Czech language: history of origin. What is the language in the Czech Republic

They say that living in Russia today is not fashionable and expensive. Many brave and desperate people go to live and work abroad in distant countries, but many of us, having a certain sentimentality and fearing nostalgia, prefer to leave, but not far. Where? That's right, Europe! They choose a country closer, and preferably a Slavic one. One of these is the Czech Republic.

Do they need to know

Arriving here, you need to say something, but how? Is it difficult to learn at least a minimum of Czech phrases? By the way, Czech is one of the richest Slavic languages ​​in the world. For comparison, there are about 130 thousand words in Russian today, and more than 250 thousand in Czech. Phrases in the Czech language are intuitive for us Slavs, although many words have a certain cunning. For example, Russian word“beautiful” sounds like “terrible” in Czech, the word “fresh” sounds like “stale” and the like.

But not only those who left their homeland will have to pore over a Czech textbook. Today learning this language has become easy fashion trend at the Russians. For those who know some other Slavic language, it will be even easier to understand Czechs and learn a few phrases in Czech.

Many go to the Czech Republic for education. This is one of the few countries in Europe where you can get training for free, and the quality of the knowledge gained will be highest level on a global scale. Therefore, future students are required to know the basic phrases like no one else.

Where useful

Czech will be needed by everyone who deals with translations - guides, diplomats, translators working both in the country and abroad.

For tourists, learning a few phrases in Czech will not be difficult. Both the service staff at the hotel and the waiter at the restaurant will be pleased to hear a phrase in their native language. And if, God forbid, you get lost in the city, common phrases will help you understand how to get to the right address, because the language will bring you to Kyiv. And the Czech language is not difficult at all, and learning it is not only easy, but also fun, especially in a friendly company!

For those who go on vacation to the Czech capital, it will be very useful to familiarize yourself with our detailed manual, available at the link, which details how to properly organize your trip to Prague so that it is interesting, safe and does not go beyond your budget. In the few minutes it takes to read this article, you will learn how to save a significant amount of money without straining at all.

Will Czechs understand Russian?

The Czech Republic is one of the most popular destinations for Russians, and most Czechs living in tourist areas will understand us perfectly. Yes, and in other cities there should be no problems ... Opening borders after the collapse Soviet Union contributed to the influx of emigrants to the Czech Republic, and many Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians left to live in this country. So Russians will be understood in a restaurant, in a store, and on the street. The main thing when communicating is not to forget that goodwill and a smile on your face are a disarming tool for starting absolutely any communication.

The official language of the Czech Republic, which is spoken by about 95% of the population, is Czech. Czech belongs to the West Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. In some regions, there are also speakers of other languages:

• German (the most widespread was in the Sudetenland, where many ethnic Germans lived, however, in recent years it has been supplanted by Czech);
• Slovak, which took root here after the formation of Czechoslovakia,
• Russian, which was especially common here during the existence of the USSR.

In total, there are about 12 million people in the world who consider Czech as their mother tongue.

The history of the formation of the Czech language and its dialects

Czech, like many other Eastern European languages, originated from the ancient Proto-Slavic language. That is why in Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbian and Czech you can find similar words and general rules morphology. Around the 11th-10th centuries, three groups emerged from a single Proto-Slavic language:

• south,
• eastern,
• western.

It was then that the formation of the Czech language itself took place. Soon the first records in this language appeared. In the 12th century, written sources on the territory of modern Czech Republic were created only by monks. When designing liturgical books, they used Latin, but sometimes allowed themselves to insert individual sentences in Czech into the text. The Latin alphabet was also used to write Czech words.

The impetus for the development of the Czech language was the spread of literacy and the emergence of a developed bureaucratic system at the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, who was an ethnic Czech. Thanks to the efforts of the emperor, in 1360 the first translation of the New Testament into Czech appeared. The features of Czech pronunciation in this text have so far been conveyed not by special letters, but by digraphs and trigraphs (chz, rz, ye).

A century later, the leaders of the Czech Reformation set themselves the task of making the text of the Bible understandable and accessible to the common people. Jan Hus, who was engaged in the study of the Czech language and spelling, brilliantly coped with the solution of this problem. The creation of letters belongs to him: ů, á, é, í, ř, š, ž. Jan Hus completed the translation of the New Testament in 1412. However, the first complete translation of the Bible did not appear until 1488. This text became the standard of the literary Czech language.

