The Internet as a source for knowledge and communication. Open Library - open library of educational information

RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY

Faculty: social management

Department: Personnel Management

Internet as a means of social communication

Completed by student UPP-D1-1: Bakhareva Margarita Vladimirovna

Teacher: Ostrikova Evgenia Gennadievna

Moscow, 2010

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

CHAPTER I Theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the Internet as a means of communication

1.1 Features of the Internet as a communication channel……………………...6

1.2 Differences between the Internet and traditional media……………………………..10

1.3 Specificity of communication on the Internet………………………………………...14

II CHAPTER The phenomenon of Internet addiction

2.1 Internet Addiction Studies ………………………………….20

2.2 Characteristics of Internet users …………………………...……23

2.3 Advantages of Internet communications ………………………………………29

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….34

References……………………………………………………………36

INTRODUCTION

The Internet, having appeared relatively recently, has become one of the most dynamically developing phenomena of modern society, with the growth of its audience, which today is already about 700 million people around the world.

The main function of the Internet, connected with obtaining information, today ceases to be the leading one, this role is taken over by the function of communication. First of all, it is worth noting that communication on the Web is carried out in the conditions of mass communication and, therefore, has its own characteristics, in contrast to traditional direct communication in life.

The Internet is becoming a means of not just mass, but global communication, stepping over national borders and uniting the world's information resources into a single system.

In recent years, virtual communication, virtual communication is increasingly replacing real communication, which sometimes turns into a form of addiction. This is the main problem.

The development process of the Internet is accompanied by the formation of certain norms, regulations and requirements associated with a certain organizational and social structure of the Internet space, through which the activities of people in the process of interaction are controlled and regulated.

The popularity and accessibility of Internet technologies contributes to the emergence of new opportunities and methods of communication, forms a new sphere of information interaction, and leads to the emergence of new types of social relations.

The relevance of this work is due to the poor study of Internet communication, the low level of development of this topic, although the Internet is becoming more and more firmly established in our lives not only as a means of work or study, but, basically, as a means of communication. The features of the influence of the Internet reality on its users are practically not studied, but several aspects can already be distinguished that are of interest to scientists in the human-Internet interaction system. These include problems related to the ratio of "real" and "virtual" personality, Internet addiction, features of Internet communication, etc.

The object of this work is the Internet as a means of communication, the subject is the functioning of the global network as a means of communication, the specifics of Internet communication.

The purpose of the work is to find out what the specificity of Internet communication is, what determines its features.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

1) Determining the features of Internet communication

2) Exploring the differences between the Internet and traditional media

3) Consideration of the language specifics of virtual communication.

4) Studying the phenomenon of Internet addiction.

5) Consideration of the positive aspects of virtual communication.

The study of virtual communication has not gone beyond the attention of psychologists-researchers of the Internet, however, in general, there are very few of these works and most of them belong to Western researchers. The main share of work on the study of the Internet in the Russian-speaking space belongs to the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University. The most famous works belong to Voiskunsky A.E., he owns such articles as "Metaphors of the Internet", published in the journal " Questions of Philosophy", "Internet - a new field of research in psychological science"; Smyslova O.V. her work "The role of the motivation of the "flow" in the development of the competence of a hacker" was published in the journal "Psychology Issues"

Internet research materials can be found on the Internet itself.

The most extensive collection of all relevant studies can be found on the Nua Internet Surveys server (www.nua.ie/surveys). Here are general, specialized - regional or sectoral results of the study of the Internet audience. Along with them, forecasts for the further development of the Network are put forward. A mailing list is maintained on the server to receive information about new publications.

Forrester Research (www.forrester.com), Cyber ​​Atlas (cyberatlas.internet.com), AdKnowledge (www.adknowledge.com) and Internet Advertising Resource Guide (www.admedia .org).

The most famous agencies in the Russian part of the Internet are: Gallup Media (www.gallup.ru), Comcon-Media (www.comcon-2.com), Monitoring.Ru (www.monitoring.ru). The results of some studies can also be found on the website of the Regional Public Center for Internet Technologies (www.rocit.ru).

I CHAPTER

1.1 Features of the Internet as a communication channel

Communication is a socially conditioned process of transmission and perception of information, both in interpersonal and mass communication through various channels using various verbal and non-verbal communication means.

The use of traditional communication mechanisms such as fax or wired telephone is now rapidly being replaced by new technologies - instant messaging, e-mail, voice and video transmission over the Internet. Currently, there are already a number of products, each of which provides the operation of one or another communication mechanism, with minimal intrusion into the neighboring area.

Communication using Internet technologies is called Internet communication.

Internet communications are such methods of communication in which information is transmitted via Internet channels using standard protocols for the exchange and presentation of information. Information can be transmitted in various forms - voice, video, documents, instant messages, files.

Babaeva Yu.D., Voiskunsky A.E., Smyslova O.V. distinguish the following main types of communication on the Web:

1. Real-time communication (so-called chat):

With one interlocutor (a specific channel for such communication is selected);

With large quantity people at the same time

2. Communication, in which messages to the addressee arrive with a delay:

With one interlocutor (e-mail);

With many people participating in the teleconference (newsgroup).

Today, no one doubts that electronic digital technologies, combined with the Internet (and next-generation information network technologies), determine the future of communications.

At the very first acquaintance with the Internet, it is clearly seen that, unlike traditional media, it provides a much greater degree of control and freedom of choice on the part of the consumer. The term "traditional media" refers to television, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct mail advertising. Under the new means is understood, first of all, the Internet.

The Internet, thanks to the properties of interactivity, the effect of presence and information richness (text, image and even sound), as well as through the use of network navigation, surpasses other media in terms of communication with existing and potential customers.

On the other hand, the Internet, like any other communicative medium, always transforms and, as it were, "blurs" the personality of the author, which leads to the relative anonymity of users communicating through this medium.

Communication via the Internet is arranged in such a way that a professional producer of information operates at one pole, and at the other there always remains a mass subject - a set of anonymous users that is in advance indefinite in number. Even the pole of information production often gravitates towards anonymity, such is the strength of its nature in this media environment. No wonder there is so much information on the Internet, the origin of which is not established.

Internet technology makes communication cross-border, i.e. communication ceases to be tied to the location of those who communicate. On this basis, the Internet can perform a social and creative function, that is, form new communities with a single information base and a common value-normative foundation. The general direction of the development of information dissemination means is to establish a heterarchical (horizontal, equal) order in place of a hierarchical (vertical, with the dominance of one of the subjects of communication). There is a transition from a one-way to a two-way communication model.

In the conditions of the Internet, the audience can participate in the production and exchange of information, including among themselves. The audience ceases (if it wants to) to be only the recipient of messages. However, here the use of interactive features will never overcome the natural division of roles.

There are three aspects to network interactivity:

1. "people and documents" - the ability for the user to form and implement a request for information;

2. "people and technology" - adaptability, convenience of information technology for users;

3. "people and people" - we are talking about the adaptability of this communication to two-way communication, about social communication technologies that help achieve positive social goals; about how the possibility of communication between journalists, society, government and business is realized - the main subjects identified in the analysis of the functioning of modern society.

Analyzing the communicative function of the Internet, one should distinguish between the concepts of "interactivity" and "feedback". The first is wider than the second. Feedback is a reaction, a response of the subject to information impact. It is in this capacity that the "forum" function is most often used on the Internet. Yes, and traffic indicators also act as feedback: they indicate whether users are interested in the site and its content. Interactivity also implies other possibilities: user control over the content (request, evaluation), participation in its formation through posing problems for coverage and discussion, initiative in discussion, authorship, exchange of opinions with other users, etc. Some possibilities of this kind can be used in traditional media as well. But what has never been there is the possibility of communication horizontally, between users. However, the potential of the new technology is realized only through the activity of people.

Communications in which the subjects representing the two poles of communication have the opportunity to both send and receive messages, which means that their roles are reversible. G. Lasswell suggested calling them bilateral. In the media, reciprocity can never be complete.

The Internet is a multilateral media that creates many different forms of communication. M. Morris suggested dividing them into 4 categories:

1. one-on-one asynchronous communication (emails);

2. asynchronous "many-to-many" communication (for example, the Usernet network: summaries, mailing lists where consent to mailing lists or a password is required to enter a program in which messages relate to certain topics);

3. synchronous communication "one on one", "one and several", "one with several" are built around a specific topic, for example, role-playing games, chats;

4. asynchronous communication, where usually the user tries to find a site to obtain certain information, and here you can find communication "many and one", "one on one", "one and many" (websites, horoscopes).

