INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
Narine Prazyan, RIA Novosti.
The name of James Cook was imprinted in the memory of millions of Russians thanks to the song by Vladimir Vysotsky "One scientific riddle, or Why did the natives eat Cook?". About the fact that this is the largest British explorer, cartographer and navigator, who led two round-the-world trips and made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries probably not known to many. The name of this illustrious Briton is the Cook Islands archipelago, a number of bays and bays, as well as the strait between the two islands of New Zealand.
James Cook was born exactly 280 years ago - October 27, 1728 in the English county of South Yorkshire in a poor Scottish family. He began his career as a sailor at the age of 18, when he was hired as a cabin boy for a trading brig-coal miner. Even then, he spent a lot of time reading books on geography, navigation, mathematics and astronomy. At the age of 27, Cook joined the Royal Navy, and two years later he was appointed captain on his first ship, the Pembroke.
James Cook went down in history and brought glory to himself and the English crown thanks to three expeditions, two of which were around the world. After their completion for outstanding discoveries, Cook was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, and from February 29, 1776 he became a member of the Royal Society of London.
Your first circumnavigation Cook made in 1768-1771. on the ship Endeavor. His goal was to find the so-called southern mainland(or Terra Incognita). During this expedition, Cook proved that New Zealand consists of two islands by opening the strait between them, which was named after him. Prior to this, it was believed that New Zealand is part of an unknown mainland. In addition, he discovered the Great Barrier Reef, and also explored and mapped the east coast of Australia, which had previously been practically unexplored.
The second circumnavigation of the world began in 1772. This time, the expedition allocated two ships - "Resolution" and "Adventure". As a result of this journey, James Cook became the first navigator in history to cross the Antarctic Circle. During the second expedition, Cook landed in New Zealand, visited Tahiti, the islands of Tonga, Easter, Marquesas. New Caledonia, South Georgia were discovered, but this time it was not possible to reach Antarctica.
The main goal of Cook's third expedition was to search for the so-called Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The expedition was again allocated two ships - "Resolution" and "Discovery". Cook's team explored the ocean right up to the start arctic ice, however, the passage was never found. But in 1778, crossing the Pacific Ocean, Cook made his main discovery - the Hawaiian Islands, where he was later destined to find his death.
In addition, during his last expedition, Cook explored the North Pacific coast of America, discovered Christmas Island, Kerguelen Island and some other islands.
There are various versions of how Captain James Cook died. It is authentically known that this happened in the Hawaiian Islands, where Cook was initially mistaken for the god Lono, whose return was predicted by Polynesian legends. Therefore, the natives met the expedition with magnificent ceremonial celebrations. However, such warm relations between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians did not last long. According to one of the widespread versions, Cook's team did not get along with the Hawaiians due to the fact that one fine day the islanders stole the longboat of one of the ships. As a result, Cook decided to take one of the local leaders hostage in order to force the Hawaiians to return the stolen goods.
A huge crowd of angry natives gathered with weapons to protect their leader and surrounded Cook and his team. The warlike spirit of the islanders forced Cook to fire his musket, after which a fight followed in which James Cook was killed. Four more sailors died with him, the rest managed to retreat to the ship.
After the death of Cook, Captain Clark, who took command of the expedition, demanded that the islanders hand over the body of the deceased captain. But they did not agree, and the British had to use force - to drive the Hawaiians into the mountains and burn their village. Only after that, the natives sent to the ship part of the remains and the head of James Cook - all that was left of the great navigator. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea.
There is another version, according to which the natives acted with the body of Cook in accordance with local customs: the body was dismembered, and the bones were tied together and secretly buried so that no one could abuse them. Such a ritual is evidence of the highest honor on the part of the Hawaiians, and Cook, according to the testimony of some of his contemporaries, enjoyed great respect among them.
But whether the natives really ate the body of the famous navigator is still not known for certain. One of the few evidences of this is the words of Vysotsky's famous song. But the song is funny...
The future Captain Cook, known not only for his travels, but also for his deep cartographic research, was born in 1728 into an impoverished farming family in the north of England. The father tried to accustom the boy to commerce, but the young man felt in himself a completely different vocation: he was attracted to ships and sea voyages.
As is customary in the Navy, Cook's first ship position was that of a cabin boy. He managed to get a job on a ship that transported coal along the English coast. The young man seriously approached his passion for the sea, he independently comprehended the basics of algebra, geometry, astronomy and navigation. Three years later, he became a real sailor, and James' remarkable abilities allowed him to successfully move up the career ladder.
In 1757, Cook brilliantly passed the exam, giving the right to manage the ship.
