What is the language in the Czech Republic? Czech. What language is spoken in the Czech Republic

Czech, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian... Can you guess what they have in common? True, they are all included in the group of Slavic languages ​​​​and belong to the Indo-European language family. Their common ancestor is the Proto-Slavic language, in which 3 known dialect groups were formed: Western, Eastern and Southern.

The Czech language belongs to the West Slavic language, which became independent in the 9th-10th centuries AD. The first written sources containing some Czech words (the rest was written in Latin) date back to the 11th century.

But texts that used whole sentences in Czech appeared in the 12th century, the earliest of which was the Litoměřice Chapter (Zakládací listina litoměřické kapituly). In it, 2 sentences were written in Latin in Czech. Such monuments as “Svatý Václave” (Saint Wenceslas), “Hospodine, pomiluj ny” (Lord, have mercy on us) have come down to us - short works 13th century written in Czech.

Later, by the 14th century, books began to be written on it and used not only by monks, but also by the royal court, the aristocracy. This is the merit of the famous Emperor Charles IV, who commissioned the translation of the Bible into Czech. It is noteworthy that a special alphabet (spřežkový pravopis) was used for its translation, in which the sounds č, ř, ě were transmitted using digraphs and trigraphs chz, rz, ye, since these letters did not yet exist.

They appeared in the 15th century, and the appearance of most of them is attributed to Jan Hus, a church reformer, thinker and rector of the University of Prague, who was burned for his teaching. In the study "De orthographia Bohemica" (On Czech Spelling), he first used diakritický pravopis, which simplified "spřežkový pravopis" with the so-called "charki" (á, é, í), "gaček" (ř, ž, š) and » (ů).

The Bible (Bible kralická) created in the era of humanism, printed by the Czech Brethren (Jednota bratrská), becomes an example of the written language. But in subsequent years, the Czech language experienced a decline, which was associated with the loss of independence after the Battle of the White Mountain and the annexation of Bohemia to the territory of the Habsburg Empire. German became the official language. It was spoken by the educated sections of the population, all documentation was written and books were published. Czech was spoken mainly in the villages, but few ordinary people knew a literate written language.

The Czech language "comes to life" in the 18th and 19th centuries thanks to the national revival (České národní obrození). The main task of its leaders was the spread of the native language among all segments of the population. The changes brought about increased the literacy of the people and the amount of literature written in Czech. Subsequently, the Czech language was also required to be used by officials who previously spoke and wrote only in German.

At this time, the spelling is undergoing changes, there are disputes about the correct spelling. This process goes down in history under the name "spelling battle (ortografický boj)". Linguistic figures also tried to clear Czech from Germanisms, developing their own terminology.

In the early 20th century, the Czech Bohemian Jan Gebauer developed the Rules for Czech Spelling (Pravidla českého pravopisu), in which he highlighted questions of morphology. Since then, several reforms have been implemented, the last one was in 1993. At the same time, new official rules for Czech spelling were issued, which are established by the Institute of the Czech Language (Ústav pro jazyk český), subordinate to the Academy of Sciences.

The Czech language is dynamically developing and changing. Famous church leaders, writers, historians and Bohemians, such as Jan Hus, Jan Amos Kamensky, Alois Jirasek, Carl Jaromir Erben, Frantisek Palacki, Bozena Nemcova, Josef Jungman, Josef Dobrovsky and many others, made their contribution to its development.

Czech is currently spoken by 12 million people, some of whom live outside the Czech Republic.

Yana Khilai

Photo from www.excel.co.ua

They say that living in Russia today is not fashionable and expensive. Many brave and desperate people go to live and work abroad in distant countries, but many of us, having a certain sentimentality and fearing nostalgia, prefer to leave, but not far. Where? That's right, Europe! They choose a country closer, and preferably a Slavic one. One of these is the Czech Republic.