1.2 Differences between the Internet and traditional media

For a visual analysis of the degree of influence of the media on their audience, their activities are usually presented in the form of some model.

On fig. Figure 1.1 presents a simplified communication model typical of traditional media. In fact, all the main processes of interaction of modern media with their audience fit into its framework.

Rice. 1.1. A model that reflects the communication processes of traditional media.

The communication model of traditional media is based on a one-to-many process in which a firm communicates information to a group of consumers using a communication medium. Depending on the choice of this tool, information can be presented in a static form - this is text, graphics, or dynamic - audio, video, animation, or combine both of these types. The main feature underlying the interaction of traditional media with consumers is the lack of interactive interaction.

In contrast to this model, the Internet is based on two very different principles. First, when communicating over the Internet, the interaction occurs through a specific medium, which makes a significant contribution to it. This is well illustrated in Fig. 1.2.

Rice. 1.2. Communication model using the information environment as an intermediary.

This model emphasizes that the initial communication does not take place between the sender and the recipient of information, but rather between the user and a certain environment, a communication space, with both participants in the dialogue being both senders and recipients of information. In this model, a step has been taken from a simple data exchange between a “transmitter” and a “receiver” to the creation of an information environment that is perceived and, possibly, modified by the participants in the dialogue.

Secondly, the Internet is a many-to-many multidirectional communication model in which each network subscriber has the ability to address other individual subscribers or groups, either on its own behalf or on behalf of a group (Fig. 1.3).

Rice. 1.3. A model that reflects the communication processes taking place on the Internet.

In the model of this type The means of communication is a distributed computer network, and information can be presented both in the usual way and in the form of hypermedia. Within the framework of this model, interactive interaction is possible both with other Internet users (interpersonal interaction) and with the environment itself (interaction with the environment), the latter type being the prevailing one. Due to this, the transmitter of information is also its consumer at the same time. Information is not only transmitted from the sender to the consumer, but the environment itself is created and modified under its influence and is already perceived in a new transformed form by all its participants. At the same time, the Internet becomes not just a place for modeling the real environment, but its alternative and the basis for building a new virtual sphere of commerce.

This model covers a wide range possible types communication interaction. The main ones are the following:

1. Users, through navigation software, can interact with the Internet environment and explore the content of the WWW;

2. Users can provide information about themselves, their needs, participate in the discussion of various issues, express their opinion, etc.;

3. Firms can interact with the Internet environment, which makes it possible to make contact both between them and with information presented on the Web;

4. Firms can present information about themselves on the Internet using their own website or by posting information on other web servers;

5. Users and firms can directly interact with each other, for example, through e-mail, teleconferencing, directly in chat rooms or instant messaging programs.

From the above, it becomes clear that the many-to-many communication model organically includes the one-to-many and one-to-one models, which greatly expands the possibilities of communication for both firms and consumers involved in the communication process.

Along with the noted differences, we point out one more thing. The communication model of traditional media does not contain a feedback loop, while the model of the Internet environment includes pronounced feedback loops. Examples of implementing them with consumers could be email, user registration data, cookies, subscription or registration on web servers. The presence of feedback significantly increases the efficiency of using the communicative means of interaction and the ability of the company to adequately respond to events occurring in the internal and external environment, thereby increasing its competitiveness.

Compared to traditional media, the Internet wins in several ways at once:

1. Multimedia - The Internet has the ability to combine the visual, audio, print and video aspects of other media, the cost of sending a letter across e-mail much lower forwarding via regular mail.

2. Personalization - the Internet provides the necessary information at any level of interest of individuals or groups of people; in this case, delivery can be provided according to the preferences of users through content personalization, e-mail distribution and cable television.

3. Interactivity - The Internet involves dialogue, not the monologue that traditional media implies. Interaction, dialogue and feedback between hundreds of users is possible through e-mail, bulletin boards, forums, chats and teleconferences.

4. Absence of intermediaries - the Internet enables direct access of the government to the population and vice versa, the population to power, without interference and manipulation by the media.

1.3 Specificity of communication on the Internet

It is an indisputable fact that the Internet today is the most colossal source of information known to mankind. But its capabilities, such as efficiency, speed and availability of communication between users at long and short distances, allow using the Internet not only as a tool for learning, but also as a tool for communication.

There are some assumptions about the features of communication via the Internet:

1. Anonymity. Despite the fact that it is sometimes possible to obtain some personal information and even a photograph of the interlocutor, they are not sufficient for a real and adequate perception of the person. In addition, concealment or presentation of false information is observed. Due to such anonymity and impunity, another feature is manifested in the network, associated with a decrease in psychological and social risk in the process of communication - affective emancipation, non-normativeness and some irresponsibility of the participants in communication. A person in the network can and does show greater freedom of expression and actions (up to insults, obscene expressions, sexual harassment), since the risk of exposure and personal negative assessment by others is minimal.

2. The peculiarity of the processes of interpersonal perception in the absence of non-verbal information. As a rule, the mechanisms of stereotyping and identification, as well as the attitude as an expectation of the desired qualities in a partner, have a strong influence on the idea of ​​an interlocutor.

3. Voluntariness and desirability of contacts. The user voluntarily makes contacts or leaves them, and can also interrupt them at any time.

4. The difficulty of the emotional component of communication, at the same time, a strong desire for the emotional content of the text, which is expressed in the creation of special icons to indicate emotions or in the description of emotions in words (in brackets after the main text of the message).

5. The desire for atypical, non-normative behavior. Often, users present themselves from a different angle than in the conditions of a real social norm, they play roles that are not realized in activities outside the network, scenarios of deviant behavior.

The reasons for turning to the Internet as a communication tool can be:

1. Insufficient saturation with communication in real contacts. In such cases, users quickly lose interest in Internet communication, if there are opportunities to meet the relevant needs in real life.

2. The possibility of realizing personality traits, playing roles, experiencing emotions that are impossible in real life for one reason or another. This possibility is due to the above features of communication through the network - anonymity, non-rigid normativity, the originality of the process of perceiving a person by a person. The desire to experience certain emotions probably explains the desire for emotional content of the text.

Today, in fact, there is new form language interaction - written colloquial speech. The Russian language exists on the Internet mainly in written form, but in the conditions of interactive network communication, the rate of speech is close to its oral variety.

The inhabitants of chat rooms are almost completely deprived of auxiliary (paralinguistic) means: the timbre of speech, the accentuation of part of the statement, emotional coloring, the timbre of the voice, its strength, diction, gestures and facial expressions. Hence, the reliability of verbal communication becomes extremely low, because, according to psychologists, with ordinary communication in the act of communication, non-verbal communication determines up to 55% of the result.

Such a global shortage could not but be compensated in a certain way, so chatting is still not complete without physicality. First of all, the "emotional deficit" was compensated in a certain way by introducing into virtual communication surrogate, partially typified emotional reactions - "emoticons" (from the English "smile" - "smile"), which were extremely widespread. However, this is still a surrogate for emotional reactions. Many attempts have been made to assign and fix the designation of certain emotional states for certain emoticons, but they have all been unsuccessful. In fact, today emoticons only inform about the emotionally colored attitude of the author to the text, simply conveying the direction and degree of his emotions (and the type of emoticon does not matter). As we can see, the emotional palette is very poor.

In addition to "emoticons", to compensate for the timbre and emphasize part of the statement in virtual communication, the so-called "caps" is used (from the English "Caps Lock" - blocking the upper case of the keyboard; writing a phrase or part of it in CAPITAL LETTERS), which is everywhere on the Web interpreted as raising the voice . The insufficiency or impossibility of transmitting color, sound, movement on the Internet is replaced by verbal and symbolic counterparts - a large number of exclamation marks, "traditionally Russian vocabulary" (most often transmitted in Latin), and means from other speech genres. New world and a new way of life in this world requires new language means of communication or the transformation of old ones. The slang developed by Internet users is turning into common vocabulary, the revival of the epistolary genre in the form of electronic correspondence also has its own language specifics, the game conditions of the virtual space contribute to the approach of communication to the game, which at the language level manifests itself in a tendency to the manner of colloquial speech on the most serious site . It is quite possible that we are talking about the formation of a new style in the Russian language - the style of Internet communication - which is not only a specific feature of the Internet community, but also seriously affects the speech behavior of the whole society as a whole. Language becomes not only a means of communication, but also a means of creating virtual reality, as artificial languages of programming are only the technological means by which the Internet works, and the natural language of the audience of users turns out to be the true language of the virtual community.

