"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...
To date, the riddle about where the dark substance appeared and not solid. There are theories that suggest that it consists of low temperature interstellar gas. In this case, the substance cannot give any radiation. However, there are theories aimed against this idea. They suggest that gas is able to warm up, which leads to the fact that they become conventional "baryon" substances. In favor of this theory, it is evidenced that the mass of gas in the cold state cannot eliminate the deficit that occurs.
In theories about the dark substance, so many questions that should be understood in this a little more.
What is the dark substance?
The question of what a dark substance appeared about 80 years ago. Even at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, Astronomom from Switzerland F. Zwicks came to mind the idea that the mass of all the galaxies in reality is more than the mass of all those objects that can be seen in the telescope. All numerous tips hinted on the fact that in space there is something unknown, which has an impressive mass. This inexplicable substance was decided to give the name "Dark Substance".
This invisible substance takes at least a quarter from the entire Universe. The peculiarity of this substance is that its particles are poorly involved in the interaction between themselves and with the usual other substance. This interaction is so weak that scientists cannot even fix it. In fact, there are only signs of the effects of particles.
The study of this issue is conducted by the biggest minds around the world, so even the largest skeptics in the world believe that it is possible to catch the particles of the substance. The most desired goal is to do this under the laboratory. In mines at great depths, work is underway, such conditions for experiments are necessary to eliminate interference that exhibit particles of rays from space.
There is a chance that a lot of new information can be obtained thanks to modern accelerators, in particular, with the help of a large hadron collider.
Dark substance particles have one strange feature - mutuation. As a result of such processes, gamma radiation, antiparticles and particles (such as electron and positron) appear. Therefore, astrophysics make attempts to find traces of gamma radiation or antiparticle. This uses various terrestrial and space installations.
Proof of the existence of a dark substance
The most first doubts in the correctness of the calculations of the mass of the Universe, as mentioned, shared astronomer from Switzerland F. Zwickki. To begin with, he decided to measure the speed of galaxies from the cluster of Veronica's hair moving around the center. And the result of his work was somewhat puzzled, because the speed of the movement of these galaxies was higher than he intended. In addition, he previously calculated this value. But the results did not coincide.
The conclusion was obvious: the actual mass of the cluster was much more than the visible. It could be explained by the fact that most of The substances that are in this part of the Universe cannot be visible, and also impossible to observe it. This substance manifests its property only in the form of mass.
A number of gravitational experiments confirmed the presence of an invisible mass in galactic clusters. In the theory of relativity there is some interpretation of this phenomenon. If it follows it, each mass is capable of deformation of the space, in addition, like a lens, it sparkles the straight flow of light rays. Galactic accumulation causes distortion, its influence is so strong that it becomes noticeable. The strongest is distorted the type of galaxy, which is located directly behind the accumulation. For this distortion and is calculated how the substance has been distributed in this cluster. So measure the real mass. It invariably turns out to be more several times than the mass of visible matter.
Four decades after the work of the pioneer in this field, F. Zwikki took up an astronomer from America V. Rubin. She studied the speed with which it rotates around the center of the galaxy substance that is located at the edges of the galaxies. If you follow the laws of the Kepler concerning the laws of gravity, then there is a certain relationship between the speed of rotation of the galaxies and the distance to the center.
But in reality, the measurement showed that the rotational speed did not change with increasing distance to the center. Such data could be explained by only one way - the galaxy substance has the same density both in the center and in the edges. But the visible substance had a much greater density in the center and was characterized by a sparserage at the edges, and the lack of density could only be explained by the presence of some substance that is not visible to the eye.
To give an explanation to the phenomenon, it is necessary that this very invisible substance in galaxies be almost 10 times more than that substance that we can see. This is an unknown substance and got the name "Dark Substance", or "Dark Matter". Today, for astrophysics, this phenomenon remains the most interesting mystery.
There is another argument in favor of evidence of the existence of a dark matter. It follows from the calculations that describe the process of how the galaxies were formed. It is believed that it began approximately 300,000 years after the big explosion occurred. The results of the calculations say that the attraction between the fragments of matter, which appeared during the explosion, could not compensate for the kinetic energy from the destroyer. That is, the substance could not concentrate in galaxies, but we can see it today.
This inexplicable fact They are called the paradox of the galaxy, it was given as an argument destroying the theory of a large explosion. But you can look at it on the other side. After all, the particles of the most conventional substance could be mixed with the particles of the dark substance. Then the calculations become true, and how the galaxies were formed, in which a lot of dark substances accumulated, and particles of ordinary substance were already joined by gravity. After all, the usual substance is a small share of the entire mass of the universe.
