Orange tree - what is it? A photo. Pomeranian bitter what it is, composition and properties The smell of orange

Pomeranian - small evergreen tree height from 2 to 10 meters. Pomeranian fruits are round, orange-red, with bitter-sour pulp. They ripen in November-January. You can find other names for this citrus fruit: sour orange or bitter orange, Seville orange, bigaradiya. This fruit is native to Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, in the Caucasus, in Paraguay and on some islands of the West Indies.

Application

Fresh oranges are inedible, and they are valued mainly for their zest. The peel is easily separated from the fruit, it is enough to cut it into four parts. The zest should be dried by spreading it in a thin layer on a flat plate for two to three days at room temperature, turning daily. It is considered ready when it becomes brittle.

The zest of oranges is often used to make desserts. It can be added to ice cream. To prepare such a dessert, you will need orange zest and juice, sugar and cream. All this must be beaten with a mixer and frozen.

Dried and crushed peels of this fruit are added to many confectionery and sweet dishes: Easter cakes, muffins, cakes. A bitter-citrus flavor is given by the zest to creams for cakes and pastries,. When in contact with a moist white surface of a product, such as rice or cottage cheese, the orange peel instantly turns it into a beautiful bright light yellow color. Candied orange rinds are used as a decoration for sweet festive dishes or eaten as an independent dessert. Sometimes ground zest is added to drinks (in compotes, jelly) or when making jam.

As a flavoring agent, it is added to give the dish a fresh citrus flavor. Finely ground zest is combined with fish: it is added to fillings for fish and from fish. The taste of zest goes well with meat dishes, it goes especially well with poultry.

All types of orange zest belong to “weak”, “soft” spices, so it can be consumed in a few grams.

From the leaves and flowers of the orange, essential oils are obtained - respectively, ptigren and neroli, which are used to make marmalade, flavor liqueurs and sweets.

Composition and properties

Furocoumarin umbelliferone, which has a strong antifungal activity, was found in the fruits of the orange. Pomeranian is widely used as an antiemetic, antitussive, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, it is used for abdominal pain, indigestion, congestion in the chest cavity, and diseases of the spleen. Seeds are recommended for loss of appetite, chest pain, colds, coughs, hernia.

Bitter orange is an effective remedy for a variety of nervous disorders. It is used to reduce irritability, with increased nervous excitability, with sudden states of fear with palpitations, with neurasthenia with impaired stomach function and loss of appetite, with sleep disorders.

Interesting fact

The image of an orange is used in the coat of arms of the city of Lomonosov, which until 1948 was called Oranienbaum, which means "orange tree" in German.

Synonym: sour orange, bigaradiya, Seville orange.

An evergreen woody plant with orange-red, bitter fruits. Since ancient times, it has been highly valued for medicinal properties fruit and is widely cultivated as a source essential oil, and also as a citrus rootstock.

Ask the experts

In medicine

bitter orange is used in medicinal purposes as an effective sedative for a variety of nervous disorders (to reduce irritability, increased nervous excitability, fear, neurasthenia, sleep disturbances, etc.). In addition, the fruits and peel of bitter orange are used as part of preparations that stimulate appetite and improve digestion. Therefore, preparations made on its basis are prescribed for hypovitaminosis, metabolic disorders. They are also effective for chronic inflammatory processes as an adjunct therapy to reduce Negative consequences taking antibiotics.

For official medicine, orange oil is of particular value, which is currently being actively studied by gerontologists as a means of longevity and against premature aging, as well as to eliminate the symptoms of atherosclerosis. It has been scientifically proven that the use of orange oil is effective in such diseases as arterial hypertension, migraine (frequent headaches), paroxysmal muscle spasms. It also has a beneficial effect on the endocrine and cardiovascular systems.

Among manufacturers of dietary supplements, bitter orange, due to its composition, has gained popularity as safe means for weight loss. According to studies, orange ingredients reduce appetite, increase fat breakdown and thus help get rid of excess weight. Therefore, orange peel extracts are often found in dietary supplements offered for overweight.

