What was the effect of Christianity on ancient Russian culture. Effect of Christianity on Old Russian Society

Playing at the time of baptism a conservative social and political role, Christianity soon had a positive impact on some Parties to the Old Russian life:

He facilitated the establishment of relations between Rus with Byzantium, Christian countries of Central and Western Europe.

"The adoption of Christianity immediately delivered Russia to one level with the advanced states of that time, facilitated diplomatic relations, as the people of Middle Ages attached a very great importance of religion, and Christianity covered about three quarters of Europe, the Transcaucasia and a significant part of the Middle East." 13.

One of the political results of the baptism was that the son of Vladimir by agreement with the Cessera of the Byzantine Empire received the highest title of "Cesarer", that is, the emperor. And the son, grandchildren and granddaughter Vladimir have come across the largest royal houses of the continent.

Christianity contributed to the growth of culture, the formation of ancient Russian nation.

However, there is no reason to consider the church as a feudalization accelerator Ancient Russia, and Christianity - as a class ideology, consecrated feudal oppression. The church in Byzantium was by no means a mature feudal institute, since during the time of Vladimirov baptism feudal relations were still in the formation stage. In Russia, the church met with a reported society, to which she had to adapt.

1. Twist.

In Russia, Christianity did not appear in no primary form, in which it was in the first centuries of its existence; It has long ceased to be the religion of powerless and oppressed, waiting for compensation only in the past world.

The strength of state Christianity was a combination of the principle of inviolability and infinity of power, taken from the Bible, with the principle of humility and humility taken from the Gospel Teaching. All subsequent Christian literature went on this path; The Christian clergy took an active part in the development of state legislation.

It would seem that the church should be welcomed from the generalist position, which strengthened the new feudal formation, creating the ideology of a new dominant class, contributing to its cohesion and entering an integral part in this class.

However, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the Christian Church not only strengthened feudal statehood, but also very skillfully, all the diverse funds of church literature, art, theatrical worship counteracts the class struggle, announcing any resistance to the authorities outside the law of the Divine and Human.

Here with such a dialectically controversial essence of Christianity and appeared in Russia in the X century.

Fishermen notes: "Millenter paganism very slowly retreated under the persistent Natius of the Orthodox clergy. The village essentially became Christian hardly before XIII in "14.

Along with the city and rural parish temples in Russia of the XI-XII centuries, many houses churches were created. With a lot of probability, it is possible to say that the prayer was happening not only in house churches, but also in special rooms that were called "Crusades". HER. Golubinsky in the creation of house churches in Russia saw the custom borrowed from the Greeks. The famous historian of the Russian Church was wrong here. For the establishment of house churches in ancient Russia there was its own native soil, because in ancient societies who confessed the pagan religion, each individual family had "their own religious ritesshe is one belonging to their special hymns and prayers ... rites, words, prayers, hymns who have made a substantial part of their home religion - all this was a birth heritage, the sacred property of the family, and the property could not be divided into anyone, was strictly prohibited Open something out of this outsider.

A similar picture is in the lives of civil city communities Kievan Rus. "As the historical experience of ancient peoples shows, civil communities, like families, had their own gods, and therefore each was an independent, and sometimes closed religious association. This is explained by the specific role that the cathedral temples, erected in the volost centers - the centers of various ancient Russian lands, or states-states "15. They have gained great importance, being a stronghold of prosperity and peace, symbol of the sovereignty of volost communities. Such were the Sofia Cathedral in Kiev, the Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod, the Sofia Cathedral in Polotsk, Spassky Cathedral in Chernigov, Cathedral of St. Virgin Mary in Smolensk, St. Cathedral Virgin Mary in Vladimir on Klyazma, etc.

In each house there was a special sacred place, where they subsequently put the icons - "Red Angle", "Red Kut". Kyot - "The Borean" - decorated with ritual towels - "sewers", and Orthodox icons adjacent to the sewers, on which the archaic pagan plots were often embroidered: Goddess Lada and Lelia and harsh Makos. "On kidos for an icon, without looking at their belonging to a new cult, exterminating the pagan archaic and in particular the cult of the Sun and White Light, we see the same system of faith, which so clearly appears in the outer and internal ornamentika at home." 16.