Do they need to know

Arriving here, you need to say something, but how? Is it difficult to learn at least a minimum of Czech phrases? By the way, Czech is one of the richest Slavic languages ​​in the world. For comparison, there are about 130 thousand words in Russian today, and more than 250 thousand in Czech. Phrases in the Czech language are intuitive for us Slavs, although many words have a certain cunning. For example, Russian word“beautiful” sounds like “terrible” in Czech, the word “fresh” sounds like “stale” and the like.

But not only those who left their homeland will have to pore over a Czech textbook. Today, the study of this language has become just a fashionable trend among Russians. For those who know some other Slavic language, it will be even easier to understand Czechs and learn a few phrases in Czech.

Many go to the Czech Republic for education. This is one of the few countries in Europe where you can study free of charge, and the quality of the knowledge gained will be at the highest level within the global scale. Therefore, future students are required to know the basic phrases like no one else.

Where useful

The Czech language will be needed by everyone who deals with translations - guides, diplomats, translators working both in the country and abroad.

For tourists, learning a few phrases in Czech will not be difficult. Both the service staff at the hotel and the waiter at the restaurant will be pleased to hear a phrase in their native language. And if, God forbid, you get lost in the city, common phrases will help you understand how to get to the right address, because the language will bring you to Kyiv. And the Czech language is not difficult at all, and learning it is not only easy, but also fun, especially in a friendly company!

For those who go on vacation to the Czech capital, it will be very useful to familiarize yourself with our detailed manual, available at the link, which details how to properly organize your trip to Prague so that it is interesting, safe and does not go beyond your budget. In the few minutes it takes to read this article, you will learn how to save a significant amount of money without straining at all.

Will Czechs understand Russian?

The Czech Republic is one of the most popular destinations for Russians, and most Czechs living in tourist areas will understand us perfectly. Yes, and in other cities there should be no problems ... Opening borders after the collapse Soviet Union contributed to the influx of emigrants to the Czech Republic, and many Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians left to live in this country. So Russians will be understood in a restaurant, in a store, and on the street. The main thing when communicating is not to forget that goodwill and a smile on your face are a disarming tool for starting absolutely any communication.

Words are similar, grammar too. Nevertheless, you need to study Czech seriously. In Czech - a complex system declensions, a lot of exceptions, the particle se, and also the letter "ř", "gacheki" and "charki". The teacher of the GoStudy training center Dagmar Shigutova (PhDr. Dagmar Šigutová) talks about Czech as it is.

Learning Czech for Russian-speaking students, of course, is much, much easier than for English or German students. Russian and Czech belong to the group of Slavic languages, therefore, from the very beginning of their studies, Russian-speaking students understand Czech well.

I understand doesn't mean I know

Very often, Russian-speaking students think that since they understand Czech, it means that they know it. This is far from true. Due to the similarity of languages, the receptive skills of Russian students are formed much faster than those of non-Slavic speakers. The similarities in grammar and vocabulary of Czech and Russian help a lot - especially in the development of passive speech skills. At the same time, similarities of languages, on the contrary, can interfere with the formation of active skills.

False Friends of the Translator

Similar Czech and Russian words often have different meanings. For example:

čerstvý - fresh
pozor - attention
pitomec - fool
ovoce - fruits
zapach - stink
vůně - aroma
bucket - heat
rodina - family
chytrý - smart
davka - portion
chudý - poor
ukol - task
smetana - cream

Systematic errors

Let's say a German, an Englishman or a Korean masters the Czech form of the past tense without any problems, quickly enough. A Russian-speaking student will immediately remember that the verb must end in -l, but will forget to include the verb být in the construction, which in Czech indicates a person. So there are systematic errors that prevent the understanding of speech utterances.

In the constructions of the present tense, a Russian-speaking student likes to add Russian endings to Czech verbs. For example, the Czech verb dělat has the ending -ám in the present tense. But on the basis of similarity with the Russian verb “to do”, the Russian-speaking student adds -aju. It turns out dělaju.