The fruits of bitter orange in the pharmaceutical industry are actively used in the manufacture of various drugs, in particular gastric, carminative and laxatives. Usually, orange-based preparations are used in the form of tablets and capsules. From the crushed peel of ripe orange fruits, tinctures are prepared, which are used as a means of increasing appetite, increasing the secretion of gastric juice and improving digestion. The essential oil of bitter orange is added to the ointment. Pomeranian fruits are also used as a flavor additive (korrigens) to various medicines. The peel of the fruit is part of the finished pharmacy tincture as an aromatic bitterness. In addition, orange fruits and juice from them have long been used for medicinal purposes by traditional oriental medicine. For example, the fruits of bitter orange are part of contraceptives.

Contraindications and side effects

Pomeranian bitter has no contraindications for use as such, but in some
cases may cause allergic reactions. In addition, people with weak
immune system, pregnant and lactating women, as well as children and
individual intolerance, it is better to refrain from using drugs on
its basis

In aromatherapy

The most popular essential oil among aromatherapists is neroli, which is obtained from orange blossoms. Bitter Orange Oil is used in many medical procedures ( nervous tension, depression, spasms, convulsions, insomnia, etc.).

In cosmetology

Bitter orange (especially oil) occupies a special place in modern cosmetology. It is used in various cosmetic products. It relieves acne, rejuvenates and saturates the skin with vitamins. With its prolonged use, the skin becomes soft, elastic, pores shrink. In spas, bitter orange oil is used in the form of face masks, and in crushed form, the herb is used to reduce freckles. Oil is one of the strongest anti-cellulite remedies.

In other regions

In herbal medicine

The medicinal properties of bitter orange are much more appreciated in herbal medicine. Tea from the flowers and leaves of bitter orange is one of the best stomach and sedatives. It is effective for nausea and vomiting, as well as migraines caused by stressful situations.

The economic significance of bitter orange lies mainly in obtaining oil from it: from the peel of ripe fruits - essential oil; from leaves - petigran; from flowers - neroli. Orange oil also serves as the basis for the production of artificial essential oils, in particular lemon and bergamot.

Oil, extract and infusions of bitter orange flowers are found wide application in pharmacy, in the production of cosmetics and perfumes as fragrances in the manufacture of medicines and expensive perfumes, as well as in Food Industry in the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic refreshing drinks.

In the culinary and food industry

In the food industry, fruits and tinctures from bitter orange flowers are actively used in the manufacture of many products. In fresh form, bitter orange fruits are inedible, therefore they are used mainly for juice production. Pomeranian fruits are also valued for their zest. It is used in its pure form as a light spice, or used to color and flavor juices and refreshing soft drinks, tinctures, liqueurs. The immature fruits of the orange "orange nuts" are also raw materials for the production of essential oil used in the alcoholic beverage industry. Culinary experts appreciate the zest, it is added to many confectionery products (cakes, marmalades, dessert dishes). Dry and finely chopped peel of orange fruit is added to muffins, cottage cheese, etc. As a flavoring agent that gives a fresh citrus taste, zest is added to sauces and sauces for fish and poultry meat dishes. In England, the peel is used in the production of sweets (in fillings). Neroli and petitgrain essential oils from bitter orange flowers and leaves are also used to make marmalade, candied peels and soft drinks. Oils are used in food aromatic essences for drinks, chewing gum, etc. Flower infusions are also used in the confectionery and other food industries. The refreshing and energizing aroma of orange is also used in various compositions of blended teas.

In the perfume industry

Essential oil (neroli and petitgrain) from bitter orange flowers is very popular in the perfume industry as the main component in many flower compositions of fragrant perfumes. Due to its pleasant fresh smell, orange oil is used to scent rooms, eliminate heavy odors, etc.

In horticulture, bitter orange is used as a rootstock for citrus fruits. For this purpose and as an ornamental plant, it is quite widely bred in many countries.

Classification

Pomeranian sour, or bitter (lat. Citrus aurantium) - belongs to the genus Citrus (lat. Citrus) of the citrus subfamily (lat. Citroideae) of the rue family (lat. Rutaceae). The genus includes about 15 species, most of which are cultivated, improved by centuries-old selection of original wild-growing, now not preserved forms.

