Personal pronouns in Russian examples. Pronouns

MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF THE PRONOUN

Pronoun - a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. An icy stream snaked through the hollow, beyondhim lay the village of Dubrovitsy. The fight ended after an hour.He sometimes it flared up here and there, then it completely died down. The same pronoun he in different proposals points to an object, but does not name it. The lexical meaning of this pronoun is determined by the context. In the first sentence he- this is stream, in the second the battle.

Some a man, sitting on the ground two steps away from him, fired into the sky with a revolver. Pronoun some indicates a sign, but does not directly correlate with a specific word. It can be replaced by any adjective ( unfamiliar, unknown, alien, strange, young, old etc.).

Suddenly they jumped out of the forestseveral people and began to frantically wave their hands. Pronoun several indicates the number of objects, but does not name a specific number. It can be replaced by any numeral ( five, eight, ten, thirty, nine, eleven etc.).

Pronouns that refer to things ( I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they, yourself, who, what, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything, someone, something, someone, something, no one, nothing, nobody, nothing), have some characteristics of nouns. Pronouns someone, anyone, somebody, someone, someone, he indicate masculine nouns, she is- female, it, that, something, something, something, something, something, nothing- neuter. Pronouns I, you indicate masculine, feminine ( I did, I did, you decided, you decided).

Pronouns me, you, you, we who point to animate objects, and what- on the inanimate.

Some of these pronouns are both singular and plural: he, it, she, they.

All these pronouns change by case. Case forms they are preserved by traces of changes in pronouns in distant times, for example: you - about you; you are about you; she is about her and others. That is why almost every pronoun changes in its own way.

Pronouns that indicate a sign ( mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, any, each, any, whole, whole, different, other, himself, most, which, which, whose, what, some, any, any, someone, someone, someone, some, some, some, none, none, no one), have the grammatical features of adjectives. They change in cases, numbers and gender, and agree with nouns: any book, any object, any work, any news, about any work etc. Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.

There are very few pronouns indicating quantity: how much, how many, a few, how much, not at all. They change only in cases.

The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.

In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, addition, less often - circumstances: If you only knew... if you only realized what a great thing we are doing! Something close to envy touched the mother's heart. Someone's strong hand clenched his mother's fingers, someone's voice spoke excitedly: "Your son will be an example of courage for all of us." She was searched several times, but always on the day after the leaflets appeared at the factory. you, we, something are subject (who? you, we, something); pronouns ( for) us, her,(after) that - additions ( example for whom? - for us, searched whom? - her, appeared after what? - after that); pronouns what (case), someone's (hand), someone's (voice), your (son), all (us), another (day) - agreed definitions, they all answer the question what?; pronoun repeatedly) - circumstance.

The pronoun can be used as a predicate, but much less often: Now he's mine! I myself am like that - and I do not boast of this more than that. I know who you were. In these sentences, pronouns mine, that's who - predicates, they answer questions what? who is he?

CATS OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• - personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
• - returnable: myself
• - interrogative:
• - relative: who, what, which, whose, which, what, how much
• - indefinite: ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many
• - negative: nobody, nothing, nobody, nobodye whom, ne what
• - possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs
• - indicative: that, this, such, such, so much
• - defining: all, everyone, each, himself, the most, any, other, other

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns I and you indicate the participants in the speech. I just need to touch the mathI again I will forget everything in the world.You Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? The author talks about himself I ... forget, it's worth touching me) or addresses the interlocutor ( Do you remember?..).

Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text: The doctor was young and so tiny that she looked like a girl. Serpilin and Sintsov standing next to him, and everyone who was around, looked ather with wonder and tenderness or simple sentences in complex ones: Serpilin, leaning on a stick, hobbled to the stands,they were almost full. Pronoun (on) her related to noun doctor in the previous independent sentence. Pronoun they - with a noun stands in the first part complex sentence.

Pronouns we you do not mean "a lot of me", "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or his interlocutor along with other persons.

Pronoun you can refer to one person. Iyou I loved. Love, perhaps, has not entirely died out in my soul. The verb-predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural: You they wrote to me, do not deny; beloved, meyou did not love;You maybe we should bless fate for the fact that I don’t want to take off the mask; For thatyou punished by me.