Or I will give an example of systematic declination errors. The Czech preposition -proti is used with a dative noun. The Russian preposition "against" with the same meaning is used with the genitive case. A Russian-speaking student, under the influence of his native language, automatically uses nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the genitive case with Czech -proti. And there are many such examples.

According to Russian rules

Absolutely all foreign students have great difficulties in learning the Czech language with verb constructions - with and without prepositions. But, while native speakers of non-Slavic languages ​​will either memorize the correct constructions or not, many Russian-speaking students use the “Russian rules” - they use Czech verbs in the “Russian case” or with the “Russian preposition”.

For example, the verb zúčastnit se is similar to the Russian verb "to participate". In Czech, this verb is used in the genitive case without a preposition. But a Russian-speaking student, under the influence of his native language, can use the preposition -v and the prepositional case.

Our educators give the fight against systematic errors great importance. We constantly draw the attention of our students to the similarities and differences between the Czech and Russian languages, and perform special exercises. We correct the guys until they start speaking Czech correctly.

Czech is spoken by 13 million people (66th in the world in terms of prevalence).

A matter of emphasis

The Russian accent is very strong. In classes with Russian-speaking students, Czech teachers pay much more attention to phonetics than in English- or German-speaking classes.

Setting the Czech pronunciation is fundamentally important. Otherwise, the Czechs simply will not understand what the students are saying. So students will lose the desire to speak and the confidence that the language can be mastered.

We have increased the number of hours for phonetics in our curriculum. From the very beginning of training, teachers draw students' attention to the pronunciation of the consonants d, t, n and dě, tě, ně, endings -t in infinitives.

We seek to consolidate students' skills in the correct setting of stress. The stress in Czech words is always on the first syllable. All students know this, but it is difficult for them to fix the rule in practice. In Czech, the stress is force and is not related to longitude, which is unusual for Russian-speaking students. They often put the stress in the middle or end of a word - on a syllable with a long vowel.

At the same time, a Russian student is very often embarrassed to pronounce long vowels (“delki”). We teach the guys to pull them properly. In Czech, vowels are not reduced, as in Russian. The letter "o" should sound like "o", and a Russian student often reads it as "a". And the Czechs do not understand him.

Czech is also known for its syllable-forming consonants. There are whole phrases without a single vowel: Strč prst skrz krk (which means - Put your finger through your throat).

Spelling difficulties

Czech spelling is also not the easiest. We prepare students for studying at Czech universities, so we train a lot of spelling in the classroom - the spelling of “haček” and “charek”, hard and soft “i” / “y”, pay attention to the word order in the sentence, the place of the particle se. In Russian, the word order is free, so it is also not easy for students to master the Czech syntax.

Returning to the question of whether the Czech language is difficult, I will say that in a year of classes, the vast majority of our students master it at the B2 level, enter universities and study in them. The Czech language is difficult, but Russian-speaking students have many advantages when studying it. You need to use them and take your studies seriously.

Czech is a Slavic language of the West Slavic group of languages. Czech is spoken by about 12.5 million people, more than 10 million of whom live in the Czech Republic. Czech is one of 24 official languages EU. As a result of several waves of emigration over the past 150 years, Czech is spoken by dozens of emigrants and their descendants in Slovakia, the USA, Canada, Germany, Austria, Romania, Australia, Ukraine, and other countries. In this article, I will tell you about the Czech alphabet, borrowed words, and the connection of the Czech language with Slovak.

Czech alphabet

The Czech alphabet has 42 letters (including the digraph ch). The Czech Republic has its own alphabet, which is the Latin alphabet, supplemented with letters indicating softness. (háček) - č, ž, š, ř etc., the designation of a long pronunciation (čárka) - á, é, ú etc., the plural designation is ů. As you have seen, longitude in Czech words is indicated by our Russian stress, so don't think that, for example, in the word dobrý the stress falls on the last syllable, it's just that ý will be pronounced in it for a long time, and the stress, like in most Czech words, falls on first syllable.