Botanical description

Evergreen tree up to 10 m high, with a rounded crown. The leaves are simple, entire, alternate, petiolate, without stipules. characteristic feature plants is the presence in the leaves of numerous translucent glands - receptacles of essential oil, providing a specific strong aroma. In the axils of the leaves there is one large spine, which is the metamorphosed leaves of the axillary shoot. The flowers are white, fragrant, solitary or in bunches, bisexual, with a double perianth. The tepals are free. Stamens 10. Syncarpous gynoecium. Upper ovary. The fruit is an orange or hesperidium, round in shape, about 7.5 cm in diameter, orange-red in color with sour pulp, an extracarp with many essential oil glands. Fresh inedible. Blooms in April - May. The fruits ripen in November - January.

Spreading

Unknown in the wild. Homeland - Southeast Asia. Cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, in the humid subtropics of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Distribution regions on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Almost all parts of the plant are harvested for medicinal purposes: unripe fruits (peel), flowers, leaves and young shoots. They are cut and dried in the open air or in attics. Of particular value for medicinal purposes is the zest of the fruit, which is removed by cutting it into four parts. Store raw materials in linen bags for a year.

Chemical composition

The peel of bitter orange fruit contains essential oil, which contains ocimene, myrcene, limonene, linalool and geraniol esters, naringin, terpinolene, jasmol, phenylacetic and benzoic acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, as well as anthranilic acid methyl ester, which gives the oil delicate fragrance. In addition, sugars, organic acids (citric, malic, salicylic, gallic), glycosides (hesperidin, isohesperidin), belonging to the group of substances with P-vitamin activity, and flavonoids were found in the fruits. Leaves, branches, young stems and flowers also contain essential oils: petitgrain, neroli, orange. Stakhidrin was found in the leaves, and fatty oil (about 18%) was found in the seeds.

Pharmacological properties

Orange preparations have antiseptic, antisclerotic, analgesic, choleretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anticoagulant, stimulating, tonic, diaphoretic, laxative effects. Orange oil stimulates the synthesis of melanin and vitamin D, leveling the deficiency sunlight northern countries, strengthens the immune system, tissue regeneration, has a mild diuretic and lymphatic drainage effect. Orange oil eliminates the symptoms of atherosclerosis and premature aging, promotes longevity. Furocoumarin and umbelliferone, which are part of the orange fruit, have strong antifungal and antibacterial activity. The essential oil of orange fruit also exhibits bactericidal, antiemetic, antitussive, diaphoretic carminative, expectorant activity. Pomeranian copes well with nervous disorders, in particular, reduces irritability, increased nervous excitability, sudden states of fear with frequent heartbeats, neurasthenia with disruption of the stomach and loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance. Orange improves attention, memory and other cognitive thinking processes. Preparations made on the basis of orange seeds improve appetite, relieve pain in the chest area, severe cough, etc.

Application in traditional medicine

Since ancient times, bitter orange has been highly valued by traditional healers for its medicinal properties. The people consider bitter orange effective tool from nervous overexcitation, fear, palpitations, insomnia, depression, hypertension and hangover. Orange-based preparations strengthen nervous system, heart muscles. Traditionally, it has been used as an antiemetic, for nausea, indigestion and indigestion, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, prolapse of the rectum, painful urge and constipation, congestion in the chest cavity, diseases of the spleen, and as a general aid to digestion. Bitter orange is widely used as an antitussive, diaphoretic, carminative, expectorant for various inflammatory processes. For example, orange fruit juice is one of the best bactericidal agents for inflammatory processes in the oral and nasal cavities. Seeds of bitter orange are recommended for chest pains, colds, coughs, inflammation of the testicles. The leaves, flowers and peel of bitter orange fruits are used for heartburn and fungal diseases. Oriental medicine has long used the fruits of orange and the juice from them. In particular, Chinese healers used dry orange peels for ulcers, wounds, diarrhea and bleeding.

