Khrushchev i 511. Unbearable Khrushchev

1-511 - description, characteristics, layouts

Houses of the 1-511 series are present in absolutely all districts of Moscow, the development of which was carried out in the late 1950s, early and mid-1960s. In terms of prevalence among all periods, it takes 2nd place in Moscow after.

Most of the houses of the 1-511 series were built in the Izmailovo, Perovo, Ryazansky, Kuntsevo districts. Also, the 1-511 series was massively built in the areas: Khoroshevo - Mnevniki, Shchukino, Yuzh. Tushino, Golovino, Koptevo, Mikhalkovo, Airport, Cheryomushki, Mosfilmovskaya, Solntsevo, Fili, Degunino, Khovrino, Babushkin, Marfino, Preobrazhenskoye, Bogorodskoye, Metrogorodok, Golyanovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Lublino, Nagatino, Nagorny, Zyuzino, including in the center (Zamoskvorechye, Presnya, Taganka, Shabolovka, Plyushchikha-Khamovniki), and beyond the Moscow Ring Road (Nekrasovka, Vnukovo, Kryukovo, Vostochny village).

In the Moscow region, houses of the 1-511 series were built in the cities: Khimki, Dolgoprudny, Lobnya, Pushkino, Monino, Odintsovo, Golitsino, Reutov, Balashikha, Zheleznodorozhny, Lyubertsy, Dzerzhinsky, Kotelniki, Aprelevka and also the village. Barvikha and pos. Mosrentgen.

In the regions, houses of the 1-511 series were not built; the series is a regional analogue. In St. Petersburg, the main brick five-story buildings are 1-528k and 1-530k.

Series 1-511 differs from other series of five-story buildings in high-quality exterior brick walls, while the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartments is no different from other types of Khrushchev. Part of two- and three-room apartments with adjacent rooms, in corner two- and three-room apartments all rooms are isolated. The type of stove is gas, natural exhaust ventilation, blocks in the kitchen and in the bathroom.

In 1961 prices. the cost of construction of 1 m² of housing for series 1-511 was 127 rubles. This is the most expensive at cost "".

Officially, houses of series 1-511 are not included in the list of demolished series; isolated cases of demolition are known during the complex reconstruction of quarters. Sanitation (overhaul) was carried out in some houses.
The prospect of mass demolition of series 1-511 in the future (after the series , , first of all demolished) is not obvious and depends on the reconstruction plan of a particular block. There is an implemented standard project reconstruction without resettlement of residents with a superstructure up to 7 floors and an extension of the elevator unit.

Houses under construction of series 1-511 can be seen in the film "Operation" Y "and other adventures of Shurik."

Detailed characteristics of the series

1-511 - a series of residential buildings in the USSR, developed in the late 1950s. Houses are multi-sectional, consist of ordinary and end sections, usually from 3-4 or 6-8 entrances. In the latter case, we usually deal with 2 physical cases, butted end-to-end to each other. Floors - 5 floors (there are houses with a smaller number of floors).

"1" in the name of the series indicates the type bearing walls, v this case longitudinal.

It was built mainly in Moscow and a little in the Moscow region.

Walls: external - brick (usually white silicate brick), some - from brick blocks, internal - gypsum concrete, 270 mm thick, gypsum concrete partitions, thickness - 80 mm; floors - reinforced concrete slabs 220 mm thick. The roof is mostly four-pitched slate or iron. Ceiling height 2.48 m.

As a rule, there are balconies. Bathroom - combined or separate.

Heating - central water supply, cold water supply - centralized, hot water supply - centralized or local ( geysers). Ventilation - natural in the kitchen and bathroom. There is no elevator. Some houses have a garbage chute.

The house has 1, 2, 3-room apartments (4 on the landing). The total areas are:

• 1-room - 28-31 m²;
• 2-room - 40-42 m²;
• 3-room - 56-57 m².

There is also a small family version of this series with solid one-room apartments and a very small kitchen. And in the house standard sizes fits 130 apartments at once.

Multi-section, brick residential building with ordinary and end sections. The house has 1, 2, 3 room apartments.

Floors:
4-7 floors, room height - 3.0 m

Technical buildings: Technical underground for the placement of engineering communications

Elevators: Cargo-passenger with a carrying capacity of 630 kg in 5-7 e

Building construction:

• External walls: expanded clay concrete panels 400 and 550 mm thick. Internal - reinforced concrete thickness 140 mm.
• Partitions - 80 mm.
• Ceilings - reinforced concrete multi-hollow panels
• Heating: Central, water
• Ventilation: Natural exhaust through ventilation units
• Water supply: cold, hot water from the city network.
• Garbage disposal: Garbage chute with loading valve on each floor

The year 2017 for Moscow is "marked" by the continuation of renovation - the demolition of five-story houses built in the 50-60s of the XX century and called "Khrushchevs".