The breath of paganism was touched by not only monasteries, but also large abode. So, according to the testimony of Metropolitan John II (1080-1089), in the monasteries, the business "Peters of creating, convening a husband and wife and wife." Vladyka notes that the organizers of those peers compete with each other, who is better to "lift the Pier." Before us, undoubtedly, pagan peists having a prestigious character.

Christian deities were also subject to the pagan rethinking in ancient Russia, and the church calendar is closely linked to the progress of the pagan festivals.

With the adoption of Christianity, Jesus Christ came to change, Jesus Christ came, as evidenced by the ancient authors: "According to the holy baptism of Perunich, and in Christ the Lord God Jasha." As a result, Jesus Christ became inherent in some features of Perun, and worship him in many ways resembled Perun's worship with his abundant sacrifices, designed to die the deity, so that it gave the welfare of believers.

If Christ changed Perun, then the Virgin replaced the rolling rolling as a female fertility deity. The popularity of the cult of the Mother of God, observed in Russian Orthodoxy, is considerably due to the transfer of the properties of female deities of the pagan Pantheon.

In the images of Russian saints, pagan gods are also guessed. For George the Victorious (Friend's Friend), the God of Sun Horse, squeezing on a sunny horse hiding. Ilya-prophet accepted some features of Perun-Ruorjoz. John the Baptist firmly connected with the Kupali pagan rites. The patron of livestock was the successor of God Volos (Veles), and Paraskeva-Friday - the female goddess-straight mumps. The prototype of the Saints Kozma and Demyan was Svarog - the patron of the Kuznetsov engaged in the "fiery case". Kozma and Demyan resemble the cultural heroes of antiquity. The legend, recorded on Volyn, says: "Kuzma and Demyan wandered over the world and came across people who did not plow the field, and drove him with hoes. Kuzma and Demyan began to think about how to make a ferry here so that these people could easily get bread. So they invented the first Rail. "

fetishized inference icons, replaced the ancient Russian person of pagan idols.

The oral poetic creativity of the Ukrainian people retained the memory of Kozma and Demyan as the first teachers among people. Sometimes two saints merged into one person with the name Kuzmemodeyan, thereby approaching her predecessor - Horsu.

The connection of paganism with Christianity can also be traced in the funeral rites of Russia XI-XII centuries. The pagan burning was supplanted by the burial to the ground. On the bones, archaeologists are sometimes crosses and samples. But at the same time put in the grave and food.

Christian holidays were pretty substantial pagan. Moreover, some pagan celebrations remained.

December 25 - Kolyada. Winter solstice. Next - the shints. Later, the holiday is combined with Merry Christmas. Public meaning: Wedding of Dazhbog and Marines.

March 1 - Marines Day. Later, he was replaced by the Day of Saint Marianna Righteous. Later, this holiday was shifted by Easter and replaced by the feast of the Annunciation. The content of it is the burning of Maslenitsa-Marines, golden eggs, birds released on the will.

May 6 - Dazhbog's Day, Spring Meeting. The date could be postponed on Sunday or Friday. This holiday later imposed on Yuriev Day. Dazhibogo spring begins, Perun - summer cums.

May 22 - Yarilin Day, a semit. It is replaced by the holiday of Nikola Spring, Spring, Grass, warm. Memories of the meeting of Yaril and Koschey. Funeral Yarily. Middle Sowing Sowing - from Yarily.

September 14 - the day of the Volga Zmeevich. It is replaced by the day of Simeon a hatch. The beginning of the hunting season.

It must be said that many Christian holidays were held on the pagan manner. On the night of the "Saints of the Resurrection", men and women, having gathered together, play and dance shamelessly, completely do all sorts of creating and, "Jaco Horses, to learn (squeal) and squeeze," like "wicked elica", celebrating "holiday dionis". The clergy called on his flock Resurrection of Christ to meet with love, but "not by Piyang, nor the union, nor songs of demonic, nor other flesh acts." In Christian the names, and in fact of their pagan festivals, the indispensable rule of which was the ritual consumption of alcoholic beverages, many priests took the most active participation, rushing without a measure, for example, "in the Holy Prech Days of the Day, from the Blond Week of Help to All Saints, What is witnessed by the definitions of the Vladimir Cathedral.