History reference

Bitter orange has been known since ancient times and is highly valued for its healing properties. It is well adapted in the Mediterranean region, where it was brought by the Arabs in the 11th century. At present, the orange is widely cultivated in China, California, Israel, South America, on the Black Sea coast Caucasus.

In ancient Egypt and Rome, bitter orange flowers were used for decorative purposes, and they also disinfected and cleaned rooms. The ancient Greeks considered the orange flower a symbol of fertility and girlish innocence. The orange flower was a traditional part of the bride's wedding bouquet and wedding dress. The bride's head was decorated with orange flowers on the wedding day, and a wreath was woven from the branches for the groom. At the end of the 10th century in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, the fruits of orange were used to make oriental sweets. It has also been used as a remedy. For example, Avicenna included orange in many potions. In Europe, orange became known in the 16th century, and by the end of the 17th century it gained popularity, becoming one of the components of popular perfumes. An infusion of flowers - orange water - in the old days was popular as a fragrant drink, and was also used in perfumery. Pomeranian began to be actively cultivated in France, Italy and Spain. In addition, the essential oil has found its use as a medicine against stomach diseases and as a sedative.

Neroli essential oil, obtained from the flowers of bitter orange, has been known in Europe since the 16th century. It was introduced into the composition of fashionable perfumes already in 1680 and since then, despite the high cost, it has been used in the most prestigious perfumery. Already in the 30s of the current century in civilized France it became difficult to find flower pickers. Therefore, oil production increasingly moved to Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria.

The best is petitgrain oil from the leaves of bitter orange, which is called "petitgrain bigarade oil". It has been used in French perfumery since the 18th century. Produced in the South of France. In the 19th century, it began to be made in North Africa, in Italy and Spain, but the need for it exceeded the resources that the bitter orange plantations in all these countries could provide, and from the beginning of the 20th century, Paraguay became a powerful producer of petitgrain oil. In 1880, the cultivation of bitter orange was organized in Paraguay, which was soon crossed with local varieties of sour and semi-sweet orange. The result was a variety of "Paraguayan petitgrain oil".

In Russia, an orange tree is depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Lomonosov, a suburb of St. Petersburg, which until 1948 was called Oranienbaum (from German "Oranienbaum" is translated as "orange tree"). In Japanese poetry, the smell of orange flowers evokes memories of the past. The petals of its flowers filled the pockets of wide sleeves.

Literature

1. Biological encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov) 2nd ed., corrected. M.: Sov. Encyclopedia. 1989.

2. Blinova K. F. et al. Botanical-pharmacognostic dictionary: Ref. allowance / Ed. K. F. Blinova, G. P. Yakovlev. M.: Higher. school, 1990. S. 220.

3. Winkler P. Coats of arms of cities, provinces, regions and towns Russian Empire, introduced into the Complete Collection of Laws from 1649 to 1900. SPb. 1899.

4. Dudchenko L. G., Kozyakov A. S., Krivenko V. V. Spicy-aromatic and spicy-tasting plants: a Handbook / Ed. ed. K. M. Sytnik. K.: Naukova Dumka, 1989. 304 p.

5. Plant life (under the editorship of A.L. Takhtadzhyan). M. Enlightenment. 1981. V.5 (2). 508 p.

6. Elenevsky A.G., M.P. Solovyova, V.N. Tikhomirov // Botany. Systematics of higher or land plants. M. 2004. 420 p.

7. Pavlenkov F. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. 1907.

8. Toponymic Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg. SPb.: Inform. ed. agency LIK, 2002.

9. Kheifits L. A., Dashunin V. M. Fragrances and other products for perfumery. Moscow: Chemistry, 1994. 256 p.

Photo: Pomeranian (Citrus aurantium)

Description of orange

Pomeranian (lat. - Citrus aurantium), other names - chinotto, bigaradiya - is evergreen woody plant, one of the subspecies of the Citrus genus of the Rut family.

The tree grows up to 2 - 10 meters. On the branches are long, thin and sharp spines. The leaves of the plant are alternate, petiolate, with a leathery shiny surface. The top of the leaf is green above, light green below. When viewed against the light, receptacles of essential oils are noticeable. Leaf petioles are broadly winged, rapidly tapering towards a wingless base.