The destruction of morally and physically obsolete buildings was started even under the previous measure of the capital, Yuri Luzhkov. But then the process was accompanied by numerous scandals: residents from the central regions were relocated beyond the Moscow Ring Road, to multi-storey "anthills". Now the situation has changed. If the residents of the house or neighborhood vote against resettlement, the house will remain in its original location.

But this is not the most important thing in the new company. The renovation involves the resettlement of those buildings that previously belonged to the "unbearable" - brick five-story buildings of the 1-511 series.

What is remarkable about this project? Why did the houses successfully survive previous renovations and were not included in the lists for demolition?

Brick five-story building series 1-511: layout

The middle of the 20th century was the time of mass construction of strong brick or block houses. For the leadership, it was more important to resettle people from the barracks than to show the world highly artistic buildings that delight with architectural delights.

511 series of five-story buildings is a vivid example of the construction of solid housing with strong walls, in which it is impossible to live normally. The houses are characterized by the following:

• number of rooms - from 1 to 3. Minimum total area 28 sq. meters, maximum 57. Residential - ranging from 15 to 42 square meters. meters;
• number of sections in the house: from 2 to 8;
• there are no balconies on the first floors, loggias are not provided at all;
• the ceiling height in early projects was at the level of 2.7 meters, then reduced to 2.5 meters;
• bathroom - combined;
• the outer walls are made of porous bricks. The question of whether the five-story buildings of the 511 series will be demolished was not considered at all for a long time precisely because of the very high-quality exterior masonry;
• there is no possibility to build in common house meters for electricity, water and gas. There are no basements as such. Communications are built into the walls.

Demolition of five-story buildings series 1-511 in Moscow

There are many reasons why the Moscow government decided to get rid of buildings that are not the most attractive type:

Dear land. The five-story buildings of series 1 511 take up a lot of space, but provide a small number of apartments. On the same territory, you can build several buildings of 30-40 floors and get a larger amount of square meters;

The idea of ​​mass resettlement in New Moscow turned out to be not as popular as previously thought. Residents of the capital do not want to spend 3-4 hours on the road one way. If the 511 series of five-story buildings is nevertheless demolished, if not completely, then partially, the area can be used in a more rational way.

There can be many, many reasons for demolition. And they must be very strong. If a decade ago the issue of renovation was decided only at the city level, now the issue has even been submitted for consideration State Duma country. Apparently, the mayor of the capital has good reasons to get rid of the unbearable series of five-story buildings 1511.

Why did the 511 series become unbearable?

Both in the first renovation, carried out by Yuri Luzhkov, and in the current one, issues of destruction are solved taking into account many factors:

Location of houses. Five-story buildings of series 1 511, the photo can be seen below, can be found in Solntsevo, and in Kuntsevo, Izmailovo, Perovo. There are houses in South Tushino and Cheryomushki. Even on Mosfilmovskaya Street you can see unsightly houses built half a century ago. In previous decades, the most prestigious areas suitable for elite development were vacated first. It was assumed that the "Khrushchev" spoil the appearance of the central regions, and they need to get rid of.

Materials chosen for construction. The demolition of the five-story buildings of the 511 series was not originally planned because of the solid outer walls up to half a meter thick. Few modern new buildings can "boast" of such quality masonry. Under Luzhkov, houses of series 511, 447 and others fell under demolition only if a special commission recognized that the building was unsuitable for further operation, and repairs would cost more expensive than construction new.

Despite the fact that there are no garbage chutes or elevators in the houses, the quality of the walls and floors itself is such that this series was practically not considered during the first renovation. How will the issue be resolved in the new century?

Will the demolition take place or not?

According to the assurances of the Moscow authorities, the renovation of the 21st century will differ significantly from the previous one. If earlier the decision was made at the government level, and the residents were confronted with a fact, now, according to representatives of official instances, the following principles are planned to be observed:

New apartments should be provided in the same area where the 511 series of five-story buildings will be demolished. If there are no sites for construction, there can be no talk of resettlement outside the Moscow Ring Road or residential areas. On this basis, almost 40 districts in the city center have already been excluded from renovation;

The decision must be made by the majority of residents not only of the house, but also of the district. If most of wishes to remain in the same place, then the houses will remain the same. The type of building is not taken into account;

We are not talking about infill development of already cramped yards and small patches of free land. Residents may not be afraid that the buildings will be built according to the “window to window” principle. First of all, it is planned to develop the numerous industrial zones left after the closure of plants and factories in Moscow. This applies to the eastern part of the city.

