The Victoria is the first ship to circumnavigate the world as part of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan.

On September 20, 1519, five sailing ships left the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Berrameda: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Santiago and Victoria. In the literature, they are often called caravels, but "Victoria" was most likely karakkoy- the most common type of sailing ship of the XV-XVI century. Most likely "Victoria" had three masts. The fore and main masts carried two tiers of straight sails, the mizzen - one oblique sail, under the bowsprit (which in those days was also considered a mast) they raised the blind. The sailboat was armed with about forty cannons of various calibers.

There is no exact data on the size of the vessel due to the difference in measures. Some researchers believe that the Magellanic ton roughly corresponded to the modern ton, others that it exceeded the modern ton by 2.43 times. Therefore, the tonnage "Victoria" different sources range from 85 to 206 tons.

The squadron was commanded by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan. The purpose of the trip was to reach Moluccas, rich in spices so valued in Europe, by the western way - rounding South America. Before Magellan none of the navigators has yet managed to find the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, but Ferdinand Magellan did not doubt its existence.

The expedition was equipped by the Spanish king Charles V. Initially Magellan approached the Portuguese monarch Manuel I with the idea of ​​making such a trip, but he did not support the traveler's idea.

Swimming was originally designed for 2 years, but lasted much longer.

Sailboat "Victoria" was named Magellan in honor of the church where the famous captain took the oath to the Spanish king. "Victoria" was not a flagship. Captain Magellan commanded "Trinidad". Captain "Victoria" appointed Luis de Mendoza.

In total, according to various sources, there were from 265 to 280 people on five ships.

In November 1520, through the finally discovered strait, the expedition entered the unknown ocean, called Magellan the Pacific. During the first year of navigation, the flotilla lost 2 ships: a caravel "Santiago" sunk, and "San Antonio" there was a riot, as a result of which the crew of the sailboat abandoned further travel and turned back to Spain.

The sailors spent more than a hundred days in the Pacific Ocean, falling into a calm zone. During this time, the ships ran out of food. Crews had to eat sawdust and cook leather belts and garments. 19 members of the expedition died from starvation and scurvy. The rest were extremely exhausted.

In the spring of 1521, three sailboats reached the island of Guam. On the islands, the sailors managed to rest and replenish their supplies. But conflicts and armed clashes constantly arose between travelers and local residents. In one of these clashes on the islands, subsequently named Philippine, April 27, 1522, the expedition commander, captain Ferdinand Magellan.

The expedition was led by Juan Sebastian de Elcano- ship captain "Concepción". His first decision was to return home to Spain. But before that, the sailors still visited the Moluccas - where Magellan was on his way. There travelers bought a large number of various spices. Two of the three ships of the expedition remained on the same islands - "Conception" was burned due to extreme dilapidation, and "Trinidad" placed for repair.

And on September 7, 1522, the last of the five sailing ships of Magellan "Victoria" returned to his native harbor of Sanlúcar de Barramed. Eighteen sailors out of almost three hundred who went on a trip went ashore. Externally "Victoria" resembled a ghost ship, her condition was so bad. And the sailors were like living skeletons. Right from the gangway of the ship, they went to the church - to light candles in gratitude for their return. Among the survivors was Antonio Pigafetta- chronicler of the expedition.

Nevertheless, the expedition was considered extremely successful. Not only was the hypothesis that the Earth is a ball confirmed, a new route to India across the Pacific Ocean was opened, but the concept of “date lines” was introduced - during the voyage, travelers discovered that they arrived in Spain a day later than it was calculated in travel calendar. Subsequently, this discovery led to the introduction of time zones. In addition, the money from the sale of spices was enough to cover all the expenses of the expedition.

All the honors associated with the completion of the round-the-world trip went to de Elcano - the king of Spain approved de Elcano's personal coat of arms, which depicted oriental spices, the globe and the inscription "You were the first to circle me" in Latin - Primus circumdedisti me.

In the 20th century, several replicas of the legendary sailing ship appeared, which for the first time circumnavigated the world. A Spanish replica was built in 1992 "Victoria". Its construction was timed to coincide with the exhibition in the city of Seville. In 2004-2005 "Victoria" traveled around the world on the route of Magellan. Now the sailboat serves as a museum ship.