A bit of style

In stylistic terms, there are 4 levels in the Czech language:

1. Literary language(spisovná čeština) is the written form of the language codified in the Rules of the Czech Language (Pravidla českého pravopisu) and in the Dictionary of the Standard Czech Language (Slovník spisovné češtiny).
2. book language(knižní čeština) is a literary language with extensive use of obsolete words.
3. Colloquial(hovorová čestina) — oral form literary language, with some borrowings from common Czech.
4. Common Czech(obecná čeština) is an oral form of the language in Bohemia and western Moravia, partly following the rules of the Rules of the Czech Language.

At the university and in language courses, you will be taught exactly the literary version of the language, or the literary version of the language with elements of the spoken language.

Czech dialects

Dialects of the Czech language are conventionally divided into Czech and Moravian. Speakers of different dialects generally understand each other. The dialect difference is expressed in different lengths sounds and soft/hard pronunciation of consonants/vowels.

For example, in Prague they speak in a drawl, and often very quickly, while in the Moravian part of the country (Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava) they practically do not draw words and use a lot of words borrowed from the Russian language. For example, in Prague a bottle is invariably called lahev, in Brno it may already be called butylka. In Prague, a bun is houska, in Brno it is bulka. In Prague, all verb endings are pronounced firmly, for example, the verb dělat (to do) is read here as dělat, but in Brno the end can be softened - to do.

History and development of the language

The Czech language was formed from the Proto-Slavic language. The first written document in Czech dates back to 1057. In the 14th century, the Czech language flourished: on the orders of Charles IV, the first translation of the Bible into Czech was made. Since that time, a significant number of works in the Czech language appear, in which the Latin alphabet is used, the letters of which are not enough to convey all the sounds.

The situation changes dramatically in 1406, when Jan Hus, a Czech preacher and thinker, proposed new system spelling, which included letters already familiar to us with gacheks and cups. Since the 17th century, Czech literature has experienced a significant decline due to the emigration of the Czech intelligentsia and the assignment of the German language the status of the second state language in Bohemia and Moravia, and then its complete superiority over Czech. In those days, the Czech language was spoken only in the villages, in large cities the German language prevailed.

During the 19th century, the Czech language regained its status and acquired the form in which we know it today.

Borrowings in Czech

Words in Czech come mainly from Slavic languages. Czech and Slovak retained 98% of Proto-Slavic words, more than any other Slavic languages. As a result of close contacts with Germanium, many borrowings were fixed in the language. from German(knedlík - knedlik, šunka - ham, taška - bag, brýle - glasses, rytíř - knight).

Borrowings from Russian quite a lot (vzduch, příroda, chrabrý). However, not everything is so simple: despite the similarity of our language with Czech, there are identical-sounding words with a completely different meaning in the Czech language. See for yourself: stůl - table, čerstvý - fresh, smetana" - cream, zapach - stink, pitomec - fool. You can see the continuation of this list.

Borrowings are widespread from English(fotbal, hokej, tenis, software, hardware).

A little grammar

Among the parts of speech in the Czech language, as in Russian, nouns stand out,
adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle,
interjection.

There are 7 cases in Czech, including the vocative:

• Nominative case (Nominativ)
• Genitive case (Genitiv)
• Dative case (Dativ)
• Accusative (Akuzativ)
• Vocative case (Vokativ)
• Prepositional case (Lokal)
• Instrumental case (Instrumental)

Connection with the Slovak language

The Czech language is very close to the Slovak language, they differ in vocabulary and pronunciation. The differences in the vocabulary of these languages ​​are much smaller than the differences between some dialects of other languages. The Slovak language has a simpler writing and grammar. It is spoken by 7 million people. As a rule, Czechs can easily understand Slovaks. During the time of Czechoslovakia, both of these languages ​​were regarded as dialects of the same language.