The effect of paganism is traced in church design. Modern studies have shown that the "church decorative art of the Russian Middle Ages was permeated with ancient pagan elements. Pagan plots complemented, from the point of view of ancient Russian man, Christian symbolism. Such is a rich decorative treatment of St. George Cathedral in Yuryev-Polish. The entire base of the building from the very base is covered with stylized plants, as if growing out of the ground, together with the real greens surrounding the White Temple. This is the lower tier of the visible world, the land, born plants. Above the reliefs with the image of a person (holy warriors, holy princes, prophesy people), and the top of the cathedral is crowned with celers and golden dome - the sun. In the Christian symbolism, Jesus Christ was identified with the sun. Dome in its own way appearance Recognized the sun, and inside, in the dome, painters painted a huge face of Christ, facing the Bogomols from the height, as if from the very sky ...

Pretty eloquent attitude of Russian "Christians" to God Christian. These relations were built on the pagan principle of the exchange of services, which can be formulated with the words of the ancient saying: "I give you and you give me." There are curious information contained in the "word about evil spirits" - the church-learning monument of ancient Russia. "When any evil comes to us," we read there, "then I dare God." And then the situations are somewhat detailed: "We have alone, although the animals are worn, then we will nor the god of ponyti, verbally, Lord, you also gave you for my good, Zilaa Mi Esi." It was enough for a popular belief, feed or dress a beggar, to file alms or put a candle in the church (that is, to make an awry business) to hope for good reward from God. And if evil came instead of good, they did not praise God, but they betrayed the crop. Mentors of church called, of course, in trouble and misfortune do not raise on God, and humbly go to the temple and take prayers, seeing their sins.

Great concern caused the ministers of the church to the rustling of the habit of old Russian people to pronounce oaths. Rota (oath) - belonging to the pagan public household. She was condemned by the "Christ Highs" as a grave sin. And the Russian princes constantly fell into this sin. Princely oaths are an ordinary phenomenon in the political life of Russia of the XI-XII centuries. There was an indispensable condition for the kissing of the cross.

Not in less, but perhaps, noble women kept the pagan inclinations. From the point of view of zealous adherents of Christianity, it was women first of all "worked lards." Correcting about the magvias as the suggestion of the demonsky, the author of the "Tale of Bygone Years" in full confidence declares: "There are noctile vanity through women, for the demonstration of a woman prevented, she is a man." Women's ritual dances (Rusaly) - the usual phenomenon of ancient Russian reality, which caused irritation and anger among church teachers. In the teachings against the paganism about the dancing woman, it is said in very hostile expressions: "The beacon of the bride of Sotonina is nursed and the mistress of the devil, the wife of Besov." Wearing Russian princesses of ritual jewelry (bracelets with archaic symbolism) - a faithful sign of their participation in pagan Rusalia.

It did not lose its value and the cult of ancestors. For the deceased baths, the baths were hanging out the sheets and towels, left punishes, meat, milk, eggs, oil, honey, beer and "all cleaned", and the floor sprinkled as ashes. At the same time, the organizers of "Movy" sentenced, turning to the "Navim" (dead men): "Moyty". Whether in the Ban "Navier" was tried in the footsteps left on the ashes. And these are these "Navier" (demons, according to the name of church teachers) "Yako Kuri travelers showed on the population [ashes] and drove the covers [sheets] and Ubolls [Towels]." And when "Item Mohni" returned and found footprints on assela, they said: "Navina came to us." And then with a sense of executed debt, they were eaten by the left, causing disgusting from the jealousness of Christianity, according to which such food "notify neither the ping of Yasta."

It did not disappear in ancient Russia and faith in houses. In the language of the ideologues of the Church of the House - "Bes-Hororalist".

Slavic paganism passed its complex centuries-old path, ranging from primitive animism and ending with complex system gods, with clearly pronounced functions and a cult. Despite the thousand-year dominance of the State Orthodox Church, the pagan views remain folk faith to this day are manifested in rites, dangling games, songs, fairy tales and folk arts.

If you put the question that the worldview of an ancient Russian society has determined to a greater extent - paganism or Christianity, then it is possible, without fear of exaggerations, to say: paganism.

Deep overview of pagan, that is, traditional folk and natural beliefs, is more than a serious task for religious studies. A variety of opinions, currents, the rapidly changing situation in this area make such a study is very difficult. The case is complicated by the fact that in our country (as in any other, however), people's religious issues are directly related to political, economically, and sometimes the criminal interests of "serious" organizations. The word "serious" is taken here in quotes, because there is always, throughout the history of mankind, the spiritual life of people becomes a reason for the struggle for power and influence.

