1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word (on your own or with the help of a dictionary).

2. Determine whether the word is used in a direct or figurative sense. If in a figurative sense, then indicate the type of trope (metaphor, personification, epithet).

3. Determine if the word has synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

4. Determine the stylistic coloring of the word (colloquial, neutral or bookish), the peculiarity of use in speech (for obsolete, dialect, professional words).

5. Determine the origin of the word (independently or with the help of a dictionary) - native Russian or borrowed.

Record Sample:

The golden stars dozed off.(S. Yesenin)

1. doze off- fall into a drowsiness, fall into a light sleep.

2. Peren, meaning. - personified.

3. to fall asleep, to fall asleep, to fall asleep, to fall asleep, to fall asleep- synonyms.

5. Originally Russian.

WHAT TASKS of the examination test test knowledge and skills in vocabulary and phraseology?

AZ. Which of the following words means "contemptuously haughty"?

1) arrogant

2) familiar

3) conceited

NOTE!

To cope with this task, you need to have a large vocabulary in speech. In addition, you need to rely on linguistic intuition, which can tell you the right answer.

The essence of the task is that out of the four proposed words, you need to find exactly the one whose lexical meaning is given among the others listed. For example: the meaning "a person engaged in risky and dubious business, counting on random success" has the first of the following words (adventurer, swindler, egoist, extremist) the meaning of "acting without any hesitation" is inherent in the third adjective (constrained, constrained, unceremonious, democratic) to the expression "contemptuously haughty" - the second adjective (vigorous, familiar, ill-mannered, impudent) to "hypocrisy, hypocrisy" - last choice of words (boastfulness, indifference, adventurism, hypocrisy), "deprived of the necessary supervision"- first word (neglected, unpunished, hopeless, defenseless), to "musical accompaniment of the voice" - the third word (arrangement, announcement, accompaniment, impromptu), to “a convenient opportunity to send letters, parcels with someone” - the fourth of the listed words (express, fax, forwarding, opportunity), to "a person who hates people" - the third word (melancholic, maximalist, misanthrope, curator) etc.

A4. In which sentence, instead of the word INFORMATION, should I use INFORMATIVE?

1) The last decades are characterized by a wide distribution of various media, including those presented in electronic form on various INFORMATION carriers.

2) Dmitry Olegovich was appointed head of the new INFORMATION TV program.

4) Modern INFORMATION technologies help to solve many problems successfully and quickly.

NOTE!

The task tests the ability to use words correctly, taking into account their lexical meaning. At the same time, four sentences are offered for analysis, in which paronyms- similar-sounding words with the same root, denoting different concepts.

There are many such words in the Russian language, and their use in speech is associated with certain difficulties: subscription- subscriber, submit- give, congratulations- health resort, guarantee- guaranteed, hidden- hidden, spare- thrifty, memorable- comprehensible, understandable- understanding, neighborly- neighborly, friendly- obsequious, dress- put on, lucky-lucky etc.

Errors in the use of paronymic words are primarily due to the fact that these words have a certain similarity in sound, morphemic structure (they have the same root), grammatical features (these are words of the same part of speech). The root also gives them a common lexical meaning. Nevertheless, these words have different meanings, which must be taken into account when using them in speech.

Therefore, when analyzing sentences in which the words of this group are used, it is necessary first of all to determine what is the semantic difference between the words indicated in the task. For example, if you want to find an error in the use of words eternal and century, then you need to try to formulate their lexical meaning, and then try to determine what is the difference in these meanings. Compare, for example, the following pair of words:

age-old- living, existing for centuries, for a very long time;

eternal- infinite in time, having neither beginning nor end; unchanging, permanent; not ceasing to exist, indefinite, not having a term; permanently existing in nature.

The difference in the lexical meaning of these words is clearly manifested in their compatibility with other words. Yes, adjective age-old related to noun century, century and is used with words that name something that lives a very long time, centuries: century oak- oak, living century, centuries, age-old traditions- traditions that have existed for a very long time (century, centuries). Adjective eternal associated with the concept of infinity in time and permanence.