In the middle of the 16th century, the Czech Republic became part of the Habsburg Empire, who fought in every possible way against Czech nationalism. Settled in the Czech Republic a large number of Germans, which led to the appearance of many Germanisms in the Czech language. After 1620, when the Czech fighters for independence were defeated by the Habsburg army at the Battle of the White Mountain, the persecution of everything Czech by the supreme power only intensified. German became the official language in the Czech Republic. State documents were drawn up on it, books were created and educated citizens communicated. Czech was considered the language of commoners.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the process of national revival began in the Czech Republic. Representatives of the intelligentsia and politicians were engaged in the popularization of folk culture and the Czech language. The most radical of them believed that Czech should be purified from impurities. German language. An active development of the rules of spelling, pronunciation and morphology of the Czech language also began. This process took almost two centuries. The last reforms aimed at improving Czech took place in the 1990s.

Today in the Czech Republic there are four groups of dialects spoken by the inhabitants different regions countries. These adverbs include:

• the classic version of the Czech language, based on the dialects of the inhabitants of Bohemia,
• Hanacian dialects,
• Silesian dialects,
• East Moravian dialects.

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Czech is one of the Slavic languages. In some ways, it resembles Russian, but many words in the Czech language have a diametrically opposite meaning. Sometimes this leads to confusion, sometimes it becomes the basis for incidents, but more often it just causes a smile. That is why the Czech language is interesting for almost every Russian-speaking person.

1. Many Czech words have common roots with Russian ones. True, in the Czech version, as a rule, there is no central vowel. For example, a city is a city.

2. The closest relative of the Czech language is the Slovak language. Together they form a subgroup of the West Slavic languages. Well, Czechs and Slovaks easily and without problems understand each other.

3. If you take up the study of the Czech language, then be prepared for some difficulties. So, for example, in the Czech language there are sounds that are not in either in or in. In addition, often one sound in the Czech language is indicated by several letters.

4. Modern Czech is divided into literary (spisovná čeština), bookish (knižní čeština), colloquial (hovorová čeština) and common Czech (obecná čeština). The bookish language differs from the literary language by the presence of archaisms. Colloquial, unlike common Czech, includes vulgarisms and dialect words. It is in common Czech that he speaks most of population of the country, gradually penetrates this language also into literature and the media.

5. In the Czech language, there are many words that are incredibly funny from the point of view of a Russian-speaking person. Here are some of them: shark - zhralok, theater - divadlo, sniff - sneeze, bachelor - baby, basement - crypt, of course - purr, chair - saddle, plane - letadlo, heat - bucket, cucumber - cigarette butt, persimmon - whatever and not only.

6. Russian-speaking people often experience difficulties in learning Czech due to interlingual enantiosemy, when words that sound the same have opposite meanings. So, for example, čerstvý means fresh, woń - smell, ovoce - fruits, zapominać - forget, úžasný - delicious, uroda - beauty and more. However, native speakers of the Russian language also encounter the same feature when studying.

7. The word "tights" came to us in the 50s from the Czech language. As well as the product itself, which was delivered from Czechoslovakia in packages with the inscription "kalgots punchokhove". The word "tights" quickly came into use despite the fact that this word is translated as "women's panties." But the word "punchokhove", which directly means "tights", simply did not take root with us. Well, Russian-speaking tourists to this day get into incidental situations in Czech lingerie stores.

8. Czech is one of the few languages ​​where you can only find words with their consonants. Often there are five or six consonants in a row, and most of them are hissing. One of the longest such words is čtvrthrst, which translates as "a quarter of a handful." Sometimes whole sentences consist of such words. For example, Strč prst skrz krk - "put your finger down your throat." It should be noted that this phrase is one of the most famous in Czech, it is often included in various study guides to illustrate the features of the language. But in fact, she is far from the only one. Linguists often amuse themselves by composing long phrases in Czech, consisting of only consonants. For example: “Chrt zdrhl z Brd. Vtrhl skrz strž v tvrz srn, v čtvrť Krč. Blb! Prskl, zvrhl smrk, strhl drn, mrskl drn v trs chrp. Zhltl čtvrthrst zrn skrz krk, pln zrn vsrkl hlt z vln. Chrt brkl, mrkl, zmlkl. Zvlhls?". It has no special meaning, it tells about the adventures of an escaped greyhound, which caused a rustle in one of the districts of Prague. It should be noted that such entertainments are used by linguists from all over the world. For example, connoisseurs of languages ​​are also willing to compose the longest words.

