The anti-fascist coalition included countries. § Anti-fascist coalition during the war years

Since September 1939, Poland, France, Great Britain and its dominions have been at war with Germany (the Anglo-Polish military alliance of 1939 and Franco-Polish Alliance 1921). During 1941, the USSR, the USA and China joined the coalition.

As of January 1942, the Anti-Hitler coalition consisted of 26 states: the Big Four (USA, Great Britain, USSR, China), British dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa) and dependent state India, countries of Central and Latin America, the Caribbean, as well as governments in exile of occupied European countries. The number of coalition members increased during the war.

By the time hostilities with Japan ended, 53 states were at war with the countries of the Nazi bloc: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Great Britain, Venezuela, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, India, Iraq , Iran , Canada , China, Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Liberia , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Mexico , Netherlands , Nicaragua , New Zealand , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Poland , El Salvador , Saudi Arabia , Syria , USSR, USA , Turkey , Uruguay , Philippines , France , Czechoslovakia , Chile , Ecuador , Ethiopia , Yugoslavia , Union of South Africa .

At the final stage of the confrontation, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Finland, which were previously part of the "axis", also declared war on the "axis" countries.

The fighting ally of the Anti-Hitler coalition was the resistance movement in the occupied territories to the German, Italian and Japanese occupiers and the reactionary forces cooperating with them.

History of association, actions

The forerunner of the Anti-Hitler coalition - the Western Allies coalition - arose after the invasion of Nazi Germany into Poland in 1939, when Great Britain, France and some [which?] other countries. Before the German attack in 1941, the USSR was not part of the Anti-Hitler coalition.

The broad anti-Hitler coalition was first formed in spirit after the statements of the US and British governments of support Soviet Union after the German attack on it, and then on bilateral and multilateral documents as a result of lengthy negotiations between the governments of the three powers on mutual support and joint actions.

At the same time, the United States until the end of 1941 (before the Japanese attack) was not formally at war, but was a "non-belligerent ally" of the Anti-Hitler coalition, providing military and economic assistance to the warring countries.

The contribution of the participants of the Anti-Hitler coalition to the fight against the enemy is extremely uneven: some participants were active in hostilities with Germany and its allies, others helped them with supplies military products, others participated in the war only nominally. Thus, the military formations of some countries - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, as well as Australia, Belgium, India, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, Ethiopia and others - took part in hostilities. Individual states of the Anti-Hitler coalition (for example, Mexico) helped its main participants mainly with the supply of military raw materials. The unevenness of the contribution was noted by Field Marshal Keitel, signing the German Surrender Act: “How! We also lost the war to France? .

The attitude of the United States towards the Soviet Union at that time characterizes an interview with the future US President, Senator Harry Truman, given to the New York Times on June 24, 1941:

Assistance received by the Soviet Union from participation in the Anti-Hitler Coalition, in contrast to that for other countries, can be assessed various sources as significant or as insignificant. At the same time, the American political scientist and sociologist Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was the US National Security Advisor in 1977-1981, an ardent opponent of the USSR, is not inclined to exaggerate the role of the United States in the Victory [the significance of the fact?] :

The main stages of formation

• July 12, 1941: Soviet-British agreement on joint action in the war against Germany.
• August 14, 1941: The Atlantic Charter of the United States and Great Britain, which was joined by the USSR on September 24, 1941
• September 29 - October 1, 1941: Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, England, USA.
• 1941: Start of Lend-Lease deliveries to the USSR from the USA.
• January 1, 1942: Signing of the Washington Declaration by 26 states on the aims of the war against fascism.
• The Soviet-British treaty of alliance in the war against Germany on May 26, 1942, signed in London.
• Soviet-American agreement on the principles of mutual assistance in the conduct of war against aggression June 11, 1942 Washington
• Establishment of a European Consultative Commission in accordance with the decision of the Moscow Conference in 1943 of the Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, the USSR and the USA.
• Meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, treaty of joint action against Japan.
• November 28 - December 1, 1943: Tehran Conference, a meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, dedicated to the development of a strategy to fight Germany and the Axis countries.
• 1–22 July 1944: United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, a settlement was discussed financial relations after the end of the war.
• December 10, 1944: The Soviet-French Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance.
• 4-11 February 1945: Second meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
• 17 July – 2 August 1945: Potsdam Conference, the last meeting of the leaders of the Big Three.
• December 16–26, 1945: Moscow Conference of 1945, a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, the USSR and the United States.