Having understood the difference in the lexical meaning of paronyms, you can proceed to the semantic analysis of the four sentences that are proposed in the task. In one of these sentences, a mistake was made in the use of the word. Analyze, for example, the following examples and try to prove that in sentences 4,6,8 and 10 instead of the word eternal need to use an adjective century.

1) Love- the feeling is beautiful, and it should be constant and eternal. 2) Although the island is in the zone eternal warm, but at this time of the year there are often storms and strong winds.

3) There is nothing secret that would not become obvious, and this eternal true. 4) Once, rummaging in the attic among the dusty eternal garbage, I came across a box with curious documents. 5) Yes eternal human values, among them- honesty. 6) It was massive wooden furniture, chipped from time to time, covered with a thick layer of eternal dust. 7) They have lived all their lives on the same platform, door to door, in eternal insults and quarrels. 8) It was their favorite, cozy place in the park, where pine trees mixed with eternal oak groves. 9) Still, it’s better to walk in the forest alone, otherwise you will have to decide eternal problem: loudly call those who fall behind, go aside. 10) The researchers carefully descended into the dungeon, and before them opened eternal the secrets of this ancient castle. 11) They silently stood at the grave of the Unknown Soldier, looked at the blue flame rushing about in the wind eternal fire.

So, when performing this task, it is necessary to correctly find a sentence with a lexical error, you need to take into account the semantic differences of the same-root words indicated in the wording of the task.

A29. Indicate the meaning of the word ACTIVE (sentence 12).

1) deep, all-consuming

2) able to influence, active

3) in constant motion

4) real, genuine

note:

This task tests the ability to determine the lexical meaning of a polysemantic word based on the context; detect synonyms, antonyms in the text, identify words that are used in a figurative or direct meaning.

AT 8. Which three of the following means of expression are used in the text? Write the numbers of these means of expression.

1) metaphors

2) alliteration

3) inversion

4) personification.

5) epithets

NOTE!

This task tests the ability to identify the most typical means of expression used by the author of the text you have read in order to more accurately and expressively convey their thoughts and feelings. The results of the exam show that this is one of the most difficult tasks. The difficulty of its implementation is explained by the fact that, first of all, it is necessary to have a complete understanding of the main linguistic means of artistic representation, that is, to know the list of such means, to understand the features of each of them, to know the terms by which these means are called, to be aware of the differences between these means. In addition, you need to learn how to analyze the text in such a way as to not only detect these linguistic means, but also correctly name them.

Figurative and expressive means of the Russian language so numerous and diverse that there is still no clear classification of them. Therefore, in some textbooks that you studied at school, different terms are used to name these means: tropes, figures of speech, figurative and expressive means, means of artistic expression, etc. The Unified State Examination in Russian does not require knowledge of these classifications, but tests the ability to detect in the source text the most common means of expression that you have repeatedly encountered when analyzing text in Russian language and literature lessons.

Let us recall the most typical means of artistic expression, which are based on the lexical system of the Russian language and are associated primarily with the use of the word in a figurative sense.

Epithet(Greek epitheton - “attached”, “added”) is an artistic, figurative definition that has a special artistic expressiveness, expressing the author’s feelings for the depicted object, creating a vivid idea of ​​​​the object. As a rule, the epithet is expressed by an adjective used in a figurative sense. From this point of view, for example, adjectives blue, gray, blue in combination with the word "heaven" cannot be called epithets; these are the adjectives lead, steel, amber etc.

However, not every definition can be called an epithet. Compare: iron bed and iron character, silver spoon and silver key(in the meaning - a spring). Only in phrases iron character and silver key before us are epithets that carry a semantic and expressive-emotional load in the statement.

In literary texts, there are rare (individual-author's) epithets. They are based on unexpected, often unique semantic associations: marmalade mood(A. Chekhov), cardboard love(N. Gogol), sheep love(I. Turgenev), colorful joy(V. Shukshin), moth beauty(A. Chekhov), wet-lipped wind(M. Sholokhov), tearful morning(A. Chekhov), flabby laugh(D. Mamin-Sibiryak), candy pain(Vs. Ivanov), etc.