In 1999, a Czech replica "Victoria", built by Rudolf Krausneider. Conditions on the sailboat were as close as possible to XVI century: not only the engine was missing on the ship, but even the latrine! Not everyone endured the difficult journey, and the crew changed several times during the voyage. Czech "Victoria" circumnavigated the Earth in 5 years, which is 2 years longer than Magellan's expedition.

In 2011, another replica of the famous sailboat was built - in Chile. The construction was timed to coincide with the bicentennial anniversary of the appearance of Europeans on the continent. Now Chilean "Victoria" stands in the city of Punta Arenas and is open to the public.

Five ships led by "Victoria" went west to return home from the east - Magellan, like Columbus, believed that the earth was round.

More 17,000 km The traveler sailed along with his comrades the seas and oceans, where trials and many dangers awaited them.

Ferdinand Magellan discovered Europe unknown by that time atlantic coast South America . Thanks to the security system that the navigator came up with, his ships never lost each other in the sea.

Do you know, dear friend, that the name Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan gave it? And not in vain. For four whole months of sailing by the ocean, not a single storm occurred.

The journey turned out to be much more difficult than Magellan expected. The crew was gripped by hunger and disease. Reaching in 1522nd previously unseen Philippine Islands, Magellan died in a fight with the natives.

The surviving crew hastily returned to the ships and continued to move west. Only two ships were destined to return home. In September 1522, she completed her round-the-world trip. "Victoria". arrived a little later and "Trinidad". The wealth brought by the sailors of this ship made it possible to fully compensate for the losses from the loss of other ships.

So, as you already guessed, Magellan and his associates proved that the earth is round and, having sailed to the west, one can return back from the east. Travelers also discovered that there are more oceans on the planet, and not land, as Columbus previously believed.

Magellan's journey great importance for a better understanding of the world by mankind. Named after the famous navigator strait separating the mainland of South America from the islands of Tierra del Fuego.

The name of the traveler is also carried by two clusters of stars - Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.

Name: Ferdinand Magellan

State: Portugal, Spain

Field of activity: Navigator

Greatest achievement: Made the world's first trip around the world.

Ferdinand Magellan was born on February 3, 1480, in Portugal. Magellan was an explorer and navigator. He organized the first trip around the world in Europe. The expedition of Magellan was the first indisputable proof that the Earth is round.

early years

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Porto (Portugal), in 1480. His parents belonged to a noble family and the young Magellan entered the service of the royal family at an early age. He was only 12 years old when he became the royal page of Leonora of Avisa. Magellan studied cartography, astronomy and celestial navigation since childhood.

Magellan entered the Portuguese Navy in 1505. He sailed to East Africa, then participated in the battles of Diu, during which Portugal won and defeated the Egyptian fleet. Fernand twice traveled to Malacca (Malaysia) and took part in the capture of the port by the Portuguese army.

He also participated in an expedition to the Moluccas, which at that time were called the Spice Islands. The spice trade in Magellan's Europe was very lucrative and highly competitive. The Moluccas have become the main source of the most valuable spices, such as cloves and nutmeg.

In 1513, Magellan was wounded in battle in North Africa, but the king took into account all his merits and helped him. In 1517 he went to Seville to enter the public service in Spain.

Research for Spain

Spain and Portugal in the time of Magellan were major powers in great competition with each other. Both countries laid claim to the newly discovered regions of the Americas and the east. In 1494, Portugal and Spain concluded the Treaty of Tordesillas, defining spheres of influence for each power. Portugal could count on all territories from Brazil to the East Indies, and Spain on the western lands from Brazil to Cape Verde.

In essence, the treaty divided Earth into two halves between the two countries. The Spaniards had not yet had time to explore their half of the Earth, but they assumed that they could find part of the Spice Islands there. Magellan proposed to test this assumption by equipping an expedition to the west.

For the grandiose expedition of Magellan, other researchers have already paved the way. One of them was (1451-1506), who sailed west from the European coast to the Caribbean. Columbus misjudged the distance between Europe and the East Indies. He discovered America and the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean. After his voyage, many explorers became obsessed with finding a way across the Americas to the east to give Spain access to the Spice Islands. One such explorer was Magellan.