Despite the fact that not all forms of communication on the Internet require masks for its participants, nevertheless, the trend of democracy and simplification even penetrates into business papers created and existing online, greatly facilitating the official standards of business correspondence. Moreover, the situation of maximum convergence of the speech Internet style with the traditions of the conversational style generally increases the degree of trust in the statement, which is extremely important when making business contacts.

There are common specific features of interaction in Internet communities, regardless of their thematic focus, time of existence, composition and resource on which they are located:

1. Organize your own social structure and stratification of users by formal (“guest”, “newbie”, “veteran”, “VIP”, etc.) and informal statuses (“leader”, “authority”, “star”, etc.), each of which have special functions and are often assigned specific roles, which not only determines the position of the Internet user in the community, but also forms group expectations and stereotypes of behavior in the group;

2. The presence of an organizational culture, i.e. a purposefully created system of values, attitudes, norms and rules of conduct formed within a particular Internet community, accepted and supported by its members and reflecting the nature of their internal and external interaction, failure to comply with these instructions involves issuing warnings, imposing certain sanctions, prohibitions, etc. .;

3. Uncontrolled emergence in the process of formation and development of the Internet community of "natural culture", which includes the formation of stereotypes of behavior, traditions, group values ​​and interests, jargon, etc., which in most cases is aimed at improving the efficiency of solving joint problems ;

4. Insignificant integrity and stability of the Internet community as a separate social group, without reinforcement of its individual interpersonal contacts;

5. One of the determining factors of social differentiation in the Internet community is the level of access to knowledge and information (information stratification), while the role of traditional criteria for determining social status is insignificant, i.e. there is a smoothing of intercultural, ethnic, social and personal differences and there is an equalization in social, educational and material status;

6. As a result of a number of features of the Internet space, conditions are created under which group processes proceed much faster than in real social groups and communities exist for a short time;

7. A number of communication barriers in communication are removed, and the emerging

The Internet user's feeling of impunity removes some responsibility for their words and deeds, which often leads to a loss of a sense of reality and unreasonably risky actions;

8. The ability of the Internet community to instantly respond to emerging in society social problems through the emergence of new samples of culture, values ​​and social norms, innovations, etc., the consolidation of which can be carried out both naturally and artificially, allowing us to talk about partial controllability organizational development Internet communities.

The processes occurring within the Internet communities largely depend on external factors, such as events in the social, political, economic and other spheres, and the functioning of the Internet community is largely determined by the socio-psychological characteristics of its members, the specifics of relations between them, group goals and values.

Thus, the informal structuring of Internet users according to mutual interests, socio-cultural orientations, aspirations, jointly solved tasks and other criteria not prescribed by acts of social status, despite ethnic, socio-political, gender and other differences, often anonymous and asynchronous communication and territorial remoteness of the participants, led to the emergence of a kind of unofficial parallel communication structure, an invisible network interpersonal relationships, which not only performs the functions of joint information-cognitive and communicative activities, but also in many ways acts as a carrier of modern moral values.

II CHAPTER

2.1 Internet addiction research

The main types of activities carried out through

The Internet, namely, communication, cognition and play (entertainment) have the ability to capture a person as a whole, sometimes leaving him neither time nor energy for other activities. In this regard, the phenomenon (or disease, or syndrome) "dependence on the Internet", or "Internet addiction" (Internet Addiction Disorder, or IAD). This is perhaps the only area in the entire spectrum of humanitarian research on the Internet that no one but clinical psychologists claims to develop.

The discussion of this phenomenon began recently: in 1994, K. Young developed and posted a special questionnaire on the website and soon received almost five hundred answers, of which about four hundred were sent, according to the chosen criterion, by addicts (addicts).

In 1995, I. Goldberg proposed a set of diagnostic criteria based on the signs of pathological gambling addiction. In 1997-1999 research and consultative-psychotherapeutic Web-services on the problems of IAD were created.

In 1998-1999 the first monographs on this problem were published (K. Young, D. Greenfield, K. Surratt). At the same time, most of the studies are methodically structured as network surveys, interviews and group discussions with the participation of subjects who felt discomfort and initiated interaction with the researchers themselves. Control groups, as a rule, are not formed. Qualitative methods occupy a significant place in research practice.

The emergence of Internet addiction does not follow the patterns of addiction formation, derived from observations of smokers, drug addicts, alcoholics or pathological gamblers: if it takes years to form traditional types of addictions, then for Internet addiction this period is sharply reduced: according to K. Young, 25 % of addicts became addicted within six months of starting to work on the Internet, 58% - during the second half of the year, and 17% - soon after a year. In addition, while the long-term effects of alcohol or drug addiction are well understood, there is no long-term follow-up for Internet addiction.

Most often, Internet addiction is understood broadly as:

1. Dependence on the computer, i.e. obsessive addiction to working with a computer (games, programming or other activities);

2. "Information overload", ie. intrusive WWW navigation, search in remote databases;

3. compulsive use of the Internet, i.e. pathological attachment to Internet-mediated gambling, online auctions or electronic purchases;

4. Dependence on "cyber-relationships", i.e. from the social uses of the Internet: from chatting, group games and teleconferencing, which can eventually lead to the replacement of real-life family and friends with virtual ones;

5. Dependence on "cybersex", i.e. from pornographic sites on the Internet, from the discussion of sexual topics in chat rooms or special "adult" newsgroups.

The problem of Internet addiction is mainly dealt with by mental health professionals.

Psychotherapist V. Burova names the main psychological symptoms Internet addictions: feeling good and euphoric at the computer, inability to stop, increased amount of time and money spent on the Internet, neglect of work, family, friends, feeling of emptiness and depression not at the computer. In addition, Dr. Burova notes some physical symptoms: irregular eating, sleep disturbance, lack of regimen, dry eyes, headaches, migraines, back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome (tunnel damage to the nerve trunks of the hand associated with prolonged muscle strain).

It is believed that men are more prone to Internet addiction than women. Although, the ladies on the World Wide Web are generally much smaller. In addition, people who are used to the addictive behavior model, that is, alcoholics, drug addicts, and pathological gamblers, are more likely to become addicted to the Internet.

In some foreign countries Internet addiction is treated, and successfully. The first 14-bed treatment centers for adolescents have opened in China. Adolescents are sent to the centers by parents who are concerned about the behavior of their children. Children drop out of school, surf the Internet all day long, suffer from depression, panic, unwillingness to communicate with their peers. Many have sleep disturbance, chills, numbness in the hands.

The most common treatment program is the 12-Step Program. Doctors take away the cyber-drug from those suffering from illness and gradually try to fill their real life with meaning. A person is trying to restore broken ties. He is taken to acquaintances and friends, sent to museums and theaters, parks and cinemas. The network is not taken away at all, a person can spend from four to six hours in it, but no more, and he must control this time himself.

2.2 Characteristics of Internet users

In recent years, Russia has formed new type social community - users of global computer networks. The formation of such a community is due to various factors - economic, social, technical, political and psychological. As a result, the population of users has developed and is developing as a complex dynamic unity, which is simultaneously sensitive to the influence of the processes taking place in society and actively forms public interests and moods (for example, society has become interested in the Internet).

This community attracts the research interests of representatives of sociological and psychological science. ROCIT and some other organizations, mainly abroad (Veskimagi; Crossroads; CEENet;) conduct separate or fairly systematic surveys of computer network users. The structure of the Russian Internet, its languages, the relationship between business and the Internet in Russia, information demand, and the most popular information systems are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to compile a social, demographic and psychological "portrait" of a computer network user, as well as to identify dynamic processes going on within the user community. The study is conducted within the framework of socio-psychological work carried out by psychologists from the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov in close cooperation with RosNIIROS and with the RELARN Association. The main methods by which the study was conducted were personal conversations and interviews with computer network users, as well as observation (including included) of their activities, and user surveys using specially designed questionnaires.

The results of the study showed that the largest group of respondents is 21-25 years old. A slightly smaller proportion of users are respondents aged 26-30. All age categories of users have acquired a stable value and fluctuate within insignificant limits. Thus, it can be said that the age indicators of the Internet user population have stabilized, and the observed dynamics are mainly associated with the gradual aging of the 21-30 age group.