The visible substance has a density is relatively low compared to the dark substance, because it is denser 20 times. Therefore, those 95% of the mass of the universe, which does not reach the calculations of scientists - this is the dark substance.
However, this led to the conclusion that the entire visible world, which was studied along and across, is such a familiar and understandable, only a small application to what is really developing.
All galaxies, planets and stars are just a small piece of what we do not have a concept. This is what the appearance is exposed, and the real from us is hidden.
The term "dark matter" (or hidden weight) is used in different areas Science: in cosmology, astronomy, physics. We are talking about a hypothetical subject - the form of the contents of space and time, which directly interacts with electromagnetic radiation and does not let it through itself.
Dark matter - what is it?
From time immemorial people, people were worried about the origin of the universe and the processes that form it. In the age of technology were made important discoveries, and the theoretical base is significantly expanded. In 1922, the British physicist James Jeans and the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Karttein found that most of the galactic substance is not visible. Then the term dark matter was called for the first time - this is a substance that cannot be seen by any of the known humanity. The presence of a mysterious substance issues indirect signs - a gravitational field, heaviness.
Dark Matter in Astronomy and Cosmology
Suppose that all objects and parts in the Universe are attracted to each other, astronomers were able to find a mass of visible space. But there was a discrepancy in the weight of real and predicted. And scientists have found out that there is an invisible mass, which is put to 95% of the entire unknown essence in the universe. Dark matter in space has the following signs:
- exposed to gravity;
- affects other space objects,
- weakly interacts with the real world.
Dark matter - philosophy
Dark matter in philosophy occupies a separate place. This science is engaged in the study of the world order, the foundations of being, the system of visible and invisible worlds. For the primancy, a certain substance was taken, determined by space, time surrounding the factors. Many later, the mysterious dark matter of cosmos has changed the understanding of the world, its devices and evolution. IN philosophical sense An unknown substance, as a clush of the energy of space and time, is present in each of us, so people are mortal, because they consist of time that has the end.
Why do you need dark matter?
Only a small part of cosmic objects (planets, stars, etc.) - visible substance. By the standards of various scientists, dark energy and dark matter occupy almost all space in space. The first one accounts for 21-24%, the energy occupies 72%. Each substance is unclear physical nature has its own functions:
- Black energy that does not absorb and not emitting light, repels objects, forcing the universe to expand.
- Based on the hidden mass of galaxies, its strength attracts objects in space space, keeps them in their places. That is, it slows down the expansion of the universe.
What is dark matter about?
Dark Matter B. Solar system - This is what you can not touch, consider and explore thoroughly. Therefore, several hypotheses are put forward relative to its nature and composition:
- Unknown science particles involved in gravity are a component of this substance. It is impossible to detect them into the telescope.
- The phenomenon is a cluster of small black holes (no more than the moon size).
Two types of hidden weight can be distinguished depending on the speed of the components of its particles, the density of their accumulation.
- Hot. It is not enough to form galaxies.
- Cold. Consists of slow, massive clots. These components may be well-known acion and bosons science.
Is there dark matter?
All attempts to measure the objects of unexplored physical nature did not bring success. In 2012, the movement of 400 stars around the Sun was investigated, but the presence of a hidden substance in large volumes was not proved. Even if dark matter does not exist in reality, it takes place in theory. With it, it is explained by finding the objects of the universe in their places. Some scientists find evidence of the existence of a hidden space mass. Her presence in the Universe explains the fact that the accumulations of galaxies will not fly into different sides And hold together.
Dark matter - Interesting facts
The nature of the hidden mass remains a mystery, but it continues to be interested in scientists of the minds of the whole world. Experiments are regularly held, with the help of which the substance itself is trying to explore side effects. And the facts about it continue to multiply. For example:
- The spent large hadron collider, which is the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, works at high power to identify the existence of an invisible substance in space. The world community is waiting for results.
- Japanese scientists create the world's first hidden mass card in space. It is planned to finish it by 2019.
- Recently, Lisa Randall Physico Theorist put forward the assumption that dark matter and dinosaurs are connected. This substance sent a comet to Earth, which destroyed life on the planet.