If the predicate is expressed by an adjective full form, then it is used in the singular: You a literate man,” Serpilin finally said, breaking the silence that was painful for Sintsov. "Indeed,you is hungry!” Yolkin said.

Pronouns you and you can denote not a specific person, but any person:

Did you seeyou how, under a coniferous roof, a gingerbread man walks in morocco boots ... ?;

How many sunrisesyou met in the forest? No more than two or three, when, disturbing the dew on the blades of grass, wandered aimlessly until dawn.

When declining personal pronouns in indirect cases, sometimes completely new words appear ( I - me, you - you, she - hers, they - them), sometimes at the root there is an alternation of sounds ( me - me, you - you etc.), but all these are forms of one word.

Declension of personal pronouns

1. Prepositions before, with, to, about (both) etc., standing before the forms of indirect cases of the pronoun I, used with about:before me,co me,to to me,necessary me,both to me.

2. Pronouns of the 3rd person he, she, it, they after prepositions have at the beginning n: at him, near her, near them, towards him, behind her, near him, on her, between them, in front of her, under him, in him, from him and etc.

3. H after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs is not used: faster than her, further than them, closer to him, more trusting than her, higher than them.

After prepositions thanks to, outside, in spite of, due to, in defiance of, towards, according to, like not used: thanks to her, outside of him, like him, towards them, according to him.

RETURNIVE PRONOUNMYSELF

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. How many rememberedmyself Serpilin, after civil war he studied almost all the time.

Pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, in all oblique cases it changes as a pronoun you.

Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, any gender: I - I saw the sky ... I flew into it, measured it, knew the fall, but did not break, but only stronger inmyself I believe. (I... into myself). ATmyself will you take a look? There is no trace of the past. (You ... in yourself). Everyone even became scared when they realized what kind of loneliness he doomsmyself . (He… himself). She couldn't forgiveyourself that left her daughter. (She… to herself). Innocent people feltmyself guilty and nervous at every long stop. (People… themselves).

reflexive pronoun myself in a sentence it is an addition, sometimes a circumstance. And he curled up in a ball on a stone, proud of himself. (proud by whom? yourself). Sintsov jumped up and half-awake began to fumble around him, looking for his cap. (fumbling where? around you).

Interrogative and relative pronouns

Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group of interrogative pronouns. " What will I do for the people? — stronger than thunder shouted Danko. Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, andHow many years of Petrusha?

The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which the They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. These are relative pronouns.

In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much interrogative. Let the Nazis knowwhat able Russian patriot and Bolshevik. Look,How many flat-bottomed scows lies on my shore,How many fishing nets are dried on oars made into goats. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns who and what have no gender or number. Verbs-predicates associated with them are used in the singular: Who knocking at the gate?What there is noisewhat there ringing from afar early before the dawn?
Pronoun related words who, are used in the masculine form: Who did he say that?what - in the middle kind: What did it happen to me?

Pronouns which, which, whose change in cases, numbers and genders and are declined like adjectives. They agree with nouns in case, number and gender.

Declension of pronounswho, what, whose

pronoun declensionHow many

When parsing by members of a sentence, the pronoun How many together with the noun it governs is treated as one: Sasha cried as the forest was cut down, and now she feels sorry for him to tears.How there were curlybirches ! (How many birches - subject ).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

indefinite pronouns ( ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many etc.) indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity: Somebody played the violin ... the girl sang in a soft contralto, laughter was heard; He was ready to go to the ends of the world to dosomething ; And from the darkness of the branches looked at the walkingsomething terrible, dark, cold; It became scary, as if in this silence silently lay in wait for him.some danger;Some for a while he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night.

Someone, something, something, some, some These are indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns something (something, some and etc. ) and non- (ne who, ne what, ne How many and etc. ) , which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -something, -either, -someone (someone, anyone, somebody and etc. ) .

Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns someone, something, someone, someone, somebody, anyone and others change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with suffixes - something, something, something in oblique cases appear inside the word before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some, some, some, about some; anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone.