Round the world trip of Ferdinand Magellan

King Charles V of Spain (1500-1558) accepted Magellan's offer and on September 20, 1519 he was assigned to lead a flotilla of five ships. The flotilla was to head for the Atlantic.

Together with Magellan, his brother-in-law, Duarte Barbosa, also set sail. Arriving in Brazil, the flotilla headed along the South American coast to San Julian Bay, in Patagonia.

The explorers stayed there from March to August 1520. During this time, there was an attempt on the ships to mutiny against the captain, who was put down. Subsequently, however, the rebel ship Santiago was completely destroyed, and the rest of the ships took on board her crew.

Leaving San Julian, the flotilla headed south. On October 21, 1520, she entered the strait, which now bears the name of Magellan. On November 28, only three ships entered the Pacific Ocean. This was followed by a long voyage north across the Pacific Ocean. On March 6, 1521, the flotilla anchored in Guam.

Magellan headed east to Cebu (Philippines), where he tried to get help from the local government. Involuntarily, he was drawn into hostilities and killed in battle on April 27, 1521. Barbosa was also soon killed. The remaining crew was forced to destroy the Concepción (ship) and the great circumnavigation of the world was completed. The ship of Magellan - Victoria was led by the former rebel Juan Sebastian del Cano. He crossed Indian Ocean and from the Cape of Good Hope finally returned to Seville on September 8, 1522. Meanwhile, Trinidad (ship) tried to return home through the Pacific Ocean. In the Moluccas, the crew was captured by the Portuguese and sent to prison. Only four of them were later able to return to Spain.

Magellan's legacy

AT economic terms the Magellan project was a failure for Spain. Portugal, as a result of the division of the world, got a more advantageous part of the world in terms of resources. Spain miscalculated and did not gain access to the Moluccas. Magellan lost the flotilla, people and own life. Despite this, his swimming became the most important historical event, because it was the first proof that the Earth is a ball. Magellan's voyage is considered one of the most important explorations in the history of mankind.

Fernando Magellan and the first round-the-world expedition

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Expedition start

September 20, 1519 year 5 ships went on a campaign from the mouth of the Guadalquivir. Magellan developed in advance for fleet special a signaling system that allowed ships not to lose each other on the high seas. Every day the ships converged at close range for a daily report and instructions.

Fortunately for posterity and historians, on the flagship ship of Magellan"Trinidad" sailed a man named Antonio Pigafetta who kept a diary and left a detailed report on all events. Thanks to him, there is almost no Magellan's flotilla on the voyage " white spots", as opposed to, for example , from the first trip Columbus.

Why did Magellan hide the sailing route from everyone?

Magellan deliberately concealed the intended route of navigation, including from his captains and helmsmen. Why? To prevent information leakage. The confrontation with the Portuguese was a real threat. It was obviously clear that the flotilla would have to descend south latitude Hierro that violated Tordesillas Agreement. Yes, and in America it would inevitably have to go along the Portuguese possessions.

The Spanish captains, on going to sea, began to demand clarification about the route. But even here Magellan refused them: "Your task is to follow me." As a result of the correct maneuvers, Magellan managed to never run into the Portuguese.

The Spanish captains continued to muddy the waters. The "coolest" of the Spanish captains, the commander of the "San Antonio" Cartagena, being put "looking" from the king, behaved inappropriately towards the commander. Then Magellan showed firmness and arrested Cartagena. And he put his man Alvara Mishkita as the captain on the San Antonio.

December 26, 1519 - the mouth of the La Plata River, where the search for the proposed strait began. It quickly became clear that this was not a strait, namely river mouth, only very large.

The search for the strait continued, the expedition went south along the coast.

March 31, 1520, having reached 49 °S. the flotilla wintered in a bay called san julian. (Recall that winter in the southern hemisphere falls on our summer.)

Mutiny in St Julian's Bay

Getting up for the winter, Magellan ordered to cut the rations to reduce the norms for the issuance of food. That caused understandable dissatisfaction of the team. This was used by a bunch of conspirators. Events began to develop rapidly, as in an action-packed adventure novel.