Sometimes among rare epithets there are combinations of opposite concepts (oxymorons). The illogical connection of words attracts the reader's attention, enhances the expressiveness of the image. The functions of such epithets are similar to the reception antitheses(contradictions). For example: gray youth(A. Herzen), joyful sadness(Korolenko), sweet sadness(A. Kuprin), hateful love(M. Sholokhov), sad joy(S. Yesenin), etc.

Metaphor(Greek metaphora - “transfer”) is the transfer of meaning by similarity. This means of expression is very close to comparison. Sometimes a metaphor is called a hidden comparison, since it is based on a comparison, but it is not formalized with the help of comparative conjunctions: the sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok), the soaring tambourine of a blizzard (A. Blok), my words dry leaves (V. Mayakovsky), the fire of red mountain ash (S. Yesenin), my words the nightingale (B. Akhmadulina), lies cold smoke ( A. Tvardovsky), a stream of a smile (M. Svetlov), a silver spoon of the moon (Yu. Moritz) etc.

Sometimes the entire text or a significant fragment of it is built on the basis of the transfer of meaning by similarity. In this case, one speaks of extended metaphor. An example of this type of metaphor is M. Lermontov's poem "The Cup of Life", which is built on the deployment of a metaphorical statement drink the cup of life.

personification- an artistic technique, which consists in the fact that when describing animals or inanimate objects, they are endowed with human feelings, thoughts, speech: Sit down, muse: hands in sleeves, legs under the bench! Don't fidget, freak! Now let's start ... (A. Pushkin) The moon laughed like a clown. (S. Yesenin) Tired all around: tired and the color of the sky, and the wind, and the river, and the month that was born ... (A. Fet) Dawn rises from the bed of his languishing Shadow. (Annensky) The trees sing, the waters sparkle, the air is dissolved by love... (F. Tyutchev) Midnight enters my city window with gifts of the night. (A. Tvardovsky)

Hyperbola(gr. hurerbo1e- "exaggeration") - a pictorial technique built on the quantitative strengthening of the signs of an object, phenomenon, action. In other words, this is "artistic exaggeration":

pass- like the sun shines! Will look- ruble will give! (N. Nekrasov) I saw how she mows: what a wave- then the mop is ready. (N. Nekrasov) I never knew that there were so many thousands of tons in my shamefully frivolous head. (V. Mayakovsky)

Antithesis(gr. aptithesis- “opposition”) is a technique of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. As a rule, the antithesis is based on the use of antonyms: Death and immortality, life and death are nothing to the virgin and the heart. (M. Lermontov) It seemed difficult for us to part, but it would be more difficult to meet. (M. Lermontov) You are poor, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Russia! (N. Nekrasov) Faces appear, fade, sweet today, but far away tomorrow. (A. Akhmatova)

Oxymoron, or oxymoron(gr. oohtoop- "witty-stupid") - a combination of words opposite in meaning: Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness. (M. Lermontov) But I soon comprehended the mystery of their ugly beauty. (M. Lermontov) To live, keeping the joy of grief, remembering the joy of past springs... (V. Bryusov) And the impossible is possible, the long road is easy. (A. Blok) From hateful love, from crimes, frenzy- righteous Russia will arise. (M. Voloshin)

Lexical repetition- intentional repetition in the text of the same word in the text. As a rule, using this technique, a keyword is highlighted in the text, the meaning of which should be drawn to the reader's attention: Not in vain did the winds blow, not in vain did the thunderstorm go. (S. Yesenin) Hazy noon breathes lazily, the river rolls lazily. And in the fiery and pure firmament clouds lazily melt. (F. Tyutchev)

gradation(Latin gradatio - “gradual elevation”) - the arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance: There was something elusively oriental in his face, but his huge blue eyes shone with gray-haired denseness, burned, shone. (V. Soloukhin) Music is useless sounds, superfluous sounds, unsuitable tones, groans not caused by pain. (B. Slutsky) I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears; but you didn't come down. (A. Blok)

The examination paper as a whole checks the level of proficiency in the lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language. Information about this will contain answers not only to tasks AZ, A4, A29, but also the text that you write when completing the task C1.

