist, which brought him wide fame and recognition. His many years of work in historical and genre painting, portraiture and landscape can be briefly called a story about a feat of arms, about working people, about the rich world of human feelings, about the natural beauties of Russia.
A special place in the work of A.I. Kurnakov is occupied by his small homeland and Turgenev’s places, which for the artist are concepts of a special content that he finds in Orel, in the open spaces surrounding it, in its historical past, in the spiritual heritage and real cultural life, in the looks and souls of his fellow countrymen.

ZYUGANOV GENNADY ANDREEVICH (born in 1944)

Gennady Andreevich Zyuganov was born on June 26, 1944 in the village of Mymrino, Orel Region, into a family of rural teachers. In 1961 - 62 years. worked in his former school as a teacher of mathematics, as well as a teacher of elementary military training and physical education.
In 1962, Gennady Andreevich entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Oryol Pedagogical Institute. In 1963 - 66 years. passed urgent military service in the chemical troops on the territory of Belarus, Germany and the Chelyabinsk region. After the army, he was restored at the institute and graduated from it in 1969.
In 1969 - 1970. he taught at the Oryol Pedagogical Institute at the Department of Physics and Mathematics. In 1978 - 1981 studied at the main department of the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU, completed postgraduate studies with it as an external student. Doctor of philosophical science.
Since 1967 he was in the Komsomol, and since 1974 - in the party work. In 1970 - 1978 was a people's deputy of the Oryol regional and city Soviets. In 1983 - 1989 worked as an instructor in the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1989 - 90 years. He was Deputy Head of the Ideological Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In June 1990, he was elected secretary of the Central Committee and member of the Politburo, chairman of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR on humanitarian and ideological problems. In February 1991, Gennady Andreevich organized a conference "For a great, united Russia!", At which the Coordinating Council (CC) of patriotic movements was created, which in August 1992 was transformed into the CC of the People's Patriotic Forces of Russia. Since January 1992 - Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the People's Patriotic Forces of Russia. In the fall of 1991, Gennady Andreevich took part in the creation of the Russian All-People's Union (RUS). In June 1992, he was elected one of the four co-chairs of the Duma of the Russian National Cathedral (RNS). In October 1992 he joined the organizing committee of the National Salvation Front (FNS).
December 12, 1993 was elected to the State Duma of the first convocation. In 1995, he was elected a member of the Central Committee (former Central Executive Committee) of the Communist Party, and at the plenum on the last day of the congress - Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. In the spring of 1995, together with the president of the RAU Corporation, Alexei Poberezkin, he headed the organizing committee of the Spiritual Heritage movement.
On December 17, 1995, he was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation. In the second round of the presidential elections in Russia on July 3, 1996, he took second place.
December 19, 1999 was elected to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the third convocation. In the State Duma, he again headed the Communist Party faction. On March 26, 2000, he took second place in the presidential elections. Author of the books “Russia is my homeland. The ideology of state patriotism” (M., 1996), “Geography of victory. Fundamentals of Russian Geopolitics” (M., 1998), numerous newspaper and magazine articles on history and politics. Has the first sports category athletics, military triathlon, volleyball. His wife, Nadezhda Vasilievna, works as an engineer at the Second Watch Factory. I have known my husband since my school years, when I studied a class lower in the same school with him, and then in the 10th grade I was his student. Son Andrei graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman, engineer of OAO S. D. Broker. Daughter Tatyana works as a referent. Three grandchildren - Leonid, Mikhail and Eugene.

MUROMTSEV SERGEY ANDREEVICH (1850 - 1910)

Sergey Andreevich Muromtsev was born on September 23, 1850 in the family of a professional military man, a descendant of an old noble family.
Muromtsev's childhood years were spent on his father's estate in the Novosilsk district of the Tula province. Under the guidance of his mother, Anna Nikolaevna, who dearly loved him, Sergei received his initial education. The boy was distinguished by a sharp, inquisitive mind and a serious outlook on life beyond his years.
Once, a “Reference Book for Russian Officers” fell into his hands. From it, the future speaker of the State Duma learned how different states are governed. In an effort to better understand this difficult even for an adult, well-versed in politics, Sergei came up with an entertaining game of the state. The garden in his father's house became his state, where people's representatives gathered in one of the pavilions to develop new, fair laws, and in another pavilion these laws were approved by the second meeting of the elected. Life in his state was covered in a daily newspaper, which he wrote with enviable persistence with his own hand for two years.
Soon the Muromtsev family moved to Moscow, and Sergei began to study at the gymnasium. He graduated with a gold medal and in 1867 entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. Here, the young man's abilities were noticed, and he was left at the department of Roman law to prepare a dissertation. A great scientific prospect opened up before him. In 1875, Muromtsev defended his master's, and two years later his doctoral dissertation. The scope of his scientific interests was also determined: Roman law and the theory of civil law.
As a professor at Moscow University, he spent ten years teaching, considering his main goal to train professional lawyers capable of continuing liberal reforms, which, ultimately, was to be crowned with the creation of a constitutional order. On the pages of the journal “Legal Bulletin” created on his initiative, materials were published on the state system in other countries, including those where the people had the opportunity to elect their representatives to the legislative assembly.
Like-minded people gathered around Muromtsev - professors, lawyers, lawyers for a joint oral discussion of such issues. This is how the "Legal Society" arose, which he headed from 1880 to 1899. After the participation of representatives of the society in the anniversary celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin, and Sergei Andreevich's speech in honor of the great poet, who he called "a mighty herald of the Russian revival", and his life - "the struggle of the individual for independence and free development", "Legal Society" was closed.
Even earlier, in 1884, Muromtsev (together with some liberal-minded professors) was fired from Moscow University "for the spread of liberalism" and "political unreliability." Extorted from the university environment, for the next two decades, Sergei Andreevich was engaged in practical jurisprudence and social activities, working in the Moscow City Duma and the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo.
Muromtsev did not remain aloof from political life: since 1903 he was a member of the Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists, the following year he was a participant in the work of the Zemstvo Congress, where he warmly supported the demand for the introduction of legislative popular representation.
In 1904, Russia began a "small victorious war" with Japan. The unsuccessful war with Japan showed that the preservation of the old order of government is disastrous, and representatives of the people themselves should be allowed to the state reorganization of Russia. In 1904 Zemstvo officials from all over Russia gathered in St. Petersburg. The issue of convening people's representatives was discussed, who, along with the existing power structures, could participate in state building. Catching the mood of his associates, Muromtsev immediately went to Moscow to persuade the Moscow City Duma to join this decision. Thanks to his active speech, the Moscow Duma adopted a constitutional statement. Calling for a radical reorganization of the organization of power in the Russian Empire - participation in the exercise of power functions elected from the people - Muromtsev remained "a thief to the marrow of his bones." He strove exclusively by legal means to achieve changes in the political system and was always opposed to any actions that went beyond the bounds of legality.
April 27, 1906 was the opening day of the First State Duma. One of the deputies from the Constitutional Democratic Party, elected in Moscow, was Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev. The first-thinking deputies faced a difficult task: to form the Duma leadership from the motley composition of the lower house, representing various, sometimes very polar political forces. And the main question, of course, was the question of electing the chairman of the Duma. According to the recollections of participants in those events, the candidacy of Muromtsev as the future chairman was discussed at private meetings of deputies, in party clubs. And yet, his election as head of the lower house was a unique phenomenon in Russian parliamentary practice. For his candidacy, at first 426 of 436 notes were submitted, and then the entire Duma unanimously recognized him as its chairman.
In response to the election, Muromtsev said: “A great deed is being done. The will of the people finds its expression in the form of a correct, permanent, legislative institution based on inalienable laws. A great deed imposes on us a great feat, calling for great work. Let us wish each other and ourselves that we all have the strength to carry him on our shoulders for the good of the people who chose us, for the good of the motherland.
This was Muromtsev's only speech delivered in the State Duma. He was convinced that the chairman should not take part in Duma discussions. His business is "to observe the honor and dignity of the Duma, maintaining strict order at its meetings and not allowing anyone to diminish its legal rights." And Muromtsev carried out this task so excellently that all the members of the Duma, without distinction of parties, admired his presidency and recognized him as their common leader.
Deputy N. Ogorodnikov gave a very accurate description of Muromtsev. “Until the very end of his short life,” he wrote, “the Duma remained under the rule of a very special reverence for the personality of its chairman ... He was ... the complete embodiment of precisely the dignity, the best nobility of a person, a citizen, a bearer of rights, this noble force of social ".
The main task of Muromtsev, who headed the First State Duma for 72 days, was the work on its Order (regulations). Such work was especially important in conditions when the laws adopted before the beginning of the activities of the Duma artificially limited the powers of the people's representation, and only the Nakaz could soften them to some extent. Muromtsev perfectly studied the regulations of various parliaments and took from them everything that most corresponded to the customs and views of the members of the State Duma. The order developed by him became the basis for the work for the thoughts of the following convocations. In 1907, after the dissolution of the first Duma and the resignation of his presidency, he published a book entitled "The Internal Regulations of the State Duma."
Another no less important issue that worried the chairman of the Duma was the question of the Duma minority. He did everything possible to eliminate, with the help of the Nakaz, "the exclusive influence of the ruling party in the chamber ... to ensure some versatility in the composition of the commissions."
Muromtsev undertook all efforts to develop norms for the activities of the lower chamber in conditions when the question of ending the practical activities of the first Russian parliamentarians did not leave the agenda. From the first days, the authorities made it clear to the Russian parliament about their attitude towards it. Already on May 15, at a meeting of the Council of Ministers, the question of the need to dissolve the State Duma was discussed.
Relations did not develop, and could not develop, between the supreme power and the disgraced professor of Moscow University. According to his position, Muromtsev had the opportunity to present himself directly to the Court and make "most obedient reports" personally to the emperor. However, he was received at the Court only three times. And only when the position of the State Duma became threatening and the question of its dissolution became a matter of days, Muromtsev decided at all costs to obtain an audience with the emperor in order to explain to him the current situation. But his request for an audience came too late. As Prime Minister Goremykin informed him on July 9, 1906, after the decree on the dissolution of the Duma was published, he was scheduled to receive him at 12:30 pm on July 10, but “only as a private person. Muromtsev refused such an audience.
Unfortunately, the process of developing the norms of parliamentary life by Muromtsev remained incomplete: 72 days after the start of work, the Duma was dissolved.
About 200 deputies, including Muromtsev, refused to obey the imperial decree on the dissolution of the Duma and decided to appeal to the voters. They gathered in Vyborg, where they decided to continue the meeting. Here the so-called Vyborg Appeal was adopted, in which the deputies urged voters not to pay taxes to the treasury and not to give recruits to the army until the activities of the Duma were resumed.
Muromtsev was not an active supporter of the adoption of the Vyborg Appeal, but the very participation in the act of disobedience predetermined his future fate. With a sense of great dignity, Sergei Andreevich held himself during the trial, with his head held high he entered the solitary prison cell of the Taganskaya prison, where he was to spend 90 days and nights. His authority among fellow prisoners remained unusually high.
The trials that Muromtsev had to endure after the dissolution of the first Duma were not limited to arrest and imprisonment. The noble assembly of the Tula province almost unanimously expelled him from their ranks.
After the dissolution of the Duma, Muromtsev lived for four years. Upon his release from prison, he returned to teaching. In addition to Moscow University, where Sergei Andreevich read the basics of civil law and the system of Roman law, he also worked in other higher educational institutions, including the Commercial Institute and Shanyavsky City University, Higher Women's Law Courses.
As for the political views of Muromtsev, they did not undergo significant changes in the last years of his life, although he withdrew from active work as part of the Kadet Party.
In addition to teaching, he gave all his strength to social activities. So, he became one of the organizers of the Peace Society in Moscow, chairman of the Court of Honor at the Society of Periodical Press and Literature.
By 1910, Muromtsev's health seemed to be thoroughly undermined. Those who were close to him in those days recalled that his gait became unsteady and senile, the classic profile of his face began to fall off. There was weariness in the voice and in the look of the sunken eyes.
Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev died suddenly, while sleeping, on October 4, 1910, at the age of sixty-one. The news of his death shocked everyone. According to the memoirs of his friend and party ally, Professor A.A. Kizevetter, on the day of his funeral, all of Moscow was on its feet. Everyone wanted to pay the last debt to the "first Russian citizen", as those who came to say goodbye to him called him.
The ashes of Muromtsev rest at the Donskoy cemetery in Moscow.

