Connections of wooden elements. Connecting wooden parts Parts for connecting wooden structures

If you take a closer look at massive antique furniture or doors, you will notice a beautiful and uniform texture: the product seems to be carved from one large piece of wood. Only upon closer examination, it is possible to single out individual planks, which make up the overall surface.

Previously, furniture was not made, as it is done today, from thick boards. It's just that the carpenters were more skilled. From many thin boards, they could make a large panel with an ideal smooth surface. Although the tree is known to live its contented turbulent life even when it is no longer rooted to the ground. It is exposed to temperature and humidity, as well as mechanical stress, as a result of which it can unexpectedly show its “character”.

The technique of joining boards so that they remain even and smooth for a long time is called butt-to-length joining.

It is necessary to carefully consider each plank and compare its texture with the texture of neighboring parts: the wood fibers of each part must pass into reverse direction compared to the fibers of neighboring boards. So one board "locks" the other.

The nature of the texture depends on which part of the trunk the board is cut from - from the middle or the extreme. The boards can be laid out in different ways: in one case, so that the surface will seem like a cut of one trunk, in the other, by mixing the boards, create an unusual pattern.

But in any case, when fitting, the boards should be placed against each other so that a wavy pattern is obtained. Therefore, it is very difficult to achieve the effect of a “whole tree” and at the same time “lock” the tree. After all, alternately the front (facing the core of the tree), then the wrong side (facing the bark) side of the boards are visible.

In order for the boards to fit snugly together along the length, the edges must be absolutely straight. It is necessary to vertically fix the board between two guide boards and process the surface with a planer. Treat the wood immediately, without delay - when the humidity changes, it can deform again.

On the tabletop, assembled from boards, they used to judge the skill of the carpenter. The ability to connect boards end-to-end along the length can come in handy today. We will show and tell you how it's done.

Marking and gluing

How to properly connect the boards along the length of the insert strip

The plank reinforces the joint along its entire length, while performing two functions: it doubles the area of ​​​​the joint areas covered with glue, as it penetrates inside both boards, which gives the joint additional strength, and due to the opposite direction of the fibers in the plank in relation to the fibers in the main parts connection is more resistant to stress.

Use of plywood

For a plank that must be very thin, the most suitable material- plywood. If, for example, you take a plank of solid wood, then the arrangement of the fibers in the plank and the boards will be parallel. This will achieve high strength connections, but the bar itself will not withstand the load and will break if the boards begin to sag. You can use a bar with a transverse direction of the fibers. It well withstands the load during the deflection of the boards and gives greater strength to the connection, but such strips are limited in length and extremely unreliable under longitudinal loads. The multi-layered plywood compensates for the shortcomings of the solid wood planks, providing strength to the joint.

An alternative to the rail is plug-in spikes, which are placed with a landing on glue at a distance of 10-20 cm from each other. First, a hole for the spikes is drilled in one board, then the location of the spikes on the other board is marked with special markers.

The left bar is longer, the middle one is thicker than necessary, the right one is done correctly. It should be shorter than the overall height of the grooves to leave room for the adhesive.

Blind connection using a strip of plywood. The bar is completely hidden, and the boards at the ends remain intact.

Since ancient times, after mastering the tools of labor, a person began to build a dwelling made of wood. Having gone through evolution, a person continues to improve the construction of his home for thousands of years. Of course modern technologies simplified construction, gave a wide opportunity for imagination, but basic knowledge about the properties wooden structures pass from generation to generation. Consider connection methods wooden parts.

Consider the ways of connecting wooden parts that beginner craftsmen face. These are mainly carpentry joints passed down from generation to generation, these skills have been used for more than one century. Before joining wood, we assume that the wood has already been processed and is ready for use.

The first basic rule that should be followed when joining wooden parts is that a thin part is attached to a thicker one.

The most common ways of joining wood, which will be needed in the construction of household buildings, are of several types.

End connection

This is one of the most simple ways connections (rallying). With this method, it is necessary to fit the surfaces of the two elements to be joined as closely as possible. The parts are pressed tightly against each other and fastened with nails or screws.