To perform lexical analysis of the text, it is necessary to find in the text:

keywords (phrases);

words used in a figurative sense;

synonyms, antonyms (including contextual), homonyms;

words stylistically colored tall, bookish, colloquial, simple, official and etc.);

borrowed words, archaisms, neologisms (including copyright ones);

professionalisms, dialectisms, phraseological units;

explain the role of these lexical phenomena in the text, their purpose, show what is achieved through their use;

clarify (referring to the dictionary) the meaning of a number of words; if the word is polysemantic, then determine in what meaning it is used in the text;

select synonyms for a number of words, make a synonymic series, show how synonymous words differ, explain the expediency of choosing this particular word by the author;

make observations on the use of lexical repetition in the text (the use of the same word, cognate words); it is especially interesting to pay attention to those words that, being repeated, are used in different meanings;

show by what lexical means the connection between sentences, between paragraphs is provided in the text (pay attention to the role of one-thematic vocabulary, lexical repetition, synonyms, antonyms (including contextual ones).

Lexical analysis of texts of different styles has its own characteristics. When analyzing a literary text, one should indicate the means of artistic representation used by the author, show how the stylistic possibilities of lexical means are realized in the text. If texts of journalistic and artistic styles are analyzed, then the plan of lexical analysis includes observations on the use of lexical means by which the author expresses his attitude, assessment (evaluative vocabulary, stylistically colored words, lexical repetition, synonyms, antonyms, etc.).
Analyzing the features of the use of key words in a literary text, it is advisable to involve a wider context, to show how these words are used in other works of the writer.
It is impossible to make a complete lexical analysis of the text, therefore, when we talk about lexical analysis of the text, we mean partial lexical analysis.

Exercise 1. Write down the beginning of the essay "Radonezh herbs", explain the spelling. Prove that the passage is exactly the beginning of the text.

In the Moscow region there are many treasured settlements and tracts, glorious for their historical past. One of them is ancient Radonezh, lost nn st north of the capital... Bulk land n The ramparts that obscured the "drevyan-grad" still look impressive. One can imagine how fabulously magnificent Radonezh towered with its towers, towers and bell towers, behind two tiers of oak tyn, behind the whorls and powerful fortress gates. In summer, the city was blown with resinous air, soaked with fragrant herbs; in winter here, through the diamonds and crystal of the snowdrifts, everything shone with peace, and the thick bass of copper nn The high patter of the posadniks was interspersed with the crunching of the trees, frozen in the cold.
Centuries have passed. Neither the child, nor the settlement shcha the all-devouring fire of the old hard times blew. Only earth n th shafts when - then vzdyble nn made by human hands, they keep traces of the former Radonezh. And fragrant herbs will seem like a living greeting of antiquity, proizr a standing on these shafts ...

(A.Strizhev)

1. Perform lexical analysis of the text (see Memo).
2. Write down the interpretation of the lexical meaning of the words: ancient settlement, tract, hard times, pryaslo, tyn, - using sentences in which a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate (refer to the dictionary).
3. Pick up synonyms for the words: splendid, fragrant, ancient. What is the difference between the words included in the synonymic series?

Reference

City "shche, -a, cf. The place where in ancient times there was a city or a fortified settlement. Fortification excavations.
Lihole "thier, -i, cf. (outdated). Time of troubles, disasters.
Straight "slo, -a, genus. pl. - sat down, cf. (reg.) 1. A fence of long poles stretched between posts, as well as part of such a fence from post to post. P. on the outskirts of the village. <...>
Tyn, -a, m. (reg.). Fence, palisade (in the old days, a defensive barrier made of pointed logs dug into the ground).

(From the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language)

Test yourself!

Vocabulary work as part of a comprehensive text analysis.

Exercise 2. Write the text, explain the spelling of the verbs. Independently formulate tasks aimed at lexical analysis of the text (see Memo). Complete these tasks.

How the heart of a naturalist will tremble, how it will respond with the astringent pain of memories when you pluck a stalk of oregano! You inhale 3, and an amazing smell will permeate everything. Some stalks of oregano have faded, others are turning pink, getting younger by August 2 days. Maybe 7, oregano was the best brew before acquaintance in Russia with imported6 tea 4? Maybe, although mint, St. John's wort, linden blossom, Bogorodskaya grass - thyme could compete with it ...