The flowers are relatively large, reach a diameter of 2 - 3 cm, with a fragrant smell. They grow singly or in small, axillary inflorescences of 2 to 4 flowers. The calyx has 4-5 teeth, lowered from the outside. The corolla consists of 4 - 8 white, narrow and oblong petals. They also contain essential oils. In the flower there are many stamens fused in a column with a capitate stigma.

The fruit (“orange”) has a berry-like shape, and is also slightly flattened. The diameter of the fruit sometimes reaches 7 cm. The peel is thick, its surface is uneven-hilly, brightly orange color, easily separated from the pulp. The peel also contains essential oils. The inner pulp is divided into 10 - 12 slices, the taste is sour with bitterness. plant seeds light yellow, have a flattened-wedge shape, covered with grooves. The dark green ovary germinates on the 3rd day of flowering. Flowering time - April - May, fruit ripening - November - January.

Propagation of the orange plant

It has not been found in the wild and is unknown to science. Place of origin - southeast of the Asian continent. Grows and breeds in the Mediterranean countries, the mountains of the Caucasus, as well as in Latin America(mostly Paraguay) and individual islands West Indies. The normal temperature range for a plant is +5C? up to +45С?. This makes it possible to take it out into the open air already in the month of May.

Composition and use of orange

Pomeranian fruits contain carbohydrates, various organic acids and glycosides, which are substances with P-vitamin activity. Branches, leaves, young shoots and immature fruits contain an essential oil called "petitgrain orange oil". The smell of oil extracted from the peel of orange fruits resembles the smell of lemon oil, and in composition and properties it is similar to orange oil.

An essential oil made from the flowers of the plant, called neroli oil, has a very pleasant smell. Limonene, linalool and geraniol esters and anthranilic acid methyl ester, which are part of its composition, give the oil the finest aroma.

The composition of the essential oil obtained from the peel of ripe fruits, that is, orange oil, includes myrcene, camphene, limonene and other substances. To obtain essential oil from fresh flowers and unripe fruits, the steam distillation method or the enfleurage method, that is, the extraction of essential oils with fatty oils, is used.

All parts of the plant are used in various purposes. So, the crushed peel of the fruit is used to prepare a tincture, which is used to increase appetite, or as a component of other medicines.

"Orange nuts", the so-called unripe fruits of the plant, which tend to fall off spontaneously, serve as a raw material for the production of essential oil, which is widely used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Pomeranian fruits are also used in medicine. And essential oils made from the leaves and flowers of the plant (neroli and petitgrain) are used in the food industry in the production of marmalade, soft drinks, candied crusts, as well as in the perfume industry to create flower arrangements fragrances, etc.

The picture, which picturesquely depicts an orange tree, was used to create the coat of arms of the city of Lomonosov, which is a suburb of St. Petersburg. It is interesting that until 1948 the city was called - Oranienbaum, in German - Oranienbaum, which in translation sounds like "orange tree".

About what it looks like ornamental plant orange, perhaps only experienced amateur flower growers know. However, in recent years, due to the increasing interest of the population in essential oils and aromatherapy - in particular, many people want to know about this decorative tree.

Perhaps only experienced amateur flower growers know what an ornamental orange plant looks like.

The orange plant (lat. Citrus aurantium) has other names - bigaradiya, chinotto (or kinotto). It belongs to the rue family and looks like an evergreen tree. The height is about 2-3 meters, and at home it grows no higher than 1 meter. Interesting feature: The branches have long sharp spines. The leaves are shiny, leathery, dark green above, and light below, with numerous papules containing essential oil. The flowers of orange blossom reach 3 cm in diameter; they are white and very fragrant. The plant blooms in April-May. But oranges are grown not only because of beautiful flowers. Highly decorative look the tree acquires during fruiting, which occurs in November-December. The entire crown is richly decorated with bright orange spherical fruits, similar to some varieties of tangerines. The berry reaches 6-7 cm in diameter; the peel is thick and bumpy, like citrus fruits. The flesh of the fruit is bitter, sour, has a peculiar smell and is considered inedible.