USSR and the anti-Hitler coalition

When W. Churchill became aware of the German attack on the USSR, he summoned the four closest members of the Cabinet to a meeting. During the preparation of the statement, differences arose in the assessment of the USSR's ability to resist, and the text of the statement was finally approved only 20 minutes before the start of W. Churchill's speech on the radio.

An official statement from the US State Department followed on June 23, 1941; it stated that the USSR was at war with Germany, and “any defense against Hitlerism, any association with the forces opposing Hitlerism, whatever the nature of these forces, will contribute to the possible overthrow of the present German leaders and will serve to the advantage of our own defense and security. Hitler's armies are at present the main threat to the American continent.. US President F. Roosevelt, speaking at a press conference on June 24, 1941, stated: “Of course, we are going to give Russia all the help we can”.

After the end of the war

On May 9, 2010, the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square for the first time ever.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Anti-Hitler coalition // Angola - Barzas. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1970. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, v. 2).

Links

• - photographic documents on this topic, stored in the state archives of the Russian Federation
• in Encyclopedia Around the World.

An excerpt characterizing the Anti-Hitler coalition

- Well, my dear, what a battle we fought! God only grant that that which will be the result of it would be just as victorious. However, my dear,” he said in fragmentary and animated terms, “I must confess my guilt before the Austrians and especially before Weyrother. What precision, what detail, what knowledge of the terrain, what foresight of all possibilities, all conditions, all the smallest details! No, my dear, it is impossible to invent anything more advantageous than the conditions in which we find ourselves. The combination of Austrian distinctness with Russian courage - what else do you want?
“So the offensive is finally decided?” Bolkonsky said.
“And you know, my dear, it seems to me that Buonaparte has definitely lost his Latin. You know that today a letter has been received from him to the emperor. Dolgorukov smiled significantly.
– That's how! What does he write? Bolkonsky asked.
What can he write? Tradiridira, etc., all just to gain time. I tell you that he is in our hands; It's right! But the funniest thing of all,” he said, suddenly laughing good-naturedly, “is that they couldn’t figure out how to address the answer to him? If not the consul, it goes without saying not the emperor, then General Buonaparte, as it seemed to me.
“But there is a difference between not recognizing the emperor, and calling Buonaparte general,” said Bolkonsky.
“That's just the point,” Dolgorukov said quickly, laughing and interrupting. - You know Bilibin, he is very clever man, he proposed to address: "to the usurper and enemy of the human race."
Dolgorukov laughed merrily.
- No more? Bolkonsky noted.
- But still, Bilibin found a serious address title. And a witty and intelligent person.
- How?
“To the head of the French government, au chef du gouverienement francais,” Prince Dolgorukov said seriously and with pleasure. - Isn't that good?
“Good, but he won’t like it very much,” Bolkonsky remarked.
- Oh, and very much! My brother knows him: he dined with him more than once, with the present emperor, in Paris and told me that he had never seen a more refined and cunning diplomat: you know, a combination of French dexterity and Italian acting? Do you know his jokes with Count Markov? Only one Count Markov knew how to handle him. Do you know the history of the scarf? This is a charm!
And the garrulous Dolgorukov, turning now to Boris, now to Prince Andrei, told how Bonaparte, wanting to test Markov, our envoy, purposely dropped his handkerchief in front of him and stopped, looking at him, probably expecting services from Markov, and how, Markov immediately he dropped his handkerchief beside him and picked up his own without picking up Bonaparte's handkerchief.
- Charmant, [Charming,] - said Bolkonsky, - but here's what, prince, I came to you as a petitioner for this young man. Do you see what?…
But Prince Andrei did not have time to finish, when an adjutant entered the room, who called Prince Dolgorukov to the emperor.
- Oh, what a shame! - said Dolgorukov, hastily getting up and shaking hands with Prince Andrei and Boris. - You know, I am very glad to do everything that depends on me, both for you and for this nice young man. - He once again shook Boris's hand with an expression of good-natured, sincere and lively frivolity. “But you see…until another time!”
Boris was worried by the thought of being close to supreme power in which he felt at that moment. He was aware of himself here in contact with those springs that guided all those enormous movements of the masses, of which he in his regiment felt himself to be a small, obedient and insignificant part. They went out into the corridor after Prince Dolgorukov and met a short man in civilian clothes, with an intelligent face and a sharp line of protruding jaw, which, without spoiling him, gave him a special vivacity and resourcefulness of expression. This short man nodded, as to his own, Dolgoruky, and began to stare at Prince Andrei with an intently cold look, walking straight at him and apparently waiting for Prince Andrei to bow to him or give way. Prince Andrei did neither one nor the other; Anger was expressed in his face, and the young man, turning away, walked along the side of the corridor.
- Who is it? Boris asked.
- This is one of the most remarkable, but the most unpleasant people to me. This is the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Adam Czartoryski.
“These are the people,” said Bolkonsky with a sigh that he could not suppress, while they were leaving the palace, “these are the people who decide the fate of peoples.
The next day, the troops set out on a campaign, and Boris did not have time to visit either Bolkonsky or Dolgorukov until the battle of Austerlitz, and remained for a while in the Izmailovsky regiment.