9. Symbol @ in different languages are called differently. But, perhaps, it was the Czechs who came up with one of the most original and even appetizing names. So, they call this sign zavináč, which means "herring roll". By the way, in the language the name of this symbol is no less original - “trunk”.

10. No matter how difficult the Czech pronunciation is, it is partially simplified by the stress, which traditionally falls on the first syllable.

11. The longest word in the Czech language is nejzdevětadevadesáteronásobitelnějšími of 38 letters. This is a nonsense that is difficult to translate, denoting numbers that can be easily multiplied by 99. The longest word used is nerestrukturalizovatelnému. It has 26 letters and it translates as "unrestructured".

DID THE PROTO-SLAVIC LANGUAGE HAVE NALSAL VOWS? (NOT REALLY)

DEPENDING ON THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH, LINGUISTICS IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS:

applied

fundamental

IN WHICH LANGUAGES HAVE THE FORMER LATIN SYSTEM OF WORD MORPHOLOGY GONE TO ANALYTICAL FORMS OF EXPRESSION THROUGH FUNCTIONAL WORDS AND WORDS ORDER?

in Romanesque

IN WHAT PERIOD DIALECTS ARE THE MOST DIFFERENT FEATURES?

during the feudal era

IN WHAT FORM DID LANGUAGE ORIGINALLY EXIST?

tribal dialects

IN WHAT SCIENTIFIC TUDE IS THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE GIVED?

"ashtadhyaya" panini

WHAT IS THE HYPOTHESIS OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY?

language determines the way the people who speak it think

GIVE A DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE?

penetration of knowledge mother tongue or one of the studied foreign languages on the knowledge gained while learning a new foreign language

FOR WHAT PURPOSES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS IS THE STATISTICAL METHOD USED?

for dictionary compilation, for machine translation

UNITY OF HOMOGENEOUS INTERCONDITIONING ELEMENTS, INVENTORY OF LANGUAGE UNITS?

UNITY OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS WITHIN THE WHOLE, CONNECTION AND RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE UNITS?

structure

WHAT WORDS DOES THE PASSIVE VOCABULARY FUND COMPOSE OF?

historicisms

archaisms

WHAT LEVELS DOES THE BENVENIST LANGUAGE MODEL CONSIST OF?

merismatic

phonetic

morphological

lexical

syntactic

FROM WHAT PAST TIME IN THE PRO-SLAVIC DID THE PAST TIME IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE APPEAR?

WHAT LINGUISTICS DOES AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND SPEECH SYNTHESIS, PROBLEMS OF TEACHING NON-NATIVE LANGUAGES, TRANSLATION?

applied

WHAT LINGUISTICS IS DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNICATION OF SOCIETY, THE FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY, THE TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES, THE CORRELATION OF LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE?

external linguistics

WHAT LINGUISTICS DOES SOLVING PRACTICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE USE OF LANGUAGE?

applied applied linguistics (applied)

WHICH LINQUISTIC DISCIPLINE STUDIES THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ACOUSTIC ASPECTS OF SOUND?

phonetics

WHAT SCIENCE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO LINGUISTICS WHEN STUDYING THE ORIGIN OF SPEECH IN PRIMARY PEOPLE, AND ALSO TO DECIDE HOW THE SIGNS OF LANGUAGE AND RACE ARE RELATED OR WHAT ARE NOT RELATED?

anthropology

WHICH THEORETICAL DISCIPLINE STUDIES THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF SOUNDS IN THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE?

phonology

WHICH THEORY CONSIDERS THAT PRIMARY HUMANS, INSTINCTIVE ANIMALS, TURNED SCREAMS INTO "NATURAL SOUNDS" - WHERE ALL THE OTHER WORDS COMED FROM?