April 1, 1520, on Palm Sunday, Magellan invited the captains to the church service and holiday dinner. The captain of the Victoria, Mendoza, and the captain of the Concepcion, Quesado pointedly ignored the invitation. On the night of April 1-2, the rebellion begins. The rebels infiltrated the San Antonio, captured the sleeping captain Mishkita and put him in chains. Pilot Juan de Eloryago, who tried to resist, Quesado kills with a knife. The command of the San Antonio is entrusted to Sebastian Elcano.

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Magellan learns about the rebellion only in the morning. At his disposal are two ships "Trinidad" and "Santiago", inferior to the rest of the ships in combat equipment. Seeing their superiority, the rebels did not go to an armed clash. It was important for them only to remove Magellan from power. A boat was sent to the commander with a letter stating that their goal was only to force Magellan to correctly carry out the orders of the king. The rebels agree to continue to consider Magellan the main one, but he must reckon with them and not act without their consent. And they invited Magellan to their place for negotiations. Magellan in response invited them to his place. The rebels refused.

Then Magellan manages to capture their boat. Having great experience naval battles more in India and South-East Asia, Magellan decides to strike first. He puts the "parliamentarians" under the command of Gomez de Espinoza in the boat and directs her to the "Victoria", on board of which there were many Portuguese. Climbing aboard, Espinosa presents Captain Mendoza with a new invitation from Magellan to come to the negotiations. The captain begins to read it with a smirk, but does not have time to finish reading it. Espinosa stabs him in the neck with a knife. Taking advantage of the crew's confusion, another group of Magellan's supporters, already heavily armed, climbs aboard the Victoria. The paratroopers were led by Duerte Barbosa, who came up on another boat. The crew of the Victoria surrenders without resistance. After that, "Trinidad", "Victoria" and "Santiago" block the exit from the bay. The rebels made an attempt to slip into the ocean past them, but the San Antonio was fired upon and boarded. "Concepción" surrendered to the mercy of the winner.

Magellan arranged a tribunal over the rebels, as during hostilities. Apparently, he had such powers. Several dozen rebels were sentenced to death, but were immediately pardoned for obvious reasons. Only one Quesada was executed. The representative of the king of Cartagena and one of the priests who actively participated in the rebellion, Magellan did not dare to execute, and they were left on the shore after the flotilla left. Nothing more is known about them.

Interestingly, in a few decades, history will repeat itself. In 1577, it will enter the same bay, which will also have to circumnavigate the world. A conspiracy will be revealed on his flotilla and a trial will be held in the bay. He will offer the rebel a choice: execution, or he will be left on the shore, like Magellan Cartagena. Defendant chooses execution

The expedition moved on in search of the strait. After some time, the Santiago sent for reconnaissance crashed against the rocks. Magellan made his commander João Serran the captain of the Concepción. Thus, all the remaining four ships ended up in the hands of Magellan's supporters. "San Antonio" was commanded by Mishkita, "Victoria" by Barbosa.

Magellan announced to the team that he would search for the strait up to 75 ° south latitude. Quite a bold statement - let me remind you that the Arctic Circle is located at 66 °, and 75 ° S. This is Antarctica!

October 21, 1520 at 52°S the ships ended up near a narrow strait leading deep into the mainland. "San Antonio" and "Concepción" are sent to reconnaissance. The water was salty all the time, and the lot did not reach the bottom. The ships returned with news of possible good fortune.

We will not describe in detail how the ships sailed for several weeks into the unknown along a narrow, dangerous strait. Magellan gathered a general meeting of captains to develop a strategy. Esteban Gomes, San Antonio's pilot, has spoken out in favor of returning home in view of the uncertainty ahead. But Magellan knew well the history of the campaign of Bartolomeo Dias, who bypassed Africa from the south, but yielded to the demands of the team and did not go further. After that, Dias, despite all the merits, was never again allowed to lead expeditions.

", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> Magellan takes full responsibility and announces that he will go forward no matter what. And they went ahead. But Gomes seized the moment, rebelled the team, arrested the captain Mishkita and took the San Antonio to Spain.

The remaining three Magellan ships November 28, 1520 brought to the ocean.