The components of our galaxy and the whole universe are bright and dark matter, that is, visible and not visible objects. If with learning the first modern machinery COLLECTS, the methods are constantly being improved, then hidden substances to explore very problematic. Humanity has not yet come to understand this phenomenon. Invisible, intangible, but the ubiquitous dark matter was and remains one of the main mysteries of the universe.
Moscow, 12 Dec - RIA Novosti.The amount of dark matter in the universe decreased by about 2-5%, which can explain the differences in the meaning of some important cosmological parameters during the Big Explosion and today, they say Russian cosmologists in the article published in the magazine PHYSICAL REVIEW D.
"Imagine that dark matter consists of several components, as well as the usual. And one component consists of unstable particles, whose life is quite large: in the era of hydrogen formation, hundreds of thousands of years after a large explosion, they still have in the universe, and today. They have already disappeared, breathed into neutrinos or hypothetical relativistic particles. Then the amount of dark matter in the past and today will be different, "said Dmitry Gorbunov from Moscow Fiztech, whose words lead the press service of the university.
Dark matter is a hypothetical substance that manifests itself exclusively through gravitational interaction with galaxies, making distortions in their movement. Dark matter particles do not interact with any kind electromagnetic radiationTherefore, they cannot be fixed during direct observations. The share of dark matter accounts for about 26% of the mass of the Universe, while the "ordinary" matter is only about 4.8% of its mass - everything else has no less mysterious dark energy.
Observations on the distribution of dark matter according to the nearest and far from us the corners of the universe, carried out using ground telescopes and the probe "Planck", recently revealed a strange thing - it turned out that the speed of expansion of the universe, and some properties of the "echo" of a big explosion in the distant past and today differ significantly. For example, today the galaxies will fly apart from each other more quickly than this follows from the results of the analysis of relic radiation.
Gorbunov and his colleagues found possible cause of this.
A year ago, one of the authors of the article, Academician Igor Tkachev from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, formulated the theory of the so-called disintegrating dark matter (DDM), in which, unlike the generally accepted theory of "cold dark matter" (CDM), part or all of it Particles are unstable. These particles, as assuming Tkachev and its colleagues, should decay quite rarely, but in a noticeable amount in order to generate deviations between the young and modern universe.
In Ov new work Tkachev, Gorbunov and their colleague Anton Chudikekin tried to calculate how many dark matter should have been able to break down, using the data collected by the "plank" and other observatory, studied the relic radiation and the first galaxies of the Universe.
As they showed their calculations, the decay of dark matter can indeed explain why the results of observation of this substance with the help of the "Planck" do not correspond to the data of the observations closest to us the accumulations of galaxies.
It is interesting, for this it takes a decomposition of a relatively small amount of dark matter - from 2.5 to 5% of its total mass, whose amount almost does not depend on what the universe should have the fundamental properties. Now, as scientists explain, all this matter broke out, and the rest of dark matter, stable in nature, behaves as describes the theory of CDM. On the other hand, it is possible that she continues to disintegrate.
"This means that in today's universe by 5% less than dark matter than was in the era of the formation of the first hydrogen molecules and helium after the birth of the universe. We can now say how quickly this unstable part broke out, it is possible that dark matter continues to break down and Now, although this is another significantly more complex model, "concludes Tkachev.
Theoretical design in physics, called the standard model, describes the interaction of all famous science Elementary particles. But it is only 5% of the existing substance in the universe, the remaining 95% have a completely unknown nature. What is this hypothetical dark matter and how scientists try to detect it? About this, as part of a special project, tells Ayk Hakobyan, a student of MFTI and an employee of the Department of Physics and Astrophysics.
The standard model of elementary particles, finally confirmed after the detection of the Higgs boson, describes the fundamental interactions (electrotic and strong) conventional particles known to us: leptons, quarks and porteers of interaction (bosons and gluons). However, it turns out that all this tremendous complex theory describes only about 5-6% of the whole matter, while the rest in this model does not fit into any way. Observations of the earliest moments of life our universe show us that about 95% of matter that surrounds us has a completely unknown nature. In other words, we indirectly see the presence of this hidden matter because of its gravitational influence, but it has not been able to directly catch it yet. This phenomenon of the hidden mass obtained the code name "Dark matter".
Modern science, especially cosmology, works on deductive method Sherlock Holmes.