The method is simple, but to obtain the quality of the product, several conditions must be met:

The length of the nails should be such that, having passed through the entire thickness of the first workpiece, they would enter with their sharp end into the base of another part to a depth equal to at least ⅓ of the length of the nail;

Nails should not be located on the same line, and their number should be at least two. That is, one of the nails is displaced from the center line upwards, and the second, on the contrary, downwards;

The thickness of the nails should be such that when they are hammered into the wood, a crack does not appear. Pre-drilling holes will help to avoid cracks in the wood, and the diameter of the drill should be equal to 0.7 of the diameter of the nails;

For getting best quality pre-lubricate the joints, the surfaces to be joined with glue, and it is better to use a moisture-resistant glue, such as epoxy.

Invoice connection

With this method, two parts are superimposed one on top of the other and fastened with nails, screws or bolts. Wooden blanks, with this method of connection, can be placed in one line or shifted at a certain angle relative to each other. In order for the angle of connection of the workpieces to be rigid, it is necessary to fasten the parts with at least four nails or screws in two rows of two pieces in a row.

If you fasten with only two nails, screws or bolts, then they should be placed diagonally. If the nails will have a through exit through both parts, followed by bending of the protruding ends - this connection method will significantly increase strength. The connection to the invoice does not require a high qualification of the master.

Half tree connection

This method is more complex, it requires already certain skills and a more scrupulous approach to work. For such a connection, in both wooden blanks make a sample of wood to a depth half their thickness, and a width equal to the width of the parts to be joined.

You can connect parts in half a tree at different angles.

It is important to observe the following rule:

So that the sampling angle on both parts is equal, and the width of both samples strictly corresponds to the width of the part. Under these conditions, the parts fit snugly against each other, and their edges will be placed in the same plane. The connection is fastened with nails, screws or bolts, and glue is still used to enhance strength. If necessary, such a connection may be partial. That is, the end of one of the workpieces is cut at a certain angle, and the corresponding sample is made in the other part. Such a connection is used for angular rallying. Both spike (picks) in this case cut at an angle of 45 degrees, and the joint between them is located diagonally.

Splicing to length

Such splicing of bars and beams along the length has its own characteristics.

For vertical supports, splicing is simple.

But it is a completely different matter when a beam or beam at the splicing point is subject to bending or torsion loads, in which case simple fastening nails or screws are not enough.

The parts to be joined are cut at an angle (into an oblique overlay) and compressed with bolts. The number of bolts depends on the applied loads, but there must be at least two.

Sometimes additional overlays are installed, for example, metal plates, it is better on both sides, top and bottom, for strength, you can additionally fasten with wire.

Cleat

Such a connection is used when laying the floor or for sheathing boards. To do this, a spike is made in the face of one board, and a groove in the other.

With this splicing, gaps between the boards are excluded, and the sheathing itself acquires beautiful view. Appropriately processed lumber enters the distribution network, where they can be purchased ready-made.

Examples of such materials are batten or lining.

Connector "socket-thorn"

This is one of the most common joints of wooden parts.

Such a connection will provide a strong, rigid and neat rallying.

It goes without saying that it requires certain skills and accuracy in work from the performer.

When making this connection, you need to remember that a poor-quality spiked connection will not add reliability and will not have a beautiful appearance.

A spike connection consists of a groove hollowed out or drilled in one of the wooden parts, as well as a spike made at the end of another attached element.

The parts must have the same thickness, but if the thickness is different, then the socket is made in the thicker part, and the spike is made in the second, thinner part. The connection is carried out on glue with additional fastening with nails, screws. When driving a screw, remember that pre-drilling will facilitate this process. It is better to hide the head of the screw, and the pilot hole should be ⅔ of the diameter of the screw and be 6 mm less than its length.

One of the very important conditions, is the same humidity of the connected parts. If the elements to be joined have different moisture content, then when dried, the spike will decrease in size, which will lead to the destruction of the entire connection. That is why the parts to be joined must have the same humidity, close to the operating conditions. For outdoor structures, humidity should be in the range of 30-25%.

The use of wood to decorate buildings.

Choice of wood.

In carving, to perform large crafts with large elements, they often use wood conifers as the main one. They are available, and the striped texture can be used in ornaments.

As a background for overhead and slotted threads, it is used fir.

The valuable material is cedar, its soft, with a beautiful texture and a pleasant yellow-pink or light pink color of the wood core. The wood is easy to cut, cracks little during shrinkage and is resistant to decay.

Wood pears used for highly artistic carving details, as it is durable and warps little from atmospheric influences.

Poplar, the wood is very soft and light - it is used to make a carved decorative column or background shields for attaching false threads.