At dawn on the 16th, Denisov's squadron, in which Nikolai Rostov served, and who was in the detachment of Prince Bagration, moved from overnight to work, as they said, and, having passed about a verst behind other columns, was stopped on the main road. Rostov saw how the Cossacks, the 1st and 2nd squadrons of hussars, infantry battalions with artillery passed by him, and generals Bagration and Dolgorukov with adjutants passed by. All the fear that he, as before, experienced before the deed; all the internal struggle through which he overcame this fear; all his dreams of how he would distinguish himself like a hussar in this matter were in vain. Their squadron was left in reserve, and Nikolai Rostov spent that day bored and dreary. At 9 o'clock in the morning he heard firing ahead of him, shouts of cheers, saw the wounded brought back (there were few of them) and, finally, saw how in the middle of hundreds of Cossacks they led a whole detachment of French cavalrymen. Obviously, the matter was over, and the matter was apparently small, but happy. Soldiers and officers passing back spoke of a brilliant victory, about the occupation of the city of Vishau and the capture of an entire French squadron. The day was clear, sunny, after a strong night frost, and the merry brilliance of the autumn day coincided with the news of the victory, which was conveyed not only by the stories of those who participated in it, but also by the joyful expression on the faces of soldiers, officers, generals and adjutants who were traveling back and forth past Rostov . The more painful was the heart of Nikolai, who in vain had suffered all the fear that preceded the battle, and spent this cheerful day in inaction.
- Rostov, come here, let's drink from grief! shouted Denisov, sitting down on the edge of the road in front of a flask and a snack.
The officers gathered in a circle, eating and talking, near Denisov's cellar.
- Here's another one! - said one of the officers, pointing to a French dragoon prisoner, who was led on foot by two Cossacks.
One of them led a tall and beautiful French horse taken from a prisoner.
- Sell the horse! shouted Denisov to the Cossack.
"Excuse me, your honor..."
The officers stood up and surrounded the Cossacks and the captured Frenchman. The French dragoon was a young fellow, an Alsatian who spoke French with a German accent. He was choking with excitement, his face was red, and, hearing French, he quickly spoke to the officers, referring first to one, then to the other. He said they wouldn't take him; that it was not his fault that they took him, but le caporal, who sent him to seize blankets, that he told him that the Russians were already there. And to every word he added: mais qu "on ne fasse pas de mal a mon petit cheval [But don't hurt my horse,] and caressed his horse. It was evident that he did not understand well where he was. He then apologized, that he was taken, then, assuming before him his superiors, showed his soldierly serviceability and care for the service.He brought with him to our rearguard in all the freshness the atmosphere of the French army, which was so alien to us.
The Cossacks gave the horse for two chervonets, and Rostov, now having received the money, the richest of the officers, bought it.
- Mais qu "on ne fasse pas de mal a mon petit cheval," the Alsatian said good-naturedly to Rostov when the horse was handed over to the hussar.
Rostov, smiling, reassured the dragoon and gave him money.
- Hello! Hello! - said the Cossack, touching the prisoner's hand so that he would go further.
- Sovereign! Sovereign! was suddenly heard among the hussars.
Everything ran, hurried, and Rostov saw several horsemen with white sultans on their hats driving up along the road. In one minute everyone was in place and waiting. Rostov did not remember and did not feel how he ran to his place and got on his horse. Instantly his regret for non-participation in the case, his everyday disposition of the spirit in the circle of looking at faces, instantly disappeared, all thought of himself disappeared: he was completely absorbed in the feeling of happiness that comes from the closeness of the sovereign. He felt himself rewarded for the loss of this day by this closeness alone. He was happy, like a lover waiting for an expected date. Not daring to look back at the front and not looking back, he felt with an enthusiastic instinct its approach. And he felt this not only from the sound of the hooves of the horses of the approaching cavalcade, but he felt it because, as he approached, everything became brighter, more joyful, more significant and more festive around him. This sun for Rostov moved closer and closer, spreading rays of gentle and majestic light around itself, and now he already feels captured by these rays, he hears his voice - this gentle, calm, majestic and at the same time so simple voice. As it should have been according to Rostov's feelings, there was dead silence, and in this silence the sounds of the sovereign's voice were heard.
– Les huzards de Pavlograd? [Pavlograd hussars?] – he said inquiringly.
- La reserve, sire! [Reserve, your majesty!] - answered someone else's voice, so human after that inhuman voice that said: Les huzards de Pavlograd?
The sovereign drew level with Rostov and stopped. Alexander's face was even more beautiful than at the review three days ago. It shone with such gaiety and youth, such innocent youth, that it resembled a childish fourteen-year-old playfulness, and at the same time it was still the face of a majestic emperor. Accidentally looking around the squadron, the eyes of the sovereign met the eyes of Rostov and stopped on them for no more than two seconds. Did the sovereign understand what was going on in Rostov's soul (it seemed to Rostov that he understood everything), but for two seconds he looked with his blue eyes into Rostov's face. (Light poured out of them softly and meekly.) Then suddenly he raised his eyebrows, with a sharp movement kicked the horse with his left foot and galloped forward.
The young emperor could not resist the desire to be present at the battle and, despite all the representations of the courtiers, at 12 o’clock, having separated from the 3rd column, with which he followed, he galloped to the vanguard. Before reaching the hussars, several adjutants met him with news of a happy outcome.