Pacific Ocean

Leaving the strait, the flotilla sailed steeply to the north for 15 days. After 38°S sh. turned to the northwest, and reaching 30 ° S. sh., turned to the northwest. Magellan, by such maneuvers, tried to “get” exactly into the Spice Islands, the coordinates of which he knew in latitude.

The new ocean remained calm all the time of the transition, for which it received the nickname Pacific from the team of Magellan. And so it stuck with him. In total, 17,000 kilometers passed through the water surface of this ocean. This voyage lasted almost four months. All supplies ran out, the team was simply dying from exhaustion.

Islands in the ocean

On March 6, 1521, the flotilla saw the island of Guam from the Mariana Islands group. The Pacific crossing is over. Magellan did miss and went north of the Moluccas. (Perhaps deliberately to avoid an accidental encounter with the Portuguese). The islands were inhabited and they knew about the existence of Europeans. Here the sailors ate and regained their strength. And Magellan for some reason got involved in the internal political strife of local leaders.

Last fight of Fernando Magellan. So perished great navigator

As a result of clashes with the natives, the brave knight Fernando Magellan died the death of the brave. Therefore, he could not make a round-the-world trip! ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> His body remained with the islanders, what they did with him is unknown. Left without a leader, the Spaniards were forced to urgently retreat. The chronicler of the expedition, Antonio Pigafetta, described in sufficient detail how the great navigator died. The expedition was led by Juan Serran and Duarte Barbosa.

It is not clear why it was necessary to spend so much time and effort on the different Mariana and Philippine Islands, when the goal - the Spice Islands - was so close? If Magellan went straight to the Moluccas, loaded himself with spices, provisions and departed back the same way that he came, he would have 100% completed the task. But, alas!

The expedition nevertheless visited the Moluccas and managed to fill the holds with spices. But the Spaniards became aware that the Portuguese king ordered Magellan to be detained, and the ships to be seized as war booty. There were no forces for the war. The ships were dilapidated. "Concepcion" was burned due to the impossibility of repair. Only Trinidad and Victoria remained. The Trinidad was patched up and headed back, straight east to the coast of Panama. Having fallen into a strip of headwinds, he returned and was captured by the Portuguese.

Back to Spain or partisan circumnavigation of the world "Victoria"

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Moreover, they decided to leave the Moluccas with vegetable gardens, as the partisans took it steeply to the south in order to pass away from the Portuguese trade routes. "Victoria" boldly crossed the Indian Ocean at its widest point, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, went north for 2 months and June 9, 1522 reached the Cape Verde Islands. It was a Portuguese fiefdom, but the Spaniards had no other choice - absolutely all supplies of water and food ran out. I had to resort to trickery.

Here is what Pigafetta writes:

“On Wednesday, July 9, we reached the St. James Islands and immediately sent a boat ashore for provisions, inventing a story for the Portuguese that we had lost our foremast under the equator (in fact, we lost it off the Cape of Good Hope) , and during this time that we were restoring it, our captain-general left with two other ships for Spain. Having positioned them in this way towards us, and also giving them our goods, we managed to get from them two boats loaded with rice ... When our boat again approached the shore for rice, thirteen crew members were detained along with the boat. Fearing that some caravels would not detain us as well, we hurriedly moved on.

The victorious return of "Victoria"

September 6, 1522"Victoria" reached Spain. 18 barely alive sailors and only one ship out of five returned to their native harbor. This ship was the first in the world to circumnavigate the world, leaving behind three world oceans and more than fifty thousand kilometers.

Later, in 1525, four more of the 55 crew members of the Trinidad ship were taken to Spain. Also, those members of the Victoria team who were captured by the Portuguese during a forced stop on the Cape Verde Islands were also redeemed from Portuguese captivity.

The results of the expedition of Magellan

This first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind was the main and last proof of the sphericity of the earth.

The expedition proved that following the west, can reach the Moluccas. Thus, these islands (as well as other territories) seemed to automatically pass into the sphere of influence of Spain according to (*).

The sale of the cargo brought by the Victoria not only covered all the expenses of the expedition, but, despite the loss of four of the five ships, made a significant profit.