SHATILOV IOSIF NIKOLAEVICH (1824 - 1889)

Iosif Nikolaevich Shatilov - famous arborist and agronomist, farmer and public figure, actual state councilor, president of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, member of the Imperial Free Economic Society, the Imperial Society of Natural Science Lovers, the Forest Society (St. Petersburg and Moscow branches), the Imperial Moscow Society lovers of horse racing, the Society for the Promotion of Russian Merchant Shipping, the Imperial Moscow Society of Naturalists and many others - was born on April 6, 1824 in Moscow and received home education. He spent most of his childhood in the countryside.
His scientific studies began early, when he was barely 14 years old. In the autumn of 1838, he, along with his father, spent in a villa near the mountains. Monza in Italy, owned by the famous Italian traveler in South Africa, Gaetano Osculati, and under the guidance of the latter began to collect entomological collections. He came to St. Petersburg for the winter, and here he began to train for the Corps of Engineers of Communications. Meanwhile, his passion for natural science was growing, and he diligently attended lectures in zoology at St. Petersburg University, as well as the zoological museum of the Academy of Sciences. At home, he spent much of his time dissecting birds. The result of such an intense study of zoology was that he did not pass the exam for the Corps of Railway Engineers.
His further studies in zoology were already completely independent, and only partly some instructions were given to him by K. F. Rul'e and H. H. Steven. Devoting almost all his time to zoology, Shatilov only in 1843 finally passed the exam at Kharkov University, after which he entered the service of the Kerch-Yenikalsk city administration and from that time, despite his 19 years, began to independently conduct agriculture in his the Japar estate, 20 versts from Kerch, containing 3,000 acres of land. Shatilov took an active part in the archaeological excavations then carried out near Kerch, which were led by M. I. Blaramberg, head of the Kerch Museum; the latter, however, quite often absented himself, and in such cases, Shatilov had to manage the excavations of the barrows quite independently.
In the early 1850s, he was elected marshal of the nobility of the Yalta district, and since 1852, together with his uncle, I.V. His friend, the learned zoologist G. I. Radde, came to see him here, and with the help of the latter, I. N. Shatilov began his collection of birds from the Tauride Peninsula. After Radde's departure, he continued to add to his collection and, for this purpose, ordered two preparators from abroad: Schmidt and Vidgolm. Only in 1869, when, in his opinion, the collection reached its possible completeness, Shatilov stopped further work and donated it to the Zoological Museum of Moscow University.
Being an excellent host, he always followed all questions relating to agriculture with the most lively interest, and enthusiastically took part in their discussion and solution. His activities in this direction began very early - in 1847, when he was elected a member of the Lebedyan Society of Agriculture and was a member of it from December 20, 1854.
In 1858, I. N. Shatilov was elected a member of the Plant Acclimatization Committee at I. M. O. S. Kh., but his especially intensive activity began from the beginning of 1860. By this time, he had already firmly established a program of those ideas that he had propagated all his life. These main ideas were as follows: 1) Zemstvo should be in close connection with agricultural societies, in the interests of the development of the agricultural industry in Russia; 2) it is necessary to establish an independent department in charge of agricultural industry, agriculture and trade, i.e. the Ministry of Agriculture and Trade, and 3) the main obstacles to the improvement of agriculture are the lack of successive labor for personal landowners, and for peasants - communal land tenure with frequent family sections and the absence of a rural charter. I. N. Shatilov came up with such a program in 1860 and throughout his 30-year activity strained his efforts to put these ideas into practice.
With a new election of officials for a three-year period from 1863, Shatilov was elected at a meeting on February 24 as vice-president of the Society. However, he refused to take on the duties of vice president, motivating his refusal by the fact that it was positively impossible for him to be in Moscow all year round. Then the Society elected him a member of the Council. On June 23, 1864, the new charter of I. M. O. S. Kh. was approved, and on January 7 of the following year, Shatilov was elected to the post of president, and then every three years, for 25 years, he was again elected to the presidents.
Concerned equally about the success of all branches of agriculture and being an expert in forestry, I. N. Shatilov considered it his duty to diligently propagate the idea of ​​the need for a radical reform in modern privately owned forestry. In view of this, he repeatedly raised questions in the I.M.O.S.Kh. on the part of forestry, often being the speaker himself. On December 7, 1870, for his work in agriculture, Shatilov, by the Highest order, was granted from provincial secretaries to state councilors.
In 1872, a polytechnical exhibition was organized in Moscow, and the organization of its agricultural department was entrusted to Shatilov, who received the highest favor for his work on it and an honorary address for promoting the cause of afforestation. In 1881, he was awarded the rank of D.S. Advisor; On November 8 of the same year, he was awarded a gold medal from the Moscow Branch of the Forestry Society. The following year, he received the highest award from the Ministry of State Property for afforestation - a gold medal and 500 semi-imperials.
In April 1888 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the 1st degree, and on November 6 of the following year, a nominal large gold medal was awarded. At the same time, he was elected for the ninth triennium as president of I.M.O.S.Kh. In addition to the above-mentioned awards, I.N. 6 silver medals, 2 Parisian first class and 5 gold. During the thirty years of his literary activity, he published 5 articles on zoology, of which two were in German, 32 speeches and 50 pamphlets-articles and reports on agriculture. Not long before his death, on October 20, 1889, he made a report to the I. M. O. S. Kh. On January 7, 1890, it was supposed to solemnly celebrate the 35th anniversary of his activity for the benefit of M. O. S. Kh.; but he did not live a few days before this celebration, dying suddenly on December 26, 1889, while sitting at the compilation of his jubilee speech. I. M. O. S. Kh., established a scholarship named after him, for the permanent maintenance of one pupil at the Moscow Agricultural School. Shatilov's body was transported to the village. Mokhovoe, where he was buried.
The village of Mokhovoe (Novoderevenkovsky district) is widely known due to the fact that Shatilov lived and worked in it. In 1694, it was founded by Fedor Mokeevich Shatilov, the great-great-great-grandfather of an outstanding agricultural figure.
Seven years after its founding, a wooden church was built in Mokhovoye. In 1777, it was dismantled and transported to Novosil. And in its place, the grandson of the founder of the village - court adviser Osip (Joseph) Fedorovich Shatilov - erected a stone church in the name of Our Lady of Kazan.
In 1834, two brothers came into possession of the village: collegiate adviser Nikolai Vasilyevich (father of a famous scientist) and Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Shatilovs, who included 100 yard people and 242 peasants. After 30 years, Iosif Nikolaevich Shatilov became the only owner of the local estates.
The fact that Mokhovoe was an exemplary estate was greatly facilitated by its manager, the scientist F.Kh. Mayer. Together with his son I.N. Shatilov Ivan Mayer was engaged in massive afforestation in the forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia of Siberian larch, Weymouth pine, Norway spruce and other valuable species. The Shatilovsky forest created by them was an example of the most effective placement of woody, and especially coniferous vegetation in a dissected terrain.
In his youth, the famous critic Dmitry Pisarev, who lived 12 versts from Mokhovoy, came here. Leo Tolstoy also maintained friendly ties with the Shatilov family for a long time. “This is probably the most remarkable farm in Russia,” he wrote in 1865.
Not far from the house stands the Kazan Church. Near the temple was a hospital built by Shatilov, who maintained it at his own expense. He also built in 1856 and maintained a zemstvo folk school.

ORLOVSKY BORIS IVANOVICH (1792\1793 - 1837)

Boris Ivanovich Orlovsky (real name Smirnov) - academician and professor of sculpture at the Imperial Academy of Arts - was born in 1792-1793 in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province, in the village of Bolshoy Stolobetsky, died on December 16, 1837 in St. Petersburg.
His father, a courtyard man N. M. Matsneva, was sold in 1801, together with his family, "without land, for delivery," to the Tula landowner - foreman Shatilov, who gave Boris Ivanovich as a boy as an apprentice in one of the Moscow marble workshops .
After moving to St. Petersburg, Boris Ivanovich, nicknamed Orlovsky by his comrades (after his place of origin), entered the Trescorny workshop as a marble maker. In his free time, he diligently engaged in drawing and clay modeling. The chance brought him to the rector of the Academy of Arts - the sculptor I.P. Matros, who, having taken part in it, introduced him to the President of the Academy A.N. Olenin, and the latter to the sovereign himself. The bust of the Sovereign executed by Orlovsky pleased His Majesty so much that he ordered Orlovsky to be admitted to the Academy, and the landowner Shatilov was persuaded to let Orlovsky go free.
Orlovsky was counted among the artists left at the Academy in order to soon be sent to Italy for "great improvement in his art." Orlovsky studied at the Academy for only 2 months, attending drawing and sculpture classes. After this period, despite the opinion of the academic authorities, who considered it necessary for Orlovsky to stay another year at the Academy to improve in drawing and modeling, by decree of the Sovereign, who found that Orlovsky could learn this in Italy, the latter was sent in 1822 to Rome to Thorvaldsen. In the workshop of Thorvaldsen, Orlovsky diligently studied antiques, not neglecting, however, portrait works.
Of the new sculptors, Orlovsky was most attracted, in addition to Thorvaldsen, by François Flament and Canova. Among the works of Orlovsky during his stay in Rome are: a colossal bust of Alexander I (a copy of the bust of Thorvaldsen), statues of Paris with an apple, Faun and a group: Faun and Bacchante.
In 1829, together with Golberg, he was summoned to St. Petersburg to participate in a competition for drafting monuments to Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov.
In July of this year, Orlovsky arrived in St. Petersburg with a letter of recommendation from Thorvaldsen. Provided with an annual maintenance of 3000 rubles. Until his appointment as a professor at the Academy of Arts, Orlovsky set about executing projects, which he did pretty soon, despite some embarrassing conditions of the competition.
In the same 1829, he was appointed an academician, and in 1831, following the execution of the program on the theme "Yan-Usmovich, taming the bull," he was appointed professor of the Academy, in which rank he was approved in 1836. In 1831, according to At the end of the statues of Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov, the execution of which was left to Orlovsky, he set to work on decorating the Alexander Column, where he executed a statue of a genius and one bas-relief. Of the other works of Orlovsky, the most remarkable are: the figures of 7 geniuses for the gate behind the Moscow outpost; a boy playing with a duck - (copy from antique, for Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna); marble group of flowers; marble busts of Prof. Meyer and Martos and a small figure of a grenadier of the palace company. In addition, Orlovsky repeated the bust of Alexander I for Prince Volkonsky.
In the history of Russian art, Orlovsky is usually regarded as one of the representatives of the moderately naturalistic trend, most expressed in the works of Shubin and Krylov, of which he is the successor and continuer. Not possessing a major talent, Orlovsky was distinguished by extraordinary conscientiousness and diligence. These qualities, during his short professorship, he tried to instill in his few students.