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, a military-political union of states and peoples who fought in World War II 1939–45 against an aggressive bloc Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, militaristic Japan and their satellites.

At the end of 1941, Albania, Great Britain and its dominions (Australia, India, Canada, New Zealand, Union of South Africa), Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Dominican Republic, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Poland, El Salvador, USSR, USA, Philippines, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. In the 2nd floor. Brazil and Mexico entered the war against the Axis powers and their allies in 1942, Bolivia, Iraq, Iran, Colombia, Chile in 1943, and Liberia in 1944. After Feb. 1945 Argentina, Venezuela, Egypt, Lebanon, Paraguay, Peru joined the anti-Hitler coalition, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Uruguay. War on the Axis powers was also declared by Italy (in 1943), Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (in 1944), and Finland (in 1945), which had previously been part of the aggressive bloc. By the end of hostilities with Japan (Sept. 1945), in a state of war with the fascist countries. There were 56 states in the bloc.

Main contributors anti-Hitler coalition- USSR, USA and UK. Owls. The Union plays a decisive role in the defeat of Germany and its allies. The United States and Great Britain made a significant contribution to achieving victory over a common enemy. Armed forces two other great powers - France and China also participated in the defeat of the fascists. block. The following troops took part in the hostilities: Australia, Albania, Belgium, Brazil, India, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, the Philippines, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, and others. Individual states anti-Hitler coalition helped its main participants mainly with the supply of strategic raw materials. Combat ally anti-Hitler coalition was the resistance movement.