interjection theory

WHAT ASPECTS ARE SEPARATED IN THE CONCEPT "CULTURE" AS A SECOND NATURE?

material

spiritual

interactive

WHICH ARE TWO POINTS OF VIEW PRESENT IN THE BIBLE ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE?

language is not human

tongue from man

WHAT CHANGES IN GRAMMAR STRUCTURE ARE POSSIBLE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES?

grammatical category transfer

borrowing of affixes

borrowing of inflectional forms

WHAT PICTURES OF THE WORLD DO SCIENTISTS DIFFERENT AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE?

naive picture of the world

scientific picture of the world

conceptual picture of the world

language picture of the world

WHICH LINGUISTIC DISCIPLINES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE STUDY OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY, ITS NORMAL FUNCTION AND PATHOLOGY?

speech therapy

neurolinguistics

psycholinguistics

WHAT PROCESSES INVOLVE LANGUAGE REGULATION?

choice of model language

codification

development of rules for various kinds communications

WHAT SECTIONS OF GRAMMAR DO YOU STUDY THE GRAMMAR STRUCTURE OF A LANGUAGE?

syntax

morphology

WHAT FOUNDATIONS ARE DIFFERENT IN THE VOCABULARY COMPOSITION OF THE LANGUAGE?

active

passive

WHICH PHONETIC LAWS SHOULD BE DISCOVERED?

living phonetic laws

historical

WHICH FORMS OF THE PAST TENSE EXISTED IN THE PROTO-SLAVIC LANGUAGE?

imperfect

pluperfect

WHAT LANGUAGES DOES GERMANIST STUDY?

Germanic

BY WHAT MEANS CAN THE VALUE AND EVALUATIVE ASPECT OF THE PICTURE OF THE WORLD BE EXPRESSED IN LANGUAGE?

evaluative epithets

evaluative connotations of lexemes

WHAT IS THE DETECTION OF LANGUAGE PROVISIONS VALID FOR ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD CALLED?

language universals

WHAT IS THE DISCIPLINE THAT APPLIES MATHEMATICAL METHODS TO STUDY LANGUAGE PHENOMENA?

mathematical linguistics

WHAT IS THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE, ITS ORIGIN, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS, AND ABOUT THE GENERAL LAWS OF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD CALLED?

linguistics

WHAT IS THE SCIENCE OF THE LAWS OF THINKING AND THE FORMS OF THOUGHT USING THE LOGICAL APPARATUS TO STUDY LANGUAGE?

WHAT IS THE "MEDIATED" PICTURE OF THE WORLD CALLED, FORMED WITH THE HELP OF A SECONDARY SIGN SYSTEM?

language picture of the world

WHAT IS THE SECTION OF LINGUISTICS STUDYING FRENCH, ITALIAN, ROMANIAN, PORTUGUESE, MOLDOVAN, SPANISH NAMED?

romance

WHAT IS THE SECTION OF LINGUISTICS STUDYING CROATIAN, CZECH, SLOVENIAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES NAMED?

slavistics

WHAT IS THIS PHENOMENON IN THE LANGUAGE: "KU-KU", "Oink-Oink, GAV-GAV"?

onomatopoeia

WHAT IS THE PHENOMENON IN THE TURKIC LANGUAGES CALLED WHEN WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THIS WORD ALL SOUNDS ARE SUBJECT TO "HARMONY"?

synharmonism

WHAT ARE THE NEW WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE NAMED?

neologisms

WHAT ARE THE WORDS THAT ARE OBSOLETE, BUT THE REALIAS DESIGNATED BY THEM ARE CALLED BY A DIFFERENT CALL?

archaisms

WHAT ARE THE MAIN SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD?

separation of core and periphery

integrity

subjectivity

WHAT ARE THE MAIN WAYS OF THE APPEARANCE OF NEOLOGISMS IN THE LANGUAGE?

invention of new words

creation of new words according to models available in the language

borrowing

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGES OF THE NATIONAL PERIOD?

processing

codification

tradition

normalization

WHICH LINGUISTICS EXPLORE EACH INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE AS A SPECIAL, UNIQUE PHENOMENON?