NARYSHKIN ALEXANDER ALEKSEEVICH (1839 - 1916)

October 28, 2009 marked the 170th anniversary of the birth of an outstanding statesman of the Russian Empire, a real privy councilor, the only senator of the Russian state who was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross - Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin.
Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin was born on October 15/28, 1839 in the ancestral village of Georgievsky (Egoryevsky) of the Orel district of the Oryol province in the family of a retired ensign of the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment Alexei Ivanovich Naryshkin, a participant in the war in the Caucasus. The Naryshkin family in the Oryol district has owned the village of Georgievskoye since the reign of Emperor Peter I, whose mother was Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, nee Naryshkina.
In 1776, on the site of the dilapidated church of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, known since the 16th century and giving the village its name, the great-grandfather of the senator Vasily Sergeevich Naryshkin built a wooden church of St. George the Victorious on a stone foundation. In this temple, for many centuries, residents of Georgievsky, the surrounding villages and representatives of the Naryshkin family were baptized and buried.
Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin receives an excellent education at the Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Heidelberg universities. Since 1862, he has served as an official in the Oryol province in various positions.
In 1876, Naryshkin, being an authorized representative of the Slavic Committees of Moscow and St. Petersburg, went to the Don, gathered 100 volunteer Cossacks, went with them to the Balkans at the disposal of the detachment of General Chernyaev, who provided assistance with weapons in the hands of the rebel Serbs and Montenegrins against the centuries-old Ottoman yoke.
In 1877, with the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war, he enrolled as a volunteer in the 62nd Suzdal Infantry Regiment, and participated in many battles. For courage in the battle of Sheinovo on December 28-29, he was presented to the soldier's St. George's Cross of the IV degree, received the rank of junior non-commissioned officer and an offer to become an orderly of the legendary general M. D. Skobelev, who had heard about the cold fearlessness of the Oryol official.
On May 22, 1877, Naryshkin marries Elizaveta Alexandrovna Tsurikova, the daughter of an Oryol landowner and poet, who participates in the war with her husband and serves as a nurse. The Serbian king awards her the Order of Takov and several medals, and Alexander Alekseevich receives the Order of St. Daniel III and I degrees from the Prince of Montenegro.
At the end of 1878, the couple returned to the Oryol province, where their first child Yuri was born. Subsequently, the couple had 6 more children, two of whom died in infancy. Alexander Alekseevich is elected an honorary district judge of the Oryol district.
After 20 years of service in the Oryol province, he made a rapid career: in 1883 he was appointed district inspector of the Moscow educational district, in 1884 - manager of state property in the Baltic provinces. In 1892, with the rank of real state councilor, he took office as Podolsk governor. In this post, he draws the attention of Emperor Alexander III. Naryshkin fights against the abuses of local officials and offers them instructions based on the commandments of Moses: "do not kill, do not steal, do not bear false witness, do not commit adultery, do not covet your neighbor's property," etc.
In 1894, by personal order of the emperor, A. A. Naryshkin was transferred to St. Petersburg to the post of Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Property, in 1898 he was promoted to privy councilor and appointed senator. At the same time, Naryshkin, as they would say now, is doing a lot of social work.
Since 1906, A. A. Naryshkin has been a member of the State Council, and since 1913 he has been the chairman of the congresses of noble assemblies. In 1915, Emperor Nicholas II, he was promoted to active privy councilor (a rank equal to that of a general) for 50 years of impeccable service. According to Orlovets V.N. Shenshin, for 50 years, Alexander Alekseevich missed only 2 meetings in the Oryol Zemstvo. Another of his contemporary, V. I. Gurko, wrote about Naryshkin: “He was distinguished exclusively by knightly qualities and knightly honor, did not tolerate any measures aimed at restricting human activity. He possessed personal courage and cold-blooded courage that surprised even General Skobelev. S. Yu. Witte called Naryshkin "a pillar of conservatism."
A. A. Naryshkin did not live exactly a year before the collapse of the Russian Empire and the monarchy, which he zealously served. As the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper noted in an obituary dated February 27, 1916: “He was the only senator who had a soldier George, who spent half his life in the ranks of bureaucrats, evaded receiving titles. He was in correspondence with I. S. Turgenev, with the loss of which the liberals lost a worthy idealist opponent - who professed his views not out of fear, but out of conscience.
Senator Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin was buried in the village of Georgievsky, near the Naryshkino station. According to local historian A. Belsky, the station was named after A. A. Naryshkin, who helped in laying a section of the Riga-Oryol railway across the territory of his estates.
Elizaveta Alexandrovna Naryshkina (nee Tsurikova) was arrested by the Oryol Cheka in 1919 and transferred to Moscow. She was kept in a concentration camp located within the walls of the Novo-Spassky Monastery. She was released on bail and on the guarantee of Professor Arsenyev, the husband of one of her daughters, Olga.
The second daughter of the Naryshkins, Ekaterina, emigrated with her husband and children to Switzerland, died in 1971.
The fate of the sons was tragic. Peter, the staff captain of the Preobrazhensky regiment, was shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918 in Petrograd. Yuriy, cornet of the 17th Chernihiv Hussar Regiment, died in the battles of the Volunteer Army. Boris, a military doctor, was shot in 1927 in Moscow.
The Oryol public repeatedly raised the question of renaming the Uritsky district to Naryshkinsky. Letters with the same request to the administration of the President of Russia, the governor of the Oryol region, the chairman of the Council of People's Deputies, the head of the administration of the Uritsky district were recently sent by the youth brotherhood of St. George the Victorious. Moses Solomonovich Uritsky was in no way associated with the land that now bears his name. Historical justice requires returning the name of our outstanding countryman to the district.
On October 28, 2009, on the day of the 170th anniversary of the birth of A. A. Naryshkin, a memorial cross was erected on the site of the destroyed church of St. George the Victorious, where the Naryshkin family crypt was located, and a memorial service was served in the village of Georgievsky.

YAKUSHKIN PAVEL IVANOVICH (1822 - 1872)

Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin - writer-ethnographer, collector of folk songs, proverbs, riddles and fables, cousin of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin, was born in 1822 in the estate of Saburovo, Maloarkhangelsky district, Oryol province, now the Pokrovsky district of the Oryol region, in a wealthy noble family. His father, Ivan Andreevich, served in the guards, retired as a lieutenant and lived permanently in the village, where he married a serf woman Praskovya Faleevna.
After his death, the family remained in the hands of his mother, who enjoyed general respect inspired by her infinite kindness, bright mind and cordiality. At the same time, she possessed the tact of an experienced housewife, and the estate left by her husband was not only not upset, but was brought to the best condition. Thanks to this, Praskovya Faleevna had the opportunity to raise six sons in the Oryol gymnasium and then open the way to higher education for three of them (Alexander, Pavel and Viktor).
Having learned to read and write in the parental home and having learned the “rudiments of science”, Yakushkin entered the Oryol gymnasium, where he attracted attention with his masculinity, carelessness in a suit and complete inability to observe an intelligent, decent and consistent appearance with a noble rank. Especially with his disobedient whirlwinds, “he killed the director,” and no matter how they cut these whirlwinds, they constantly stuck out in all directions, to the horror of the authorities, who were unpleasant to mess with Yakushkin’s hair and because every time he was tonsured, he “rudely justified himself with such peasant words that in all classes were dying of laughter. Thus, Yakushkin's passion for the common people was formed at school, and the German language teacher Funkendorf called him in no other way than "peasant scarecrow".
In 1840, Yakushkin entered the Faculty of Mathematics at Moscow University, listened to him quite successfully until the 4th year, but did not graduate from the university both due to an accidental mistake in choosing a faculty that was inconsistent with his desires and vocation, and due to his passion for a completely different occupation, which made his name is famous in literature and society. He was then a teacher in district schools in Bogodukhov, then in Oboyan of the Kharkov educational district, but both were short-lived and unsuccessful.
Acquaintance with M. P. Pogodin and even more so with P. V. Kireevsky led him to a completely different path. Upon learning that Kireevsky was collecting folk songs, Yakushkin recorded one and sent it to him with a friend dressed up as a lackey. Kireevsky gave out 15 rubles in banknotes for this song. Yakushkin soon repeated this experience two more times and received an invitation from Kireevsky to get acquainted. The songs were genuine folk art. Sensitive to the abilities of Yakushkin, Kireevsky at his own expense asked him a job that pleased him so much that he forced him to leave the university: namely, he sent him to study in the northern Volga provinces. Yakushkin shouldered a lubok box stuffed with Offen goods worth no more than ten rubles, picked up a yardstick and went under the guise of a bagman to study the people and to study and record songs. The merchandise taken, selected more for a weak girl's heart, was intended not for sale, but for exchange for songs and suitable ethnographic material.
And since then, Yakushkin has been spaced all his life. The image of the wanderer was amiable and dear to Yakushkin as much by habit as by the exclusivity of the position among the people, where honor and respect are great for a passer-by. In the spirit of that time, Yakushkin's undertaking can be considered positive madness, which, at least, found its justification only in the hobbies of youth. Yakushkin's first journey ended successfully, and the walk without obstacles left only the most favorable impression, lured, lured and promised the greatest success in view of the acquired techniques and practice.
Upon returning from a campaign in Moscow, Yakushkin, through M.P. Pogodin, became known to the Slavophiles. Acquaintance with this circle was the reason that Yakushkin himself became a Slavophil, but not in the narrow sense, as our criticism understood it: he endured sincere love and firm faith in the honest, gifted nature of the Great Russian tribe and in the breadth of his world calling; he loved him so much that all his life later he remained for him a worker, intercessor and intercessor.
After the first journey, Yakushkin went on a second, third and, it seems, fourth campaign, and again under the protection of a box and under the guise of a dairy merchant. On one of these journeys, Yakushkin contracted smallpox, fell ill, and collapsed in the first village corner that came across; his healthy nature, however, withstood the disease, but his face was severely disfigured, and Yakushkin later had to pay more than once for this accidental misfortune from those people who are accustomed to make an impression by their faces. Plumed with a long beard, with long hair, it sometimes frightened women and children at solitary meetings and aroused suspicion in the police.
One of the biggest adventures was the arrest of him by the Pskov police, represented by its police chief Gempel, which made a lot of noise. Yakushkin was put in a jail cell, where he spent up to 2 weeks. It is remarkable that when this story ended, Yakushkin was on friendly terms with Hempel and subsequently spoke of him with meekness, not remembering evil and not putting him in guilt and condemnation.
Politics was of little interest to Yakushkin. He treated literary trends with complete indifference and entered all editions with the same good nature, not paying attention to their mutual enmity. All the sympathies of Yakushkin were on the side of the working people, especially farm laborers, factory workers, in general, the bareness, which, in his words, "the owners are ready to kill, and can kill if they themselves do not come to their mind and find out how they are needed." Ideal social structure was in his imagination a gigantic artel, accommodating the whole of Russia.
The songs overheard and recorded by Yakushkin entered the rich collection of P. V. Kireevsky, who did not have time to publish them during his lifetime, but before his death expressed a desire that the selection of songs and their final editing be done both by right and by the power of Yakushkin's deep knowledge. It didn't happen that way. The heir of Kireevsky handed over this case to Bessonov. Grieved by the refusal and having received a blow to the most sensitive side of the heart, Yakushkin came to St. Petersburg and lamented his failure, which seemed to him the biggest failure of his whole life, and, if possible, get out of his insulting, hard-tolerated position. Meek by nature to the point of self-sacrifice, gentle to the point of originality, this time too he resorted to measures that seemed to him the most worthy and harmless. He managed to compile his independent separate song collection with the help of personal memories and his wonderful memory and with the assistance of friends and acquaintances. The editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski hospitably assigned a place to this collection, and Yakushkin calmed down, considering this task completed for himself. And only to clear his conscience, he considered it necessary to explain this matter to the reading public in a polemical article published in the journal Library for Reading.
Yakushkin arrived in St. Petersburg in 1858, at the height of the then excitement, in which the expected liberation of the peasants played a large role. Yakushkin, already a well-known philanthropist and ethnographer, was warmly welcomed in literary circles and began to write something for Iskra, Library for Reading, Otechestvennye Zapiski and other magazines. At the same time, he became known to the metropolitan public, having the opportunity to appear at literary readings and appear on the streets in his original costume, where he was pointed out as a person who “walked all over Russia on foot”. His photographic cards, made very well by the artist Berestov, were bought by dozens like hot cakes and popularly passed off as portraits of Pugachev, and in Paris, in the Palais Royal, they were even sold with the signature "Pougatsceuff".
The year 1865 was significant for Yakushkin in that it was the last in his free and independent life. That year, he made his usual trip, which brought him to Nizhny Novgorod during the Makariev fair, at which there was a random congress of several writers (P. M. Melnikova, V. P. Bezobrazov, I. A. Arsenyev, P. D. Boborykin and etc.). On this occasion, the then fair head A.P. Shipov, an educated man, known for his versatile social activities and deep sympathy for literature and economic sciences and being himself the author of many learned treatises, he arranged a big dinner by subscription, in which eminent merchants and writers who came for dinner took part. Among the diners was Yakushkin. Drunk, he made a sharp remark during the speech of V.P. Bezobrazov, who interfered with speech with the sound of a spoon, I.A. Arsenyev. Then he interrupted the adjutant in the cafeteria, the local gendarmerie staff officer Perfilyev, who complained to the then fair Governor-General Ogarev, presenting Yakushkin as a dangerous agitator embarrassing the people.
He was arrested and sent to Petersburg, and from there he was sent to Orel to his mother. The silent and innocent sufferer realized that with his weaknesses he could only cause annoyance to his dearly beloved mother. Therefore, after a short stay in Orel, he prayed to his friends: “Spare my mother from me! As far as I can understand, they wanted to punish me by deportation here, but they punished my mother. Enter the position of an innocent, honest and kind old woman, obliged to see her lost son before her every day. His request was respected: he was transferred from the Oryol province to Astrakhan. Here he lived under administrative supervision in Krasny Yar and Enotaevsk. His health was extremely upset and full of all sorts of hardships and upheavals, a wandering, homeless life, and an excessive addiction to a glass. Regarding the latter circumstance, he could boldly declare that none other than the people themselves in the countless taverns of the Russian Empire had drunk him. This soon turned Yakushkin into an incurable alcoholic and made him the hero of various anecdotal eccentricities.
In 1871, Yakushkin was allowed to move to one of the county towns of the Samara province. Arriving in Samara, he fell ill with relapsing fever and went to the city hospital, where he died on January 8 of the following year at the hands of the famous publicist writer and doctor V. O. Portugalov. Yakushkin died with that good-natured nonchalance with which he lived his whole tambourine life, with his favorite song on his lips: “We will sing and we will play, And death will come, we will die!”

Orel gave the world many great Russian writers, poets and other cultural figures. Few people know that such famous writers as Fet, Turgenev, Leskov and many others were born in this glorious region, and the Oryol writers themselves treat their homeland with awe and love.

The biography of the Oryol writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev begins in 1818. Memories of childhood left a deep imprint on the writer's work. Even at an early age, sympathy for others, and hostility to serfdom, arose in him.

Turgenev studied in St. Petersburg, Moscow and abroad. In 1842 he received the title of Master of Philosophy. Acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky changed his life: Turgenev dedicated it to literature.

In 1847, the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine was published with the story Khor and Kalinich, which would later be included in the cycle of the now known Hunter's Notes. In view of the anti-serfdom sentiments that oozed democratically minded author's stories, the writer was arrested and exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo.

After a long stay in exile, Turgenev returns to St. Petersburg. In the 1850s, the most significant works of the writer from the Oryol region were published: Mumu, Asya, Rudin, Noble Nest. It was these stories that brought the author fame.

In the 60s, revolutionary sentiments intensified in the country, which led to the writer's break with Sovremennik, but democratic ideas can still be traced in his work. A striking example of this are the novels "Fathers and Sons" and "On the Eve", around which heated debates arose. Turgenev was forced to live abroad until the 1970s.

Despite the stormy activity, the writer yearns for his homeland. In 1876 he returned and worked on the novel Nov. Turgenev understands that he wants to stop wandering and live out his life in his native land.

In 1882, Ivan Sergeevich fell ill, and a year later he died in France from spinal sarcoma.

The writer's work is saturated with love for the Oryol region. Now a monument has been created in Orel, as well as a museum of the Orel writer Turgenev. In addition, the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo Museum-Reserve of I. S. Turgenev is located in the Mtsensk District.

Nikolay Leskov

The list of Oryol writers is replenished by the talented prose writer Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. The writer is known for such works as "Lefty", "Nowhere", "On the Knives", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", "Cathedrals", "Spender".

Leskov was born in 1831 on February 4 in the village of Gorokhovo, Oryol district. The writer of the Oryol Territory was the eldest son among four more children. At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to study at the Oryol provincial gymnasium.

In the service of a private agent at Schcott and Wilkins, Leskov spent 3 years traveling around Russia: it was these travels that inspired him to write.

In 1860, he was already published in the "Economic Index", "Modern Medicine" and "Saint Petersburg Vedomosti". At the beginning of his career as a writer, Nikolai worked under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky, and also used many other names.

A year later, Leskov moved to St. Petersburg, where he began to publish his notes and articles in local magazines.

Leskov died in 1895 of an asthma attack that plagued him for the last few years of his life.

Oryol remembers the Oryol writer: a monument to Nikolai Leskov has been erected here, and the writer's house-museum has also been opened.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was brought up at home until the age of 11, and in 1881 he went to the Yelets district gymnasium, but after the winter holidays in the 4th grade, he announced to his parents that he did not want to return. He tries to write his first poems already at the age of 8, and by the age of 17 he writes more serious works and is published in printed editions.

Ivan Alekseevich is not a famous Orlovian writer. He was born in Voronezh. However, the great writer spent at least three years in Orel, about which he spoke warmly in his memoirs. Oryol writers and poets, as well as local nature, largely influenced the writer's work.

In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France. All these years, the writer has been keeping a diary called "Cursed Days", in which he poured out all his hatred for the Bolsheviks. In France, Ivan gives lectures and publishes journalism. Bunin leads an active social life and tries with all his might to help writers and Russian emigrants. Ivan Alekseevich is engaged in a stormy literary activity, which made him one of the main figures of the Russian diaspora. Ivan Bunin received many literary and socially significant awards in his life.

The writer died in Paris in 1953.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev occupies an honorable place in the list of Oryol writers and poets. Born in 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province, he spent all his childhood in these parts.

While studying at Moscow University, Tyutchev belonged to the circle of S. E. Raich, which was characterized by a combination of the academic school of literature with a manifestation of interest in the political life of the country. The pre-Decembrist moods turned out to be close to the young Tyutchev. The poet begins to publish in Northern Lira and Galatea.

In the spring of 1822, Fyodor was appointed supernumerary secretary of the Russian mission in Munich. During this period, the question of the meaning of being comes through in the poet's poems: the writer is confused and confused, a keen sense of the tragedy of human life breaks the poet's soul, prompting reflections on the meaning of the individual on the scale of the universe. In addition, Tyutchev's thoughts are directed towards the fate of the Motherland, which also worries him a lot.

After spending 22 years in Italy and Germany, Fedor Ivanovich returns to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Every summer the poet visits his native Ovstug, who has not left his heart even after so many years. In 1855, stung by the sight of impoverished Russian villages, he wrote a heartbreaking poem "These Poor Villages", which was soon heard throughout the country.

In his small homeland, in Ovstug, the poet wrote the works “The Enchantress in Winter”, “There is in the original autumn” and many others. The poet himself never aspired to popularity and did not take to heart the literary role of his poems. Only in 1854, yielding to the persuasion of I. S. Turgenev, Fyodor Tyutchev chooses several of his works for a separate publication, which later will bring great fame to the poet.

Orlovsky writer and poet died in 1873 in St. Petersburg, where he was buried.

The writer of the Oryol region Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in the village of Novoselki, Mtsensk district, in 1820. His love for poetry manifested itself quite early: Athanasius from childhood tried to compose, translating nursery rhymes from German.

At the end of the boarding school, Fet enters the verbal department at Moscow University. Soon he began to publish his poems in the magazines Moskvityanin, Domestic Notes and Library for Reading. The poet's talent was recognized even by the great critic and writer V. G. Belinsky, and already in 1840 the poet published his collection "Lyrical Pantheon".

This period saw the flowering of Afanasy Afanasyevich's creativity. He writes love and landscape lyrics: “Wonderful Picture”, “Bacchante”, “Sad Birch”, “Don’t wake her up at dawn” and many others.

In the 50s, Fet became close to Sovremennik, his poems often appeared on the pages of the magazine. Fet's new collections have been released, highly appreciated in the literary environment.

In 1860, Fet bought a plot in the Mtsensk district and became a landowner. In 1863, the poet published the collection Poems and was silent for a long time. The next collection "Evening Lights" appears only in 1883. But by that time, the poet’s talent had not dried up at all: Fet again sang of beauty and love, and also raised important philosophical questions.

Afanasy Fet died in 1892 in Moscow.

The list of compatriot writers who lived in included Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, who was born in 1763 in the village of Livny. Rostopchin is known as a statesman and literary figure. Having received an excellent home education, at the age of 10 he was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The next years he builds his military career until he receives the rank of lieutenant commander of the Life Guards in 1789. The following years, Rostopchin takes part in many wars, as a result of which in 1799 he was elevated to the rank of count of the Russian Empire for numerous merits.