Biologists know only cultivated types of orange, but the wild species has not been found in nature. It is known that it comes from South-East Asia, now cultivated in the Caucasus, the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and also in room conditions, often called wild orange.

Gallery: orange (25 photos)

Beneficial features

This plant, in addition to its decorative effect, has a considerable amount useful properties. Its fruits and flowers contain orange oil, glycosides and carbohydrates, various alcohols and esters, including geraniol and alpha-limonene, which is widely used in aromatherapy, in the production of alcohol, and confectionery.

Bitter orange oil is obtained mainly from the fresh peel by cold pressing. If the task is to obtain an essential oil, known in aromatherapy as neroli, then the flowers and unripe fruits, together with the skin, are distilled with the help of water vapor by the method of extraction with fatty oil (enfleurage).

The orange plant (lat. Citrus aurantium) has other names - bigaradiya, chinotto (or kinotto)

Orange extract has been famous for its aromatic properties since the time of Avicenna:

• regular use effectively helps to fight such nervous disorders as depression and post-depressive states, depression, apathy, unreasonable anxiety and attacks of neurasthenia;
• it is recommended to use alone or in combination with other aromatic oils for the treatment of sleep disorders;
• orange has anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic effects;
• crushed peel, infused with alcohol, improves performance of cardio-vascular system, and the bitter taste has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
• in cosmetology it has a rejuvenating effect and is used as a powerful remedy against cellulite.

Using orange in household treatment, one should not forget that it belongs to citrus fruits, therefore, those who are prone to allergies should use preparations from it with caution.

Bitter orange (video)

Application in medicine and cooking

At home, for treatment and aromatherapy, bitter orange extract is used primarily in aroma lamps. Dosage and exposure time are selected depending on the desired effect.

In order to get a bactericidal agent at home, it is enough to squeeze the juice from fresh ripe fruits along with the peel. Store it in a dark glass container in the refrigerator. This remedy in the form of a rinse will effectively help with various colds - sore throat, laryngitis, etc.

Squeezed juice can be taken orally, dissolved in small amounts in water and adding sugar or honey to taste. In this way, you can help with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and hypertension. Experts say that this drink can quickly get rid of nausea, bloating, and also effectively relieve hangover.

To rejuvenate the skin of the face, just add a few drops of oil to any face mask. Thanks to the substances contained in it, the oil will smooth out wrinkles, narrow enlarged pores, and enrich the skin with vitamins.

At home, for treatment and aromatherapy, bitter orange extract is used primarily in aroma lamps.

An interesting way to treat a snake bite or a poisonous insect, which was used in antiquity. Only orange seeds were used for healing, which were applied to the bite.

Dried seeds are taken orally with a constant cough, hernia, chest pain.

Orange zest is often used to prepare various confectionery and sweet dishes. To prepare the zest for future use, you need to remove the peel from the mature fruit, dry it for several days at room temperature, spreading it out in a very thin layer on paper or cloth. When the zest begins to crumble, you can put it away for storage.

Oil and zest are often added to drinks; Candied fruits are prepared from fresh peel, which they eat on their own or decorate cakes, rolls, marmalade, jelly desserts with them. The original alcoholic drink, known since ancient times, is orange bitter. Despite its peculiar, very bitter taste, it is often used in cocktails. Since its cost in retail high enough, you can cook it yourself.

For 0.5 l of good vodka, you will need 100 g of fresh and 50 g of dried orange peel, 0.5 tsp. cardamom, 1/3 star anise, 2 tbsp. l. sugar, 0.5 tbsp. l. dried gentian root and ready-made tinctures of angelica and cinquefoil roots.

Grind all dry ingredients and pour vodka. It is necessary to insist in a container with a tight lid and in a dark, cool place for at least 2 weeks. For best effect The container must be shaken daily. You should certainly monitor the level of alcohol - if the zest absorbs all the vodka, you must definitely add alcohol and mix well.