In indefinite pronouns with a prefix something prepositions in oblique cases come after this prefix: with someone, about something, with someone, for something and etc.
Pronoun ne who has only one form of the nominative case: livedsomeone a man without a root…. Pronoun ne what It has two forms - nominative and accusative: Happenedsomething unforeseen. I sawsomething unexpected.

Pronoun ne cue is obsolete, modern language is rarely used and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: Some The rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water pipe for the city.

Pronoun ne How many changes like a pronoun How many. In the nominative and accusative cases, it requires the placement of nouns after itself in the form of the genitive case, plural: It's been moreseveral anxious days; The boy was surprised that a policeman andseveral civilian man.

In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject: Someone came to your house (commended ( who? ) - somebody); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but I was, I don’t remember, entertained by something (entertained ( how? ) - something); definitions: My soul here is compressed by some kind of grief (grief ( what? ) - somehow).

NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

Negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, ne whom, ne nothing, nothing, nobody, not at all etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix ni- (no one, nothing, none, no one) and impact attachment non- (ne whom, ne what).

Pronouns ne whom, ne what do not have a nominative case.

Negative pronouns change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender. Pronoun nobody does not change either by numbers or by gender.
Pronouns nobody, nobody, nobodye whom, ne what can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix: from no one, on nothing, under no one, for no one, from no one, not because of anything etc. Sintsov could notno one find out when the train to Minsk, with which he was supposed to go, will go.From no one ask when it's your fault.

If the predicate has a particle not, then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the whole sentence: Inot I want to make you sadnothing ; Plainlynobody nothing did not know.

Prefix pronouns non- (ne what, ne whom) most often used in impersonal sentences, the predicate in which is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb: Well, do it nowthere is nothing ; He already told me everything about himself, and I wasthere is nothing tell.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions: Imagine I'm here alone, no one understands me(nobody - subject). There was no one in the hall, all the people ran to look at Kirila Petrovich(nobody - addition). I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent, so as not to arouse any suspicion and avoid annoying questions (no - definition ) .

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.

Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker himself: My friend Samad Virgun, leaving Baku, arrived in London. Your indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking: Far away, in the mountains of the Urals,your the boy is sleeping. Ours, yours indicate that an object belongs to many persons or objects: With the blood of righteous scarletour friendship forever sealed; Which ones are temporary? Get off! it's overyour time.

Pronoun mine denotes the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects in the sentence: What I want? For what purpose will I open my soul to youmy ? (I…mine). Do not understand those who did not wait for them, as in the midst of a fire waitingtheir you saved me. (You ... yours). The dawn rises in a cold haze; on the fields, the noise of work ceased; Withhis like a hungry wolf, a wolf comes out on the road. (He ... with his).

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours change, like adjectives, in cases ( ours - ours - ours, ours - ours - about ours), numbers ( yours - yours) and childbirth ( my, mine, mine). … Your sad noise,your I heard the summoning noise for the last time. What are you bending over the waters, willow, crownmy ? October has already come - the grove is already shaking off last sheets nakedtheir branches.

All of these pronouns in the sentence are agreed definitions.

To indicate belonging, personal pronouns of the 3rd person in the form of the genitive case can be used him, her, them. Winter!his the horse, smelling the snow, trots somehow. Possessive pronoun his (horse) indicates that horse belongs peasant (horse) whose? - him, the peasant), it does not agree with the word horse ( compare: his horse, his horse, his bulls). Happened to the nightingale at the noisethem fly in. Possessive pronoun them remains unchanged if the noun is replaced ( their noise, their quarrel, their cries).

Distinguishing personal pronounshim, her, them from possessive pronounshim, her, them

DEACTIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this ( obsolete ) serve to distinguish among others any specific object, attribute, quantity. I would strictly forbidthis gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot. Mother nature! When wouldsuch sometimes you didn’t send people to the world, the field of life would die out. Everythingthis is It would be funny if it weren't so sad. How many headsso many minds. You listen to the roar of thunders, and the voice of the storm and the waves, and the cry of the rural shepherds - and send an answer; you have no feedback...Such and you, the poet!