Two years later, Rostopchin retires. Fedor spends a long period of his life in his own estate Voronov, where he begins his literary activity, adding to the number of writers born in the Oryol province.

As a result of his work, in 1807, the book “Thoughts aloud on the Red Porch ...” was published, with the help of which he won great fame. In the same period of time, the story “Oh, the French!” Was born, as well as a couple of comedies, the most famous was “News, or the Killed Alive”.

After the events of 1812, Fyodor Vasilyevich gained the fame of the initiator of the Moscow fire, but he publicly renounces this version, reinforcing his words with his own work, The Truth About the Fire of Moscow.

In 1814, Alexander I dismissed Rostopchin from the post of Moscow commander in chief. Since 1823, Fedor has been living in Moscow, being retired due to illness. Rostopchin died in 1826.

Among the Oryol writers, they also name Alexei Nikolaevich Apukhtin, who was born in 1840 in the city of Bolkhov in the Oryol province.

The first poems of the poet appear in the publication "Russian Disabled" - this is the work "Epaminoid", dedicated to the hero of Sevastopol, Admiral Kornilov, as well as the poem "Imitation of Arabic". At the school, Alexey writes a lot and with pleasure: in his work of this period, the influence of the poetry of A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky and M. Lermontov can be traced. Sadness began to be read in the poems, reflections on death and the meaning of life are not uncommon. The theme of disappointment grows stronger, becoming the hallmark of the author.

In 1858, Apukhtin heeded Turgenev's advice and moved away from sad themes in his work and wrote the poem "The Village of Kolotovka", but never finished it. In this work, the poet reproduces the Oryol fortress village - the motive of the poems in many respects has something in common with Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter".

In the early 60s, Apukhtin decides to move away from civilian topics and calls himself the creator of "pure art" in his poem "Modern Vitiyam". Apukhtin foresees the gathering darkness in the near future, which is reflected in his works “A bleak dream exhausted me,” “ Autumn leaves”, “Flies”, “I defeated her, fatal love”, “Meeting”. But such creativity did not find a response from readers and critics, and Apukhtin's works cease to be printed.

By 1864, he returns to St. Petersburg, the almost forgotten name of the poet regains popularity with his new poems, which begin to be published in local literary magazines. In 1886, the poet decides to publish the first collection of poems, which later will gain great popularity.

Alexei invents his own genre - a poem-confession. It included "A Year in the Monastery", written in the village of Oryol, as well as "Before the operation", "With a courier train", "Crazy" and "From the papers of the prosecutor".

Of no less interest are prose works: "The Archive of Countess D.", "The Diary of Pavlik Dolsky", "Between Life and Death". The stories continue the theme of personal narrative, typical of his poetry, now expressed in the form of a monologue, letters, diaries.

Work on prose was the last literary work of the writer: since 1893, Alexei could no longer get out of bed. Apukhtin died in the same year in St. Petersburg.

Pavel Yakushin

Pavel Ivanovich Yakushin - Orlovets writer, was born in the village of Saburovo, Maloarkhangelsky district, Oryol province in 1822. He is a researcher of folk art. Even in his gymnasium years, Pavel stood out for his giftedness and willfulness. Being in the fourth year of the mathematical faculty of Moscow University, Yakushin made acquaintance with P.K. Kireevsky and parted with science on his advice, setting off on wanderings around the Volga cities. Before him, no one in Russia had collected the treasures of folk poetry in this way. Pavel Ivanovich made several campaigns, as a result of which he recorded many historical, ritual and lyrical songs from his native Oryol region.

Kireevsky ordered Pavel to publish the collected songs, which Yakushin did in the 50s. The folk songs of P. I. Yakushin were published in 1860 and 1865, and his folklore notes were included in the well-known collection of A. N. Afanasyev “Russian Folk Tales”.

In 1860, letters were published in the Sovremennik magazine in which Yakushin describes the creation of a fortress at the confluence of the Orlik and Oka rivers, and also retells folk legends about Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible.

Yakushin did a lot for folk literature and the preservation of cultural heritage. Pavel died in a Samara hospital.

Leonid Andreev

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born in Orel in 1871. At the age of 20, he entered St. Petersburg University, from where he was expelled two years later. After that, he entered Moscow University and was educated as a lawyer.

He began writing as a student. At the end of his studies, he publishes court reports and feuilletons, as well as some stories and essays. In 1901 he published his book "Stories", which soon brought him fame.

Early literary works contained many ideas that originated in the author’s head back in Orel: in the plots of the stories “Hotel”, “Buyanikha”, “Angel”, “Bargamot and Garaska”, the destitute Oryol Pushkarnaya was easily recognized. Oryol's realities are also inspired by Andreev's stories such as "Spring", "He, she and vodka", "Spring Promises", "On the River". All these works are permeated with disappointment in the world, acute despair and compassion for human pain.

Leonid Andreev warmly treated the Social Democrats and periodically provided his room for underground meetings of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, for which he was subsequently arrested. In the Taganka prison he writes about the revolution with great inspiration. During this period, “In Memory of Vladimir Mazurin”, “To the Stars”, “From a Story That Will Never Be Finished”, “The Story of the Seven Hanged Men” and “The Governor” appear.

Soon Andreev is overtaken by a spiritual crisis, which leads to pessimistic works in which a person's life becomes like a meaningless run on the spot. Among these stories is Red Laughter, which was a reaction to the Russo-Japanese War. The story made a huge impression on readers, and subsequently began to be translated into other languages.

A distinctive feature of the author's work was bright expressiveness, which began to manifest itself in the stories "The Life of Vasily of Thebes", "Laughter", "Nabat" and "Lie". Andreev also creates a number of expressionist works, such as "Tsar Hunger", "The Life of a Man" and "Anatema".

Until the end of his life, the writer did not break his connection with his native Eagle. He often came to his homeland, arranging various social and cultural events, supporting literary activities and young authors. The Oryol theme often sounds in the work of Leonid: the novel "Sashka Zhegulev", the play "Youth" and many others.

During the revolution, Andreev found himself outside his native country, to which he was no longer destined to return: he died two years later.

The house of Leonid Andreev became a museum of the Orel writer: he spent many years there in his childhood and youth.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born in 1873 in the village of Khrushchevo, Yelets district, Oryol province.

In 1902, Prishvin graduated, after which he worked as an agronomist for a long time, collaborating with agronomic journals. Then he wrote a series of works on the topic of agriculture.

In his first works “Behind the Magic Kolobok” and “In the Land of Frightened Birds”, Prishvin describes his northern travels. In these essays, the author admires the immense beauty of Russian nature and the talent of the common people, who managed to maintain faith in goodness in the difficult conditions of political oppression.

Prishvin's subsequent travels were also reflected in his works: "Adam and Eve", "Lake Krutoyaroe", "Black Arab", "At the Walls of the Invisible City". In them, he describes ordinary Russian people whom he met on his way.

In 1912-1914, a three-volume collection of the author was published by the Znanie publishing house: all works are united by the socio-philosophical idea of ​​the eternal search for happiness.

During the First World War, the writer writes front-line correspondence in the publications Rech, Birzhevye Vedomosti, and Russkiye Vedomosti.

Shortly after the Great October Revolution, Mikhail Prishvin lived for a period in the Oryol Territory, where he worked on research and taught.

In 1923, he publishes essays called "Shoes", which raises the issue of revolution and art. The book “Springs of Berendey” led to a new stage in the development of the writer’s work, in the center of the plot of which is the Earth. Also in the 1920s, Mikhail began work on the autobiographical novel Kashcheev's Chain, which he worked on until the end of his life.

In the 1930s, Prishvin again went on a journey. Based on the materials collected during his travels, he writes the books “Undressed Spring”, “Berendeeva Thicket”, “ caucasian stories”, as well as poems in prose “Phacelia” and “Forest drops”. The pinnacle of the literary works of Mikhail Prishvin was the poem "Ginseng".

Prishvin wrote a lot for children: his collections "Zhurka", "The Beast Chipmunk", "Golden Meadow", "Grandfather's Boots" and "Pantry of the Sun" remain popular to this day.

In the early days of the World War, he wrote the story "The Blue Dragonfly", which expresses the author's confidence in victory over the enemy. By 1943, “Stories about Leningrad Children” were published, where he praised the mothers of besieged Leningrad. A year later, he writes "The Tale of Our Time", also dedicated to sad events.

Mikhail dedicates his old age to diaries, intending to publish them in a separate book. He also finishes work on the novel-tale "The Sovereign's Road" and finishes the story-tale "Ship Thicket". The last written works were the result of Prishvin's creative searches.

Mikhail Mikhailovich died in Moscow in 1854.

How many talented authors the city of Oryol has given birth to: Oryol writers, to whom so many museums in the city are dedicated, are a real legend of these parts. Just as famous authors remembered their homeland, so it still keeps the memory of the great minds born on these lands. Some of the writers deserve a separate museum, but the museum of Oryol writers in Orel also carefully preserves the history, which forever fixed the memory of their talented fellow countrymen.

Early ethnic history of the Oryol region.

Report: Kaluga archaeological
conference "Upper Poochie".
Krasnitsky L.N.

The initial stages of the ethnic history of any region of any size are always hidden by the "dust of centuries" and depend on many geographical and historical factors.

This is also characteristic of the Oryol Territory within its present borders, which at present looks like an almost unified ethnic monolith in the center of European Russia. The early past of the Oryol region, being on the whole a page of the ancient history of the Upper Oka region, is directly connected with the past of the "Oryol square" (the author's term) of four rivers surrounding the region from all sides of the world: the Desna, the Ugra, the Upper Don and the Seim.

The Oryol Territory, like the surrounding regions, was mastered by man modern look in the era of the late Paleolithic 40-35 thousand years. years ago. Traces of his predecessors - Neanderthals of the Mousterian era were found on the Desna near Bryansk and dated 70-60 thousand years ago[ Paleolith SSSS 1984, p.108, Bryansk region 1993, p.36, Oryol region 1992, p.27, SPC Archive] .

In the Middle Stone Age (8-5 thousand years ago), the Oryol region was part of the Mesolithic distribution area of ​​the Volga-Oka interfluve, and in 4-3 thousand BC. the region was inhabited by Neolithic tribes of hunters and fishermen, close to the population of the Desna, the Middle Oka and the Upper Don[ Mesolithic of the USSR 1989, p.68, Smirnov 1991, p.70, Oryol region 1992, p.54, SPC Archive] .

The first written sources reporting on the population of the Oryol region do not fall below the verge of the 9th-10th centuries. and extremely fragmented. The main information about the early stages of the history of the region is provided by archaeological sites, not accidentally called genetic code nation. The card file of the Oryol Research and Production Center for the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments (hereinafter referred to as the SPC) contains information about 400 more or less studied and dated archaeological sites of the region, which allows us to reconstruct to some extent the historical picture of the past of our region in the period from 2 thousand BC to the 13th century.