(A.Strizhev)

1. Prove that this is a journalistic style text. What means of expressing attitudes, evaluations are used by the author?
2. Underline the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Which sentence has no subject? Think about why such sentences are called one-part sentences.
3. Complete one of the tasks (optional):

a) perform different types of analysis on the material of the text;
b) write out from the text phrases that include adjectives;
c) prepare to retell the text, write a summary.

Exercise 3. Read the dictionary entry from the Dictionary of the Russian Language (in four volumes). What signs of scientific style does this small text have?

Souls "ca, -s, w. Herbaceous meadow plant of the mint family, with small lilac-pink fragrant flowers collected in inflorescences (used in perfumery and medicine).

1. Compare the information given in the dictionary with what is said about oregano in the text of ex. No. 2.
2. Write down a sentence in which a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. Oregano is...

Exercise 4. Find "extra".

1) Rip, inhale, brew, wonder.
2) Oregano, mint, St. John's wort, nettle.
3) Plant, sprout, grow, growing.

Exercise 5. Prepare for expressive reading.

At the monument at sunset in summer
Children are playing. And, bowing my head,
Slightly illuminated by the evening light,
He looks at Moscow from a hill.

Cars rustling, running out in a chain
To the square from every corner.
Noisy Moscow - native, but different -
Both older and younger than she was.

And he's still the same. Only year after year
At his feet on Moscow Square
More and more people are gathering
And the damp noise of foliage is getting louder and louder.

A participant in our joys and calamities,
It stands, unshakable in a storm and in a thunderstorm,
Where he played, perhaps in early childhood,
Like those guys that scurry downstairs.

(S.Ya. Marshak)

1. What is the main idea of ​​the poetic text?
2. Find synonyms, antonyms in the text. What is their role?
3. Compare: head - head. What word gives the text a special, solemn sound?
4. Choose synonyms for introductory words may be.
5. Learn the poem by heart, prepare to write from memory.

Exercise 6. Determine the main idea of ​​the text.

One vigilante 2, just in time for business hours, began to get sick: boredom, sickness, mortal anguish. The warrior says to himself: “Scurvy wants to overcome me. I won't give in to her. Our team is small. My work will fall like a burden on my comrades. I'll get up and work as long as I'm alive."
Through force, he crawled off the bunk and began to work. And a wonderful thing: dashing weakness began to depart from him when he worked.
The combatant every day and every hour resisted weakness. With a good thought he conquered sadness and conquered scurvy: the disease left him.

(B.Shergin)

1. What are the synonyms for words sadness, sickness used in text?
2. With the help of what language means is the connection between sentences, between paragraphs? Prove it's text.
3. Explain the meaning of the word sickness, taking into account that can not- means sick(Region).
4. Write down a number of single-root words for synonymous nouns: work, labor.

Exercise 7. Determine the topic, the main idea of ​​the text. Formulate independently tasks aimed at repeating vocabulary. Fulfill them.

Pushkin, who went through the school of classicism, nn very accurate and logical h limit the meaning of words, and With using most often generally accepted, fixed dictionary meanings. From this point of view, The Winter Road (1826) is interesting.

In these seven stanzas, a whole gamut of synonyms is given: sadness, boredom, melancholy, melancholy, and each of these words is distinguished by its characteristic, (not) dependent I semantic nuances from the author. Glades - sad because the moon sheds a sad light on them; road - boring; coachman songs - melancholy (heartache); poet - sad. "Bored, sad..."- he says, combining these two words in one exclamation, but immediately explains their difference:

It's sad, Nina: my way is boring...

And in the last verse - wonderful foggy moon face, which means not so much that the moon is shrouded in mist, but the moon perceived here as a living being, as a person (face), otumane n but sadness.

(E. Etkind. Talk about poetry

1. Reread the poem "Winter Road", observe the use of synonyms, repeated words.
2. Using examples from fiction, prove that the synonyms are “the same, but not the same.”

Exercise 8. Prepare for expressive reading in the process of complex work with text. Formulate a few more tasks on your own (see exercises No. 1, 2) in vocabulary. Complete them.