According to the length of service in computer networks, a progressive increase in the number of users working in the network for a long time was obtained. According to a survey in 1997, the largest group is the group of users with more than three years of experience in the network. At the same time, the number of newcomers who sent answers to the questionnaire and worked online for less than 3 months decreased. This fact can be explained not by a decrease in the number of new users, but by a decrease in their interest in reading the teleconferences to which the questionnaires were sent.

As a result of the study, it is shown that the activity of Internet users is based on the following types of motives: business motivation, cognitive motivation, cooperation motivation, self-realization motivation, recreational and gaming motivation, affiliative motivation, self-affirmation motivation, communicative motivation.

The selected types of motives represent the main types of motivational orientation of a person described in psychology: productive, social and communicative, cognitive, developing. These types of motivation are manifested in various types of activities of the Internet user: knowledge, cooperation, help to other users, intellectual and creative self-realization, search for like-minded people, the desire to find one's social circle, social self-expression, and so on.

The study highlights the main areas of manifestation of motivational regulation in the activities of the Internet user. This is a meaningful orientation of the interests of users, implemented in the form of an appeal to different types information sources; assessment of the psychological consequences of working on the Internet; assessment by users of the significance of the Internet and the nature of its impact on their own personality and activities; conscious representation of users about their own motives. Identification of areas of motivational influence allows us to improve the methodology for studying motivation by referring to the most significant aspects of the motivational impact on the user's activity.

The results obtained indicate the polymotivation of the activities of Internet users. This fact confirms the legitimacy of understanding the Internet as a new, specific and motivationally rich sphere of human activity. The Internet in its development has gone from a professional communication environment for programmers to an environment of free communication, knowledge and play (entertainment), which implements personal interests that are broader than professional ones. These data indicate a decrease in the weight of business and professional motives in the activities of Internet users. On the contrary, the motives of communicative, corporate and creative content, the motives of personal communication are becoming increasingly represented in the system of motivational regulation.

The phenomenon of Internet addiction can and should be understood not just as an exclusively compulsive addiction that should be abandoned at all costs, but also as an intrinsically motivated cognitive activity that rewards addicts with a sense of flow.

When studying the problem of user motivation, the question of what gives (or does not give) work on the Internet for the development of a person's personality and his communication with other people is of interest. This question relates to the assessment of the psychological consequences of working on the Internet in the field of personal development and interpersonal communication. The process of evaluating the direct and side results of the user's activities by the subject affects the motivational regulation. The criterion for this evaluation is the degree to which the results of the activity correspond to the needs of the person himself, i.e. comparison of desired and achieved. These assessments apply to the consequences that this activity has for the person himself - it develops his capabilities, gives new skills, or, conversely, does not provide an opportunity for self-realization and self-development.

The resulting data allowed us to develop the following preliminary classification of Internet user motives:

business motive. For most users, browsing the Internet is integral part professional activity aimed at achieving a specific goal, i.e. result. This may be the search for specific information, contacts and interaction with a certain person, the organization of the work of a department, etc. Orientation to a specific business result serves as an indicator of the presence of the so-called business motivation.

cognitive motive. This motive is associated with the acquisition of new knowledge, it may have various characteristics depending on the orientation of the user's cognitive interest. The subject of a cognitive relationship in computer networks can be new service capabilities, various hypertext information, new people, ideas and opinions, visual and auditory images.

Communication motive (communicative motive). It is characterized by the search for new acquaintances, people with close interests, the exchange of opinions, the acquisition of a new circle of friends and like-minded people. It is associated with the natural need for a person to exchange knowledge, opinions, emotions with his own kind.

Corporate motive (motive of cooperation). Most human activities are social in nature both in their content and in their structure. This means that the activity involves the division of functions between people, cooperation between them, the exchange of results of activities, the joint solution of problems in the course of work. A significant proportion of people work in a collaborative environment. The orientation of users towards collaboration (rather than just communication) with others while browsing the Internet serves as an indicator of corporate motivation.

The motive of self-affirmation. This motive is based on deep psychological phenomena - self-esteem of the individual, the level of claims, achievement motivation. Human activity is often of an achievement nature, while a person has to prove to himself and others his own viability and value. Self-affirmation can be carried out in various activities, depending on the type of personal values ​​of the subject. Along with others, this motive is often referred to as one of the basic motivational formations of a person.

Recreational motive and game motive. Play and recreation occupy an important place in the life of any person. In addition to restoring the functional state of working capacity, play and recreation are a way of mastering new activities, training and testing one's capabilities, and competition. On the Internet, each user can find the kind of game that is closest and most interesting to him.

Affiliation motive. This motif is an expression of the social essence of human activity and personality. It manifests itself in the need of each person to belong to a certain group, to accept its values ​​and follow them, to take their own place in the structure of the group.

The motive of self-realization and personal development. A significant part of users are aware of the impact of working on the Internet on their own personality and activities. This influence concerns the development of cognitive abilities, gaming activity, features of communication, the formation of the interests of the individual. A conscious desire to realize and develop one's own capabilities (cognitive, communicative, etc.) forms the motive for personal development when working on the Internet. This motif has a pronounced creative component. Working on the Internet gives a person the opportunity to show their Creative skills, for example, the creation of new software products, statements in teleconferences, WWW resources, etc.). This allows a person to realize his creative potential, makes it possible to get an assessment of his work from significant and competent experts.

2.3 Advantages of Internet communications

Without any degree of exaggeration, the Internet can be viewed as a kind of global media. It is as if in the pre-network era it suddenly turned out to be possible to subscribe to all newspapers, magazines, books and turn on all television and radio channels at the same time, this is the opportunity to have almost instant access to all sources of information at the same time and at the same time make an individual choice. It is worth entering any information retrieval system - and you get access to all, as it seems, areas of knowledge.

The disabled and disabled now have "the whole world at hand." Electronic access is possible to a wide variety of information sources - from the US Library of Congress to the London Times - with constantly emerging new information resources.

The Internet provides not only a huge amount of all kinds of information, but also the possibility of real-time communication using special programs. The advantages of such electronic communication are the elimination of distances, the possibility of a delayed response, the creation of communities of interest, and, if desired, complete anonymity and the creation of a legend, i.e. the ability to “exist” in a different physical and moral shell (although the benefits of the latter plus are now being widely discussed in society).

Millions of people use the Internet every day for various purposes. The most common use is e-mail (according to a poll conducted at the beginning of the year by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Research of Society, 90% of respondents use mail), which has become especially important for citizens of the former Soviet republics who establish contacts with residents of foreign countries. In addition, in times of crisis, the Internet has proven to be a constant source of news and information, mainly because it cannot be turned off completely.

For example, during the putsch in August 1991 in Moscow, when reactionary political and military forces tried to restore the old system of Soviet rule, all traditional means of communication were disrupted: telephone, television, radio and print. But computer networks, already established in the Soviet Union at that time, were untouched by censorship and were able to release a sea of ​​information about events in Moscow. According to A. Soldatov, president of Relcom (today the largest computer network in Russia), in those busy August days, Relcom released 46,000 items of information throughout Russia and abroad, when all other media channels were closed.

Currently, the global network is increasingly being used to distribute various kinds of advertising. The Internet provides advantages that traditional media can never provide. Thus, the current level of development of the global Internet provides an opportunity to create a presentation of any service or product at a level that will never be available to ordinary media; the global network allows not only to conduct advertising campaigns exclusively among the target audience, but also to monitor their results in real time by global statistics services. In addition, the Internet allows you to calculate the reaction of the target audience to an advertising campaign and, if necessary, adjust its course. Potential customers can be attracted in various ways - by placing advertisements on specialized forums where professional builders communicate, taking part in contextual networks, buying banners on thematic sites. As soon as targeted visitors begin to come to the site, you can immediately begin to analyze the advertising campaign for further search promotion. Based on the data of this analysis, you can develop a strategy on the basis of which you can significantly increase profits. Moreover, the funds spent on such a study cannot be compared with the funds that would have to be spent to collect such information using conventional media. The Internet gives anyone an almost free opportunity to inform a multi-million audience about the services or products they offer. The Internet is leveling individuals, midsize firms and large corporations: all have the same opportunity to attract buyers. You don't have to pay thousands and even millions of dollars for moments of advertising on television, you don't have to buy strips in newspapers - your Internet page will function around the clock, without interruptions. The global Internet network allows you to significantly outperform competitors and, accordingly, conquer new market segments, expand your customer base and increase profits. To do this, it is enough to buy advertising space on popular thematic sites, as well as conduct an advertising campaign in contextual networks and specialized forums. Moreover, the sooner this advertising campaign begins, the more cream it will be possible to skim off.