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve for education complex sentences: Ten minutes had not passed, when at the end of the square appearedthat which we have been waiting for. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it: Andthe one who walks through life with a song,that will never disappear anywhere; Yes, pitifulthe one in whom conscience is not clear;That the heart does not learn to love,which tired of hating; For every sip of water, people had to pay Mr. Kovalevskyas much as he wishes.

Demonstrative pronouns are also a means of connecting independent sentences in the text: A person who wants to become a scientist should develop the ability to work hard as soon as possible.To that I would add one more quality, especially important for a scientist - absolute honesty.

Pronouns that, this, this, this change in the same way full adjectives- by cases, numbers and genders: You are right: from the firethat whoever manages to stay with you for a day will come out unharmed, will breathe the air alone and the mind will survive in it; Let Molchalin have a lively mind, a brave genius, but is there anythat passion?then feeling? ardorthat so that, besides you, the whole world seemed to him as dust and vanity; Herethose who lived to gray hair; Am I fromthose for whom the purpose of all life is laughter.

Pronoun such is changes like a short adjective ( such, such, such, such), that is, by numbers and gender: Whom do I lovesuch is : Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others; What is the mastersuch is and business; What is Ustinyasuch is she also has boots.

Pronoun so many changes, as a quantitative numeral, only in cases, agrees in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, with nouns. In the nominative and similar accusative case, the pronoun so many requires a noun in the genitive case.

Demonstrative pronouns can be different members of a sentence: Who was nothing will become everything. That - subject. Hints are thin on what no one knows. hints for what? for that- addition. This book is a small volume, much heavier. Which book? this - definition. The peculiarity of the local climate is such that winter immediately turns into summer. Takova acts as a predicate.

DEFINITIONAL PRONOUNS

Definitive pronouns - all, every, every, every obsolete ), each, himself, the most, any, different, other.

Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous: Each those who are young, give them in your arms - into our ranks, friends!; It was him, thatmost sailor!;Any work is good.

Pronoun any indicates any object from many homogeneous: Learn to control yourself; notany you, like me, will understand; inexperience leads to trouble;Any the work of the master praises.

Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible: We, the young, echo that songthe whole globe of the earth.

Pronoun myself indicates the person or thing that performs the action: Climbing up withabout big sleep, beats on the branches with a club andmyself he sings a daring, boastful song to himself.

Pronoun most, in addition to the above meaning, can denote the highest degree of a feature, serve to form the superlative degree of adjectives: The most a great victory will come only to those who know how to win over themselvesthe most small victories that are invisible to others.

Declension of attributive pronouns

The accusative case of masculine and neuter singular and plural pronouns coincides in form with the nominative if the pronoun refers to inanimate nouns, and with the genitive if the pronoun refers to animate nouns.
Accusative feminine pronoun herself has two forms: most and herself. The form herself used in colloquial speech.

A pronoun is a significant variable part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them and answers the question who? the most among them is language (I. Pupil). No one was born wise, but learned (Folk Art). There was a winter - the best, my favorite time of the year (L. Smelyansky)

In terms of meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are not of the same type, they are divided into three groups:

* generalized subject: I, you, we, he, myself, anyone, something etc.;

* generalized qualitative: mine, yours, yours, this, such, everyone, everyone, none etc.;

* generalized quantitative: how much, not at all, how much, how much

Generalized subject pronouns, pointing to an object, correlate with nouns and have common grammatical features of particular, they all change in cases, some of them have a number (he -he and I -we, you -you). The pronouns he, she, it, in addition to number and case, have generic forms. In a sentence, pronouns correlate with nouns, act as the subject, object, nominal part of the compound predicate

Generalized-I bone pronouns correlate with adjectives because they are in sign. They change in gender, number and case, agreeing with nouns. In the sentence, they mainly perform the role of the definition, the nominal part of the compound predicate, less often the role of other members of the sentence.

Generalized quantitative pronouns grammatically correlate with numerals. They change only by cases, but have no gender or number. In a sentence, they play the role of a subject, definition, application

§ 21 GROUPS of pronouns by meaning

By meaning, pronouns are divided into eight groups: personal, inverse, possessive, demonstrative, attributive, interrogative-relative, negative and indefinite.