At a thin dream on the edge,
submissive tearing e mu instant,
I saw heaven
and in paradise
table lamp and book.
Yes, a book in a blissful window,
under a warm table lamp...
And golden labor, voluntary,
infusion nn hush in silence.
Ra With touchingly, (not) hastily
there the book is drunk by the soul.

(Yu.Loshits)

1. Find key words in the poetic text. What noun is the "most keyword" word?
2. What words are used figuratively?
3. Write out the participle from the text. How are they educated?
4. What spelling, punctuation rules can be illustrated with examples from the poem?
5. Write down a poem. Disassemble the members of the sentence using graphic symbols, the first and last sentences.
6. What books, what texts must be read without fail leisurely to absorb them drank our soul? How does the author characterize this work of the soul?
7. Write down several formulations of essay topics in which the word book will be key.
8. Write an essay about your favorite book, which you not only read "slowly", but also re-read, reflect on it, analyze the content, language, and composition ...

Education

Lexical analysis of the word - what is it? Examples

How is lexical parsing done? You will learn the answer to the question posed from this article. In addition, several examples of such analysis will be presented to your attention.

general information

Lexical parsing of a word is carried out with the help of various linguistic dictionaries, namely explanatory, phraseological, dictionary of antonyms, synonyms and homonyms.

It should be especially noted that such an analysis is aimed at the lexical unit of the Russian language, indicating such features as:

• unambiguity or, conversely, polysemy of the word;
• the type of its lexical meaning in a particular case;
• synonyms;
• the origin of the word;
• antonyms;
• belonging of the word to the vocabulary, limited in use, or common vocabulary;
• phraseological connections of this or that expression.

Lexical parsing of a word is an optional type of parsing for ordinary school practice. As a rule, such an analysis is not given as a control task.

Common scheme

In order to correctly carry out lexical parsing of a word, it is necessary to adhere to the following scheme:

1. Determining the lexical meaning of a word in a particular context.
2. If the selected expression is multi-valued, then you must specify its other values ​​(if necessary, you can use the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).
3. Establishing the type of lexical meaning in a particular context (direct or figurative).
4. In the event that the value is figurative, then its appearance should be characterized.
5. Construction of a synonymic series for a word in its current meaning.
6. A selection of antonyms for the selected word.
7. Determination of the belonging of a word, that is, whether it is originally Russian or was once borrowed from a completely different language.
8. Establishing the belonging of the selected word to the vocabulary, limited in use, or common vocabulary.
9. Determines if the given expression is deprecated.
10. The occurrence of this word in the composition of phraseological units.

Examples of lexical parsing of a word

In order to understand how the lexical analysis of a word is carried out, it is not enough just to know the features of such an analysis and its scheme. After all, any theoretical knowledge must necessarily be supported by practical work. To do this, we decided to bring to your attention a few examples of different words that have undergone lexical analysis.

Lexical analysis of the word "mower"

So, let's analyze the word "mower", which is included in the following sentence: "The mower walked around the quickly mowed steppes."

1. A mower is a person who is engaged in mowing, that is, cutting grass or any cereals with a traditional scythe or mower.

2. The word "mower" has several meanings, namely:

• the one who carries out the mowing;
• a heavy and large knife designed to scrape something or split a torch;
• thousand monetary units (slang).

3. The meaning of the word "mower", in which it is used in the sentence, is direct.

4. Synonyms for the word "mower" are "mower" or "mower".

5. The origin of the word "mower" is native Russian.

6. In the first and second sense, this word is commonly used. As for the third, in this case it is used only in a colloquial style.

7. The word "mower" is obsolete. Accordingly, it is not part of the active vocabulary of modern people.

Lexical analysis of the word "golden"

Let's analyze the word "golden", which is included in the following sentence: "Golden autumn has come to us."

1. Golden autumn - the time of the year when all the trees and grasses turn yellow and resemble a shade of gold (metal).

2. The word "golden" has several meanings, namely:

• made of gold;
• embroidered with gold;
• calculated at the rate of gold;
• similar to the color of gold;
• beautiful, very good and wonderful;
• auspicious and happiest;
• beloved, dear (in address to someone);
• mineralogical and botanical names.