E-commerce is becoming increasingly popular, allowing the user to purchase almost any product anywhere in the world. On the Internet, you can order and receive new software products, send a bouquet of flowers to your girlfriend, and even buy a car. And also find out the latest results of trading on stock exchanges around the world, inquire about the stock price of a particular company and make a deal with them. For large firms and corporations, the Network has become an ideal environment for all kinds of transactions and settlements, as well as business-to-business trading, real-time meetings. However, not only a large company can make money on the Internet, but also almost any person who has created his own website.

The Internet also has a number of advantages over the so-called "traditional" media. On the Internet, unlike television, the time of transmission of information is not limited. The ABC broadcaster broadcasts news for several hours a day, on the website ABCNEWS.com you can get acquainted with them for 24 hours a day.

Information on web pages can be distinguished by another valuable quality that neither television, nor sometimes even newspapers, are able to afford: the depth of disclosure of the topic. For example, a story about kidney failure is limited to two minutes on TV or 500-1000 characters in a newspaper. In the electronic version, an article on the same topic can be arbitrarily large, accompanied by photographs and diagrams, audio interviews with doctors and specialists, video footage of a kidney operation. The site will probably provide a table of links to medical institutions involved in the treatment of kidneys or their transplantation. Thanks to the Internet, television and radio broadcasters can now offer information to a relatively narrow circle of people without tiring mass audiences with it. For example, some natural disaster destroyed the city. On television, CNN doesn't have time to list all the dead and wounded. But such information may appear on a web page, which, in fact, was done in 1997, when a tornado swept over the state of Arkansas. Some companies have gone even further. For example, MSNBC.com invites its users to rate the articles they have read on the site to find out which one is most popular with readers. The result is a truly interactive media tool.

The Internet is the most massive and prompt source of information. Today, almost every major Western organization, firm or company has its own "representative office", its own page on the Web. On the Internet there are "electronic" versions of many thousands of newspapers and magazines, hundreds of radio stations and television companies broadcast through the Network. It is difficult to find any area of ​​human activity that would not be represented on the Internet in its entirety by hundreds and thousands of "pages". The Internet is also the world's largest source of entertainment. Games and music, cinema and theater - all kinds of art and all the creations of a huge entertainment industry are represented today on the Internet. You can play a game with a partner located on the other side of the earth, find out about the life of your favorite rock band and listen to their latest CD, solve a crossword puzzle and get the results of the last football match. It is difficult to even name a type of entertainment and hobby that is not devoted to at least a dozen pages on the Web.

The Internet is the most progressive means of communication and communication. Every day, Internet users send each other hundreds of millions of e-mails - for many of them, the Internet has completely replaced regular mail. Millions of people get to know each other and communicate with each other every day through various messengers. So far, a relatively small number of people in our country use the services of Internet telephony and video conferencing, but these communication technologies are becoming increasingly popular.

With the help of the Internet, the user can make himself known to the whole world by creating a personal home page.

CONCLUSION

The Internet is also an engine of communications. No matter how powerful and perfect your computer is, no matter what hardware and software power it has, in our time this power is nothing without means of communication. A person cannot live alone - he constantly needs the help and support of other people.

It should be noted that the fundamental feature of virtual communication is still physical non-representation. Until now, most communication media on the Internet are text-based. This means that the source of information about the interlocutor in virtual communication is his text messages. In the process of communication on the Internet, unlike real communication, indicators of a person's social position and non-verbal behavior are initially completely absent.

Communication in cyberspace is communication through text. There are no intonations and facial expressions. However, this does not mean that there are no feelings. Many virtual communities are born when some people or a person wants to discuss some idea. Emotional involvement in the topic under discussion overcomes the cold and purely "intellectual" nature of the computer and people establish emotional relationships. People on the Internet fall in love and quarrel, rejoice and worry. Imagination fills the voids left by sensations. The only question is whether such communication becomes a substitute for a full-fledged real one.

Thus, after analyzing all of the above, we can conclude that the main features of virtual communication include the following:

Anonymity;

Physical non-representation of the participants of the communicative act;

Difficulty in the emotional component of communication;

Lack of unity of space and time, i.e. the ability to be at the same time in different places, as well as the ability to communicate with people from other time zones;

The nature of communication is almost exclusively written.

Internet enjoys different people for different purposes. For some, this is just a means for finding and exchanging information. For some, it is a home, a new universe, a cyberspace in which a person spends much more time than in the real world. For someone - there are, alas, and such - thieves' master key. The Internet is just a reflection of our reality. In all its ugliness and fullness. What is in the soul of a person is also in life, so it is also on the Internet.

It is impossible to unequivocally state whether the phenomenon of Internet communication is positive or negative. It simply exists, it is an integral reality of the modern world. It has its pros and cons. As in any other business, in the process of virtual communication, the measure and observance of certain boundaries are important.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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in Russia". Issue 25. Autumn 2008. www.bdfom.ru

American political scientist who studies the problem of quantitative content analysis of political (including mass) communication; offers a formulation that has become classic in the sociology of mass communication, according to which the "act of communication" is considered as the answer to the question: "WHO - reports WHAT - through which CHANNEL - TO WHOM - with what EFFECT?"

The psychiatrist who coined the term Internet addiction, not putting into it a medical meaning like alcohol or drug addiction, but a behavior with a reduced level of self-control that threatens to crowd out a normal life.

Investigated Internet addicts and the causes of addiction themselves.

We live in the age of advanced technologies and the Internet, which have made the whole world, the whole planet Earth more open, closer, more accessible. They provide such a high level of comfort for the existence of human civilization, which was not dreamed of before. They made communications easier and more accessible, and made various kinds of services, hitherto very far from human understanding, possible and accessible to every user. The World Wide Web was even able to solve such a seemingly unsolvable problem as personal identification directly on the Internet. Concepts such as an electronic signature, IP (identity card) have become commonplace in our lives.

The World Wide Web (www), the World Wide Web, the worldwide computer network, or simply the Internet, provides users with access to a wide range of online documents that are linked to each other through hypertext and hypermedia links. These hyperlinks are electronic links between separate pieces of information, allowing the user to easily access it. Hypertext links allow the user to select a word from the text and access other documents containing additional information related to the given word; hypermedia links are links to images, sounds, animations and movies. The operations of downloading, providing access, viewing information performed through the exchange of hyperlinks to network content operate within the framework of the concept of “Internet”, “on the network”, “online”.

Some say that the Internet, by removing the limitations of reality, brings people together. And it's hard to disagree with the fact that the Internet online makes it much more accessible from different parts of the Earth, moreover, it happens in real time. On the World Wide Web, you can meet people whom you have never met in person, you can become a co-author of a scientific invention, carry out business transactions, and sometimes look at a doctor - consult. And all this is just a click away. E-mail, instant messages, webcams and microphones - these devices and programs make the presence of a person on the Internet more real. It's no secret that with the help of virtual reality, you can even get your image in 3D.

And it should be noted that the rapidly gaining momentum of scientific and technological progress literally forces us to use all these benefits and achievements of human civilization. It allows all of us to use, say, the service of Internet trading platforms with home delivery of the goods we like and at the same time makes it possible to apply for a bank loan online without getting up, so to speak, from a chair at the monitor ... It makes it possible to talk with relatives staying on another the end of the world, not just by phone, but by video call (many similar services on the modern Internet are proof of this).

Even the ability to apply for a loan online, which any bank now offers on its website, is a very tempting procedure. Thanks to her, one does not have to run around various instances, collecting the necessary papers, documents and certificates (as was the case before) when registering any more or less significant debt obligations to the bank.

Opened the site financial institution on the Internet, found the appropriate application form, filled it out, entering all the required data - and the issue of an online loan application will be resolved through the mediation of a virtual bank manager in a matter of minutes. Moreover, the money is placed on a virtual account, the most that neither is real. And these solid sums (up to 3 million rubles), it must be admitted, this is how they travel from account to account in our modern Internet, which has become an integral part of our reality, our life. Amounts that are enough to buy a car or apartment. Amounts that are enough to buy property abroad (a villa in Spain, for example) or a yacht in Saint Tropez (France)…

The Internet is considered to be one of the greatest inventions of the last century. Using the services of Internet providers, you can always stay online with your friends, and from the bedroom in pajamas! However, do not forget that the Internet can also be one of the main sources of serious problems. Spammers and hackers can invade your privacy and get your confidential information, which without the Internet they would never have access to. But you can always be online for everyone if you haven't made a conscious decision not to check your email. And if you are a workaholic and want to work on the Internet online even on vacation, you always have a device with mobile Internet at your fingertips.