It is good to use wood to make chains from round rings. apple trees. This wood is used in small crafts, in applied carvings. In this case, the springy properties of the apple tree are used.

Wood is also used lindens. Very light, well planed, well drilled and polished.

carving from oak difficult to manufacture due to its hardness.

But oak is not afraid of moisture, it does not warp. Products from natural wood very beautiful, but too expensive. Veneering is used to reduce the cost of the product. For example, veneered doors are made, by order of the client, "under the oak". We get beautiful doors, outwardly similar to natural ones, but at a much lower price.

Timber products such as beams, boards or bars are mainly produced in a specific size, but often during construction, material may be required that has a greater length, width or thickness. For this reason, in order to achieve the required size, several types of connections are used using notches made by specialized equipment or manually by marking.

Width Connections

After fastening boards with a small width, they acquire a shield with the dimensions required for production. There are several methods for docking:

1)Docking on a smooth fugue;

in this docking method, any board or rail is referred to as a plot, and the formed seam is referred to as a fugue. Jointing can be considered of high quality only when there are no gaps between the joints of the edges of adjacent boards.

2)Rail fastening;
grooves are selected along the edges of the plot and slats are inserted into them, fastening the boards to each other. The thickness of the lath and the width of the groove itself cannot exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the timber used

3) Quarter fastening;

in joined plots, completely along the entire length, quarters are selected. With this method, quarters cannot exceed 50% of the thickness of the plot itself.

4) Docking type in a groove and a crest (rectangular and triangular);
this type of docking provides for the presence of a groove on one edge of the plot, and a ridge on the opposite edge, the shape of which can be either rectangular or triangular. At the same time, the latter is used infrequently, due to the lower level of the fortress. This kind of docking is quite in demand and is often used in the manufacture of parquet. Lack of bonding - lower cost savings due to using more boards

5) Fastening type "dovetail";
this type of docking is somewhat similar to the previous version, but only the crest here has a trapezoid shape, similar to the tail of swallows. Hence the name of the mounting method.

Connection of boards into shields: a - on a smooth fugue, b - in a quarter, c - on a rail, d - in a groove and a rectangular comb, e - in a groove and a triangular comb, e - in a dovetail.

Also, in the production of wood panels, dowels, a comb with a glued into the end rail and tips into the groove are often used. Reiki for pasting may have rectangular shape or triangular. When using keys, it is better to prefer a dovetail groove. All this is necessary for the manufacture of high-quality wood panels.

Shields: a - with dowels, 6 - with a tip in the groove and comb, c - with a glued rail in the end, d - with a glued triangular rail, e - with a glued triangular rail.

Length connection

The most popular methods of joining along the length are: close, such as a groove and a ridge, fastening with a “mustache”, a notched type of adhesive bonding, a quarter, and also a fastening on a rail. The most actively used docking is of the gear type, due to its extremely high level of strength.

The connection of the bars along the length: a - end-to-end, b - in the groove and ridge, c - on the mustache, d, e - on the gear adhesive connection, e - in a quarter, w - on the rail.

Also, the boards can be joined by splicing, when the timber segments are joined together in length. This is done in several ways. For example, in half a tree or a cut of an oblique type, an overhead lock of an oblique type and a straight one, close, as well as a tension lock of both a direct type and an oblique one. When splicing using the half-tree method, the required length must be 2-2.5 of the bar thickness indicator. To increase the level of reliability, dowels are used. For example, a similar option can be observed when building cottages from timber.

When using a cut of an oblique type with trimming the ends, the size should be equal to 2.5-3 of the thickness of the bar. It is also fixed with dowels.

Fastening with an overhead lock of an oblique or direct type is used in those structures where there is a tensile force. A straight type overhead lock is placed directly on the support itself, and an oblique type lock can be placed at the support.

If you have decided to use an oblique cut with trimming of the ends, then the bond must be 2.5-3 of the thickness of the bar. In such situations, dowels can also be used.

When fastened with a tension lock of an oblique or straight type, high level strength. But at the same time, such a docking is difficult to manufacture, and the wedges are somewhat weakened when the tree dries out. For these reasons, this fastening method is not suitable for structures that carry high loads.

Splicing closely implies the movement of both ends of the bar to the support and subsequent fastening with staples.