In subsequent years, Cook zealously carried out the tasks of the naval department of England, compiling detailed description fairways of the rivers of North America. Already at that time, his abilities as a cartographer and an excellent navigator were manifested. The work of James Cook commanded respect in the Admiralty, so he was soon instructed to go to conduct research in the Pacific Ocean.
Travels and discoveries of James Cook
The first large expedition of Captain Cook took place in 1768 and lasted until 1771. During this voyage, he established that New Zealand was a double island, mapped the Great Barrier Reef and carefully explored a large part of the coast of Australia.
During the second large-scale sea company, held from 1772 to 1775, Captain Cook passed through the Pacific in its high latitudes, unsuccessfully trying to find the South. James Cook was the first to enter the Amundsen Sea, crossing the Antarctic Circle three times. At the same time, the South Sandwich Islands were discovered and described.
The third expedition (1776-1779) added to the treasury of Cook's discoveries. During this period, the captain mapped the Hawaiian Islands and obtained final evidence that there was a strait between America and Asia.
The goals of the expedition, set by the Admiralty, were fully achieved.
Unfortunately, Cook's third expedition ended tragically for the famous captain. In 1779, in a skirmish with the Hawaiians, he was wounded, was taken prisoner by the natives and killed. The results of James Cook's travels left a bright mark on the history of geographical discoveries, and his magnificent and surprisingly accurate cartographic materials were used in navigation for a long time.
In December 1777, Captain James Cook and his ships Resolution and Discovery discovered the island, which was named Christmas Island. This island has become the largest atoll in the world. An outstanding English naval sailor made many geographical discoveries in his life.
CHRISTMAS ISLAND
Christmas Island is a small island in Indian Ocean, while the world's largest atoll (a coral island that looks like a solid or broken ring surrounding the lagoon). Its area is 321 km². The island has one of the highest seabird populations in the world.
Captain Cook and his ships Resolution and Discovery discovered the island on December 24, 1777. In connection with the holiday date on January 2, 1778, Cook named it Christmas Island.
Christmas Island. Photo: wikipedia. org
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of 24 islands and atolls located in the North Pacific Ocean. Cook discovered them on January 18, 1778 during his third trip around the world. Here he died on February 14, 1779, when he re-entered here after a year's voyage in the North Pacific Ocean. Cook gave them the name Sandwich Islands in honor of the first Lord of the Admiralty, John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, whose name has remained in history thanks to the dish he invented - the sandwich.
The name Sandwich Islands was used only in the 18th and early XIX centuries. The archipelago was then named after largest island- Hawaii. The main part of the islands of the archipelago has been the fiftieth state of the United States since 1959.
Hawaiian Islands as seen from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
NORFOLK
The island was discovered by Captain James Cook in 1774 during his voyage through the Southwest Pacific Ocean. It was a small inhabited island in pacific ocean located between Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand.
Despite the "resort" weather, since 1788, Norfolk began to be used as a place of exile for prisoners from England. The fact is that the island is practically not protected from storms and hurricanes, so it is problematic to escape from it. In 1814, the colony was abandoned as a costly one, but in 1825 the prison was again restored, and both political and criminal offenders were placed in it. In 1854 the prison was finally closed.
Norfolk. Photo: Science Museum/Global Look Press
NEW CALEDONIA
The island of New Caledonia was discovered by Cook in 1774 and named after the ancient name of his ancestors' homeland of Scotland - Caledonia. It is represented by a large island of the same name and a group of small islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia.
Active penetration of Europeans into New Caledonia began in the 1840s. France claimed the islands of New Caledonia as its possession in 1853, and from 1864 to 1896 the French government sent convicted criminals to this colony.
Now New Caledonia is an overseas special administrative-territorial entity of France.
New Caledonia, as seen from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
TUBUAI
The Tubuai Islands, or Austral Islands, were discovered by Cook in 1777. The group is located in the Pacific Ocean, in Polynesia. It consists of seven islands, five - Tubuai proper (volcanic Tubuai, Rurutu, Rimatara, Raivavae and one low Maria atoll) and two more - Bass Islands (Rapa Iti and Marotiri).
Today Tubuai is considered one of the the best places in French Polynesia for a quiet and unhurried holiday in the bosom of nature. 
Tubuai Islands as seen from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
NIUE
Niue, or Savage, is an island in the South Pacific Ocean, in Polynesia, east of the Tonga Islands. The island was opened to Europeans in 1774. Cook named it Savage, or "Savage Island". In 1900, Niue fell under the protectorate of the British Empire, and in 1901 was annexed by New Zealand. Niue became self-governing in 1974 public education in partnership with New Zealand.