This is how dreams come true today!

How nice it is sometimes to receive an unfamiliar handwritten email! In it you can feel the mood of the writer, guess from the handwriting who he is, if this person is an acquaintance. From the point of view of sociability, the Internet now has no equal at all - telephony, radio, television, money transfers at a convenient time and convenient place. Moreover, you can put up with his few shortcomings as much as you like, as long as he keeps a person in touch with his loved ones.

Once upon a time, the term “Internet” evolved from amateur student local networks into a global computer network. And, of course, it is not going to stop there.

Internet as a mechanism and means of knowing the world

When we talk about the Internet as a public virtual network, we mean an atypical mechanism that transmits information data in a packet format. Some kind of global space that unites interested parties (subjects, users, owners). There are different types of relationships here. conflict situations, scientific debates and simply free communication of the international level. On the other hand, the World Wide Web is a combination of software and modern equipment.

Realization of the human right to free search

This adaptive compatibility is responsible for the exchange of resources between networks and dictates the competition of technological innovations. There are three criteria that reveal the essence of the functionality of the Internet as a unique system:

• open access to the materials of all interested parties;
• regulation of commercial contracts providing network communications;
• maintenance of the infrastructure responsible for the unity of addresses and names.

So, with the help of this special tool, each of us without delay gets to any visual travel portals, is transferred to the events of the present time, explores unidentified facts. All this allows you to get enough of the feeling of the spirit of freedom, enjoy the impressions and embody the possibilities of the human mind.

Even in the first grade, we were brought up with an interest in knowing the world and cited as an example the natural senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch). Yes, they certainly reflect the external qualities of the world, but they do not allow one to deeply understand the laws of the universe. They are passed down from generation to generation from the sources of ancestors in the form of drawings, maps, diagrams, books. Now, this is all and even more united by the Internet. From here we draw knowledge, involving logic, intuition, feelings and rational thinking. Think about it, the discovery of one particular person is not his purely personal property.

To some extent, this is the result of time, accumulated experience, and purposeful actions of certain people. Agree, without the listed principles and theories, he would have learned only half of what he knows today. A complete practical or theoretical picture of the real world is displayed to us through Internet technologies. Virtually, we can perceive both individual details and the integral cognitive activity of the universe as a whole. Thanks to this, consciousness is formed, and all levels of thinking develop.

The Internet can change the usual rhythm of life

It is known that information is a trace of the impact on the subject. Only with the growth of the volume of information material do we hone the skill of operating with a word, build logical chains and group the accumulated concepts. Based on the foregoing, we can draw a parallel where life situations coincide with the obvious properties of the world. An interesting design (a virtual layout of the indicated parallel) is clearly visible thanks to the Internet.

Online media play an important role for children and young people with disabilities. It is through the Internet that they learn about the world around them. Despite their limited physical abilities, they want to be active in society, strive for education and self-realization. Positive Internet resources are the optimal environment for optimizing new stereotypes of society in relation to this category of the population.

Therefore, today the media are entrusted with the main tasks regarding the solution of the problem of discrimination of persons with disabilities in such areas as access to financial transactions, transport and information services. That is, interpreting the term of relative truth, we assume the coincidence of reality with the objective world, practical and cognitive activity.

Internet connection or thought engine

Psychology, which in turn revealed a person's behavioral reactions (upbringing, personal preferences), also helped a person to know himself and the world around him. There are even specific questionnaires that give clear answers regarding future prospects. However, the popularity of this literature still does not allow it to be acquired without difficulties. Various sites on the World Wide Web host free online tests offering options for different ages, gender or marital status.

Many students during the exam period can find the necessary answers regarding a particular subject. And in most cases, they do not have to run to the library and share a textbook issued for two. On the other hand, all kinds of information is perfectly preserved, transferred on media, which is very beneficial and convenient for all of us. Mobile technologies perfectly support browser updates and offer optimal versions of the user interface. You're just enjoying the benefits of revolutionary generation networks, aren't you?

Relative truth

Human potential is inexhaustible (although agnostics willingly argue with this statement), which means that approaches to cognition are quite individual. Every day we encounter something new, hear amazing things, try new tastes, marvel at improved technology and experience feelings that are not always familiar. It depends on us how we perceive the world, how we concretize events, how we apply dialectism and objectivism, how we creatively draw a future plan of action.

As for the Internet, it is a means of transmitting and receiving information. How you dispose of it: attribute it to the vices of human society or assign it the role of a leading, high-quality and useful one - it's up to you.

Know yourself, open windows to the world, be independent in your judgments and then you will immediately understand the authority of the virtual space. You will not only get the necessary information, but also easily use it at any convenient moment, because knowledge is power.

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Understanding the essence, possibilities and methods of human knowledge is one of the most important tasks of philosophy. It has attracted the attention of scientists since ancient times. The approaches to its solution reflected: the real difficulties of the process of cognition (limited knowledge, absolutization of certain aspects of cognition); features of various stages of development of science; certain interests of certain social forces.

ancient greek philosopher Democrat conceived of knowledge as perception human feelings material casts from objects continuously emitted in all directions of space. Plato believed that knowledge is the recollection by the soul of that complete knowledge that it possessed before coming into our world, before entering the body shell. Antique skeptic Diogenes expressed doubts about the very possibility of achieving knowledge about the world, referring to the fact that a person’s feelings, his mind can be wrong and there is no reliable way to verify them. Passion for mathematics in modern times led to an understanding of cognition, as soon as a logical process ( Descartes , Spinoza , Leibniz ). Proponents of empirical knowledge (Bacon, Locke) believed that the only source of knowledge are sensations obtained as a result of experience (empiricism). Such a separation of experimental knowledge from theoretical knowledge led to the emergence of agnosticism, i.e. philosophical denial of the possibility of correct knowledge of the world ( Hume , Kant ). great german philosopher Hegel connected knowledge with the comprehension of the Absolute idea, originally incorporated in all things and phenomena of reality. Feuerbach identified cognition with contemplation, presented its result in the form of a cast from reality.

As a result of philosophical discussions, a number of approaches to the understanding of cognition have emerged that are of great general scientific importance. Among them, first of all, should include:

1. Understanding the essence of knowledge based on the principle of reflection. In philosophy, reflection is understood as the reproduction in the internal state of an object of the features of another object that affects this one. Reflection acts both in living and inanimate nature. There are the following main forms of reflection:

· elementary, carried out on the basis of mechanical, physical and chemical processes (for example, the reflection of a footprint in the sand; reproduction of the shape of a hand squeezing it with a piece of clay);

· irritability associated with the emergence of life in its simple forms at the level of unicellular and plants (for example, folding flowers of their petals with the onset of darkness);

· mental reflection that occurs with the advent of the central nervous system (for example, sensation, perception of a person);

· thinking, which is a purposeful process of cognition of reality. A person, through his sense organs and thinking, reflects the phenomena and processes of the external world, which is manifested in the development of knowledge, the content of which depends on the content of reality itself, as well as in a certain change in the internal state of the person himself (his mood, worldview, etc.) .

Reflection is the basis of the process of cognition not only in science, but also in law enforcement. The very investigation in this area becomes possible only due to the fact that any crime leaves certain “traces”, reflecting the actions of offenders in preparing, committing and concealing a crime. Reflection of a crime is of two types: material and ideal. The first includes traces of the crime that are accessible to perception (the corpse of the victim, a broken lock, a bullet stuck in the wall, etc.), the second - the imprints of the event in the minds of people (witnesses, victims, etc.). The study and careful development in the process of investigation of these types of reflection of a crime is a reliable basis for its disclosure, confirming the reality of the principle of the inevitability of punishment, according to which no crime should remain undiscovered and no one guilty should avoid responsibility for its commission.

2. The idea of ​​the dialectical relationship between the subject and the object of knowledge. object cognition is the reality itself or its fragment, subjected to research. Subject knowledge is a person, a group (community) of people, as well as all of humanity in its historical development. The approach to the subject of cognition as humanity emphasizes the universality of this process, and the selection of an individual as a subject allows us to understand the uniqueness of the real process of cognition.