After 2 weeks, you can try the infusion. If the taste of the orange seems too weak, then you need to continue to insist. You can add an additional portion of zest - both dry and fresh.

At the end of the infusion, you need to squeeze out the resulting mass, filter the liquid several times, pour it into a sealed vessel and insist for a few more days until a precipitate forms. Then drain the transparent part again.

Now you need to add sweets to the infusion. Pour sugar (about 2 tbsp.) With a small amount of water and wait until caramel forms. The resulting warm soft mass should be gradually introduced into orange alcohol until the desired result is obtained. How much sugar to add is a matter of taste. The drink needs to be insisted for a few more days.

To complete the preparation of a classic bitter, you need to introduce bitterness into alcohol. For this, ready-made tinctures of cinquefoil and angelica roots are used. It is important not to overdo it here, otherwise the drink will turn out to be too bitter.

It is believed that after all the manipulations, alcohol with a strength of at least 30% should be obtained.

Sommelier experts say that the bitter is wonderful alcoholic drink both solo and in cocktails. Moreover, it is noticed that after its use there is practically no hangover syndrome.

The remedies that can be prepared from the flowers and fruits of the orange can be useful for everyone, both for health and for pleasure. But first of all, it is, of course, very decorative tree With beautiful flowers and fruits.

11 Most Popular Citrus Essential Oils (Video)

Botanical name: Pomeranian (Citrus aurantium) or Chinotto, or Bigaradia. Representative of the genus Citrus, Rutaceae family. It is a close relative of orange, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon and other citrus fruits.

Homeland of the Pomeranian: India.

Lighting: photophilous.

The soil: citrus soil mix.

Watering: moderate.

Maximum tree height: 12 m

Average life expectancy: up to 70 years old.

Landing: seeds, grafting.

Pomeranian is a medium-sized evergreen tree, reaching up to 10 m in height. In room conditions, it does not exceed 1 m. The crown is highly branched, spherical, with a spiral arrangement of leaves. The branches have thin, long spines. The leaves are elliptical, pointed, dense, leathery, alternate. Above smooth, shiny, bright green, below light green with translucent receptacles of essential oil. Attached to broad-winged, long petioles.

Orange flowers and their photos

The flowers are large, 3 cm in diameter, white, fragrant, located in the axils of the leaves, formed singly or collected in small inflorescences of 2 to 7 pieces. Flowering occurs in April - May. The fruit is berry-shaped, spherical, slightly flattened, about 7 cm in diameter. The peel is thick, unevenly bumpy, intense orange in color, easily separated from the pulp. The peel contains a large number of essential oil. The pulp is juicy, sour, bitter, divided into 10 - 12 shares. The pulp contains yellow wedge-shaped seeds. The fruits ripen in late November - mid-December, less often in January. In regions with a mild warm climate, the crop is harvested in October.

Orange orange has other names: sour orange, bitter orange, bigaradia, chinotto.

Pomeranian spread

The birthplace of this citrus is India, where the plant was cultivated several hundred years ago. Today, the orange fruit is grown in many tropical and subtropical countries. In Russia, the distribution of orange is especially widespread in the southern regions, where it is grown as indoor plant. It does not occur in the wild.

At home, it grows in the form of a miniature slender tree or a compact showy bush. It is decorative due to large, fragrant, white and pink flowers orange, which look very elegant against the background of bright green foliage.

The use of orange fruit

Fresh orange fruit is not consumed, it is valued because of its zest. To obtain it, the peel is separated from the pulp and dried for several days in a dry, warm place, spreading it in a thin layer on a flat surface. The peel is considered ready when it becomes thin and fragile. Now you can get zest from it. The main use of the orange fruit is the manufacture of various desserts and pastries.

From the leaves and flowers of this plant, essential oils are obtained, which are used in aromatherapy and in the preparation of marmalade.

The immature fruits that fall from the tree are used to make an essential oil used in the production of alcoholic beverages.

The orange flower is considered a symbol of innocence and is a traditional part of a bride's wedding bouquet. The fragrance of the flowers of this tree in Japanese poetry is associated with memories of the past. Previously, the pockets of wide sleeves were filled with orange petals.