1. Personal pronouns belong I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they indicating persons - participants in the communicative act, as well as other beings, various phenomena. I am the first person, the addressee, you are the second person, the addressee, he-(she, it) is the third person who is not. Exclude the nickname of the dialogue, but is present during the conversation or and is its object. In the plural: we = I am another person (persons), you = you are another person (persons) to whom the speech is addressed, they = he (she, it) sobi), who do not participate in the dialogue, but are present during it or / and is the object of speech. The pronoun we can be used in the meaning of "I" (the author's we), and the pronoun you can be used instead of you in order to express p osha to the addressee of the speech.

2. Reverse pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, and therefore does not express the subject (performer) of the action, but refers to it. This pronoun can be associated with the subject of any person, gender and number: I respect myself, you control yourself, he harms himself. It is not generic, does not change in numbers, acts as an application in a sentence: . Do not praise yourself with a word, but praise with deed (Nar creative)

3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, mine, yours, theirs indicate the belonging of an object to a particular person:

o my, our - 1st person;

o yours, yours- 2nd person;

o them- 3rd person;

o own - to any person

Personal pronouns his, her, them in the form of the genitive case are used in the meaning of possessive: them(whom?). Learned everything (personal). AT theirs (whose?). Notebooks(possessive)

Possessive pronouns, like adjectives, change by gender, number, and case.

4. Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such (that, this, such) indicate signs, objects, and the pronoun so much indicates the quantity

5. Defining pronouns himself, most, all (all), everyone, each (each), other indicate a generalized sign of an object, phenomenon, etc.. They correlate with adjectives and agree with nouns in gender, number and case

6 interrogative-relative pronouns who, what, which, which, whose, how much play a dual role in the language. They are interrogative when they are taken to form a question about persons and objects, phenomena (who?. What?),. On the signs, qualities or belonging of the subject (what?. Whose?),. About the quantity or order when counting (how much?. Which?).

The same pronouns are relative when they are used to connect parts of a complex sentence: It is good to live for those whose soul and thought drbrl ishshshlzha loves (Nar creative)

7. Negative pronouns nobody, nothing, none, no one, none, not at all, none (not one) indicate the absence of a person, object, their signs or quantities:. He speaks red, but there is nothing to listen to (Nar creative)

8. Indefinite pronouns someone, something, someone, something, someone, something, who knows who, who knows what, who knows who, who knows what, someone, something some, someone's, whose, who knows how much, who knows how much, how much, someone indicate the uncertainty of the person, object, their features, quantity. They are formed from interrogative-relative ones with the help of suffixes, prefixes: . In the canopy through closed door someone's voice came (I. Nechuy-Levitsky)

§ 22 pronoun declension

1 Type of pronouns correlative with nouns

As noted above, this group includes personal, inverse, interrogative-relative (who, what), negative (no one, nothing), indefinite (someone, something, someone, something, etc.) pronouns

Declension patterns

The peculiarities of the declension of personal pronouns are manifested in the fact that their forms arise from different bases both in the singular and in the plural, for example: I - me, we - us, he - him, she - her, they - them

Before the pronoun me, beginning with two consonants, prepositions from, under, over, before for euphony, it is used with a loud and: over me, under me, in front of me, with me

After prepositions in oblique cases of pronouns of the third person, n appears: at him, at her, at them, over them, towards him, on her. This sound constantly appears in the instrumental case: him, them, them. Not used after prepositions in spite of, in defiance of, accustomed, thanks to: thanks to her, towards. The reflexive pronoun self does not have a nominative form

In indirect cases, negative pronouns are used with different stress depending on the meaning: nobody (no one) was there - No one (no one) to appoint to the position

2 . Declension of pronouns correlative with adjectives

This group includes possessive, attributive, demonstrative (except How many) interrogative-relative (which, whose, which) and the negative and indefinite pronouns formed from them (no one, none, none, some, someone, someone and etc.)

Adjective pronouns are canceled as adjectives of hard and soft groups. Pronouns decline according to the model of adjectives of the soft group all, them, whose all the rest are modeled on adjectives of the solid group

In the case, masculine and neuter pronouns have parallel endings: on mine - on mine, in everyone - on everyone, on that - on that

3. Declension of pronouns correlative with numerals

This group includes relatively interrogative How many index so much, negative not at all

Declension patterns

numeral pronouns, like cardinal numbers, change only in cases

The Russian language has huge amount speech capabilities, for example, allowing you to replace meaningful words others, without changing the meaning, but giving the story greater dynamism and diversity. What are pronouns and what is their role in the language?

