What is the name of colored clay? Features of the use of cosmetic clay

Clay- a plastic natural material used in construction, folk crafts, treatment and improvement of the body and in other areas of human life. That's exactly what wide application determine certain qualities and properties of clay. And the properties of clay are largely influenced by its composition.

Clay application

Clay is very affordable, and its benefits are invaluable, and therefore it has been used by people since very ancient times. There are many references to this wonderful material in the history textbooks of all countries of the world.

Building. Currently, clay is used as a material for making red bricks. Clay of a certain composition is molded and fired according to a certain technology, obtaining a durable and inexpensive ingot - a brick. Buildings and structures are already being built from bricks. In some countries and regions, clay is still used to build dwellings - mud huts, and clay is widely used in the construction of brick ovens, where clay serves as a binder (as cement). The same clay is also used for plastering ovens.

The medicine. Wellness and traditional medicine uses clay in the form of mud baths and masks. The whole point is to nourish the surface of the skin with beneficial clay elements. Of course, not all clay will do here.

Souvenirs and tableware. I combine two large areas into one, since many items of dishes are only souvenirs. Plates, pots, jugs and vases are in abundance in modern stores. Not a single fair is complete without the sale of clay souvenirs - smoke toys, whistles, tablets, key chains and much more. We will try to mold a lot on our own.

Clay may be included in composition of other materials. Chasovoyarskaya clay of fine grinding, for example, is an element artistic paints(gouache), sauces, pastels and sanguines. Read about it in the articles "Help the artist".

clay properties

Color. Clay of various compositions has many shades. Clay is called by its colors: red, blue, white... True, during drying and further firing, the color can completely change. This is worth paying attention to when working with clay.

Plastic. It was the ability to deform and retain the shape given to it that allowed a person to find the use of clay in his life. Here it is worth noting that it all depends on the consistency - the ratio of the amount of water, clay and sand. Different jobs require different compositions. So, for modeling sand may be generally redundant.

Hygroscopicity allows clay to absorb water, changing its properties of viscosity and plasticity. But after firing, clay products acquire water resistance, strength and lightness. The development of technology made it possible to obtain faience and porcelain, indispensable in the modern world.

fire resistance. A property used more in construction than in art crafts, except for the firing of products. The firing technology is different for a particular clay composition. The property of clay shrinkage or compressibility is closely related to drying and firing - a change in mass and size due to the removal of part of the water from the composition.

Clay composition

The properties of clay determines its chemical composition. For different types Clays are characterized by different chemical compositions. So, for example, red clay contains a lot of iron oxides. Clay basically contains certain substances - clay minerals - which are formed during various natural phenomena. The format of the article does not include consideration of the chemical properties and composition of the clay, so I will not go into details.

The composition of clay suitable for use in folk crafts, as already mentioned, is determined by three essential elements: clay minerals, water and sand.

The proportions of these elements can be changed, although it is much easier to add than to remove. So, for example, dry clay can be quickly dissolved, however, it is not at all easy to make clay liquid like sour cream suitable for modeling. Sand is very easy to add, but removing it from clay is not a trivial task.

Distinguish "skinny" and "fat" clay. The fat content scale determines the coefficient of plasticity, and the binding properties of clay allow you to adjust the fat content by mixing it with others. natural materials, for example, with sand. Skinny clay has less plasticity, its binding strength is weaker, but it shrinks less during drying and firing.

Clay deposits are found in various states throughout the world. This ensured the use of it by artisans of different nationalities, and served as the emergence of such a variety of products and technologies.

Artisans have learned to control the behavior and condition of clay through various additives to the composition. So you can thin the clay, elutriate, give it greater fire resistance, reduce shrinkage. As a result of these manipulations experienced master will be able to end up with a high-quality highly artistic product.

Clay is a mineral that has found wide application in various fields vital activity. This is quite complex rock can be represented by different composition and properties. The conditions for the formation of different types of clays also differ significantly.

What is clay?

Geological science has been studying rocks for a long time. Scientists have found that clay, not contaminated with impurities, consists of small particles. The dust diameter does not exceed 0.01 mm. These are particles that belong to a certain group of minerals. It is no coincidence that the use of clay has become widespread. The rock is a tangled chemical compound, which includes water, silicon and aluminum.

Clays under the influence of liquid change their properties. Depending on the amount of water that is added to the rock particles, a plastic mass or lime can form. The liquid with the addition of clay has a high degree of viscosity. This property is widely used in the construction and repair industries.