And finally

The renovation, which is scheduled to be completed in Moscow in 2020, raises more questions than it answers. Houses will not be forcibly demolished, but what about those that are no longer suitable for use, and the tenants do not want to leave their "familiar" places? What will be done with the "unbearable" options? Will the 511 series of five-story buildings disappear from the map of Moscow?

Experts say that it is possible to carry out the program in full if at least 35 million square meters of new living space are prepared in the shortest possible time. Even in the capital there are no developers capable of mastering such volumes in a few years. It is also necessary to prepare the appropriate infrastructure for new settlers.

What will happen to those areas that refuse to move? Will they be left alone, or will they gradually create unbearable conditions for the tenants, so that they themselves will soon ask for somewhere far away?

There are also several other problems that need to be addressed. The minimum area of ​​apartments starts from 28 sq. meters. Will new buildings be erected with the same living space? Or the owners who agreed to the resettlement will be confronted with the fact that they will have to pay extra for 10-15 sq. m. meters, based on the very high price of Moscow squares.

Who will pay for new construction? There are suggestions that developers will do everything at their own expense for several reasons:

After the demolition of five-story buildings of series 1 511 in Moscow, the land will be transferred to the same developers, but for more prestigious projects;

They must provide a certain number of apartments. But several times more square meters will be commissioned. Developers will sell the surplus at market prices.

Meanwhile, information regularly appears on many portals that the renovation will not affect everyone. There are already projects according to which the five-story buildings of series 1 511 will remain “unbearable”. It is planned to add external elevators, add floors, where floors and foundations allow it. The apartments will be merged, the area will be increased.

There are many questions. What answers will be given by the government of Moscow, the near future will show.

An unbearable series of houses is five-story residential buildings built in the period from the 60s to the 75s of the last century. Unlike houses of the demolished series, these buildings imply a longer service life.

There are several reasons for this: firstly, they have much higher thermal protection and wall strength. This provides slower physical wear. why the house lasts much longer.

But here it should be borne in mind that, unlike the general condition of the building, the intra-house network will be subject to mandatory complete replacement every 15-20 years.

Secondly, in such five-story buildings there are more convenient layouts. interior spaces when compared with the same demolished series. The latter, according to Khrushchev's idea, should have been intended only for temporary residence, and therefore the architects did not puzzle too much over how it would be more convenient to divide the space in the apartments.

Unbearable five-story buildings are characterized by the following modifications:

• Separate bathroom.
• A large kitchen area (if earlier it barely reached 6 sq.m, then in the unbearable series it was already about 9 sq.m.
• The hallway has doubled in size.
• V two-room apartments now there was no such thing as adjoining or walk-through rooms. Each room was isolated.
• Increased area of ​​balconies and loggias.
• The bathroom had a dedicated space for a washing machine.

Attention! The Government of the Russian Federation organized several special programs, which are aimed at eliminating the houses of the unbearable series.

However, all of them will come into force only after the buildings of the demolished series are completely dismantled, since they are more dilapidated and dangerous for the further residence of citizens.

House codes that apply here

The unbearable series of houses includes the following types of Khrushchev:

1. Block buildings of the 1-510 series.
2. Brick buildings series 1-511 and 1-447.
3. Panel buildings series 1-515.

This also includes all analogues of the above series. At the time of making a decision on the demolition or renovation of buildings, the actual wear of the house should be more than 20%.

According to the deputies of the State Duma, those houses from the unbearable series that cannot be brought to a suitable and safe living for residents through major repairs will be subject to demolition. Also one of the main reasons for the demolition is called inconsistency in layouts and amenities of the premises modern requirements for comfortable living .

Photos of buildings like 1-510, 1-515 and others

And this is how these buildings look in the photo.

When is the plan to demolish these buildings?

So, when will the five-story buildings of the unbearable series be demolished? Despite the fact that the discussion of the plan for the elimination of these buildings has been in full swing since 2015, so far no measures have been taken to implement them.

According to government officials, on the this moment there are no plans to demolish these houses centrally due to the lack of necessary funds in the state budget.

Reference: After all, the dismantling of houses implies not only the cost of liquidation, but also the resettlement of all residents. And all social projects for the construction of new housing are not very successful with investors due to lack of profit.