An independent role among the parts of speech is assigned. pronominal words refer to objects without specifying their names, characterize the quantity, circumstantial moments and signs of these active objects. The pronoun as a part of speech therefore has a generalized lexical concept.

In contact with

Classification and distinctive features

There are a lot of pronominal words, they differ in categories, functions and meanings. The table of pronouns will help you figure it out:

Transition to other parts of speech

Pronouns have a substitutive meaning in the text of sentences - they are used, replacing other parts of speech, or pass into them.

Syntactic features in sentences

Pronominal words can take in parsing suggestions any place other than the predicate. So, personal pronouns of the 3rd person play the role of the subject. The defining feature is which of the parts of speech in this case replaces such a pronoun in the text.

Important! In order to correctly determine the role of which member of the sentence the pronoun will play, it is necessary to correctly pose a question to it.

The subject or nominal part of the predicate are usually pronouns-nouns, sometimes pronoun adjectives.

We are going to the theatre. Who has read this play? Something will happen soon. On the exam, some passed the test successfully.

All categories of pronouns can be additions: Relatives came to me. You won't be able to tell everything. You have beautiful clothes on.

As definitions adjectives stand out(definitive pronouns, possessive pronouns, interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative). I'll take my friends for a walk. For some time now I have ceased to trust him. No difficulty will change our plans.

The circumstance as a member of the sentence contains questions: where from?, why?, how? There is no specific distinction as to whether the pronoun in this case is a circumstance or an addition. Both variants considered correct:

Your teacher is giving you a headache. It was fun with him.

Grammar of correct spelling

To write pronominal words with various prepositions, particles, there are certain rules. Use with prepositions and other words can be merged, separate or with a hyphen. Not with pronouns - an important topic that requires careful study.

How negative pronouns are written and how to distinguish an indefinite pronoun:

Spelling with prefixes "not" and "neither":

• In the absence of a preposition between the prefixes and the root “not” and “neither”, it is written together: there is no one to ask, someone else, no one is visible, several years, something interesting.
• With a preposition before the root, it is written separately: nothing to complain about, does not apply to anything, not with any passerby, did not play with anyone, there is no one to try for.
• When using “not” in the meaning of negation, everything must be written separately: we didn’t do it, we didn’t come ourselves, we didn’t come here, it doesn’t concern everyone.

Learning pronouns

Important! It should be remembered: for nothing, for nothing, for nothing, for nothing.

Together, separately or through a hyphen

• In the case when in a phrase the pronoun is replaced without loss of meaning by another part of speech or is completely excluded from it, they are written separately with a preposition: behind that turn - around the turn - behind sharp turn; along this route - along the route - along a difficult route.
• At merging a preposition and any sign pronouns-adverbs are formed that write together: then pour water, be therefore, therefore he did not answer, because it matters.
• With the prefix “something” or the postfixes “-or” and “-something”, it is correct to write with a hyphen: somehow leaves, someone brought, somewhere located, somewhere located.

Pronouns in Russian

Types of pronouns, lesson

Conclusion

There are a lot of pronouns in Russian, and their types are quite diverse. No other language gives such a role to this part of speech. They differ in their functions in speech and roles in syntax and grammar. The ability to replace other members of speech without losing meaning allows you to compose a competent and logically correct sentence and add variety to the text.

Pronoun part of speech devoid of its own lexical meaning and used instead of one or another name noun or adjective, without naming the object (phenomenon, etc.) or its characteristics, but only pointing to them or their relation to other objects (phenomena, etc.).

There are also classes of lexemes that have the properties of pronouns and are formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists also distinguish pronominal verbs - but usually they are not combined with "nominal" pronouns.

In Russian, pronouns are divided into personal, returnable, possessive, interrogative, relative, index, defining, negative and indefinite.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I, you, we, you). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( he, she is, it, they).