WHICH SECTION OF LEXICOLOGY STUDIES THE MEANING OF WORDS AND THE LAWS OF CHANGE OF MEANINGS?

semasiology

WHICH SECTION OF PHYSICS STUDIES SOUND PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE?

acoustics

WHICH SECTION OF LINGUISTICS STUDIES LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS VALID FOR ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD, GENERAL PROPERTIES, FEATURES AND QUALITIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE IN GENERAL OR A SERIES OF LANGUAGES?

general linguistics

WHICH POINT OF VOCABULARY CHANGES SLOWER THAN OTHERS?

basic

WHICH LANGUAGE HAS PREVAILED IN THE PRACTICE OF DIPLOMACY AND POLITICS SINCE THE END OF THE XVIII?

French

WHICH LEVEL OF LANGUAGE IS THE MOST RESISTANT TO CHANGES?

grammatical

WHICH LEVEL OF A LANGUAGE SYSTEM CHANGES FASTER THAN OTHERS?

vocabulary

WHAT FUNCTION IS THE WORD IN LANGUAGE?

nominative

VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION INCLUDES:

professional jargon

WHAT LAWS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE DO THE COMBINATORIAL REGULARITIES OF PROGRESSIVE ACCOMMODATION APPLY TO, WHEN THE PREVIOUS VOWERS [Э], [A], [O], [У] ACCOMMODATE WITH THE SUBSEQUENT SOFT CONSONANT?

living phonetic laws

WHAT SIGNS ACCORDING TO JELMSLEV ARE GRAPHEMES AND PHONEMS?

WHAT WORDS ARE: ATMOSPHERE, HORIZON, DIAMETER, MICROSCOPE, LIEUTENANT, SHED, HAREM?

borrowing

THE BASIC UNITS OF THE LANGUAGE ARE:

WHO IN ANTIQUITY PROPOSED THE THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE?

democritus

WHO INTRODUCED THE TERM "LANGUAGE MAP OF THE WORLD" IN SCIENTIFIC USE?

weisgraeber

WHICH LINGUISTS AND PHILOSOPHERS CONSIDERED THAT VERBAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPED FROM SIGN LANGUAGE?

WHO PROPOSED THE MODEL OF THE LEVEL SYSTEM OF THE LANGUAGE?

benveniste

WHO DEVELOPS THE CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES?

wierzbicka

WHO DEVELOPED THE HYPOTHESIS OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY?

sapir, wharf

THE METHOD USED TO STUDY RELATED LANGUAGES, THEIR COMMONITY AND DIFFERENCES, THEIR HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT?

comparative historical

CAN A CONCEPT BE NOT REPRESENTED IN A LANGUAGE SYSTEM?

NAME THE MAIN WAYS OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE?

tracing

borrowings within one language

borrowing through an intermediary language

through word formation

through different languages ​​intermediaries

GIVE SYNONYMS TO THE TERM LINGUISTICS:

linguistics

linguistics

INTO WHICH 2 SECTIONS IS THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SPEECH DIVIDED?

physiology of hearing

articulatory physiology

THE MAIN FEATURE OF PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY?

uniqueness

lack of expressiveness

THE BASIC FUNCTION OF THE SENTENCE\STATCH?

communicative

THE ALGORITHM PLAYS A PARTICULAR ROLE:

in machine translation

THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF A LANGUAGE DISCOVERED BY EUROPEANS IS:

grammar panini "octateuch"

PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY ASSIGNED IN DICTIONARIES?

terminology

WITH WHAT SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES LINGUISTICS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO?

history

ethnography

psychology

sociology

biology

anthropology

acoustics

mathematics

HOW MANY CASES ARE THERE IN ARABIC? (SPECIFY NUMBER!)

HOW MANY CASES ARE THERE IN ESTONIAN? (SPECIFY NUMBER)

HOW MANY PAST TIMES WAS THERE IN THE PROTO-SLAVIC LANGUAGE? (SPECIFY NUMBER!)

HOW MANY LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD ARE STUDYED ENOUGH AND WELL? (SPECIFY NUMBER)

THE SET OF GENERALLY ACCEPTED LANGUAGE MEANS WHICH ARE CHARACTERIZED AS CORRECT, EXAMPLE, MANDATORY?