The natural and climatic conditions of the Oryol region, close to modern, developed about 4 thousand years ago. The Oryol region is located along the Central Russian Upland of the Russian Plain on the border of the forest belt and the forest-steppe, which separates the forest from the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region. The conditional boundary of the forest-steppe in the region is considered to be the course of the Oka and Zushi.[ Nature of the Oryol Territory 1983, p.40,94]

The south-east of the region - the Bystraya Sosna river, as well as the Upper Don and Seim rivers, are included in the forest-steppe zone. The left bank of the Oka, together with the rivers of the Upper Desna and the Ugra, belong to the forest belt

The boundary between the forest and the forest-steppe often shifted depending on the periods of desiccation and humidification of the climate. Thus, 3 thousand years ago, the forest-steppe moved north beyond the Oka, and the south-east of the region was completely covered with steppe. About a thousand years ago, during the period of moisture, broad-leaved forests (now almost cut down) reached the Sosna stream, leaving "tongues of the steppes" in the central part of the region. The relic steppe ravine "Neprets" near Orel and "Orlovskoe Polesie" in the northwest of the region along the Vytebet River - the outskirts of the famous "Debryansk forests" of Russian chronicles[ Nature of the Oryol region 1983, p.8, Physical map of the Oryol region 1988] .

A large role in the past of the region was played by its dense hydraulic system. The Oka, Sosna and tributaries of the Desna, which have their sources in the Oryol region, connect the region both with the central regions and with the most important river arteries of the Russian Plain - the Volga, Don and Dnieper.Rivers in ancient times were roads of settlement of tribes and peoples, in historical times - trade and military routes and always - places of residence of the main part of the population of the region. Watersheds, sparsely populated until the 13th-11th centuries, were usually contact zones for the spread of archaeological cultures, tribes, appanages, volosts and principalities.

From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, when natural conditions became close to modern, the forest belt is being developed by newcomer tribes of great historical community: "the culture of battle axes and corded ceramics", which brought pastoral cattle breeding, the beginnings of agriculture and bronze casting production to the environment of Neolithic hunters and fishermen. Moving along the river valleys, the Corded Ware tribes spread along the forest belt from the Baltic Sea to the Middle Volga, often descending south into the forest-steppe. Most researchers consider them to be the first Indo-Europeans of the forest belt of Europe, who have not yet divided into Germans and Baltoslavs.[ Tretyakov 1966, p.63, Bronze Age of the SSSS forest belt 1987, p.35] .

The Desna basin with the Seim and the Ugra are occupied by related tribes of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo cultures. In the 2nd floor. 2 thousand BC these cultures in the Desna basin are replaced by the Sosnitskaya culture that developed on the basis of the Middle Dnieper culture, the tribes of which assimilated the remnants of the tribes of the "survival Neolithic" of the region[ The Bronze Age of the forest belt SSSS 1987, p.106] . Along the tributaries of the Desna, the Middle Dnieper-Sosnitsa tribes penetrated the forested left bank of the Oka. Their separate monuments are open in Kromsky and Shablykinsky districts[ Oryol region 1992, p.46, 47, 75, 76] .

Most of the known monuments of the Bronze Age were discovered along the Sosna River in the forest-steppe south-east of the region. In the 2nd floor. 2 thousand BC in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region, successive catacomb and log-house cultures of steppe pastoralists and farmers are formed, and the forest-steppe from the sources of the Seim to the Urals in the 2nd half. 2 thousand BC occupied by the tribes of the Abashev culture, which later advanced into the forest Middle Volga region[ The Bronze Age of the forest belt SSSS 1987, p.124] . Settlements and burial mounds of these cultures were examined on the Kshen River (the right tributary of the Sosna) near the village of Rogatik, Dolzhansky District, on the Livenka River north of the city of Livna in the Klyuchevka tract and throughout the Oryol current of the Sosna[ Krasnoshchekova 1995, p.10, Oryol region 1992 p.43,49,52] .

The question of the ethnos of the above-mentioned cultures of steppe pastoralists and farmers is debatable. If the Srubnaya culture is considered the main substratum of the historically known Scythians of the 1st millennium BC, then in relation to the Abashevites, who were previously attributed to the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, they are currently speaking cautiously, more often the definition of their ethnic group as Indo-Iranian sounds[ The Bronze Age of the forest belt SSSS 1987, p.131] . Thus, on the basis of archaeological data, it can be assumed that within the Orovsky region along the forest-steppe southeast and the forested left bank of the Oka in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Two groups of the population lived, which had significant differences both in the forms of making tools and ceramics, and in the basics of the economy. Probably, we can also talk about the ethnic difference between these groups, because their descendants, the Scythians and Balts, spoke in 1 thousand BC. e. different languages.

The vast majority of the known archaeological sites of the Oryol region belong to the Iron Age, the total time span of which can be divided into the following archaeological periods:

1. Early Iron Age (RZhV)	Ser. 1 thousand BC e. - ser. 1 thousand AD e.
2. The era of the early Slavs	YIII - X centuries.
3. The era of Kievan Rus	XI - XIII centuries.
4. The era of the late Middle Ages	XIY - XY centuries.
5. The era of Muscovite Russia	XYI - XYII centuries.

Already in the RZhV, in addition to unfortified settlements - settlements, fortified settlements were built, some of which later became historical cities(Mtsensk, Kromy, Novosil, etc.). From the border e. until the final victory of Christianity, the mound burial rite dominates with cremation, later inhumation of the dead.

In the middle of 1 thousand BC. e. in the region of the "Orlovsky square" the following archaeological picture is being formed.In the forest belt from the Baltic Sea to the Upper Oka, on the basis of the descendants of the Corded Ware tribes, a number of related cultures of the ancient Balts are formed, from which the Germans have already separated, but the Slavs have not yet separated. The Desna was occupied by the Balts of the Yukhnov culture, the main course of the Ugra was the tribes of the Smolensk group of the Balts of the Dnieper-Dvina culture [Sedov 1970, p. 25, Schmidt 1992, p. 10].

The lower reaches of the Ugra, the Middle Oka and the Upper Don were part of the region inhabited by the tribes of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples of the Dyakovo and Gorodets cultures. Monuments of Gorodets culture are known in the Tula right bank of the Oka along the Upa river and along the Lipetsk course of the Sosna to the mouth of the river. Vorgol [Tretyakov 1966, p.145, Yelets and its environs 1991, p.9, 95].

According to the Sejm from Ser. 1 thousand BC e. the tribes of the forest-steppe Seima culture of the RZhV era lived (the old name of the culture was "late Scythian ash-pit"). Their settlements are known from wooden structures shafts. Finds of the cultural layer of settlements characterize the agricultural and cattle-breeding life of the population, developed craft[Steppes of the European part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time 1989, p.74, 75].

The question of the ethnos of the forest-steppe population of European Russia in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Volga is the most difficult problem of the RZhV era, although from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. written sources appear. One of them is the work of the ancient Greek "father of history" Herodotus (middle 5th century BC), whose fourth book is devoted to the description of Scythia and its neighbors [Geradot 1972, book. IY]. Having given a description of the nomadic and settled Scythians, incl. steppe "royal", Herodotus lists non-Scythian peoples who lived north of the "royal" in the forest-steppe and along the southern outskirts of the forest belt. The historian notes that among the inhabitants of the forest-steppe there were Scythians-renegades who had gone north from the main Scythian steppe core, and Iranian-speaking Savromats (Sarmatians) related to the Scythians, who spoke "the corrupted Scythian language", and Gelons - immigrants from the Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea region, who spoke in Greek and Scythian. Among the non-Scythian peoples mentioned by Herodotus, there are no disputes about androphages and neurons, Tissagets and Irks - they are associated with the Balts of the forest belt and the Finno-Ugrians of the Dyakovo and Gorodets cultures, based on their clearly non-Scythian way of life. In relation to others, Herodotus emphasizes that many of them had Scythian clothes, customs and lifestyle. Most of all disagreements on the archaeological linking of Herodotus melanchlens ("black-cloaked") and boudins, in whose name the forest-steppe population of the Seim is among the contenders [Steppes of the European part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time, 1989, p. 42,43,75,76, Medvedev 1990, p. 183, Yelets and its environs 1991, p. 95, 96].

The question of the language of the forest-steppe population of the Seim remains debatable and, speaking of the "veil of the Scythian culture", some researchers classify the culture of the Seimas as Scythian. However, one of the greatest Scythologists of the USSR B.N. Grakov believed that the Iranian-speaking, actually Scythian environment, which was based on the Bronze Age log culture, defeated local languages ​​in the vast expanse of the Northern Black Sea steppe and adjacent forest-steppe [Grakov 1977, p.152,217]

Since the era of the RZhV in the Oryol region, the ancient past of the southeast of the region and the interfluve of the Oka, Zushi and Sosna is rather unclear. If the interfluve, crossed from the southwest to the northeast by the course of the Nerucha River, is the most poorly studied part of the region archaeologically, then along the Sosna river neither studies of past years nor continuous exploration of the 90s by Krasnoshchekova S.D. practically did not reveal monuments of the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. except for a few single ones [Krasnoshchekova 1989/96, NPC Archive].

For XII - XYI centuries. this is historically clear:Behind the Pine began the Polovtsian field, which received the name "Wild" after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. In the XIY - XYI centuries. south of the modern city of Livny, four famous land "ways" converged - Bakaev, Muravsky, Izyumsky and Kalmiussky, which, together with the "Nogai dogora", were not only trade roads, but also favorite routes for campaigns and raids of the nomadic population of the southern Russian steppes [Soviet Historical Encyclopedia 1964, v.5, p627, Kargalov 1998, p.323].

In the area of ​​the mouth of the river Livenka to Sosna, the paths forked again. One way to the north - "Muravskaya road" went to Tula - Moscow. The second way to the north-west along the "language" of the steppes reached the Oka in the interfluve of the Rybnitsa and Optukha, and beyond the Oka diverged in different directions to Kromy, Karachev-Bryansk and Bolkhov-Belev-Kaluga. It is no coincidence that in the XNUMXth century. fortress towns Bolkhov (1556), Orel (1566), Livny (1586) were founded on the northwestern route, and the fortifications of chronicle Krom were restored.

It seems that the archaeological "blank spot" in the south-east of the Oryol region is caused by the fact that the region of the connection of the paths still BC. e. was both commercial and military "gates" of roads from the Northern Black Sea region to the forest regions of the future Central Russia, which caused its youthful population in turbulent times from the 2nd floor. 1 thousand BC e. along the XY - XYI centuries, which swept through the steppe and forest-steppe like a shaft of countless wars. Scythians in recent centuries 1 thousand BC displaced by the Sarmatians, who were already under the name of the Alans at the beginning of our era. the Goths of the Chernyakhov culture are crowding from the west, and from the IY century - the Huns who came from the east. After the Huns, the Turks appeared in the southern Russian steppes - Avars, Bulgarians, Khazars, who founded at the end of the YII century. Khazar Khaganate [Pletneva 1986, p.13].

From the end of 1 thousand BC. e. Before the establishment of the power of the Golden Horde Tatars, there is a constant change of owners of the steppe-Khazars, Ugric peoples (Magyars), Pechenegs, Torks, Polovtsians. Part of the steppe population during the wars went to the forest-steppe and settled at the borders of the forest belt, entering the ancient Russian chronicles under the names of black klobuks, berendeevs, kovuevs and other "their filthy" [Steppes of Eurasia in the Middle Ages 1981, p. 213, Pletneva 1990, p.70].