Unlike previous expeditions, the report on Magellan's expedition was published and Antonio Pigafetta's detailed travel notes were published.

lost day

In addition, it was the Victoria team that first discovered the “lost day”. The logbook was carefully kept on the ship. Not a single day was missed. But since there were no chronometers on ships then, time was measured with hourglasses - flasks. If they had reliable mechanical watches, it would have become clear already in the Pacific Ocean that the clock was showing something wrong - if it was noon in Spain, then the sun was already setting in the Strait of Magellan. But there were no chronometers; it is impossible to notice a gradual change in standard time. In sum, it turned out that the expedition members lost a whole day. And yet, as it turned out, the expedition members "lost", or rather, won the whole day. Thus, the travelers returned rejuvenated for one day! This phenomenon is now described in school textbooks, but then it caused great bewilderment among everyone.

CIRCUITS AND TRAVELING, expeditions around the Earth, during which all the meridians or parallels of the Earth are crossed. Round-the-world voyages passed (in different sequences) through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, they were made initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to the Great geographical discoveries. The first circumnavigation in history was made by a Spanish expedition in 1519-22 led by F. Magellan in search of a direct western route from Europe to the West Indies (where the Spaniards went for spices) under the command of six successive captains (the last - J. S. Elcano) . As a result of this most important in history geographical discoveries navigation, a giant water area called the Pacific Ocean was revealed, the unity of the World Ocean was proved, the hypothesis of the predominance of land over water was questioned, the theory of the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, irrefutable data appeared to determine its true size, the idea arose of the need to introduce a date line. Despite the death of Magellan in this voyage, it is he who should be considered the first navigator around the world. Made the second circumnavigation of the world English pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third - the English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); they penetrated through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean to plunder Spanish-American port cities and capture Spanish ships. Drake became the first captain to complete a full circumnavigation of the world. The fourth round-the-world voyage (again through the Strait of Magellan) was carried out by the Dutch expedition of O. van Noort (1598-1601). The Dutch expedition of J. Lemer - V. Schouten (1615-17), equipped by competing compatriot merchants to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands East India Company, paved a new route around the Cape Horn discovered by it, but the company's agents seized their ship off the Moluccas, and the survivors sailors (including Schouten) completed their circumnavigation already as prisoners on her ships. Of the three round-the-world voyages of the English navigator W. Dampier, the most significant is the first, which he performed on different courts with long breaks in 1679-91, collecting materials that made it possible to consider him one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle for the seizure of new lands intensified, Great Britain and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French expedition around the world under the leadership of L. A. de Bougainville (1766-69), which discovered in Oceania a number of islands; among the participants of this expedition was J. Bare - the first woman to circumnavigate the world. These voyages proved, though not completely, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels 50° north latitude and 60° south latitude, east of the Asian archipelagos, New Guinea, and Australia, there are no large land masses other than New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis, in his circumnavigation of 1766-68, for the first time, using a new method of calculating longitudes, quite accurately determined the position of the island of Tahiti, several islands and atolls in the western and central parts Pacific Ocean. The English navigator J. Cook achieved the greatest geographical results in three round-the-world voyages.