Splicing: a - half-tree, b - oblique cut, c - straight overhead lock, d - oblique overhead lock, d - straight tension lock, e - oblique tension lock, g - end-to-end.

The fastening of logs or beams can be observed during the construction of walls frame houses, at the top or bottom of the harness. The key types of fasteners are: half-tree, corner frying pan, spike type and half-paw.

Docking in half a tree - direct cutting or cutting off 50% of the thickness at the edges of the bars, as well as their subsequent fastening at a right angle.

The half-leg joint is formed by cutting inclined planes at the edges of the bars, as a result of which a tight connection of the bars is obtained. The slope value must be determined by a special formula.

Cutting with a corner pan is very similar to cutting with a half-tree method, but differs from it in that when this type fastening one of the bars loses a little in width.

The connection of the bars at an angle: a - half-tree, b - half-paw, c - spiked, d - angular.

Height connection

The cruciform fastening of the bars is often observed during the construction of bridge structures. With this option, you can use docking half a tree, a third and a quarter, and also a notch of only one of the bars.

Cross-shaped connection of the bars: a - half a tree, b - a third of a tree, c - a quarter of a tree, d - with a notch of one bar.

The method of building boards or bars in height is called fastening materials in height, which is very actively used in the construction of poles or masts.

Extension is divided into the following types:

1. Close with a spike of a hidden type.
2. Close with a through-type comb.
3. Half wood with bolt fastening.
4. Half-tree with fastening on clamps.
5. Half-wood with steel strip fastening.
6. An oblique type cut with fastening on clamps.
7. Close with overlays.
8. Fastening with bolts.

The length of the joints themselves, as a rule, is equal to 2/3 of the thickness of the joined bars or 2/3 of the diameter of the logs.

Connection of logs during extension: a - end-to-end with a hidden spike, b - end-to-end with a through ridge, c - half-tree with fastening with bolts, d - half-tree with fastening with strip steel, e - half-tree with fastening with clamps, e - oblique cut with fastening with clamps, g - end-to-end with overlays and fastening by bolts.

spike connection

When the bars are fastened by means of spikes, a direct spike is cut on one of them, and an eye or a nest is made on the other. The knitting of beams with a spike method is actively used in the production of such joinery products as doors, windows or transoms. Each fastening is carried out on the basis of glue. It is allowed to use not only one spike, but several. The greater the number of spikes planned to be made, the larger the gluing area will be, respectively.

This type of docking is divided into: corner end type, corner middle type and corner box type.

For corner fastening of the end type, unclosed through spikes (no more than three), spikes with darkness of the through and non-through type, as well as a plug-in dowel are used. Docking angular median type is quite common on the doors. With corner fasteners of the middle and end type, you can additionally use screws, nails or bolts.

Angled middle joints on the spike: a - blind type US-1, b through US-2, c - double through US-3, d - blind into the groove and crest US-4, e - blind into the groove US-5, e - blind on round dowels US-6.

Here is all the key information about existing types connections. This does not include connections with nails, screws or bolts. Pure wood well and a little bit of glue. 🙂

In addition to processing solid pieces of wood, it is often necessary to connect wooden parts into knots and structures. Connections of elements of wooden structures are called landings. Joints in the construction of wooden parts are defined by five types of fits: tense, tight, sliding, loose and very loose fit.

Knots - these are parts of structures at the junction of parts. Connections of wooden structures are divided into types: end, side, corner T-shaped, cross-shaped, corner L-shaped and box corner connections.

Joiner connections have more than 200 options. Only connections used in practice by joiners and carpenters are considered here.

End connection (building) - the connection of parts along the length, when one element is a continuation of another. Such joints are smooth, jagged with spikes. Additionally, they are fixed with glue, screws, overlays. Horizontal end connections withstand compressive, tensile and bending loads (fig. 1 - 5). Lumber is increased in length, forming vertical and horizontal jagged joints (wedge lock) at the ends (Fig. 6). Such joints do not need to be under pressure during the entire bonding process, since significant frictional forces act here. Gear joints of sawn timber, made by milling, meet the first class of accuracy.