Today the topic of the faith of ancestors is paying more attention. Not only scientific works are devoted to this problem. Increasingly, it is possible to hear about the neo-diet representing a complex worldview, the basis of which is the path of personal self-improvement of a person. The pagan feels like a part of the world, which is God, a free creative personality. Neo-language, for the most part, they argue that they do not just restore the paganism of the sample of the Doharistian Russia, but revive the original tradition, which is characteristic of Slavs. The part claims that they are the carriers of the original tradition that the original pagans have been preserved, which consciously preserved the faith of ancestors who are hidden teachers. As a rule, members of communities that grew out of such a position adhere to sports sections and military historical clubs. On the other hand, another part of the neo-language, mainly from communities consisting of intellectuals, believes that the whole worldview has not been preserved, but there are quite a lot of "fragments" - in folklore, crafts, folk traditions and in the Orthodox, especially old-supplied, tradition. According to this part of neo-language, the task is now not to restore the old, but carefully assemble the preserved and allocate the "core" of tradition, reviving it again, fully corresponding to the modern mentality. At the same time, they argue that modern stage paganism - qualitatively new stage In the development of tradition, more meaningful, arising from the experience of Christian civilization.

A man in the Christian world possessed the gift of freedom.
With adoption in 988-989. Christianity - on Russia It was quite natural
and the natural process.

When you hear the phrase "ancient Russia", then the solemn, solemn lines of epic and spiritual poems come to remember, the church of the Intercession on Nerli, the Majestic Cathedral of Sofia in Kiev.
The emergence of all these monuments is associated with the adoption of Orthodoxy.

Together with the Christian faith - from Byzantium and Bulgaria, the art of stone architecture and icon painting came to Russia, a carving of stone and a tree was applied.

Books Scripture, Old and New Testament (primarily the Gospel and Psaltry):
"Paless" (books who interpreted the text of the Holy Scriptures);
"Ceremony" (interpretation of the text of the Scriptures, dedicated to Christian holidays);

The liturgical literature is numerous "chairs", "CHEFT").
From church books, the ancient Russian people learned about the new norms of morality and morality, historical and geographical information, information about living and inanimate nature (Books "Physiologist", "Sixodnev").

Creation of the "fathers of the Church" - John of Zlatoust, Ephraim Sirin, Gregory Theologian, Vasily of the Great, John Damaskina, John Districant, and others organically joined
in Russian spiritual culture.

Old Russian people (even the richest and noble) were rather modest
in everybody, their dwellings were their dwellings, the food they consumed is simple clothes.
The beauty site was a temple - exactly there, among the beautiful icons and frescoes, found the shelter and calmness of the man's soul.

The ancient Russian state required a lot of competent people - for service at Prince, government management, relations with other people's lands, trade.
Judging by the annals, the princes of that time not only were familiar with foreign languages, loved to collect and read books, but also care
on the creation of schools.
First educational establishments Arrived with Vladimir I Baptist.
It was he who ordered "to collect best people Children and give them to the teacher's training. "
Yaroslav Wise, son Vladimir, also ordered to learn 300 children.
According to some modern researchers, it could well be school type - a kind of universities.

They received knowledge of theology, rhetoric, grammar.
More and more became in Russia, "saturated sweets of books."

For example, in ancient Novgorod, how can be assumed based on the analysis beresian diploma, read and write a skillfully almost all adult population.

Ancient Russian people who have learned the teachings of John Damaskin, believed that the person consists
of the two substances - souls and bodies. Compliant, he has two rows of senses of feelings of bodily ("servants") and spiritual feelings:
there are "bodily" eyes and "spiritual" ("smart");
"Body" ears and "spiritual".
"Smart" eyes are directed to heaven ("to the mountain"),
body - "forward to Earth."
Authentic, spiritual world a person can see only "smart" arts, and reveal
they can books.
Therefore, it was the books that were in the center of the Old Russian culture.

Christianity - not only stimulated the formation of ancient Russian writing and literature. The ongoing figures of Orthodoxy made a huge contribution to the enrichment of the culture of the ethnos, the expansion of spheres artistic creativity.

With Orthodoxy - the art of eloquence came to Russia.
Ancient Russian speakers-preachers in their speeches argued the spiritual and moral values \u200b\u200bof faith, united people, taught the strengths of this world.
Church preaching - oral and written - was a school of attachment to the high values \u200b\u200bof culture, contributed to the formation of a national self-consciousness.