In the 19th century, hundreds of round-the-world voyages were made for commercial, fishing and purely scientific purposes, and discoveries were continued in the Southern Hemisphere. In the first half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; during the first round-the-world voyage made on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Dozens of other Russian round-the-world voyages that followed connected St. Petersburg with a relatively cheap sea route. Far East and Russian possessions in North America, strengthened Russian positions in the North Pacific. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and discovered many islands; O. E. Kotzebue during his second circumnavigation (1815-18) was the first to make a correct assumption about the origin of coral islands. The expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev (1819-21) on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" on January 16, February 5 and 6, 1820 almost came close to the coast of the hitherto mythical South Earth - Antarctica (now the Coast Princess Martha and Princess Astrid Coast), revealed an arc-shaped underwater ridge 4800 km long, mapped 29 islands.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing ships were supplanted by steamships and the main discoveries of new lands were completed, three round-the-world voyages took place, which made a great contribution to the study of the topography of the ocean floor. British expedition of 1872-76 on the Challenger corvette (captains J. S. Nares and F. T. Thomson who replaced him in 1874) in Atlantic Ocean discovered a number of basins, the Puerto Rico Trench, underwater ridges around Antarctica; in the Pacific Ocean, the first determinations of depths were made in a number of underwater basins, underwater uplifts and hills were identified, the Mariana Trench. The German expedition of 1874-76 on the military corvette "Gazelle" (commander G. von Schleinitz) continued to discover bottom relief elements and measure depths in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Russian expedition of 1886-89 on the Vityaz corvette (commander S. O. Makarov) for the first time revealed the main laws of general circulation surface water Northern Hemisphere and discovered the existence of a "cold intermediate layer" that preserves the remnants of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, major discoveries were made during round-the-world voyages, mainly by Antarctic expeditions, which established in in general terms contours of Antarctica, including the British expedition on the ship "Discovery-N" under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 discovered the Chatham Rise in the South Pacific Ocean, traced the South Pacific Ridge for almost 2000 km and conducted an oceanographic survey of Antarctic waters.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the circumnavigations for educational and sports-tourist purposes, including singles. The first solo circumnavigation was made by the American traveler J. Slocum (1895-98), the second by his compatriot G. Pidgeon (1921-1925), the third by the French traveler A. Gerbaud (1923-29). In 1960, the first round-the-world voyage took place on the Triton submarine (USA) under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, a detachment of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of Rear Admiral A. I. Sorokin completed the first round-the-world voyage without surfacing to the surface. In 1968-69, the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world was carried out on the sailing yacht Suhaili by the English captain R. Knox-Johnston. In 1976-78, the Polish traveler K. Chojnowska-Liskiewicz was the first woman to circumnavigate the world by herself on the Mazurek yacht. Great Britain was the first to introduce round-the-world single races and made them regular (since 1982). The Russian navigator and traveler F.F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 single round-the-world voyages: the 1st (1990-91) - on the Karaana yacht, the 2nd (1993-94) - on the Formosa yacht, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "Around the World - Alone", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht " Scarlet Sails". The first round-the-world voyage of the Russian training sailboat Kruzenshtern in 1995-1996 was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.

The first round-the-world trip from west to east was made by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, circumnavigating the Earth on ships and on foot. The second in 1785-1788 was made by the French traveler J. B. Lesseps, the only surviving member of the expedition of J. La Perouse. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of J. Verne's novel Around the World in 80 Days (1872), round-the-world travel in record time became widespread. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Bly circumnavigated the Earth in 72 days; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, round-the-world voyages and travels no longer seemed something exotic, latitudinal ones were added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fiennes and C. Burton (Great Britain) made a round-the-world trip along the Greenwich meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (by ships, cars, motor sledges, motor boats and on foot) . Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov made the first ever round-the-world trip on a bicycle. The first round-the-world flight in the history of aeronautics belongs to the German airship "Graf Zeppelin" under the command of G. Eckener: in 1929, in 21 days, he overcame about 31.4 thousand km with three intermediate landings. In 1949, the American B-50 bomber (commanded by Captain J. Gallagher) made the first non-stop round-the-world flight (with in-flight refueling). The first space flight in the history of mankind around the Earth in 1961 was performed by the Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on spaceship"East". In 1986, the British crew made the first round-the-world flight in an airplane without refueling in the history of aviation (D. Rutan and J. Yeager). Husbands Kate and David Grant (Great Britain) with their three children traveled around the world in a van drawn by a pair of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (UK) in 1990, crossed the oceans, countries of Europe, Asia and North America and returned to their homeland in 1997. A horseback round-the-world trip in 1992-98 was made by Russian travelers P.F. Plonin and N.K. Davidovsky. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) traveled around the world in passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. On the hot-air balloon S. Fossett (USA) flew solo for the first time in 2002;

Lit .: Ivashintsov N. A. Russian travels around the world from 1803 to 1849, St. Petersburg, 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian sailors. [Sat. Art.]. M., 1953; Zubov N. N. Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbanchik A. Alone across the ocean: One hundred years of solo navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Fiennes R. Around the world along the meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. The great hour of the oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Slocum J. One under sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan. M., 2009.