The first step towards the formation of an anti-Hitler coalition was the signing of the Atlantic Charter by US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill on 8/14/1941. The document proclaimed the need to destroy Nazi tyranny and disarm the aggressor. Both sides announced their rejection of territorial and other acquisitions; on the inadmissibility of territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned; pledged to respect the right of peoples to choose their own form of government and to seek the restoration of the sovereignty and self-government of those peoples deprived of this by force. Steps towards formation anti-Hitler coalition served as the statements of Churchill (6/22/1941) and Roosevelt (6/24/1941) on the support of the USSR in the war against Germany and the chairman's radio speech State Committee Defense of the USSR I.V. Stalin (3.7.1941).

On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain in Moscow. The parties pledged to provide each other with all kinds of assistance and support in the war against Germany and not to negotiate with her, not to conclude an armistice or a peace treaty, except with mutual consent. The agreement came into force from the moment of signing and was not subject to ratification. It was the first intergovernmental document that recorded the beginning of the formation anti-Hitler coalition.

Considering it extremely important to expand the coalition, Sov. On July 18–30, 1941, the government proposed to the governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland, who were in London, to conclude an agreement on a joint fight against a common enemy. In Sept. In 1941, a conference of representatives of the USSR, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland, the Netherlands, Norway, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg and the Free French National Committee was held in London. Agreeing with the basic principles of the Atlantic Charter, Sov. the government stressed in its statement the urgent need to concentrate all the economic and military resources of the freedom-loving peoples and their correct distribution in order to quickly and finally liberate Europe from fascism. oppression. At the conference, a declaration of owls was announced. government, which for the first time formulated the goals and objectives anti-Hitler coalition.

26.9.1941 owls. the government recognized Ch. de Gaulle "as the leader of all free Frenchmen, wherever they may be", declared its readiness "to provide free Frenchmen with comprehensive assistance and assistance in common struggle with Nazi Germany and its allies. As chairman of the Free French National Committee, de Gaulle pledged to "fight on the side of the USSR and its allies until final victory is achieved" and to render the Sov. Assistance and assistance to the Union by all means at its disposal.

From September 29 to October 1, 1941, a conference of representatives of the three powers was held in Moscow, at which a protocol was signed on mutual military supplies for the period October 1, 1941 - June 30, 1942. The United States and Great Britain undertook to supply the USSR with 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, aluminum, other materials, and food every month. The Soviet side, in turn, undertook to supply large quantities of raw materials for military production. The United States carried out deliveries on the basis of the Lend-Lease Act, and Great Britain - on the basis of an agreement on mutual deliveries, credit and payment procedures dated 16.8.1941.

01/01/1942 in Washington (after the US officially entered the war) the Declaration of 26 states, known as the "Declaration of the United Nations", was signed. Its participants pledged to use all their economic and military resources to fight against fascists. bloc, to cooperate with each other and not to conclude a separate truce or peace with the countries of this bloc. In London, on May 26, the Sov.-Eng. treaty of alliance in the war against fascism. Germany and its accomplices in Europe and on cooperation and mutual assistance after the end of the war for a period of 20 years. The parties undertook: to take all measures to make it impossible to repeat the aggression; provide military and other mutual assistance if one of the parties is again involved in hostilities with Germany or its allies; not to strive for territorial acquisitions and not to interfere in the internal affairs of other states; not enter into any alliances and not take part in coalitions directed against the other side.

On June 11, 1942, the Sov.-Amer. agreement on the principles applicable to mutual assistance in the conduct of war against aggression Nazi Germany. This document completed the legal registration of allied relations between the main participants anti-Hitler coalition The United States and the USSR pledged to continue the mutual supply and exchange of military materials, services and information, specifying general terms and Conditions and the order of mutual assistance and mutual settlements.

At the Moscow Conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain in October. 1943 on the initiative of the Soviet. Union adopted a declaration on Italy, which provided for the restoration of the national independence of this country and the provision of its people democratic freedoms. There, the Allies adopted a declaration on Austria, defining its future as a free and independent country. International legal framework for prosecution and the punishment of war criminals was laid down by the declaration on the responsibility of the Nazis for the atrocities committed, later signed by Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill.

Inside anti-Hitler coalition there were contradictions between the political line of the USSR and the position of the Western powers on a number of issues of waging war and solving post-war problems (see. Tehran Conference 1943). This was especially evident in the process of implementing the agreements on opening a second front. Developed during negotiations and conferences of leaders of countries anti-Hitler coalition the coalition strategy contributed to the defeat of the armies of the aggressor bloc.