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Today, the study of the Czech language is gradually becoming fashionable among our compatriots. And the reason for this is not least the fact that Czech belongs to the West Slavic language group, which means it has much in common with Russian. In just a few minutes of your stay in the Czech Republic, you will begin to understand the meaning of many signs, the meaning of individual words and expressions, and after a few days you will probably be able to exchange a couple of phrases with the locals.
Those who know some other Slavic language, such as Ukrainian, will be especially lucky: these travelers will be able to almost fluently understand most conversations on everyday topics.
And yet, before diving into the language environment, let's take a closer look at its features.

All Slavic languages ​​have one common source - the Old Church Slavonic language, which was spread by the well-known Cyril and Methodius. However, if the Russian alphabet inherited the so-called Cyrillic writing of letters, then in the Czech Republic, as a European country, they began to use the Latin alphabet, adapting it to the features of the local pre-existing language with the help of superscripts - apostrophes and acutes. Apostrophes were placed above consonants to indicate their hardness (for example, the word lekař (doctor) sounds like "healer") and above the vowel "e" to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. Acutes, which look like an accent mark, are used to denote long vowels (á, é, í, ó, ý). To indicate a long "u", a small circle (ů) was placed above it. These rules exist in the Czech language to this day.
Unlike Russian, the Czech language has retained a large number of archaic forms. For example, in addition to the six main cases of nouns, it also has the so-called vocative case, the analogue of which in Russian is the appeal.

A few words about the peculiarities of pronunciation in the Czech language. First of all, it should be noted that, unlike Russian, the stress here always falls on the first syllable (an additional stress occurs in polysyllabic words). Now about what sounds correspond to individual letters:
the letter "c" corresponds to the sound [ts],
č is pronounced like [h],
the combination of letters ch means one sound - [x],
the sound of the letter “h” resembles the Ukrainian [g], which in Russian is preserved in the exclamation “Wow!”,
"ř" means either the sound [rzh] or [rsh], depending on its position in the word,
"š" sounds like [w],
"ž" sounds like [zh],
"j" sounds like [th],
the letter "ň" corresponds to the sound [n].
In addition, there are a huge number of nuances associated with pronunciation, which it is simply not possible to talk about in one article.

It would be nice, of course, to know a few words and expressions that can be useful in different situations - when communicating with the staff of a hotel, restaurant, store, and others.
Here is a small phrasebook, containing the most common of them:

Everyday
Good morning! — Dobré rano! [Good early!]
Good afternoon! — Dobry den! [Good dan!]
How are you/are you doing? — Jak se mate/maš? [Yak se mate/mash?]
Thank you, good - Děkuji, dobře [Dekui, dobře]
My name is ... - Jmenuji se ... [Ymenuji se ...]
Goodbye! — Na shledanou! [To hello!]
Morning - Ráno [Early]
After dinner - Odpoledne [Odpoledne]
Evening - Večer [Evening]
Night - Noc [Noc]
Today - Dnes [Dnes]
Yesterday - Včera [Yesterday]
Tomorrow - Zitra [Zitra]
Do you speak Russian (English, German)? - Mluvíte ruština (anglicky, německy?)
I don’t understand - Nerozumím [Ne razumim]
Please repeat again - Řekněte to ještě jadnou, prosim
Thank you - Děkuji [Dekui]
Please - Prosim [Please]
Who / what - Kdo / co [Gdo / tso]
Which one is Jaký [Yaki]
Where / where - Kde / kam [Where / kam]
How / how much - Jak / kolik [Yak / colic]
How long / when? — Jak dlouho / kdy? [Yak dlougo / where]
Why? — Proc? [Other?]
How is it in Czech? — Jak ten to cesky? [Yak ten to chesky?]
could you help me? — Můžete mi pomoci? [Can you help me?]
Yes / no - Ano / ne [Ano / not]
Sorry - Promiňte [Prominte]

Tourist
Do they provide information to tourists? — Je tu turistická informace? [Is there any tourist information?]
I need a city plan / list of hotels - Máte plan města / seznam hotelů? [mate plan mest / sesame wish]
When is the museum/church/exhibition open? — Kdy je otevřeny museum/kostel/výstava? [Where are the museum/kostel/exhibitions located?]