They vary in persons, numbers and (in the third person singular) gender, and also decline in cases.

reflexive pronoun

Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases:

• myself ( rd., ext. cases), yourself ( dt., ave.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

There is no nominative form. It does not change in persons, numbers and gender.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) to a particular person.

They change according to persons, numbers and gender, and also decline according to cases, agreeing with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( him, her, them) are not inclined.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as its related groups) relative, negative and uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change by numbers and gender, as well as decline by cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

Relative pronouns

Same as interrogative. Used to attach subordinate clause to the main. At the same time, they become allied words and play the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask him what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Subordinate Sentence); [=], (what -) (the word "what" will be underlined with a wavy line, because it will be a definition)

Demonstrative pronouns

Definitive pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

• someone
• something
• some
• some
• interrogative pronouns with a prefix something or suffixes -then, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something ...

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain a stress particle not.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

1. pronouns related to nouns(generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes distinguished into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes the pronouns of the different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common with the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogative - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, indefinitely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns related to adjectives(generalized-qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;

3. pronouns related to numbers(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns related to adverbs: Shots came from the right: there battle broke out.

This group includes all personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) reflexive pronoun myself, two of the seven interrogative-relative pronouns (who and what), indefinite, formed from who and what, negative, formed from who and what.

The pronouns of this group have morphological properties similar to those of nouns. However, this is precisely the similarity, and not the identity, since there are differences between the morphological features of gender, animation, number and case of nouns and pronouns.

gender of words he she and it is arranged in the same way as for nouns, i.e. these words do not change by gender and belong to one of the three genders, and the gender of these pronouns can be determined by the endings. Other pronouns of this group cannot indicate gender with the help of endings, however, according to the words agreed with them, it can be determined that the pronouns i and you appear in the text as generic words (I came - I came, you came - you came), pronoun what and derivatives from it - like words cf. kind, and the word who and derivatives from it - as words of the m. kind.

Almost all the pronouns of this group have the same form in the B. case as in the R. case, i.e. the set of their forms is arranged in the same way as the set of forms of animate nouns, although they certainly do not necessarily indicate living beings. Just a word what and derivatives from it have the same forms of V. and I. cases.

Although in meaning the opposition of words he she it, on the one hand, and they, on the other hand, is arranged in the same way as for nouns: singular. the number indicates one object, and many. number - several, these units are considered different words. Pronouns l - we and you you, which make up pairs of units correlated by the number, are considered different words, since there are not only formal differences between them (different endings and even different stems), but also semantic differences: if tables - These are several items, each of which is called table, then we- this is not a lot of faces, each of which is called me, we- this is I and you, or I and he, or I and they etc.; you - it's not necessarily a few you, it could be, for example, you and he. Pronouns I, you, we and you have a sign of number, which they show not only when choosing an ending, but when choosing the forms of words consistent with these pronouns. It is generally believed that words who what and derivatives from them do not have a sign of number, but it is worth paying attention to the fact that the words that agree with them in the text are in the form of units. numbers (What happened? Who came?). As for the quantitative value, it can be anything: if it is said that someone came, then it can be either one person or several.

Part of the pronouns of this group has a morphological feature that is absent in nouns: this is a feature of a person. It is represented by personal pronouns and is permanent. On this basis, personal pronouns are divided into pronouns of the 1st (Yau we), 2nd (you you) and 3rd person (he, she, it, they). These pronouns can point to persons or objects in extralinguistic reality; at the same time, the pronouns of the 1st person indicate the speaker (alone or together with a group of people to which he refers himself); pronouns of the 2nd person - to the listener/listeners (only him/them or together with the group of persons to which he/they refer/relate themselves); 3rd person pronouns - to a person/persons who/who do not participate in the dialogue or to an object/objects. In addition, 3-person pronouns can refer not to extralinguistic reality, but to other words in the text (replacing the words used earlier in the text): There was a table in the middle of the room. Behind him was a doctor.

When declining, the pronouns of this group also show some features. The first feature is that some pronouns lack some forms. Yes, negative pronouns. nobody, nothing and return myself do not have the I. case form, but there is nothing does not have the B. case form either. Indefinite pronoun someone has only I. case forms, and something - only I. and V. forms of cases.