Continuing to deepen allied ties within the framework of anti-Hitler coalition, the USSR on 12/12/1943 concluded a Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Cooperation with Czechoslovakia, on 11/4/1945 - with Yugoslavia, on 21/4/1945 - with the Polish Republic.

On strengthening the anti-fascist front, making decisions that contribute to achieving the fastest victory in the war, and developing the principles of the post-war structure of the world, the activity created in December was directed. 1943 European Consultative Commission (ECC) - a permanent body of representatives of the three leading powers anti-Hitler coalition(She was in London, from November 1944 a representative of France was invited as the fourth member of the JCC). The ECC prepared and presented agreed recommendations on the post-war fate of Germany and its satellites. Permanent body of the leading powers anti-Hitler coalition was also created in Oct. 1943 Advisory Council for Italy (located in Algiers).

AT anti-Hitler coalition disagreements were also manifested regarding the goals of the war, as the end of which this issue became more and more acute. For the USSR, the goals of the war were the complete defeat of Nazism, the liberation of the owls. territories and territories of the occupied countries of Europe, establishing lasting peace and in the complete exclusion of the possibility of a new it. aggression. At the same time, the leadership of the Soviet The Union considered it necessary for this not only to carry out the demilitarization and democratization of post-war Germany, but also to ensure the defining owls. influence in the Eastern European countries, to seek the establishment in them social structure similar to the one in the USSR. The United States and Great Britain also sought to eliminate fascism. regimes, but at the same time they intended to weaken Germany, and in the countries of Eastern Europe restore the pre-war political order.

At the Crimean (Yalta) Conference of 1945, the leaders of the three leading powers anti-Hitler coalition agreed that “two or three months after the surrender of Germany and the end of the war in Europe, the Sov. The Union will enter the war against Japan on the side of the Allies."

With regard to France, Sov. The Union took a firm stand in support of the Free French National Committee. On 10/23/1944, the Western Allies, together with the USSR, announced their recognition as the French Provisional Government.

At the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference of 1945, the German question was generally resolved in a democratic spirit, taking into account the interests of all peoples, incl. and German.

Governments of countries anti-Hitler coalition Striving to strengthen cooperation, they made considerable efforts to resolve the disagreements that arose, and, if necessary, made compromises. Despite the difficulties and obstacles, anti-Hitler coalition basically successfully coped with its tasks throughout the war, up to the victory over Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan.

A major success for the leading powers anti-Hitler coalition was the creation of the United Nations. The preparation of peace treaties with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Finland, begun at a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, the USSR and the USA in Moscow on December 16-26, 1945, ended with their signing in 1947. The meeting also established the Far Eastern Commission, which was to formulate a political line for the implementation Japan's commitment to surrender; and the Allied Council for Japan. The parties came to an agreement on the withdrawal of Soviet and American troops from China as soon as possible.

Leading states anti-Hitler coalition considered the cooperation established during the war as promising and long-term. However, due to a number of objective and subjective circumstances, which are determined by the policies of both the governments of the United States and Great Britain, and the leadership of the USSR, this cooperation in the post-war years was replaced by a tough confrontation between East and West. The beginning of a large-scale arms race, proclaimed by Churchill in 1946, the policy of " cold war"meant actually the end anti-Hitler coalition.

Research Institute ( military history) VAGSH RF Armed Forces

Second World War was not only the most terrible tragedy in the history of mankind, but also was the largest geopolitical conflict throughout the development of civilization. Dozens of countries were involved in this bloody confrontation, each of which pursued its own goals: influence, economic gain, protection of its own borders and population.

To achieve their goals, the participants in the Second World War were forced to unite in coalitions. Allied groupings included countries whose interests and goals were most closely intertwined. But sometimes, in order to solve a higher task, even countries that saw the post-war structure of the world in completely different ways united in such blocs.

Who were the main and secondary participants in the Second World War? The list of countries that officially acted as a party to the conflict is presented below.

Axis countries

First of all, let's consider the states that are considered to be the direct aggressors that unleashed the Second World War. They are conditionally called the "Axis" countries.