In the shop
Where can I find… ? — Kde dostanu… ? [Where can I get... ?]
What is the price? — Kolik to stoji? [Will you stop?]
It's too expensive - To je moc drahé [To ye moc drage]
Dislike / like - Ne / libi [Ne / libi]
Do you have this item in another color/size? — Máte to ještě v jine barvě/velikosti? [Mate to yestie in ine barvie/greatness?]
I take it - Vezmu si to [Vezmu si to]
Give me 100 g of cheese / 1 kg of oranges - Dejte mi deset deka sýra / jadno kilo pomerančů
Do you have newspapers? — Mate noviny? [Mate news?]

At the restaurant
Menu please - Jidelní listek, prosím
Bread - Chléb [Bread]
Tea - Čaj [Tea]
Coffee - Káva [Kava]
With milk / sugar - S mlékem / cukrem [With milk / cukrem]
Orange juice - Pomerančova št'áva
Wine white / red / rose - Vino bile / Červené / Růžové
Lemonade - Limonada [Lemonade]
Beer - Pivo [Beer]
Water - Voda [Water]
Mineral water– Mineralní voda [Mineralni water]
Soup - Polevka [Polevka]
Fish - Ryba [Fish]
Meat - Maso [Maso]
Salad - Salat [Salad]
Dessert
Fruits - Ovoce [Ovotse]
Ice cream – Zmrzlina [Zmrzlina]
Breakfast – Snidaně
Lunch - Oběd [Dinner]
Dinner - Večere
Account, please - Účet prosím [Account, please]

In hotel
I booked a room with you - Mám u vás reservaci [Mom you have reservaci]
Is there a double room? — Máte volný dvoulůžkovy pokoj? [Mate are free two-luzhkovy peace?]
With a balcony - S balconem? [With balcony]
With shower and toilet - Se sprchou a WC
What is the room rate per night? — Kolik stoji pokoj na noc? [Kolik stand still on the night?]
With breakfast? — Se snidani? [Let's take down?]
May I see the room? — Mohu se podivat na pokoj? [Can I take a rest?]
Is there another room? — Máte ještě jiný pokoj? [Mate is there any rest?]
Where can I park? — Kde mohu parkovat? [Where can I park?]
Bring my luggage, please - Můžete donest moje zavazadlo na pokoj prosím? [Muzhete mi donest my zavazadlo to rest, please?]

different situations
Where is the bank / exchange office? — Kde je tady bank / vymény punkt? [Where is ye tady bank / udder point?]
Where is the phone? — Kdye mogu telefonovat? [Where can I phone?]
Where to buy a phone card? — Kde mohu dostat telefonni kartu? [Where can I get a phone card?]
I need a doctor/dentist - Potřebuji lékaře/zubaře
Call an ambulance / police - Zavolejte prosím zachrannu službu / policii
Where is the police station? — Kde je policejni komisarstvi? [Where are the policemen of the commissioner?]
They stole from me ... - Ukradli mně ... [Stole mne ...]

Download and print out a phrase book (.doc format) that will come in handy on your trip.

A bit of history
Each national language is directly connected both with a single person who speaks it, and with the whole nation as a whole. And, like people, it tends to change over time - to develop or, conversely, to fade, to be influenced by other languages, to transform its own rules in every possible way, and so on.
Before acquiring its current form, the Czech language underwent a variety of reforms and improvements. However, the most interesting fact from its history is, perhaps, that the official official language he became twice. First, in the 15th century, after the main literary norms and rules, and then at the beginning of the twentieth century. Why did this happen, you ask. The point is that in early XVII century, after the fatal battle at the White Mountain, the Czech Republic for three whole centuries was part of the powerful Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was ruled by representatives of the German House of Habsburgs. In order to strengthen their power in the occupied states, the Habsburgs tried to strengthen the influence of the German language in these territories. Despite the fact that members of the government were chosen from the circles of the German nobility, the main population of the Czech Republic still spoke their native language, moreover, it continued to develop: books and treatises were published in Czech, grammar rules were formed, and at the end of the 19th century the first Czech encyclopedia.
By the way, traces of the historical past are visible in the Czech Republic to this day: there are still tourists speaking German understand better than those who speak English. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, and two years later, the Czech language (to be more precise, Czechoslovak) again acquired official status.