The left bank of the Oka and the right bank of the Zushi have been studied much better in the Oryol region. Until 1950, the settlements of the RZhV era along the Upper Oka were attributed to the monuments of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples, who occupied the 2nd half. 1 thousand to. n. e. Middle Oka and Upper Don. However, the studies of the 50s of Nikolskaya T.N. it was established that the population of the Upper Oka from the mouth of the Orlik river to the mouth of the Ugra from the 2nd half. 1 thousand BC e. to the twelfth century A.D. e. belonged to the easternmost group of the Balts of the forest belt, whose culture was called the Upper Oka. Along the watershed of the Oka and Desna, the Upper Oka Balts bordered on the Yukhnov, the watershed of the Oka and Ugra - on the Dnieper-Dvina Balts. The watershed of the Oka and the Upper Don separated the Upper Oka tribes from the tribes of the Gorodets culture. All researchers emphasize the proximity of the Upper Oka Balts with the Yukhnov ones and the close ties between the population of the Desna - Upper Oka and the Scythian world of the forest-steppe [Nikolskaya 1959, p. 80, Tretyakov 1966, p. 173-174, Sedov 1970, p.32, Steppes of the European part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time 1989, p.75].

If the Yukhnov Balts bordered on the forest-steppe Scythians in the IY century. BC e. along the right bank of the Seim, the contact zone of the Upper Oka tribes with the forest-steppe tribes was assumed along the course of the Sosna.

But examining the monuments of the Balts of the Oryol current, the Oka Nikolskaya discovers two settlements of the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. near the village of Luzhki, Kromsky district, and near the village of Vorotyntsevo, Novosilsky district, which, according to characteristic finds and ceramics, are attributed by her to the Seima culture. Later, settlements with similar pottery were found along the Oka from the upper reaches of the village. Tagino, Glazunovskiy region, to the mouths of Zushi and Nugri [Nikolskaya 1969, p. 17, Frolov 1982, Archive of the IA RAS No. 10655, Krasnitsky 1987, Archive of the IA RAS No. 12020].

Thus, it can be argued that in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. the tribes of the forest-steppe Scythians occupied the entire Oryol right bank of the Oka. From Yv. BC e. the Balts begin to move south. However, if the Yukhnov tribes displace the forest-steppe Scythians from the right bank of the Seim, then the Upper Oka, having occupied the course of the Zushi, did not advance along the Oka above the mouth of the Orlik - forest-steppe settlements near the village of Luzhka and with. Tagino functioned until the 1st century. BC e. [Frolov 1985, p.29, Steppes of the European part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time 1989, p. 75, Archive of the NPC: passports of the settlements of Luzhki, Vorotyntsevo, Tagino].

At the turn of the a.d. noticeable changes occur in the forest belt associated with the advance of the tribes of the late Zarubinets (Pochep) culture from the Middle Dnieper. Displacing and assimilating the Yukhnov population of the Desna, the newcomers, following the departing Yukhnovists, penetrate the Upper Oka. Some researchers consider them Proto-Slavs, others - Balts [Tretyakov 1966, p.234, Sedov 1970, p.44].

But if the newcomers replaced the Yukhnov population on the Desna, then along the Oka they dissolved in the Upper Oka environment, entering the Moshchin culture of the late eastern Balts of the Upper Oka of the 4th-20th centuries, which preceded the Vyatichi annals [Sedov 1982, p.43].

The Moshchin tribes occupied the upper reaches of the Oka along the Oryol region, but did not move southeast further than the line of the river Neruch - Upper Zusha. Down the Oka River, the Moshchinites advanced to its middle course, where the descendants of the Gorodets tribes, forced out from the Upper Don by the Alano-Bulgarians, retreated [Medvedev 1990, p.181].

In the second half of 1 thousand BC. e. from the Dnieper to the north and north-east, the Eastern Slavs are advancing, mastering the forest belt and forest-steppe.

By the thirteenth century The Seim and the Desna are occupied by northerners who have moved south and left the tribal name in the hydronym "Seversky Donets". To the east of the Desna, the northerners advanced to the watershed of the Desna and Oka (the western border of the Oryol region). The remnants of the Alan-Bulgarian population of Poseimye joined the environment of the northerners, which is confirmed both archaeologically - by the monuments of the Volyntsev culture in the region of the Severyanskaya proper - Romance, and by a tribal, clearly non-Slavic name (in the annals often "north"), in which they see the Iranian ethnonym "black ", which brings to mind the Herodotus melanchlens [Sedov 1982, p.138].

Upper Oka in the 13th century. Vyatichi are occupied by the Vyatichi, who came with the relatives along the PVL "from the Poles" - i.e. from the lands to the west of Kyiv [PSVL 1997, v.1, stb.12].

The Desna northerners divided the Vyatichi and Radimichi, but the upper reaches of the Desna and the Ugra are occupied by a mixed Slavic population of Radimichi, Severyans, Vyatichi and Smolensk Krivyachs [Sedov 1982, p.161].

Mapping of Vyatichi monuments YIII - Xv. shows that their tribes in the southeast of the Oryol region did not cross the Moshchin border Neruch - Upper Zusha[Sedov 1982, p.161].

The Balts of the Upper Oka were very quickly assimilated by the Slavs, although individual "islands" of the Moshchin population are mentioned in the annals under the name "golyadi" in the middle of the 12th century. on the Protva (a tributary of the Oka) [Sedov 1982: 161].

Upper Don in YIII - X centuries. was occupied by the Slavic population of the Borshchev culture. The Don Slavs were previously considered either northerners or Vyatichi, based on the proximity of cultures: the Romany northerners, the Romano-Borshchiv Vyatichi and the Borshchevskaya Don Slavs. Recently, the opinion has been established that the Don Slavs are a separate territorial grouping of the Slavs, close to both the northerners and the Vyatichi. By the end of the X century. under the pressure of the Pechenegs, the bulk of the Don Slavs withdrew to the Upper and Middle Oka (future Ryazan land). When the PVL was compiled (end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries), there was no longer a large group, so their tribal name did not appear on the pages of the annals.

Along the Pine, the settlements of the Don Slavs reached the mouth of the Vorgol River near Yelets [Sedov 1982, p.161].

In the middle of the IX century. Northerners, Vyatichi and undoubtedly the Don Slavs became dependent on the Khazar Khaganate. PVL under 859. reports that the Khazars "... took a shelyag (silver coin) and a squirrel from the smoke from the northerners and Vyatichi" [PSVL 1997, v.1, stb.19].

If the northerners a year after the capture of Kyiv by Oleg (882) became part of Kievan Rus, then the Vyatichi tribes paid tribute to the Khazars "... for a shelyag from the ral" (from a plow) until the mid-60s. X century, which did not prevent them from participating in the campaigns of the same Oleg and Igor against Constantinople. Such a long preservation of political dependence is most likely due to the benefits of trade with the East along the Volga and Byzantium along the Don, controlled by the Khazar Khaganate. Since the trade of Eastern Europe in the YIII - X centuries. was carried out mainly along the rivers, it was beneficial for the Vyatichi people of the Upper Oka to maintain independence with relative dependence on the weakened Khazar Khaganate. In addition, at the turn of the IX - X centuries. on the Volga, another state is formed - Volga Bulgaria, with which the Vyatichi had a direct connection along the Oka, and along the outskirts of their lands (along the Upper Don) an overland route from Kyiv to Volga Bulgaria passed.

Probably, the Vyatichi along the Orel course of the Oka, connected by river routes with the Volga, Don and Dnieper, turned out to be in the most advantageous position, and by land - with the Northern Black Sea region. Another feature of the Orel hydro-network probably played a big role in this period. Currently, the Oka begins at the village of Aleksandrovka, Glazunov District, near the border of the Kursk Region. But according to Kursk local historians, in ancient times the Oka began to the south - from the Samodurovsky swamp lake. Here is a description of it for 1929: "... a depression up to 530 m wide, which is a continuous peat bog that does not dry out in summer .... Not so long ago (39-40 years) this depression was an impenetrable swamp (rather a lake), the width of which in some places reached up to 2 km and the depth from 10 to 21 meters.From this, almost drained at present, a huge swamp originate: Svapa, Again (tributaries of the Seim), the river Ochka (upper Oka) [Chrestomatiya 1994, p. 114-115].

Those. there was a direct route, without heavy "portages", from the Dnieper to the Volga and along the system: Desna-Seim-Svapa / Again-Oka. It should be added that 2-4 km from Samodurovka, the Sosna and Neruch tributaries originate, flowing into Zusha. Thus, in the south of the Oryol region there was an important, at least in the spring flood, river junction connecting the Dnieper, Volga and Don. The use of this river system in trade is confirmed by the finds of treasures of silver Arab dirhams (the most common monetary unit of the 9th - 10th centuries) along the banks of the rivers of the Seim and Oka basins, and the finds of Roman coins of the 1st - 3rd centuries. in the Kursk region they talk about its use in the 1st half. 1 thousand AD e. [Reader 1994, p.111-113].

Perhaps along the Samodurovsky path in 964-966. the famous Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich broke into the Volga region and dealt a mortal blow to the Khazar Khaganate, subjugating the Vyatichi at the same time, and 15 years later his son Vladimir the Baptist twice went to pacify the "overgrown" inhabitants of the dense forests [PSVL 1997, v.1, stb.64,65 ,81,82].

The almost uninhabited south-east of the Oryol region until the end of the 10th century. remained., probably, the contact zone of both the Slavs: the Don, Vyatichi and Northerners, and the forest-steppe Alano-Bulgarian population of the 10th century.

After the collapse of the Kyiv state, the lands of the Vyatichi along the Oryol course of the Oka became part of the Chernigov principality, its Novgorod-Seversky appanage, the Forest Land volost [Zaitsev 1973, p. 98, Nikolskaya 1981, p.10]. Chernihiv princes advance outposts to Pine, as evidenced by the construction in the XI - XII centuries. settlements Klyuchevka on the river Livenka and Gorodetskoye on the river Foshna, however, the researchers include the Sosna basin up to Yelets into the Chernihiv lands very presumably [Zaitsev 1973, p. 8, Fig.2].

The entry of the Upper Oka into the Kievan Rus caused an increase in the number of settlements: the centers of the princely administrative nobility, who moved from the Kiev region with their "courts". In addition, due to the pressure of nomads, not only from the Upper Don, but also from the territory of the southern Russian principalities, part of the population leaves for the "Forest Land" along the Oka. So, according to the studies of Lipetsk local historians, people from Chernihiv lands settled along the Sosna area of ​​the city of Yelets [Yelets and its environs 1991, p.30].

In connection with the events of the feudal wars of the XII century. in the annals, the first mentions of cities on the land of the future Oryol region appear: Mtsensk (1146), Kromakh, Spascha, Domagoshche (all - 1147), Novosil (1155). There were much more cities in the region, but some of them, after stubborn resistance, were so wiped off the face of the earth by the invasion of Batu that they did not even leave names in written sources (urban settlements of Vorotyntsevo, Slobodka, Ganyuchevo, etc.).