Clay properties

The properties of any rock are completely dependent on the composition. Clay is no exception. The size of the constituent particles also matters. In a mixture with the rock is able to form a viscous dough. This property is widely used in various spheres of life. Clay swells in water. As a result, it can be used very sparingly. In its raw form, clay dough is able to maintain absolutely any shape. Nothing can be changed after freezing. And in order for the product to be preserved for a long time, it is fired. Under the influence of high temperatures, the clay becomes even stronger and more durable.

If to describe basic properties clay, one cannot help but recall the water resistance. After saturation with rock particles the right amount liquid, it no longer passes moisture through itself. This property is also widely used in construction.

Separate grades of clays are able to purify petroleum products. The same properties of clay are used to purify vegetable fats and oils. Thanks to this, people can consume products without harmful impurities. Clay absorbs from liquids which can be harmful to health. For the same reason, certain types of rocks are used in cosmetology.

What are clays?

In nature there is great amount types of clay. All of them have found their application in one or another sphere of life. Kaolin is a light-colored clay that is less plastic than other types. It is this breed that is most often used in paper industry, as well as in the manufacture of dishes.

Refractory clay deserves special attention. This substance is white or light gray in color, which can withstand temperatures above 1500 degrees during firing. Under the influence of high temperature, refractory clay does not soften and does not lose its useful properties. The rock is widely used in the manufacture of porcelain products, as well as in interior decoration. Facing tiles made of refractory clay are considered popular.

Molding clays can also be fired at sufficiently high temperatures. They differ in high plasticity. Such refractory clay can be used in metallurgy. With its help, special binder molds for metal casting are made.

In construction, cement clays are most often used. These are substances of a grayish hue with an admixture of magnesium. Clay is used for the manufacture of various finishing products, as well as a link in construction work.

How and where is clay mined?

Clay is a mineral that is not rare today. The substance can be easily extracted from the earth. It is easiest to detect the substance in those places where rivers used to flow. Clay is considered to be a product of sedimentary rock and earth's crust. V industrial scale Clay mining is done with the help of excavators. The machine cuts large layers of the earth. In this way, much more minerals can be extracted. The problem is that clay in most cases lies in layers.

Entire quarries serve as places for the extraction of clay. Work begins with the removal of the topsoil. Most often, clay can be found already at a distance of half a meter from the top. Usually easy to process can be on the surface itself. In some cases, a mineral may be found under groundwater. In this case, the team installs a special drainage to divert water.

Winter is not a hindrance to mining. In order to avoid freezing of the soil, it is insulated with sawdust and other substances with a low level of thermal conductivity. The thickness of the insulation sometimes reaches 50 cm. Already mined clay is also protected from freezing. She is covered with a tarpaulin or other similar material who can keep desired temperature until the clay is delivered to the warehouse.

Clay in construction

In the construction industry, clay has been used since the first days of its discovery. Today, the material is widely used for the construction of houses in the southern regions. Thanks to the properties of the fossil, the houses are cool in summer and warm and cozy in winter. For the manufacture of blocks, only a little sand, clay and straw are taken. After hardening, it becomes durable construction material, which is not amenable to any natural factors.

Which better clay for the construction of houses, specialists answer unambiguously. The most suitable is cement clay. Facing tiles are also often made from this material. With the help of such decoration, you can not only decorate the room, but also protect it from fire. After all, cement clay is also refractory.

Clay utensils

Clay cutlery is not only beautiful, but also useful. The material is environmentally friendly. Do not be afraid that the dishes under the influence of high temperature will emit substances harmful to health. Many associate the use of clay with the manufacture of plates, pots and vases. Today, dishes from this material are made on an industrial scale. Everyone can purchase a service made of quality material that can last for a long time.

Much more appreciated handmade. Entire exhibitions are organized where craftsmen can boast of their products. Here you can also buy high-quality pottery. The main thing is that the product is made in a single copy. But the price will be corresponding.

Clay modeling with children

Making various products with clay can be a very exciting and fun activity for a child. Sculpting contributes mental development improves the motor skills of children's hands. The kid can show imagination at his own pleasure. And what can be done from clay, parents will always tell you.

Clay modeling requires careful preparation. It should be remembered that not all clothes can be washed from a mineral. And the child will definitely put spots. Therefore, the baby should be dressed in a working uniform, and the table should be covered with oilcloth. What can be done from clay in the first place? First of all, you should sculpt simple oval figures. It can be animals or funny people. With an older child, you can make a plate and a spoon. After hardening, the product can be painted. It will look original and can last for a long time. But it is worth remembering that clay without firing is quite fragile.

The use of clay in medicine

Even in ancient times, people noticed beneficial features clay and began to use them in medicinal purposes. Some types of minerals have an anti-inflammatory effect. Because of this, they are used to treat various skin diseases. Clay quickly helps to cope with burns, acne and eczema. But in no case should you self-medicate. Certain types of clay have different properties. Only a specialist can choose desired material and apply it correctly to the sore spot. Without the necessary knowledge and skills, only harm can be done.