3. Meaning - figurative.

4. The type of figurative meaning of the phrase "golden autumn" is a metaphor (denotes similar to the color of gold).

5. Synonyms for the expression "golden" are the following: yellow, beautiful, wonderful, fabulous, delightful, etc.

6. The word "golden" has the following antonyms: dirty, disgusting, nasty, bad.

9. The word "golden" is not obsolete. Accordingly, it is part of the active vocabulary of modern people.

Lexical analysis of other words

Here are a few more examples:

• Lexical analysis of the word "fantastic" in the sentence "I have seen enough fantastic films":

1. Fantastic film - invented by fantasy and in reality does not exist.

2. The word "fantastic" has several meanings, namely: magical and whimsical; incredible and unrealizable; non-existent and fantasy.

3. Meaning - direct.

4. The synonyms of the word are the following: incredible, stunning, not corresponding to reality.

5. Has the following antonyms: ordinary, banal.

7. Origin - borrowed from English (fantastic).

8. This expression is commonly used. It can be used in any style of speech.

• Lexical analysis of the word "kindness" in the sentence: "Out of the kindness of his soul, he gave all his clothes":

1. By kindness - a spiritual quality, expressed in a caring and gentle attitude towards someone.

2. The word "kindness" has only one meaning.

3. Meaning - direct.

4. The synonyms of the word are the following: good, good-natured, good-natured, philanthropic.

5. Has the following antonyms: evil, cruel.

7. Origin - native Russian.

8. This expression is commonly used. It can be used in any style of speech.

9. The expression is not obsolete. Accordingly, it is part of the active vocabulary of modern people.

10. It is used in the following phraseological units: out of the kindness of the soul, blind kindness, etc.

Scheme

1. General characteristics of the text (functional-semantic type, style, genre, communicative task of the author, topic, main idea, possible title ).

2. The word in the text: an informative and structural-compositional role in the implementation of the author's communicative task (correlation with the thematic structure of the text, the role in expressing the coherence of the text).

3. The semantic structure of the word: whether it is single-valued or polysemantic, the meanings of a polysemantic word, their types and connection with each other.

4. The meaning of the word in this text (using an explanatory dictionary), the way the meaning is interpreted.

5. Type of lexical meaning:

- by the method of nomination: direct or figurative;

- according to the degree of semantic motivation: unmotivated (non-derivative) or motivated (derivative); derivative-direct (non-emotional), derivative-portable (emotional);

- if possible, lexical compatibility: free or not free (phraseologically connected, syntactically conditioned, constructively limited);

- by the nature of the function performed: nominative or expressive-synonymous.

6. Systemic connections of the word: the possibility of synonymy, antonymy, homonymy - with the definition of their type.

7. Origin: native Russian, borrowed - with the definition of the source language and its features.

8. Belonging to an active or passive vocabulary fund: is active, actual, historicism, archaism (with a type definition), neologism or occasionalism.

9. Scope of use: common or limited in its use: territorially limited - with a definition of the type of dialectism; professionally limited: term, professionalism (in what professional environment it is used) or socially limited; jargon, argotism.

Sample

The priests did everything to forever erase the memory of the reformer-pharaoh and his beautiful wife, the legendary Nefertiti, in the hearts of people. But fate prepared for them immortality. During the excavations of the ancient capital, their portraits were found in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmes.

The most famous of these portraits - a portrait of Nefertiti in a royal headdress - is now kept in the Berlin Museum. The portrait is full of the real breath of life. With amazing ease and subtlety, the ingenious sculptor conveyed this elegantly majestic fit of the head on a long neck, a charming pattern of slightly smiling lips, narrow almond-shaped eyes covered with heavy eyelids.

After thirty-five centuries of oblivion, the refined, spiritualized beauty of Nefertiti has been rediscovered to the world. (O. Nikolaevskaya)

Immortality

This is a text of a mixed functional type, in which the description prevails - in this case, this is a description of the situation, however, there are elements of the narrative, since the text also reports on events that follow one after another ( the priests did…, fate prepared…, portraits were found… etc.), as well as elements of reasoning - thesis "But fate prepared them immortality" receives development and proof in subsequent paragraphs; the style of the text is journalistic, as it implements informative and influencing functions. The task of the author is to convince the addressee that the spiritualized beauty of Nefertiti, captured by the brilliant sculptor, is immortal. This text refers to the found portrait of Nefertiti. So the topic is portrait of Nefertiti. The basic idea - the refined, spiritualized beauty of Nefertiti is immortal. Possible title - the beauty of Nefertiti, captured in the portrait, is immortal.