Joints of wooden structures must be made carefully, in accordance with the three accuracy classes. The first class is intended for high quality measuring tools, the second class is for furniture production, and the third is for building parts, agricultural implements and containers. The lateral connection of several boards or battens with an edge is called rallying (Fig. 7). Such connections are used in the construction of floors, gates, carpentry doors, etc. Plank, rack panels are additionally reinforced with crossbars and tips. When sheathing ceilings, walls, the upper boards overlap the lower ones by 1/5 - 1/4 of the width. The outer walls are sheathed with horizontally laid overlapping boards (Fig. 7, g). The upper board overlaps the lower one by 1/5 - 1/4 of the width, which ensures the removal of atmospheric precipitation. The connection of the end of the part with the middle part of the other forms a T-shaped connection of the parts. Such connections have big number options, two of which are shown in Fig. 8. These connections (knitting) are used when pairing the log of ceilings and partitions with the harness of the house. The connection of parts at a right or oblique angle is called a cruciform connection. Such a connection has one or two grooves (Fig. 3.9). Cross-shaped connections are used in the construction of roofs and trusses.

Rice. 1. End connections of the bars, resisting compression: a - with a straight half-wood overlay; b - with an oblique overlay (on the "mustache"); c - with a straight half-wood overlay with a joint in obtuse angle; g - with an oblique overlay with a joint into a spike.

Rice. 2. End connections of the bars (extension), resisting stretching: a - in a straight overhead lock; b - in an oblique laid on lock; c - with a straight overlay half a tree with a joint in an oblique spike (in a dovetail).

Rice. 3. End connections of beams that resist bending: a - with a straight half-wood overlay with an oblique joint; b - with a straight overlay half a tree with a stepped joint; in - in an oblique laid on lock with wedges and with a joint in a thorn.

Rice. 4. Splicing with a notch reinforced with wedges and bolts.

Rice. 5. End connections of the bars, working in compression: a - end-to-end with a hidden hollowed-out spike; b - end-to-end with a hidden plug-in spike; c - with a straight overlay half a tree (the connection can be reinforced with bolts); mr. straight half-wood overlay with wire fastening; e - with a straight overlay half a tree with fastening with metal clips (clamps); e - with an oblique overlay (on the "mustache") with fastening with metal clips; g - with an oblique overlay and fastening with bolts; h - marking the oblique lining; and - end-to-end with a secret tetrahedral spike.

Rice. Fig. 6. End extensions of the milling scheme for end gluing of workpieces: a - vertical (along the width of the part), toothed (wedge-shaped) connection; b - horizontal (through the thickness of the part), gear (wedge-shaped) connection; c - gear joint milling; g - sawing out a gear connection; e - milling of a gear connection; e - end connection and gluing.

Rice. 7. Rallying boards: a - for a smooth fugue; b - on the plug-in rail; in - in a quarter; d, e, e - in the groove and crest (with various forms groove and ridge); g - overlap; h - with a tip in the groove; and - with a tip in a quarter; to - with overlap.

Rice. 8. T-shaped joints of bars: a - with a hidden oblique spike (in a paw or in a dovetail); b - with a straight stepped overlay.

Rice. 9. Cross connections of bars: a - with a straight overlay half a tree; b - with a direct overlay of incomplete overlap; c - with landing in one nest

The connections of two parts with ends at a right angle are called angular. They have through and non-through spikes, open and in the dark, half-dark overlay, half-tree, etc. (Fig. 10). Corner joints (knitting) are used in window irregular blocks, in greenhouse frame joints, etc. The stud joint in the dark has a stud length of at least half the width of the connected part, and the groove depth is 2–3 mm more than the stud length. This is necessary so that the parts to be joined easily mate with each other, and after gluing, there is room for excess glue in the spike socket. For door frames, an angular tenon connection is used in the dark, and to increase the size of the connected surface, in a semi-darkness. A double or triple tenon increases the strength of the gusset. However, the strength of the connection is determined by the quality of its execution. AT furniture production a variety of corner box connections are widely used (Fig. 11). Of these, the simplest is an open end-to-end spike connection. Before making such a connection, spikes are marked with an awl at one end of the board according to the drawing. By marking the side parts of the spike with a file with fine teeth, a cut is made. Every second cut of the spike is hollowed out with a chisel. For the accuracy of the connection, they first saw through and gouge out the sockets for the spikes in one piece. It is applied to the end of another part and crushed. Then they saw through, gouge and connect the parts, cleaning the connection with a planer, as shown in fig. eleven.