Tripartite Pact countries

The countries of the Tripartite or Berlin Pact were participants in World War II, who played a leading role among the Axis states. They concluded an alliance treaty between themselves on September 27, 1940 in Berlin, directed against their rivals and defining the post-war division of the world in case of victory.

Germany- the most powerful militarily and economically state of the Axis countries, which acted as the main binding force of this association. It carried the greatest threat and caused the heaviest damage to the troops of the anti-Hitler coalition. She is in 1939.

Italy Germany's strongest ally in Europe. unleashed fighting in 1940.

Japan third member of the Tripartite Pact. She claimed exclusive influence in the Asia-Pacific region, within which she fought. Entered the war in 1941.

Minor members of the "Axis"

The secondary members of the Axis include participants in the Second World War from among the allies of Germany, Japan and Italy, who did not play primary roles on the battlefields, but nevertheless took part in the hostilities on the side of the Nazi bloc or declared war on the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition. They belong to:

• Hungary;
• Bulgaria;
• Romania;
• Slovakia;
• Kingdom of Thailand;
• Finland;
• Iraq;
• Republic of San Marino.

States ruled by collaborationist governments

This category of countries includes states occupied during the hostilities by Germany or its allies, in which governments loyal to the Axis bloc were established. It was the Second World War that brought these forces to power. The participants in the Tripartite Pact, therefore, wanted to position themselves in these countries as liberators, not conquerors. These countries include:

Anti-Hitler coalition

Under symbol"Anti-Hitler coalition" means the union of countries that opposed the "Axis" states. The formation of this allied bloc took place over almost the entire period during which World War II was going on. The participating countries were able to withstand the fight against Nazism and win.

big three

The Big Three are participants in the Second World War from among the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, which made the greatest contribution to the victory over Germany and other Axis states. Possessing the highest military potential, they managed to turn the tide of hostilities, which initially developed not in their favor. First of all, thanks to these countries, World War II ended in triumph over Nazism. The participants in the battles from among the other states of the Anti-Hitler coalition, of course, also deserved the gratitude of all the free peoples of the world for getting rid of the "brown plague", but without the coordinated actions of these three powers, victory would have been impossible.

Great Britain- the state that was the first to enter into open confrontation with Nazi Germany in 1939 after the latter's attack on Poland. Throughout the war created the greatest problems for Western Europe.

USSR- the state that suffered the greatest human losses during the Second World War. According to some estimates, they exceeded 27 million people. It was at the cost of blood and the incredible efforts of the Soviet people that it was possible to stop the victorious march of the Reich divisions and reverse the flywheel of the war. The USSR entered the war after being attacked by Nazi Germany in June 1941.

USA- later than all of the states of the Big Three took part in hostilities (since the end of 1941). But it was the entry of the United States into the war that made it possible to complete the formation of the Anti-Hitler coalition, and successful actions in battles with Japan did not allow it to open a front on Far East against the USSR.

Minor members of the Anti-Hitler Coalition

Of course, in such an important matter as the fight against Nazism, there can be no secondary roles, but the countries presented below still had less influence on the course of hostilities than the members of the Big Three. At the same time, they made their contribution to the end of such a grandiose military conflict as the Second World War. The countries participating in the Anti-Hitler coalition, each by virtue of their capabilities, gave battle to Nazism. Some of them directly opposed the Axis states on the battlefields, others organized the movement against the invaders, and others helped with supplies.

Here you can name the following countries:

• France (one of the first to enter the war with Germany (1939) and was defeated);
• states of the British;
• Poland;
• Czechoslovakia (at the time of the outbreak of hostilities, it actually no longer existed as a single state);
• Netherlands;
• Belgium;
• Luxembourg;
• Denmark;
• Norway;
• Greece;
• Monaco (despite its neutrality, it was alternately occupied by Italy and Germany);
• Albania;
• Argentina;
• Chile;
• Brazil;
• Bolivia;
• Venezuela;
• Colombia;
• Peru;
• Ecuador;
• Dominican Republic;
• Guatemala;
• Salvador;
• Costa Rica;
• Panama;
• Mexico;
• Honduras;
• Nicaragua;
• Haiti;
• Cuba;
• Uruguay;
• Paraguay;
• Turkey;
• Bahrain;
• Saudi Arabia;
• Iran;
• Iraq;
• Nepal;
• China;
• Mongolia;
• Egypt;
• Liberia;
• Ethiopia;
• Tuva.