Niue island. Photo: wikipedia. org
MANUAE
Manuae is an island in the Pacific Ocean, part of the Southern Group of the Cook Islands. It was opened on September 23, 1773. Captain Cook gave it the name Sandwich Island, but later he decided to give this name to the Hawaiian Islands. Thus, the island was renamed and named Harvey after Admiral Augustus Harvey. However, in 1824, the Russian navigator Kruzenshtern suggested renaming the islands in honor of Cook, who discovered them.
The modern name of the island of Manuae translates as "house of birds" - birds were found on the island in large numbers.
Manuae Island, as seen from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
RAVAJERE
Rawahere is an atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago (French Polynesia, Pacific Ocean) in the Dieu Group group of islands. It was opened in 1768. The total area of the atoll is 7 km². In the center is a lagoon, completely isolated from ocean waters. Ravajere is about 16 km long and 4 km wide.
Currently, the atoll is uninhabited, the island is completely lacking infrastructure.
Ravajere, photographed from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
PALMERSTON
Palmerston is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean, which was discovered by Cook on June 16, 1774, during his second voyage. However, he landed on the island only on his third voyage on April 13, 1777. The island was uninhabited at that time, although 12 old graves were found on it. The island was named by Cook in honor of the second Lord Palmerston.
Being a typical coral atoll, Palmerston consists of 35 sandy islands located within the coral reef surrounding the lagoon.
Palmerston, photographed from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
ANAA
Anaa is an atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago (French Polynesia), 350 km east of the island of Tahiti. The island was discovered in 1769. At the beginning of the 19th century, Anaa became part of the Pomare Kingdom. In the 1850s, copra production and pearl fishing developed on the island. By the middle of the 19th century, the population of the atoll reached almost 2 thousand people. However, during the numerous clashes between the followers of Catholicism and the Mormons, as well as the intervention of the French troops, the population of Anaa was significantly reduced.
The island is oval in shape and consists of 11 small islets, or motus, surrounding a shallow lagoon.
Anaa, image from space. Photo: wikipedia. org
Date of birth: October 27, 1728
Date of death: February 14, 1779
Birthplace: Yorkshire, England
James Cook - famous traveler. James Cook(James Cook), was one of the most daring sailors of his time. He traveled, discovered new lands and made geographical maps.
James was born into a poor working-class family. After studying for five years at school, he was sent as a worker on a farm. Work on the ground was not particularly attractive young man, and at the age of 18 he became a hired cabin boy on a ship carrying coal. Cook's owners were the Walker brothers, with whom he worked for about three years.
While working, the young researcher was constantly engaged in self-education, studied the basics of such sciences as navigation, astronomy, mathematics, geography. He did all this on his own, with only books as assistants.
After several years working for the Walkers, Cook was asked to become the captain of the Friendship. Cook refused this lucrative offer, deciding to devote himself to the navy. The young sailor had to start all over again, from the position of a simple sailor. He hired him on a warship with more than fifty guns. Experience in the merchant marine did not go unnoticed and a month after the start of work, Cook became the boatswain of the ship "Eagle".
Since the beginning of the Seven Years' War, the fleet has been actively involved in naval battles. "Eagle" is no exception - he is a participant in the blockade of the French coast. He also took part in naval battles. After one of them, with the French "Duke of Aquitaine", the ship goes for repairs.
After two years of practice on a warship, Cook easily passes the Sailing Master exam and moves on to a larger vessel.
During the hostilities in the Bay of Biscay, Cook performs an extremely difficult task related to cartographic surveys. Cook successfully completed it, which was one of the reasons for appointing him to the round-the-world expedition.
After continuing to work at the mouth of the Canadian St. Lawrence River, Cooke gained invaluable experience in mapping and in 1762 returned to England.
In the same place, the marriage with E. Butts soon took place. The couple subsequently had six children.
In 1767, Cook became the main contender for the post of leader of the expedition. The declared goal was astronomical research, but in fact England needed new lands. In order to discover them, an expedition was sent. The ship was specially converted for her. The Endeavor set sail for uncharted shores in August 1768.
Eight months later, the ship approached the shores of Tahiti. Cook was one of the few travelers at the time who treated the natives with respect. He tried to avoid violence, murders, and this was noted by the locals with gratitude.
This went on exactly until the time when two sailors from the ship deserted. Only pressure on the elders helped bring them back to the ship.
Nevertheless, one of the local leaders accompanied the team off the coast of New Zealand. There were frequent and bloody skirmishes with the local population.
The hostilities did not prevent the opening of the Cook Strait, which separates New Zealand.
In 1770 the ship reached the east coast of Australia. There it was discovered great amount previously undescribed plants. Since then, the bay has been called "Botanical".