Perhaps, separate and isolated cases of demolition of houses of an intolerable series will begin, if such a project arouses interest from a certain sponsor.

For example, an entrepreneur looked at himself perfect place for the construction of a shopping or office center on the site of a house being liquidated and is ready to bear all the costs of demolition and resettlement of residents.

However, such cases are extremely rare, since as a rule, owners are offered a minimum amount of redemption for an apartment instead of a similar housing option.

To date 1722 are included in the renovation program of the Khrushchev houses of the unbearable series residential buildings in Moscow and the Moscow region. There is no information on demolition by region.

The program will include houses in which more than 50% of the owners at the general meeting will vote for participation in it. In addition, residents also through general meeting may at any time decide not to participate.

Now you know when the liquidation of residential buildings of the unbearable series will begin.

What can homeowners expect?

Owners of apartments in buildings designated for demolition will receive housing in return, which is equivalent to the previous one in terms of its conditions. The number of rooms and their area will be no less than in the previous housing, and the total area of ​​​​the premises will increase.

New apartments will be located in the same area of ​​the city and meet current standards for landscaping. In addition, the premises will have an improved finish, which will allow residents not to spend money on repairs for the first time after the move.

Citizens who own housing in such buildings, on the basis of a social tenancy agreement, will be provided with housing on the basis of the right of ownership. However, if a person expresses a written desire to remain a tenant, the municipality will conclude a new contract with him on gratuitous employment.

Attention: Instead of equivalent housing, apartment owners can receive monetary compensation or equivalent living space in any other area of ​​the city.

To do this, you must submit a written application to the local authorities. After that, an assessment of the existing property will be carried out and the selection of appropriate options or a cash payment.

The resettlement of the inhabitants of the demolished house will be carried out within one block. Owners of non-residential and office space in such buildings, they will either receive a monetary compensation corresponding to the market value of the premises at the time of the decision to demolish, or they will be offered options for an equivalent exchange.

From the moment the house officially entered the renovation program, All tenants are exempt from payments for overhaul . Preferential categories of owners by local authorities will be provided with assistance in moving.

The program for the renovation of houses of the intolerable series came into force in 2017, but no one can say for sure how long it will last. At the moment, the state has allocated funds for the first stage of the mass liquidation of Khrushchev. About 60 houses now remain to be demolished to complete the first stage. Experts also believe that this program will last from 15 to 20 years.

For the past few years, there have been rumors among the people that, according to the urban renewal plan, a decision was made to demolish the old five-story houses that exist in every city and every region. Does such a guide really exist? And if so, when will it happen?

Unfortunately or fortunately for those people who are not residents of the capital, it is true that such houses have been decided to be demolished, but so far only in Moscow. And only houses of specific "demolished series". Brick is not one of them.

Why demolish five-story buildings

In the second half of the last century, panel, block, and then brick five-story houses, the so-called Khrushchev houses, were actively built in all cities of the country. Initially, they were intended to resettle people from communal apartments while comfortable housing was being built in the country, so they did not differ in any way. convenient layout nor the quality of the materials used.

For reference. Projects of such houses were created in such a way that they would stand for no more than 25 years, after which they would be demolished.
However, it is correctly said that there is nothing more permanent than temporary.
Khrushchev houses still stand to this day, and, according to statistics, more than eight and a half million people live in them.

Reasons for demolition

It is easy to calculate that the estimated service life of these houses has long ended, but experts believe that most of them can stand still for a very long time. Even the figure of 150 years is called, but subject to reconstruction using modern repair technologies.

What causes the demolition?

• Wear first. Moreover, communications wear out and become obsolete faster: heat and electricity supply, water supply, sewerage. Today, every apartment is literally crammed with modern household appliances, practically incompatible with morally obsolete communications, which are already poorly coping with their functions. And in last years Increasingly, there are reports of catastrophic wear and tear load-bearing structures.

• The irrationality of financing the reconstruction of houses of certain series. Modern technologies, capable of saving Khrushchev - this is, of course, great, but what will be the price of such a remake? This money is better spent on the construction of more modern and comfortable housing.

For reference. The method developed by engineers for the reconstruction of five-story buildings consists in strengthening them with columns, installing additional heat and sound insulation, increasing the number of storeys and combining apartments.
If we add to this the replacement of communications and the installation of an elevator node, then for each square meter will have to spend about 20 thousand rubles.