It is difficult to underestimate the breadth of the scope of such a grandiose tragedy as the Second World War. The number of participants in the largest armed conflict of the 20th century was 62 countries. This is a very high figure, considering that at that time there were only 72 independent states. In principle, there were no countries that this grandiose event did not touch at all, even though ten of them declared their neutrality. Neither the memoirs of the participants in the Second World War or the victims of concentration camps, nor even historical textbooks, can convey the full scale of the tragedy. But the current generation should remember well the mistakes of the past so as not to repeat them in the future.

Nazi Germany began to look for allies even before the start of the war in Europe. Italy, led by Mussolini, entered into an alliance with Hitler, as well as Japan, in which the power of the military was increasing. In such a situation, it became clear that in order to protect their own interests, Germany's potential adversaries also needed to unite. However, political contradictions between the allied countries became an insoluble problem. Although the USSR entered the League of Nations, it could not become a real ally for Great Britain and France. The United States did adhere to a policy of non-intervention in European problems.

The creation of an anti-Hitler coalition was also hampered by the public opinion of Great Britain and a number of other countries - the Europeans did not want a repeat of the First World War and believed in the possibility of a peaceful settlement of the conflict.

The situation changed with the outbreak of World War II. As the conflict progressed, it became clear that Germany had to significantly expand its territories using its large and well-armed army. It became clear that Great Britain and other states could not cope with fascism alone.

Countries that are part of the anti-fascist coalition

The unification of countries opposing fascism began after the German attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941. A few days later, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill came out with support for the Soviet Union, despite all past disagreements with this. Soon, a non-aggression pact was signed between Great Britain and the USSR, and England and the United States issued the Atlantic Charter, which emphasized the need not only to protect their territories, but also to liberate other peoples from fascism.

After the signing of the declaration, practical assistance to the USSR became possible, for example, the supply of weapons and food under Lend-Lease.

As the war progressed, the anti-Hitler coalition expanded. At the beginning of the conflict, in addition to the USSR, Great Britain and the USA, the coalition was supported by the governments in exile of those European countries that were already Hitler. The British dominions - Canada and Australia - also joined the union of states. After the overthrow of Mussolini's power, the republican government of Italy, which controlled part of the country's territory, also took the side of the allies.

In 1944, some countries came out in support of the USSR and the USA. Latin America especially Mexico. Although it did not directly affect these states, joining the anti-Hitler coalition was a confirmation of the political position of these countries regarding the inadmissibility of the actions of Nazi Germany. France was able to support the coalition only after the overthrow of the Vichy government in 1944.

Big encyclopedic Dictionary

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain ... Modern Encyclopedia

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, UNION of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. It included the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and ... ... Russian history

Anti-Hitler coalition- ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

The union of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The anti-Hitler coalition included the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The Union of States and Peoples Who Fought in the Second World War 1939 45 (See World War II 1939 1945) against the aggressive bloc of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, militaristic Japan and their satellites. united states... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Anti-Hitler coalition- The military-political union of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the bloc of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, militaristic Japan (the so-called Axis) and their satellites. The main participants in the Anti-Hitler coalition are England, China, ... ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

- (coalition) Any association (for example, political parties) to win the election. Most often, a coalition occurs when - by law - a simple majority is required to win and when no party has half the seats in ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

coalition- and, well. coalition f. Strike. Heeding bad advice, or being inspired by their own false calculations, workers sometimes form coalitions of strikes or coalitions among themselves. Butovsky 1847 2 441. Union, association on a voluntary basis of states, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

AND; and. [from lat. coalitus united] Association, agreement, union (of states, parties, etc.) to achieve common goals. Reach a coalition in negotiations. Anti-government c. Pre-election c. ◁ Coalition, oh, oh. K. contract. Whoa… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Second front. Anti-Hitler coalition. Conflict of interest, Falin Valentin. The well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes historical events, resulting in…
• Second front. Anti-Hitler Coalition: Conflict of Interest, V. Falin. The well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes the historical events that led to ...