Soon problems began - the ship was damaged and practically could not continue sailing. The crew members somehow patched up the holes, and Cook decided to continue exploring the coast along the Great Barrier Reef. The result was the opening of the strait separating Australia and New Guinea. Through the Strait, Cook led the ship to Indonesia. scurvy, malaria and intestinal infections led to the death of most of the team. In 1771 the ship returned to England.
A year later, the second journey began. His goal was a thorough exploration of the South Seas. It was desirable to do this before the French. Two ships of 1772 set off on an opal voyage. Six months later, they crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time. After that, the storm separated the ships and they met after a long time already in Charlotte Bay.
This was followed by a visit to Tahiti, Friendship Islands, parking in Charlotte Bay. The way back lay through Easter Island, and again Tahiti. New Caledonia was discovered in 1774. Three years after the start of the journey, Cook returned to England.
Less than a year later, the two ships again went to the open sea. In 1777, Christmas Island was discovered, and a year later, Hawaii. Then the path lay to the northern latitudes, where the Bering Strait was described.
The next destination was the Hawaiian Islands. Relations with the natives did not work out, and on February 14, 1779, Cook was killed in a skirmish with the local population. His remains were buried at sea.
Achievements of James Cook:
Participated as a leader in three round the world expeditions
During the expeditions, new species of plants and animals were described, the customs of the inhabitants of new lands were described.
Made many discoveries in the field of geography, astronomy, biology and botany
Dates from the biography of James Cook:
1728 was born in England, in the village of Marton
1736 began schooling
1746 began working as a cabin boy
1755 left work in the merchant marine and moved to the navy
1762 began cartographic research in North America
1771 appointed commander of the expedition
1775 returned from the second expedition
1776 third expedition
1779 died at the hands of aborigines
Interesting James Cook Facts:
One of the first explorers who tried to be friendly to the inhabitants of the new lands, bartering and buying what they needed, rather than taking them by force and killing them.
Some of the maps compiled by Cook's team remained in use until the end of the 19th century.
The first of the captains who learned how to deal with mortality among crew members from a lack of vitamin C.
He used maps compiled by the Aleuts and Russian industrialists to describe the lands between America and Eurasia.
Available big number monuments and obelisks in all parts of the world dedicated to Cook.
(1727- 1779)
The biography of James Cook, a famous cartographer, navigator and geographer, is truly heroic for that time. The future captain was born in England, in the county of Yorkshire, in 1727, on October 27. From the age of seven, the boy begins to join the heavy physical labor- works with his father on the farm, and only at the age of thirteen enters school. After studying for five years young James goes to the fleet and enters the service of a cabin boy. Having a lot of time, he, contrary to tradition, spends it on taverns, and on studying the intricacies of seafaring, geographical maps and court arrangements. The youth's efforts were not in vain. Noticing the efforts of a young man, one of the private companies invites him as a captain, but Cook refuses, rightly believing that the hard and sometimes thankless work of a sailor in the Royal Navy can give him much more. This calculation turned out to be surprisingly accurate. Decisive changes in the biography of James Cook occurred after his return from the Seven Years' War, at the end of which he was appointed captain of the Newfoundland merchant ship, from which Cook's triumphant march across the expanses of water began.
On this ship, Cook made many successful and economically beneficial voyages for England, but they did not bring him fame and fame. Cook entered history thanks to three round-the-world trips, which made it possible to significantly clarify the sea charts existing at that time, discover unknown lands and lay sea routes.
First trip around the world began in 1768 and lasted almost five years. Few believed in the success of the expedition, so it consisted of a single ship, of which Cook became the captain. Travelers experienced food shortages and drinking water, but nevertheless, already in 1769 they reached the shores of Tahiti. The exhausted crew stays on the island for a while and strikes up friendly relations with the local population. Cook, taking advantage of the forced delay, is engaged in astronomy in Tahiti and draws up a map of the starry sky. The next points on the crew's itinerary are New Zealand and Australia. Despite the fact that in one of the bays the ship ran aground and received significant damage, the captain decides to move on and reaches Indonesia on a half-wrecked ship. After spending repair work, which lasted almost half a year Cook triumphantly returned to London.
The second expedition turned out to be more prepared - two ships already participated in it, which for the first time in history managed to cross the Antarctic Circle. However, there were not without overlays. Because of the storm and poor visibility, the ships lost each other and crossed again near about. Charlotte. Cook again visited Tahiti and New Zealand, and then went to the Antarctic Circle and discovered New Caledonia and South Georgia.
The third and last expedition, which began in 1776, promised to be successful. This time Cook goes to Chukchi Sea, crosses the polar circle. Along the way, he discovers the islands of Friendship and Christmas. Then the captain and his team return to south seas and discover the Hawaiian Islands. It is here that the biography of James Cook ends tragically. February 14, 1779 during the mutiny local population great navigator was killed.