The relationship between the subject and the object of cognition is as follows: the subject does not exist without the object, and the object does not exist without the subject; in the process of activity, the subject is enriched with knowledge about the object and gets the opportunity to exert an active influence on the object; the object determines the nature of the cognitive attitude of the subject directed at it and finds the appropriate reflection in the subject (informational, evaluative, etc.).

The definition of the object of the cognitive attitude of the subject to it is manifested in the appropriate ways, forms and methods of cognition. Their character differs depending on the object of study. So, for example, there is a pronounced specificity of cognition oriented towards social objects, in comparison with the cognition of natural objects. In social cognition, the influence of the subjective preferences of scientists (worldview, national, class, etc.) sharply increases. In addition, methods of cognition applicable to some objects turn out to be inapplicable to others (for example, a person can be studied by clarifying his goals and intentions, but this method is not applicable to nature).

AT modern theory of knowledge, it is customary to distinguish between the object and the subject of knowledge. Thing cognition is a specific aspect of the object to which the attention of scientists is directed. For example, the development of human society is the object of study of such sciences as history, sociology, economics, etc. However, each of them has its own subject of study: history studies the development of society in its factual specifics, sociology reveals the patterns of the social process, economics focuses on the economic aspect of social movement.

3. Understanding of knowledge as a socially mediated, historically developing relationship of man to the world. Cognition is the spiritual side of human practical activity. It takes place within the framework of the system “man - the surrounding world” and represents: understanding the essence and specifics of the object of activity; development of goals, methods and means of activity; modeling possible results and consequences of activities.

Cognition is a social process. Although it is carried out through the vigorous activity of individual people, each person at the same time relies on a collectively developed system of knowledge. The process of cognition is possible only with the help of language as the most important asset of the culture of society. In cognitive activity, language acts as a tool for transmitting information and accumulating knowledge.

Living in a society, a person is influenced by a complex system of social ties and relationships in which he is involved - political, ideological, economic, religious, etc. This gives rise to his biased (evaluative) attitude to the knowable. As a result, the same phenomena can be given absolutely opposite assessments by different people, reflecting the positions of different social strata of society. For example, in the modern political life of Russia, private ownership of land is regarded by some social groups as an evil, and by others as a blessing.

4. Consideration of practice as the basis and goal of knowledge. Cognition is not a simple contemplation, but an active attitude of a person to the world. Mankind cognizes not for the sake of knowledge in itself, but for the sake of a conscious practical transformation of reality.

Practice acts in the process of cognition as:

· Source of knowledge. It provides the connection of the cognizing subject with certain natural and social phenomena; enriches knowledge with factual material; poses problems that act as a powerful impetus for the development of knowledge.

· The basis of knowledge. The desire for knowledge arises along with the development of human practical abilities. His life activity requires the knowledge of all areas of reality, which in the process of practical activity he changes and transforms in his own interests. The development of practice determines the level of development of the means of scientific research (devices, methods of scientific knowledge).

· The driving force of knowledge. The practical need is the main driving force knowledge, this finds its expression in the social order for certain types of scientific research, in their financing, in the focus on this subject many scientists and research teams.

· The purpose of knowledge. Knowledge (as a result of the process of cognition) is needed by people not to satisfy simple curiosity, but in order to be guided by them in practical activities.

· criterion of truth. Practice acts as a peculiar form of connection between cognition and objective reality. Only possible way verification of the truth of our knowledge is the “correlation” of thought with the subject of knowledge, which is achievable only within the framework of practical activity (the best way to prove the truth of a theory is its successful implementation in practice).

Based on these approaches, we can formulate the following definition.

Cognition is a process of selective-active reflection by the subject of the object under study, focused on achieving knowledge as its practically substantiated result.

There are various types of knowledge:

Subjective cognition , inseparable from the individual subject (his perception, representation), and objectified knowledge , which gives knowledge that has received an existence independent of its subject (for example, scientific texts, practical results of research). The results of subjective cognition also include the testimony of witnesses of a particular incident, which can be quite contradictory.

Ordinary knowledge based on common sense and aimed at orienting the daily behavior of people. It reveals the simplest connections and relations of the world surrounding a person. For example: if swallows fly low above the ground, it will rain; if you touch a bare electrical wire, you can get an electric shock, etc. This form of knowledge includes not only the simplest knowledge about the world, but also beliefs, human ideals, elements scientific knowledge, as well as prejudices, beliefs, mysticism, etc. The process of development of everyday knowledge is characterized by spontaneity and unsystematic nature.

mythological knowledge, which is an emotional-figurative perception of the world, based on giving people, phenomena and processes an unusual value for them. Mythological knowledge is characterized by: the attribution of human qualities to the forces of external nature; reducing the explanation of phenomena to a story about their origin; mental modeling of the ideal state of the myth object (characteristics of its heroes, relations between people or between natural phenomena, a qualitative assessment of the life of society).

Mythological knowledge presupposes belief in the truth of the described phenomena. With the loss of this faith, the myth turns into a kind of fairy tale, legend, legend, etc. The mythological way of thinking is characteristic not only for ancient legends, it is manifested in numerous social myths. The latter include the myth about the possibility of building communism in the USSR by 1980, which expressed the ancient dream of mankind about a society of universal equality and social justice. Examples of social mythological thinking are Stalin's personality cult; claims of German fascists for racial superiority; calls for Russian voters to vote not with their minds, but with their hearts during President Yeltsin's election campaign.

religious knowledge , which consists in understanding the surrounding world through the prism of ideas about the supernatural, which means everything that fundamentally does not obey objective natural laws (people's ideas about gods, spirits, witchcraft, etc.). Religious knowledge is based on absolute faith in the truth of the fundamental dogmas of religion. It forms a religious picture of the world, which has a huge impact on the worldview of people and the spiritual culture of mankind. In addition to ideas about the supernatural, religious knowledge incorporates the most important elements of the spiritual experience of mankind, general cultural values, by mastering which a person learns the world. An example of this is the fixation in all world religions of universal moral requirements prohibiting murder, theft, etc.

Artistic knowledge expressing the aesthetic attitude of man to the world. It is based on the knowledge of phenomena through a rich system of images. Artistic knowledge is carried out with the help of such concepts as beautiful and ugly, sublime and base, comic and tragic, etc.

scientific knowledge associated with the comprehension of facts in the system of concepts and laws of a particular science (scientific knowledge is divided into two main types: natural science and social science). Scientific knowledge has two levels: 1) empirical, associated with obtaining knowledge, mainly from experience (observations, experiments), based on these experimental data, generalizations are made, hypotheses are put forward; 2) theoretical, characterized by a higher degree of generalization, abstractness and depth of penetration into the essence of the object. These levels are interconnected: empirical knowledge is based on previous theoretical knowledge, which determines the directions and methods of its research; theoretical knowledge uses data obtained at the empirical level.

Cognition takes place as a transition from fixing the external, superficial properties and relations of a phenomenon to the disclosure of its internal, essential connections. This is reflected in the unity of sensory and rational cognition.

In philosophy, there are directions that absolutize either sensory or rational knowledge. These include: sensationalism, seeking to derive the entire content of knowledge from the activity of the senses (Hobbes, Locke, Feuerbach, Berkeley, Hume); empiricism, recognizing sensory experience as the only source of reliable knowledge (Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume); rationalism who considers reason to be the basis of knowledge (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz).

Sense cognition arises earlier than rational and is more effective at the initial stages of human life. It is carried out in three main forms: sensation, perception and representation.

Feel- these are the simplest sensory images that reflect in the mind the individual qualities and properties of an object (color, smell, sound, volume, hardness, etc.). They arise as a result of the direct impact of the object on our senses.

Perception- this is a holistic sensual image of an object, covering the totality of its properties. Moreover, these properties are not simply summed up, but, as it were, superimposed on each other, mutually enriched. In the emergence of perception, not only sensations are involved, but also memory, thinking, human experience. An example of this is the perception of a work of fine art, which is not reduced to a combination of colors and lines, but expresses a certain mood, feeling, attitude. Perception, to a large extent, depends on the experience of a person, which makes it possible to avoid errors in the perception of certain phenomena. So, fraud, falsification of food and industrial goods, and the sale of counterfeit banknotes are based on the lack of experience of certain people.