THE SET OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS BELOWING DIFFERENT CULTURES?

intercultural communication

THE SET OF EXACT RULES FOR DESCRIPTION, CODING OR RECODING ANY INFORMATION SYSTEM?

algorithm

THE SET OF VALUES AND NORMS INHERENT TO A LARGE SOCIAL GROUP OR NATION?

culture

COMPARE PRIVATE LINGUISTICS AND THE STUDY LANGUAGE:

1.1 FRENCH

2.2 ENGLISH

3.3 Serbian

1.1 GERMANIST

2.2 SLASIST

3.3 ROMANISM

MATCH THE LANGUAGE AND THE NUMBER OF CASES? (1.1 SANSCRIT 2.2 LATIN 3.3 GREEK 1.1 5 2.2 4 3.3 7)

A THEORY THAT LANGUAGE ARISES FROM COLLECTIVE WORK?

labor cry theory

WHAT DOES DIALECT OPPOSE TO?

normative language

WHAT DOES SEMIOTICS STUDY?

sign systems

WHAT SHOULD I UNDERSTAND BY THE SIGN?

sign must be material

the sign must be perceptible

the sign is pointing at the value

the sign and its content is determined by the place and role of the sign in the given system of a similar order of signs

WHAT CONDITIONS THE WAY OF THINKING OF THE PEOPLE, ITS WORLD PERCEPTION ACCORDING TO SEPIR AND WHARF?

WHAT, ACCORDING TO ENGELS, WAS A PREREQUISITE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND A PREREQUISITE FOR THE ORIGIN OF SPEECH, EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS?

upright gait

WHAT IS CULTURE ACCORDING TO THE DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH?

the sum of everything created by human society

WHAT IS MATERIAL CULTURE?

the totality of the results of human material activity

WHAT IS THE PHENOMENON WHEN THE MORPHEMES DISPARED DUE TO PHONETIC CHANGES IN THEIR SOUND FORMATION ARE "LEVELED", "UNIFIED" INTO ONE GENERAL VIEW?

change by analogy

WHAT IS SPEECH?

psychophysiological process

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

system-structural education

WHAT IS THE LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD?

a set of knowledge about the world that is reflected in the language, as well as ways to obtain and interpret new knowledge

WHAT ARE THE SAME MEANING BUT DIFFERENT OBJECTS: DOG, THING?

universal

WHAT ARE THE FOLLOWING ROWS: "EYES-EYES-ZENKI-BURKALY"?

synonyms

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE MEANING OF A WORD IN THE TRANSITION FROM A LITERARY LANGUAGE TO A SPECIAL TYPE OF SPEECH, FOR EXAMPLE: BEER, KVASS, PARTISAN, OFFICER?

narrowing of meaning

WHAT IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR PHONETIC LAWS?

they operate within a given dialect, a particular language, or a group of related languages

they operate within a certain time

WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE MEANS FOR FORMING SECONDARY NAMES IN CREATING A LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD?

metaphor

THE LANGUAGE HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:

stacked system

semiotic system

potential system

A LINGUISTIC DISCIPLINE STUDYING LIVING PLANTS, ADVERBS, DIALECTS, FOLKLORE OF PEOPLES, THEIR LIFE AND CULTURE?

ethnolinguistics

THE LINGUISTIC TRADITION IS ABOUT:

LINGUISTICS IS OUT OF THE BODY.

Czech is a Slavic language of the West Slavic group of languages. Czech is spoken by about 12.5 million people, more than 10 million of whom live in the Czech Republic. Czech is one of 24 official languages EU. As a result of several waves of emigration over the past 150 years, Czech is spoken by dozens of emigrants and their descendants in Slovakia, the USA, Canada, Germany, Austria, Romania, Australia, Ukraine, and other countries. In this article, I will tell you about the Czech alphabet, borrowed words, and the connection of the Czech language with Slovak.