• Improvement appearance cities. All those years that have passed after the mass construction of Khrushchev, the city grew and developed, leaving five-story buildings in the historical center. Their design, or rather their absence, does not fit into modern architecture in any way.

• The need to expand or build highways. This is the only reason, apart from the state of emergency, for which houses of unbearable series can be demolished.

Why are they still standing?

The decision to demolish was made several years ago, but most of the houses subject to it are still standing. There is objective reasons, including the economic crisis, as well as the change of leadership in Moscow. After all, so far we are talking only about five-story buildings in the capital: in the regions, no one is going to demolish anything.

According to the new plans, this should happen before 2015, but how feasible these plans are is a big question. The fact is that not all residents of Khrushchev agree to leave their homes. Some of them - mostly elderly people - do not want to move from their usual place.

Others are not satisfied with the proposed exchange options. Many have done quality repair in their apartments, they replaced dilapidated communications with their own hands, spending large sums on this. It is clear that they are not happy with the prospect of moving to a new home.

But the main problem for the city authorities was the high cost dismantling works. Five-story buildings are located in areas with high density construction and laying of engineering communications, which directly affects the rise in the cost of destruction.

Tearable and unbearable series

Residents of houses to be demolished in the near future are probably aware of this. And for those who are going to buy an apartment in the old fund, it will be interesting to know which of them should be liquidated in order to correctly assess the financial risks.

Houses of demolished series

These include buildings of the housing stock, created in the late 50s - early 60s of the last century. That is, in the period of mass industrial housing construction. This panel houses series K-7, II-32 and II-35, 1-MG-300, 1605-AM.

This is especially true for the first two episodes.

• K-7 - panel multi-section five-story buildings of various modifications, consisting of ordinary sections with one-, two- and three-room apartments without balconies. The outer walls are cassette reinforced concrete panels 270 mm thick with thermal insulation with mineral wool and foam glass.

• P-32 - houses made of vibro-brick panels, lined with tiles, with balconies on pillars. And a modification of this series - "little families" II-32-130 with a living area of ​​9-13 m 2 and a kitchen of no more than 3.5 m 2.

For reference. At the moment, most of the houses in this series (about 80%) have been demolished.

Erected among the first, the five-story buildings of the series listed above have thin walls with poor thermal insulation properties. They are not subject to reconstruction, since even the use of modern construction technologies unable to improve their condition qualitatively.

Houses of Unbearable Series

The unbearable are primarily brick houses series 1-447, 1-511 and small family II-34. Built on the basis of a fundamentally different structural system, they are distinguished by higher performance.

And although low-quality building bricks were used for construction, they are designed for a fairly long service life.

• 1-447 and 1-447C are the most common brick five-story buildings in the regions of Russia, which were built from 1958 to the end of the 70s everywhere - both in large and small cities. External walls 38-40 cm thick, interior partitions from concrete panels - 8 cm.

• 1-511 - houses of this series were built only in Moscow from the late 50s to the mid-60s. There are early and late modifications of the houses of this series, which differ in the type of roof, the height of the ceilings and the quality of the brick used in the construction, comparable to the quality of the double silicate brick M 150. The thickness of the walls is 38-40 cm, and in houses of earlier construction - up to 51 cm. Such houses were not built in the regions. (see also article)

It is interesting. The capital already has completed project reconstruction of a brick five-story building series 1-511 with a two-story superstructure, an extension of an elevator unit and the construction of bay windows that increase the area of ​​​​kitchens.
The reconstruction was carried out without the resettlement of residents.

• II-34. Only 10 such houses have been built, and only in Moscow - there are none in the region and regions.

Officially, brick five-story buildings are not included in the list of demolished series. Their liquidation is possible only if the house is recognized as dilapidated emergency housing, not subject to repair and reconstruction.

The prospect of demolition is also possible in a situation where it is required by the plan for the comprehensive reconstruction of the quarter, the construction of road junctions or the expansion of highways.

To date, only isolated cases of the demolition of brick Khrushchevs are known. For example, a house of series II-34 in the Moscow district of Zyuzino fell under it.

• 1-335D;
• 1-464A and 1-464D;
• 1-467A and 1-467D;
• 1-468-A, 1-468-B, 1-468-D;
• 1-507;
• 1-510;
• 1-515/9;
• 1-605A and others.

The strength and heat-shielding properties of the outer walls of these houses are good, the physical wear of the supporting structures is not critical (as a rule, no more than 20 percent), and the layout of the apartments is more successful than in the houses of the demolished series. However, almost all homes require complete replacement house communications. (See also article