Deceiver words
Despite the fact that Russian and Czech languages ​​have a very strong similarity in vocabulary and the meaning of most words can be determined simply on a whim, there are many so-called deceiver words in Czech. Such words sound or are written almost the same as in Russian, but have a completely different meaning. So, for example, the word "stůl" means a table, "čerstvý" means fresh, and "smetana" means cream. Most often, the difference in meaning causes only slight bewilderment, but there are times when it causes great fun among our fellow citizens. It is not surprising, because when you find out that in order to buy a fashionable dress in a store, you need to ask for a robe (Czech "roba"), the phrase " pleasant smell"Does not exist in principle, because the word" zapach" means stink (with this perfume in Czech sounds like “stink”), and “pitomec” is not a pet at all, but a fool, it is simply not possible to hold back a smile.

Interesting statistics
Many linguists argue that language statistics is not such a useless exercise as it might seem at first glance. In particular, according to the frequency ratings of the use of certain parts of speech or even their percentage ratio, one can get some (albeit incomplete) idea of ​​the psychology of people who speak a particular language.
What is it, the national character of the Czech people, we will give you the right to judge. We have collected here the results of some statistical studies of the Czech language and seasoned them with some interesting linguistic facts.

The most frequently used words in the Czech language:
a (conjunctions “and”, “a” and “but”), být (to be), ten (that, this), v (prepositions “on”, “by”, “in”), on (pronoun “ he"), na (prepositions "to", "in", "for", "from"), že (prepositions "from", "from"), s (se) (preposition "from"), z (ze ) (preposition "from"), který (what, which).

The most common nouns in Czech are:
pan (pán) (master (before surname)), život (life), člověk (person), práce (work, business), ruka (hand), den (day, date), zem (země) (country), lidé (people), doba (period, century, time), hlava (head).

The most common verbs in Czech are:
být (to be), mít (to have, to possess), moci (to be able, to be able), muset (to be obliged to do something, to have to), vědět (to know, to be able), chtít (to want, to desire), jít (to go ), říci (to say), vidět (to see), dát se (to start, for example, dat se do pláče - to start crying).

The most common adjectives in Czech are:
celý (whole, whole, full), velký (veliký) (large), nový (new), starý (old), český (Czech, in Czech), dobrý (good, kind), malý (small), možný ( possible, feasible, probable), živý (živ) (lively, cheerful, temperamental).

In terms of frequency of use
Most synonyms describe character hardness: pevný, trvanlivý, odolný, solidní, bytelný, nezdolný, nezmarný, silný, tuhý, kompaktní, hutný, nehybný, nepohyblivý, stanovený, nezměnitelný, neměnný, stálý, ustálený, fixní, stabilní, trvalý, zajištěný, jistý, bezpečný, nepoddajný .
The longest word without vowels: scvrnklý (shrunken, shriveled).
The longest word that can be read from right to left is nepochopen (misunderstanding).

As for the frequency of use different parts speech in the Czech language, here the popularity rating turned out to be the following: the first place was taken by nouns (38.93%), the second were verbs (27.05%), the third went to adjectives (20.98%), the fourth - to adverbs (9 04%), the rest of the places with a small margin from each other divided pronouns, numerals, conjunctions and prepositions. And the Czechs use interjections least of all - they are only 0.36%. Here are some interesting statistics!