Clay is a mineral that is a source of many minerals, vitamins and trace elements. Some varieties of rock can also be taken orally. It is clay that is excellent source radium. At the same time, the body absorbs the amount beneficial substance which is essential for normal life.

Clay is able to remove toxins from the blood, as well as normalize metabolism. Due to this, it is often used for various types of poisoning. The powder is taken orally in a small amount, washed down with water. But only certain types of clay can be used for medicinal purposes.

Clay in cosmetology

Many girls often use cosmetic clay to improve their appearance. The mineral is able to even out skin tone, rid the face of acne, and thighs from fat deposits. Used for cosmetic purposes different kinds clay. All of them have their own characteristics and properties.

For facial rejuvenation, white mineral clay is most often used. The photos of women who have used this product for facial enhancement are impressive. Mimic wrinkles are really smoothed out, and age spots disappear completely. Girls with oily skin and large pores, substances are also perfect - information that can be read on the package. But it is still better to use any clay after consulting a beautician.

Application of blue clay

This rock has good anti-inflammatory properties. It contains salts and minerals necessary for normal functioning. Blue clay masks should be done by people who are prone to skin rashes. With the help of a natural substance, acne and comedones are perfectly treated.

With the help of blue clay, you can also make the skin lighter. 10 procedures will help to get rid of freckles and age spots for a long time. In addition, it perfectly smoothes superficial mimic wrinkles.

green clay

This substance is also widely used in cosmetology. Green clay has excellent absorbent properties. Thanks to this, it is possible to quickly cleanse the body of harmful substances and toxins. Clay can be applied both on the face and on the whole body.

Wraps using green clay are considered popular. Mineral helps restore water balance body and remove excess moisture. This property helps girls get rid of cellulite, as well as make the skin more even and smooth.

red clay

The most optimal for people who are prone to allergic reactions will be red clay. This substance has a special shade due to the content of copper and iron oxide in it. Only the extracted substance cannot be immediately used in cosmetology. Making clay for various masks is a labor-intensive process. WITH special attention red clay is being prepared for use. The breed is cleared of various harmful impurities that can harm the skin.

Red clay masks perfectly relieve redness and skin irritation. The material is also widely used in medicine. Red clay contributes to the speedy and makes postoperative scars less noticeable.

Clay snack. This dish is in the diet of small nations Far East. Only goes to food White clay . She is washed down with goat's milk. After eating an exotic dish, no one has yet been hospitalized. It turns out that in small quantities clay is not only not harmful, but also useful. She, for example, ate some Russians in the 20s of the last century. Then famine raged in the country. In historical reports, it is recorded that clay was sold as food in the markets of Samara. The rock contains decay products of organic matter. They carry a lot of nutrients and useful substances for the body.

Physical and Chemical properties clay

2.50-2.85 grams per cubic centimeter - this is the density of clay. A rock with a lot of organic matter has a lower density. The maximum indicators are for the masses, where there is a minimum of waste products. Dense, regardless of category, are also ancient clays. They are located at a depth and compacted under the weight of the earth's crust and its own weight.

Pictured is an array of clay

Density is one of the few stable parameters of clay. These include plasticity, ductility of the material. Otherwise, the types of breed differ. It all depends on the place and conditions of the formation of the material. For example, the porosity of the rock can be 20%, and maybe all 60%. At the same time, the vast majority of pores are open. This means that the holes easily pass liquid. However, clay has a property, having collected a certain amount of liquid, it no longer allows water to pass through. Therefore, the rock is often used in waterproof structures.

The ability to absorb moisture determines the ability of clay to swell. On drying, the rock, on the contrary, shrinks. As a result, the volume of the material can vary by about 30%. At the same time, the shape given to clay is preserved.

Pictured is black clay

The ability to deform in different types of clays is expressed both in thousandths and in whole. The wide range is explained by the difference between the rocks in terms of moisture content, composition, density, and structure. Some types of clay are sticky. In this regard, the rock is often used as a sticky, binding material.

The basis of clay is often composed of the mineral kaolinite. It consists of oxides of silicon, aluminum and water, and belongs to the feldspar group. Layered aluminosilicates are always included in the composition of the rock in various proportions. Sometimes, clay consists entirely of them. Also in the mass there are particles of sand and carbonates.

How and where is clay formed?

Clay can form wherever there is water and. The breed consists of the latter. Clay - destroyed by the action of winds and other external factors feldspars. Their crumb, mixing with the surrounding masses, can settle in the place of the spars deposit. However, most often mineral dust is carried away by streams of water, whether it be rains, rivers, seas. Streams bring compound clays to places with the least current. Here, the mineral crumb settles to the bottom, connecting with particles of shells, algae and other local "attractions".