Performance- this is a holistic image of the displayed object, existing without its direct impact on our senses. The ideas that the human mind operates with are not limited to the reproduction of what was previously perceived. A person can combine his perceptions and create new images (for example, the mental combination of images of a man and a horse finds its expression in the idea of ​​a centaur). The highest form of representation is creative imagination and fantasy.

rational cognition focuses on the disclosure of the essence of objects. Its features are: 1) a generalized reflection of reality; 2) distraction from the non-essential in the subject; 3) mediated character (because only sensory knowledge directly reflects the world). Rational knowledge is carried out in three main forms: judgment, concept, judgment and inference.

concept- this is a form of thinking that reflects the general, essential and necessary properties of the object. Any process of cognition - both ordinary and scientific - is carried out with the help of concepts that are the basis of thinking. Concepts differ in complexity, depth of generalization, degree of abstraction. Any person operates in his mind with such concepts as a house, an animal, a city, a child, etc. An example of complex scientific concepts are the concepts of matter, consciousness, truth, society, etc. Due to the presence in the concepts of common, characteristic of many objects, people are able to understand each other and transfer knowledge about the world.

Judgment- this is a form of thinking in which, through the connection of concepts, something is affirmed or denied. For example, the proposition “this rose is red” connects two concepts: “rose” (as a single object) and “red” (characterizing a certain color). Judgments reveal the relations of the real world, which in the concept are in a “hidden” form. But they also have a certain epistemological limitation, consisting in the “identification” of unequal concepts. So, in our example, the concept of “rose” is associated with the concept of “red”, which undoubtedly gives a cognitive effect, but does not directly reflect the possibility that a rose has other shades of color.

inference- this is a form of thinking in which a new judgment is derived from two or more judgments that was not contained in previously known ones. For example, based on the two propositions “all metals are electrically conductive” and “copper is a metal”, one can conclude that copper has the property of electrical conductivity. Inference establishes a connection between judgments, which contributes to obtaining deeper and more complete knowledge.

In the process of cognition, the sensual and the rational are inseparably united. This is manifested in the fact that both of these levels complement and mutually enrich each other, they represent a single process of deepening knowledge from phenomenon to essence. The constantly reproducing contradiction between sensory and rational knowledge is an important factor in the development of knowledge.

One of the manifestations of the unity of the sensual and the rational in cognition is intuition. The essence of intuition is the direct comprehension of truth without preliminary logical reasoning. The process of cognition is not always carried out in a logically expanded form, with an appropriate system of evidence. Intuition is based on the unconscious implementation by a person of certain mental operations and direct awareness of only their result. For example, a chess player, choosing a variant of a combinational game, may rely on his intuition based on accumulated experience, and not formulate the logical foundations of one or another choice. Intuition manifests itself when a doctor makes a diagnosis of an illness, when a court establishes the guilt or innocence of the accused, when a commander evaluates a difficult situation in a battle, etc.

But intuition is not a special form of knowledge, carried out outside of sensations, ideas and thinking. It is based on the experience of a person, his knowledge, perception of cognizable phenomena. Intuition is enough to discover the truth, but it is not enough to convince others and even oneself of it. This requires evidence.

Cognition as a philosophical category is studied by a special section of philosophy - epistemology. Philosophers are interested in the global problems of human existence, the existence of absolute truth and the ways of its search. The process of cognition as part of human mental activity is studied by academic psychology.

The need to study the world around us is familiar to every person from the moment of birth. What is knowledge? What are the means and ends of knowledge? Let's try to briefly and in simple words answer these questions in our today's article.

Definition of cognition

There are many scientific definitions of this concept. Simply put, cognition is a reflection of the surrounding reality in the human mind, the process of studying the world. The process of cognition allows a person to identify himself and his place in the world, as well as to understand the purpose, properties and place of other objects and phenomena in the surrounding space. The subject of knowledge is always a person.

But the object of study can be both the external environment and the person himself, and his inner world. The main two forms of knowledge are considered: sensual and rational. Sensual form is inherent in all living beings on the planet. But rational knowledge is given only to man. Animals (including humans) cognize the world with the help of the senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste. Sensory cognition is directly related to the object being studied. It is characterized by subjective conclusions, subsequently forming knowledge and experience. Rational knowledge is carried out with the help of reason, thinking. On our planet, only humans have cognitive (thinking) abilities. True, some higher mammals (for example, dolphins, primates) are also capable of thinking, but their capabilities are very limited. Cognition of the world by man occurs indirectly. Based on sensory knowledge, he tries to find out the internal properties of the object, as well as its meaning and connection with the rest of the world.

Goals of the learning process

Goals can be divided into ordinary and high. A person, knowing the world around him, uses it to improve the quality of his own life, to create a safe and comfortable living environment. It can be said that in order to survive, a person must first of all cognize that part of the reality that surrounds him.

High goals of knowledge are set by science and art. Here it acts as a process of revealing the inner essence of things, phenomena and events, their interconnections in search of truth. For a long time it was believed that humanity discovered all the basic laws of nature and learned almost everything about the world around us. Paradoxically, the latest scientific discoveries raise even more new questions. Today, many scientists recognize that the world around us is much more complex and diverse than human ideas about it. The process of cognition is endless, and the results of this process are completely unpredictable.

Life experience, or Everyday knowledge

For a person, as for any other living being, the process of cognition begins at birth. A small child learns about the world through the senses. He touches everything with his hands, tastes everything and examines it carefully. In this hard work, his parents help him, along the way passing on his own accumulated knowledge about this world. Thus, with age, a person acquires a certain system of ideas about the world, continuing to add his own to the experience of his ancestors.

Everyday or everyday knowledge is a natural everyday process, the purpose of which is to improve the quality of life. The results of knowledge over many generations add up to a life experience that allows a new person to quickly adapt to reality and feel safe. It should be noted that life experience is a subjective category. For example, the results of everyday knowledge of the Chukchi are fundamentally different from the life experience of the North American Indians.

scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge, on the one hand, seeks to cover the general patterns for individual objects, phenomena and events, which will make it possible to see the general behind the particular. On the other hand, science works only with facts, concrete and real material.

Scientific knowledge becomes when it can be proved experimentally. Any conclusions, hypotheses and theories require practical evidence that does not cause doubts and discrepancies. Therefore, many scientific discoveries occur as a result of many years of research, observation and practical experiments. If everyday knowledge is important for an individual or a group of people, then the goal of scientific knowledge is to gain knowledge on a human scale. The scientific is based on logical and analytical thinking.

Artistic knowledge

Artistic knowledge of the world takes place in a completely different way. The object in this case is perceived as a whole, as a single image. Artistic knowledge manifests itself primarily through art. Imagination, sensation and perception come into play. Through subjective artistic images created by artists, composers and writers, a person learns the world of beauty and high feelings. The purpose of the process of cognition in art is the same search for truth.

Artistic knowledge is images, abstractions, intangible objects. At first glance, scientific and artistic knowledge are absolutely opposite. In fact, abstract, figurative thinking is of great importance in scientific research. And the achievements of science contribute to the emergence of new forms in art. Because the goal of cognition is the same for all its forms and types.

intuitive knowledge

In addition to the sensual and rational, a person is endowed with one more unusual shape knowledge is intuitive. Its difference is that a person receives knowledge suddenly and unconsciously, without making any visible effort. In fact, this is a complex cognitive process, closely related to sensory and rational experience.

Intuitive knowledge comes to a person in different ways. It can be a sudden insight or premonition, an unconscious certainty about the expected result, or making the right decision without logical prerequisites. A person uses intuitive knowledge both in everyday life and in scientific or creative activities. In fact, behind the unconscious intuitive discoveries is the previous experience of sensory and rational knowledge. But the mechanisms of intuition are not fully understood and not studied. Much more complex mental processes are supposed to be involved.

Methods and means of knowledge

Throughout its history, mankind has defined, created and classified many methods of cognition. All methods can be classified into two large groups: Empirical methods are based on sensory knowledge and are widely used by a person in everyday life. This is a simple observation, comparison, measurement and experiment. These same methods are the basis of scientific activity. In scientific knowledge, in addition, theoretical methods are widely used. A popular example of methods of cognition in scientific theory are analysis and synthesis. In addition, scientists actively use induction, analogy, classification and many other methods in their work. In any case, theoretical calculations always require practical proof.

The value of the cognitive process for a person

The concept of knowledge and its goals is actually a very voluminous and complex issue. In addition to the considered forms, there is also philosophical, mythological, religious knowledge, self-knowledge. In addition, knowledge includes the concepts of scientific and non-scientific knowledge. There is also the concept of faith. All these questions belong to the sphere of scientific and philosophical research. It is only obvious that the desire for knowledge of the world around us is an integral characteristic of a reasonable person.