Word immortality participates in structuring the verbally expressed rheme of the text - fate prepared them for immortality. The text-forming role of the considered lexeme lies in its key position in the semantic structure of the text-reasoning about the immortality of beauty.

Word immortality the following lexical features allow to perform the communicative task identified above in the text:

This word is ambiguous, as it has several meanings:

1. Eternal existence, non-ceasing existence. immortality of nature. 2. High Unfading posthumous glory. (MAS)

The first meaning is direct. This is the main, original meaning, the second - derived from the first - figurative (transfer by similarity), metaphorical.

In this text, the word is used in the second sense: immortality– ‘unfading posthumous glory’; this is a figurative meaning, a metaphor, since in this meaning the word is not a direct, but an indirect nomination of a phenomenon (by similarity in manifestation); according to the degree of semantic motivation, the lexical meaning is motivated (derivative, secondary),

because it is motivated by a direct meaning (in the second meaning immortality - this is fame, that is, fame, recognition, popularity, which means ‘eternal existence, unceasing existence’ in the memory of many people); free, because it has free connections with other words, limited only by subject-logical relations; expressive-synonymous, as it has an emotionally expressive coloring high and names the phenomenon that causes a positive (respectful) attitude towards oneself; by the nature of the connections in the lexical system, this meaning is deterministic, since it is determined by the meanings of other words ( fame, fame, recognition, popularity), representing their expressive-synonymous variant.

Parsed word immortality is included in the synonymic series of semantic-stylistic synonyms, which differ both in shades of meanings and in stylistic coloring: fame, fame, recognition, popularity, name; laurels (book), immortality (high). Has a linguistic antonym (to the 1st meaning) death. There are no homonyms.

Originally Russian, actually Russian; formed in a prefix-suffix way from the common Slavic DEATH (cf .: Bel. restlessness, noўmiruchast (high.), Ukrainian immortality, immortalityschist (high).

Refers to an active vocabulary fund, devoid of shades of obsolescence or novelty. Common, since its use is not limited either professionally, or territorially, or socially. According to the stylistic coloring - bookish, belongs to the high vocabulary, is included in the connotatively positive group of words.

Lexical analysis of a word involves the analysis of a word as a lexical unit of the Russian language, indicating: 1) the unambiguity-polysemy of the word; 2) the type of its lexical meaning in the given context; 3) synonyms; 4) antonyms; 5) the origin of the word; 6) belonging of the word to common vocabulary or vocabulary, limited in use; 7) phraseological connections of the word. Lexical analysis is an optional type of analysis for school practice. Usually it is not given as a control task.

Lexical analysis of a word should be carried out using linguistic dictionaries: an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms; phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Scheme of lexical parsing of a word.

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word in context.

2. If the word has many meanings, indicate its other meanings (if necessary, you can use the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

3. Set the type of lexical meaning in this context: a) direct; b) portable.

4. If the value is portable, describe the type of portable value.

5. Build a synonymic series for the word in this meaning.

6. Choose an antonymous pair for this word.

7. Determine whether this word is native Russian or borrowed from another language.

8. Establish whether the analyzed word belongs to common vocabulary or vocabulary limited in use.

9. Determine if the word is obsolete.

10. Indicate whether this word is included in phraseological units.

An example of lexical parsing of a word.

Having completed their operations, the fronts, one after another, stopped at the lines reached by the spring. (K. Simonov)

1. Operation - a series of strategic actions carried out during offensive or defensive battles (military, prof.).

2. The word has many meanings: a) a surgical operation; b) trading operation; c) a financial transaction; d) postage.

3. The meaning is direct.

4. Synonyms: operation, battle, battle, military operations.

5. The word is borrowed from Latin.

6. Word of professional vocabulary (military terminology).

7. The word is not obsolete, it is included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.