In the Russian church in worship and prayer, the church of the Slavic text of the Bible, established and unchanged from 1751.

In worldly circulation and reading, the Russian text of the Bible is used, for the first time fully published in 1876.
In the text orthodox Bible 39 books Old Testament Translated from the Hebrew language and are considered canonical.

What monuments of the ancient Russian culture felt the Byzantine influence? What is it manifested?

In the temples, icons, the lives of the saints.

What are patriotic motives in the culture of this period related?

With an external threat.

What are the most ancient buildings in their locality do you know? What time do they relate to?

For self-execution.

Check your knowledge

l. What were the features of the culture of ancient Russia?

The basis of the ancient Russian culture was the heritage eastern Slavs.: Ancient myths and legends, the tradition of wood and stone threads, the art of Kuznetsov, etc. Ancient Russian culture absorbed and cultural achievements of those who lived in Russia and neighboring peoples - the threatening Finns, Balts, Khazar, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Western Slavs. Big influence By Russian culture provided Byzantium, especially after the adoption of Christianity. The Wizards for the construction of temples, writing icons were invited from Byzantium, the theological books were brought. The Old Russian masters created their creations in which the Duma and the aspirations of the Russian people were striving.

2. What was the effect of Christianity on ancient Russian culture?

Construction in Russia stone temples. The emergence of his written literature - chronicles, words. At churches and monasteries, schools were opened. Training was conducted by native language; He was taught reading, writing, the basics of the Christian creed and the score.

3. What events are epics? Who is their heroes? Read at home and retell the content of one of the epic.

The epics are poetic legends about the past, in which the exploits of Russian warriors were glorified. Favorite epic heroes of the peasant son, fearless and mighty warrior Ilya Muromets, reasonable and fair Dobrynya Nikitich, cheerful and lifeling Alyosha Popovich. Russian epics are imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bliberating their land, its protection against enemies. The people challenged not only the tuning feats of the heroes, but also the hard work of the Pahar-Agriculture, who was embodied in the form of Mikula Selyaninovich.

4. What do you think, why Old Russian state There were many competent people?

This is due to the adoption of Christianity. At the monasteries, schools were opened in which they trained reading, writing and the basics of Christian creed. Translations from Greek and Bulgarian languages \u200b\u200bwere made.

5. What genres existed in ancient Russian literature? Give examples.

Chronicle - Nestor "Tale of Bygone Years."

Word - Illarion "Word about the law of grace."

Life is Nestor "Life Boris and Gleb."

6. Using the illustrations of the textbook, tell about the achievements of the ancient Russian architecture and painting.

Wooden architecture has been developed. Peasant horses, princely and boyars, urban fortresses were built from the tree. Russian wooden architecture had its traditions. For him, the multi-tiered structures were characterized, their turrets and teremes, the presence of various kinds of attachments - cells, transitions, hay. Wooden buildings certainly decorated wood carving.

The advent of Christianity is beginning to build majestic stone temples. It was a powerful construction with several domes, erected from thin bricks with inclusions in it. natural stone, richly decorated with carved marble. The first Russian temples were built in strict accordance with the Byzantine architectural traditions. The Sofia Cathedral combined Slavic and Byzantine traditions. The central dome was surrounded by a little lower than four medium domes, followed by eight small below.

Temples were decorated with mosaic and frescoes. The Sophia Cathedral in Kiev inside was richly decorated, in Novgorod - modestly.

7. What technique used the Old Russian artisans?

Grains, Skan, Technique of the seducing enamel.

8. What works of ancient Russian art interested you most? Why?

Jewelry in the technique of the section Enamel, because it was a very painstaking work that gave a magnificent result.

Learning to be historians

1. Prepare a presentation (no more than 5 slides) on the topic "Holy Sofia - a symbol of ancient Russia." Suppose what feelings the inhabitants of ancient Russia in this temple were experiencing.

The presentation should contain the following types of information: the image of the temple, when and by whom it is built, the decoration of the temple.

Materials for the presentation: "History Sophia Cathedral"- http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/istoriya_sofiyskogo_sobora.shtml

2. Is it possible to explain the desire modern people Keep monuments of ancient Russian culture only with love for Fatherland?

This desire is explained not only by love for Fatherland. It is also a memory of the ancestors, the desire to preserve their heritage. Our past is a support that helps create our future.