Now the main candidate from the WISP group is an axion arising in the theory of strong interaction and having a very small mass. Such a particle is capable of turning into a photon-photon pair in large magnetic fields, which gives hints on how you can try to detect it. The ADMX experiment uses large chambers where the magnetic field is created in 80,000 Gauss (it is 100,000 times more magnetic field Land). Such a field in theory should stimulate the collapse of Axion on a photon-photon pair, which the detectors should catch. Despite numerous attempts, while you cannot detect Wimp, acion or sterile neutrinos.
So we passed through great amount various hypotheses seeking to explain the strange presence of a hidden mass, and, after throwing off the observation, everything is impossible, came to several possible hypothesisWith which you can already work.
A negative result in science is also the result, since it gives limit on different particle parameters, for example, sields the range of possible masses. From year to year, all new and new observations and experiments in accelerators give new, more stringent limitations on the mass and other parameters of dark matter particles. Thus, throwing out all the impossible options and narrowing a circle of searches, we get out of the day from the day, I understand everything, from which 95% of matter in our universe consists.
Plays a decisive role in the development of the universe. However, so far little is known about this strange substance. Professor Mattias Bartelmann (Matthias Bartelmann) - Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics - explains how the studies of dark matter were studied, responding to a number of issues of journalists.
And how does she arise?
I have no idea! While nobody. It is likely that it consists of heavy elementary particles. But no one knows whether it really is particles. In any case, they are very different from everything we knew before.
Looks like the opening of a new type of animals?
Yes, that's the way it is a good comparison.
Who opened dark matter and when?
In 1933, Fritz Zwicky (Fritz Zwicky) considered the movement of galaxies in galactic clusters, which depends on the total mass of the accumulation. The researcher noted that the galaxies, given their calculated mass, move very quickly. It was the first hint of dark matter. No famous matter could not be explained why stars in galaxies hold together: they must be flew away because of their high speed.
Gravitational Lens Photo: Wisssensschreiber
And what other evidence?
Pretty good proof is the effect of gravitational lenses. Far galaxies seem distorted to us, as the light rays reject on their way from matter. It resembles a glance through the corrugated glass. And the effect is stronger than it would be if there would be only visible matter.
What does dark matter look like?
It cannot be seen, since there is no interaction of dark matter and electromagnetic radiation. This means that it does not reflect the light and does not empty any radiation.
And how do you study dark matter then? What devices are needed for research?
We study not specifically dark matter, but only its manifestations, for example, the effect of the gravitational lenses. I am a theorist. Actually, I just need my computer, handle and sheet of paper. But I use the data of large telescopes in Hawaii and Chile.
Is it possible to portray dark matter?
Yes, you can create a kind of card of its distribution. Just like highlighted lines show on geographic map. The contours of the mountain, here you can see on the density of the lines, where there are especially many dark matter.
When did she appear?
Dark matter arose either directly with a large explosion, or 10,000-100,000 years later. But we are still studying.
What amount of dark matter exist?
No one can say for sure. But, on the basis of the latest research, we believe that dark matter is approximately seven or eight times more in the universe than visible.
Computer simulation shows the spread of dark matter in the form of a web, and we see its cluster on the brightest areas
Photo: Volker Springel
Is there a dependence between the dark energy and dark matter?
Probably not. Dark energy provides an accelerated expansion of the universe, while dark matter kepts the galaxies together.
Where did she come from?
Dark matter, probably everywhere, only it is common not evenly - just like visible matter, it forms a bunch.
What is the meaning of dark matter for us and our worldview?
For everyday life It does not matter. But in astrophysics is very important, as it plays a decisive role in the development of the universe.
What is our universe? 4.9% - visible matter, 26.8% Dark matter, 68.3% - dark energy Photo: Wissensschreiber
What will it cause in the future?
Probably nothing more. Previously, for the development of the universe, it was very important. Today she is still holding separate galaxies together. And since the universe continues to expand, then new structures from dark matter appear becoming more difficult.
Will it be possible in the future to directly display dark matter with devices?
Yes it is possible. For example, it is possible to measure oscillations that occur when particles of dark matter are faced in a crystal with atoms. Similarly occurs in particle accelerator: if elementary particlesIt would seem unfortunately flying in an unexpected direction, then the unknown particle can be wines. Then it would be another proof of the existence of dark matter. Imagine: You are standing on the football field and before you the ball. He suddenly flies without any visible reasons. He had to knock off something invisible.
And what interests you in your work most?
I am attracted to the assumption that the visible matter is only a small share of everything, and we do not have any idea about the rest.
Thank you for finding time. We hope that you will soon find out even more about dark matter!