Chroniclers emphasize the desire of the Vyatichi for internal autonomy. Even Vladimir Monomakh in his "Instruction" proudly wrote that the first one passed "through the Vyatichi" in the 80s. XI century by a direct route from Kyiv to Rostov and Murom - before that, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, the princely administration traveled through Smolensk [PSVL 1997, v.1, stb.247].

Perhaps these events formed the basis of the epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", the site of which the Oryol legend connects with the village of Nine Oaks on the border of the Khotynets and Karachevsky regions. And in feudal wars XII century Vyatichi did not want to participate on anyone's side.

The Oryol Vyatichi, probably due to the mentioned tendency to isolation, for a long time retained the old boundaries of their compact settlement to the southeast to the line Neruch - Verkhnyaya Zusha. This can be traced by I.I. Borisova when mapping the ethnographic elements of the famous Orlovsky "copy", the distribution of which coincides with the archaeological map of the Vyatichi people of the 13th - 13th centuries. and does not affect the southeast of the region [Borisova 1999: 109].

No information has reached us about the raids on the Oryol course of the Oka, either by the Pechenegs, who depopulated the Upper Don, or by the Polovtsy, although the latter, as allies, participated in feudal wars. XII century. and went to Karachev, Bryansk, Belev and Kozelsk. Perhaps no written sources have been preserved, but it is likely that this is due to the population of the southeastern outskirts of the Russian lands, known from the annals as "wild Polovtsy": the remnants of the Alano-Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Torks and small hordes of Polovtsy, who were not part of the large Polovtsian steppe associations XI - XII centuries, who lived in the forest-steppe and did not settle, like the aforementioned "their nasty ones" on the Russian border .. It was they who were most often attracted by the princes as allies in civil strife. At enmity with the steppe, the "wild Polovtsy" partly covered the southeast of Russia from the raids of the steppe relatives. Chroniclers, together with the "wild Polovtsy" from the XII century. they mention on the right tributaries of the Don "wanderers" (proto-Cossacks) - the free Russian population, who led a mobile lifestyle like their forest-steppe neighbors [Pletneva 1981, p.221, 257, Pletneva 1990, p.92,93]. Probably, the wanderers also blocked the paths of the steppe Polovtsian raids on the upper reaches of the Oka.

From the middle of the XIII century. beyond the Pine began the lands of the Golden Horde nomads. The Tatars probably also settled on the territory of modern Orlovshchina. So the village of Borilovo, Bolkhovsky district, local historians at the end of the 19th century. was called Tatar, which is confirmed by the finds of Golden Horde coins at the Borilovsky settlement [Orlovskaya oblast 1992, p.25].

In the XIY - XY centuries. from the west to the Upper Oka, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a Russian-Lithuanian state, advanced, more than once conquering or controlling the fragmented "Verkhovsky principalities" of the specific descendants of the Chernigov-Bryansk princes. After the entry of the Upper Oka into the Muscovite Rus in the XYI - the first half of the XYII centuries. there is a large influx of population both from the central regions and from the Russian lands that remained in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Russian settlements in the Oryol region reached and crossed Sosna. The advance of the state to the south turned the Oryol region into one of the central regions of Russia.

As a memory of the former Balto-Iranian contact, the difference between the hydronyms of the left bank of the Oka and the river Sosna remained. If hydronyms ending in - MA, CHA, SA, SHA (Kroma, Vodcha, Ressa, Zusha) linguists consider Baltic, then in the names of the right tributaries of the Sosna: Tim, Kshen, Olym - they see Iranian roots [Sedov 1979, p.41, Sedov 1970, p.9,11].

The 800-year-old borderland of Russian lands in the region played a big role in the formation of the "compatriotic" self-awareness of the population of the upper reaches of the Oka. Due to the intensive exchange of socially significant information in the environment of the past multi-ethnic population of the Oryol region, a synthesis of diverse traditions arises, a special way of both material and spiritual values ​​is being formed, incl. and language.

It is no coincidence that, according to N.S. Leskov, "... Oryol has made as many Russian writers drunk on its shallow waters as no other Russian city has put them to the benefit of the Motherland."

Appendix 1.

Material on the topic "History of the Oryol Territory"

1. 
   In ancient times, our region was covered with dense forests. Only near the rivers were glades and meadows. At that distant time, the lands of the modern Oryol region were inhabited by one of the Slavic tribes. The elder of this tribe was called Vyatko. By his name, the tribe called themselves the Vyatichi.

Vyatichi chose places suitable for agriculture for their settlements. Forests had to be cut down for arable land. Vyatichi worked together, land and livestock were common. Trade was by water. Centuries passed.

In the second half of the 11th century, the Vyatichi were subordinate to the Kyiv prince. Time passed. Large settlements began to turn into cities. After a long struggle between the princes, the lands of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov principality.

The hordes of Batu Khan, who invaded Russian lands in 1237, devastated most of our region. The inhabitants of our region participated in the battle with the Mongols-Tatars. After the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in 1480, the Russian state grew and grew stronger. But he had new enemies - the Crimean Tatars. In order to block the way for the Tatars to Moscow, it was decided to strengthen the southern borders of our state, passing along our edge. Frequent raids of the Crimean Tatars required strengthening, construction of fortresses. The chronicle of the 16th century tells how once Tsar Ivan 4 ordered the construction of a new fortress in the place where the Orlik flows into the Oka. This was in 1566. This date is considered to be the year of foundation of the city of Orel.

In the 16th century, there were many free lands in our region. Fugitive peasants from other places, fleeing from serfdom, settled on them. A peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov began in the country. The tsar and the landowners brutally dealt with the rebels.

On the night of June 24, 1812, the French army invaded Russia. The people rose to defend the Fatherland In a short time, 11 thousand people rose from our region alone. In the cities and villages of the Oryol province, the collection of food, warm clothing and footwear for the army began. Many Orlovtsy showed courage in the fight against the French conquerors.

2) The struggle of the peasants against feudal oppression forced the tsar and the landowners to abolish serfdom. Under the law of 1861, the peasants were freed from the power of the landowners, but they were given negligible land. At this time, factories and factories began to appear, the railway was laid.

February 28, 1917 Orel received a message about the overthrow of the king. The overthrown landlords and capitalists wanted to restore their power. A civil war began, in which many Orlovites showed themselves to be real heroes of the Red Army.

After the civil war, it was necessary to defeat an equally formidable enemy - devastation. In the Oryol region, power plants, factories, factories were built, collective farms were created.

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked our Motherland. Like all Soviet people, the Oryol people heroically fought for their homeland and defeated a very strong enemy.

The Oryol land presented a terrible picture after the expulsion of the Nazi hordes. With the labor of workers and peasants, cities were rebuilt, plants and factories, railways and hospitals were restored.

Now the Oryol region is a subject of the Russian Federation. Many sights and memorable places have been preserved in the region. Oryol region is known as the birthplace of many masters of artistic expression.

Material on the topic “The surface of our region. Flora and fauna"

1) Surface The Oryol region is a hilly plain, strongly indented by gullies and ravines, not high above sea level.

The highest point is in the Novoderevenkovsky district - 282 meters.

The climate of our region is moderately warm and humid.

Soils are one of the main wealth of the region. They are not the same in different places of our region in terms of their properties and fertility. Well-cultivated and fertilized soil rewards the labor expended with a rich harvest.

2) The Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone, however forests there are very few left in our area. They occupy only 9% of its area. They are distributed unevenly, more in the western regions. The forests of our region consist of deciduous and coniferous species.

The forest provides timber, furs, mushrooms, and berries for the national economy.

steppes of our region are almost completely plowed up and turned into cultural fields. Steppe vegetation has been preserved only along the slopes of ravines and gullies, along steep banks.

The fauna of the region is diverse. 65 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 150 species of birds and about a thousand invertebrates live here.

Material on the topic “Reservoirs of our region. Fresh water life"

1) There are 265 rivers and streams in the Oryol region. The largest of them is the Oka, which flows into the Volga. The length of the Oka is about 1500 kilometers, of which 211 kilometers are within our region.

There are sources in which they write that the name of the Oka River comes from the Finnish “yoki”, which means “water” in translation.

The rivers are filled with water in the spring from melting snow, in the summer - with heavy rains, and all seasons - with groundwater.

On the territory of the Oryol region, 33 species of fish live.

2) River waters are widely used in the national economy. On the major rivers hydroelectric power stations were built. Eagle plants cannot work without water, which is given by Oka, Zush Pine. Agriculture is also indispensable without water. Groundwater provides drinking water all cities, towns and villages. In addition to rivers in our region, there are many ponds - artificial reservoirs. The water of the ponds is used for irrigation, in some ponds fish and waterfowl are bred. Ponds feed groundwater.

As a result of people's impact on the condition of rivers, they become silted up, garbage dumps are formed along the banks of the rivers, the plowing of the banks of the rivers entails a washout from the fertilizer fields and the death of aquatic organisms. Cutting down near-water vegetation reduces the water content of rivers, washing cars on the river contributes to the ingress of oil products into the water.

Material on the topic “What gives our region to the country?”

1) Our region is rich in various minerals. For construction, building materials are needed - stone, sand, clay. Limestone and dolomite are used for firing for lime and cement production - stones of yellow and white color. Limestone outcrops are well traced along the valleys of the Oka, Zushi, Sosna and their tributaries.

Sand is used for the production of silicate bricks, asphalt and concrete. A large sand deposit, Kaznacheevskoye, is located 20 km north of Orel.

The Oryol region is rich in plastic and colored clays. Clays are found in all areas.

On the territory of the Oryol region there are deposits of iron ore.

2) The Orel region is part of the regional economic association "Chernozemye" (9 regions). Its economy is represented by large industrial and agro-industrial complexes.

In the structure of industry, the leading place is occupied by: ferrous metallurgy (Orlovsky steel-rolling plant), non-ferrous metallurgy (Mtsensk non-ferrous metals and alloys plant, Mtsensk aluminum casting plant), mechanical engineering

(enterprises produce technological equipment). Mechanical engineering enterprises are located in Orel, Bolkhov, Livny, Mtsensk. Developing food industry. Thermal power plants operate in Orel and Livny.

3) Agriculture dominates the agro-industrial complex. The region occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of grain production per capita. (1.5 tons) In animal husbandry, the leading role belongs to cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming.

Material on the topic "Environmental protection in the Oryol region"

1) In nature, everything is interconnected - inanimate and living nature, plants and animals and humans.

There is a proverb "As it comes around, it will respond." If the balance in nature is disturbed through the fault of people, it turns against the people themselves. After all, nature and people are one.

Environmental work is carried out in the region. Created here national park"Orlovskoye Polesye", 23 nature reserves, 31 hunting grounds were formed, 131 natural monuments were taken under protection. The total area of ​​Orlovsky Polesie is 84,205 hectares.

2) The Oryol region has its own Red Book. The publication includes 120 species of rare plants and animals found in the Oryol region.
The Red Book of the Orel Region - 250 pages of a full-color edition. The description of each species is accompanied by a map of its habitat and two illustrations.