When connecting the parts to the "mustache" (at an angle of 45 °), the angular knitting is fixed with steel inserts, as shown in fig. 12. At the same time, make sure that one half of the insert or clamp is included in one part, and the other half is in the other. A wedge-shaped steel plate or ring is placed in the milled grooves of the parts to be joined.

The corners of frames and boxes are connected with a direct open through spike connection (Fig. 3.13, a, b, c). With increased quality requirements (thorns are not visible from the outside), corner knitting is performed by an oblique blind connection, a groove and a ridge, or an oblique connection to a rail, as shown in fig. 13, d, e, f, g and in fig. fourteen.

A box structure with horizontal or vertical transverse elements (shelves, partitions) is connected using corner T-shaped joints shown in fig. fifteen.

In connecting the elements of the upper belt of wooden trusses with the lower one, corner cuts are used. When mating the truss elements at an angle of 45 ° or less, one cut is made in the lower element (puff) (Fig. 16, a), at an angle of more than 45 ° - two cuts (Fig. 16.6). In both cases, the end cut (cut) is perpendicular to the direction of the acting forces.

Additionally, the nodes are fixed with a bolt with a washer and a nut, less often with brackets. The log walls of the house (log house) from horizontally laid logs in the corners are connected with a cut “in the paw”. It can be simple or with an additional spike (shank with a pit). The marking of the cut is performed as follows: the end of the log is hewn into a square, to the length of the side of the square (along the log), so that after processing a cube is obtained. The sides of the cube are divided into 8 equal parts. Then, 4/8 part is removed from one side from below and from above, and the remaining sides are performed, as shown in Fig. 17. Templates are used to speed up the marking and the accuracy of making cuts.

Rice. 10. Corner end connections of blanks at a right angle: a - with a single opening through a spike; b - with a single through hidden spike (in the dark); in-with single deaf (non-through) thorn in the dark; g - with a single through semi-secret spike (in semi-darkness); d - with a single deaf spike in semi-darkness; e - with a triple open through spike; g - in a straight overlay half a tree; h - in a through dovetail; and - in eyelets with undercutting.

Rice. 11. Box corner joints with straight through spikes: a - sawing tenon grooves; b - marking the spikes with an awl; in - connection of a thorn with a groove; g - processing by a planer of a corner joint.

Rice. 12. Corner end connections at a right angle, reinforced with metal inserts - buttons: a - 8-shaped insert; b- wedge-shaped plate; in rings.

Rice. 13. Box corner joints at a right angle: a - straight open through spikes; b - oblique open through spikes; in - open through dovetail spikes; g - groove on the plug-in rail end-to-end; d - in the groove and crest; e - on plug-in spikes; g - on spikes in a dovetail in semi-darkness.

Rice. 14. Oblique (on the "mustache") box connections at a right angle: a - oblique spikes in the dark; b - oblique connection on a plug-in rail; in - oblique connection on spikes in the dark; g - an oblique connection, reinforced with a trihedral rail on glue.

Rice. 15. Direct and oblique connections of blanks: a - on a double connection in an oblique groove and ridge; b - on a straight groove and comb; in - on a trihedral groove and a crest; g - on a straight groove and a comb in the dark; d - on straight through spikes; e - on round plug-in spikes in the dark; g - on a spike in a dovetail; h - on the groove and the crest, reinforced with nails.

Rice. 16. Nodes in farm elements.

Rice. 17. Conjugation of the logs of the walls of the log house: a - a simple paw; b - a paw with a wind spike; c - paw markings; 1 - wind spike (pit)

They say about the toughest joiners and carpenters that they are able to build a house without single nail. Japanese artisans, even amateurs, are just one of those.

A few years ago, a young automotive industry worker, enthusiastic, fell into the hands of a book describing traditional Japanese woodworking techniques. He was very fascinated by the descriptions of the connections of parts without the use of nails, screws and glue. He wanted to learn how to do the same. But there were no schemes for making fasteners in the book. Then the guy decided to draw them himself.

He used the free service Fusion-360 to model and animate the parts. The Japanese translated the resulting result into gifs and posted it on a Twitter account called The Joinery. In almost a year, the young carpenter visualized 85 various ways detachable connections.

The variety of fasteners is really amazing. With their help, you can make basically anything - a stool, a sofa, a table, and so on. The main thing is to have straight arms and a good, preferably an electric tool.

But even if manual labor you are not inspired at all, you will probably enjoy watching gifs. The way the details interlock with each other is mesmerizing.