Czech alphabet

The Czech alphabet has 42 letters (including the digraph ch). The Czech Republic has its own alphabet, which is the Latin alphabet, supplemented with letters indicating softness. (háček) - č, ž, š, ř etc., the designation of a long pronunciation (čárka) - á, é, ú etc., the designation plural- ů. As you have seen, longitude in Czech words is indicated by our Russian stress, so don't think that, for example, in the word dobrý the stress falls on the last syllable, it's just that ý will be pronounced in it for a long time, and the stress, like in most Czech words, falls on first syllable.

A bit of style

In stylistic terms, there are 4 levels in the Czech language:

1. Literary language(spisovná čeština) is the written form of the language codified in the Rules of the Czech Language (Pravidla českého pravopisu) and in the Dictionary of the Standard Czech Language (Slovník spisovné češtiny).
2. book language(knižní čeština) is a literary language with extensive use of obsolete words.
3. Colloquial(hovorová čestina) — oral form literary language, with some borrowings from common Czech.
4. Common Czech(obecná čeština) is an oral form of the language in Bohemia and western Moravia, partly following the rules of the Rules of the Czech Language.

At the university and in language courses, you will be taught exactly the literary version of the language, or the literary version of the language with elements of the spoken language.

Czech dialects

Dialects of the Czech language are conventionally divided into Czech and Moravian. Speakers of different dialects generally understand each other. The dialect difference is expressed in different lengths sounds and soft/hard pronunciation of consonants/vowels.

For example, in Prague they speak in a drawl, and often very quickly, while in the Moravian part of the country (Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava) they practically do not draw words and use a lot of words borrowed from the Russian language. For example, in Prague a bottle is invariably called lahev, in Brno it may already be called butylka. In Prague, a bun is houska, in Brno it is bulka. In Prague, all verb endings are pronounced firmly, for example, the verb dělat (to do) is read here as dělat, but in Brno the end can be softened - to do.

History and development of the language

The Czech language was formed from the Proto-Slavic language. The first written document in Czech dates back to 1057. In the 14th century, the Czech language flourished: on the orders of Charles IV, the first translation of the Bible into Czech was made. Since that time, a significant number of works in the Czech language appear, in which the Latin alphabet is used, the letters of which are not enough to convey all the sounds.

The situation changes dramatically in 1406, when Jan Hus, a Czech preacher and thinker, proposed new system spelling, which included letters already familiar to us with gacheks and cups. Since the 17th century, Czech literature has experienced a significant decline due to the emigration of the Czech intelligentsia and the assignment of the status of the second language to the German language. state language in the Czech Republic and Moravia, and then its complete superiority over Czech. In those days, the Czech language was spoken only in the villages, in large cities the German language prevailed.

During the 19th century, the Czech language regained its status and acquired the form in which we know it today.

Borrowings in Czech

Words in Czech come mainly from Slavic languages. Czech and Slovak retained 98% of Proto-Slavic words, more than any other Slavic languages. As a result of close contacts with Germanium, many borrowings were fixed in the language. from German(knedlík - knedlik, šunka - ham, taška - bag, brýle - glasses, rytíř - knight).

Borrowings from Russian quite a lot (vzduch, příroda, chrabrý). However, not everything is so simple: despite the similarity of our language with Czech, there are identical-sounding words with a completely different meaning in the Czech language. See for yourself: stůl - table, čerstvý - fresh, smetana" - cream, zapach - stink, pitomec - fool. You can see the continuation of this list.

Borrowings are widespread from in English (fotbal, hokej, tenis, software, hardware).

A little grammar

Among the parts of speech in the Czech language, as in Russian, nouns stand out,
adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle,
interjection.

There are 7 cases in Czech, including the vocative:

• Nominative case (Nominativ)
• Genitive case (Genitiv)
• Dative case (Dativ)
• Accusative (Akuzativ)
• Vocative case (Vokativ)
• Prepositional case (Lokal)
• Instrumental case (Instrumental)

Connection with the Slovak language

The Czech language is very close to the Slovak language, they differ in vocabulary and pronunciation. The differences in the vocabulary of these languages ​​are much smaller than the differences between some dialects of other languages. The Slovak language has a simpler writing and grammar. It is spoken by 7 million people. As a rule, Czechs can easily understand Slovaks. During the time of Czechoslovakia, both of these languages ​​were regarded as dialects of the same language.

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