The photo shows blue clay, formed on the shore of a reservoir

Since feldspars and other aluminosilicates are multi-colored, the clays from them come out colorful. Depending on the predominant type of mineral, plastic rock can be red, brown, orange, yellow, white. Meet the same black clay and blue clay. Dark color the rock acquires due to the content of carbon and iron in it. Heavenly shade of clay gives montmorillonite. It is a mineral from a subclass of layered silicates, it has a blue or blue-gray color.

Types of clay

Clays are divided according to their origin. Two main classes – mainland and maritime. From the names it is clear that the mainland clay settles next to the collapsing stone massifs, without being transported by water. Marine rock refers to that which the streams carried away from their original locations.

Among marine clays, 4 subclasses are distinguished. They are associated with the place of settling and final formation breeds.

Pictured is coastal clay

coastal clays form at the water's edge. Typically, granules of this rock are poorly sorted, interspersed with sandstones, carbonates, or coal seams. Coastal clay particles are often coarse and large.

Lagoon clays are considered refractory. This applies to rocks formed in desalinated lagoons. In semi-closed systems with a high salt content in water, refractory masses are not formed. Here, the clay is characterized by a coarse-grained structure, particles of salt and gypsum visible to the naked eye. Offshore clays are homogeneous, formed in the absence of currents at a depth of about 200 meters.

Among the mainland clays there are also subclasses, and there are also 4 of them.

Deluvial clays are heterogeneous. They accumulate at the foot of the collapsing hills. The deluvial rock often lacks layering, or it is not pronounced.

Lake clay finely dispersed, homogeneous. These include the best representatives refractory clays. They are formed both in fresh and in salt lakes.

Proluvial clays are carried by temporary streams to hollows. This breed is coarse-grained, poorly sorted.

River clays are typical for floodplains. The rock is not divided into layers, often turns into pebbles or sand.

We will talk about the types of clay according to its purpose using examples of the use of rock.

Clay application

Nearly all porcelain is made from, or uses, kaolin clay. It is fine, white, so it is also useful in the paper industry.

In the photo, refractory clay, or it is also called chamotte clay. It is used to make refractory bricks.

Refractory clay is also white, but more often, gray or yellowish. The rock can withstand temperatures of almost 1,600 degrees Celsius. It also comes in handy in the manufacture of faience and refractory products. Builders often refer to the breed category as " chamotte clay". However, this is the rock that was crushed after heat treatment in briquettes. The powder is added to concrete, plaster.

The most plastic molding clay. Matrices are made from it for pouring at metallurgical enterprises.
Brick clay is used to make bricks. It contains a lot of quartz and this rock is easily melted down.

Pictured is polymer clay

There is also polymer clay. Its origin is not natural. The composition of the mass is far from mineral. But, the properties are close to the true breed. Polymer clay plastic, easy to burn. It comes in a variety of textures and colors and is a popular craft material. If you need such clay, buy it can be in stores selling everything for creativity.

Medicinal properties clay

Due to its composition, the breed has a bactericidal effect. Clay masks popular with owners problematic skin. An antimicrobial medium is also useful in the treatment of enteritis with colitis. These are gastrointestinal infections. So it is not in vain that there are examples of the use of clay in food.

Pictured is a blue clay face mask

Sold in pharmacies and cosmetic stores face clay. These are not always only disinfecting and healing compounds. The mineral and organic environment of the rock nourishes the cells, restores youth, tightens the skin.

Interestingly, clay baths are taken not only by people, but also by animals. They smear themselves, roll in a viscous mass if they are injured or sick. Animals are driven by instinct. They smell drugs in their environment.

Clay is a mineral and is a sedimentary fine-grained rock. In the dry state, it is dusty, and when moistened, it becomes plastic and can increase in size.

Description

The composition of the material contains one or more minerals of the kaolinite group. The basis may be a mineral of the montmorillonite group and other layered aluminosilicates, which are also called clay minerals. May contain carbonate and sand particles.

The rock-forming mineral is kaolinite, which consists of silicon oxide in the amount of 47%, aluminum oxide - 39%, and water - 14%. Substantial part chemical composition yellow clay is Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2. The material can have the following colors:

• green;
• blue;
• Brown;
• black;
• lilac.

The color is due to impurities of ions, which are chromophores.

Main types

Clay is a mineral that has several types. Each of them has its own area of ​​use. If the plasticity number reaches 0.27, then the material is called light. When this parameter exceeds the mentioned figure, then the clay is heavy. The clay most commonly mined and marketed consists of kaolin, which is used in the pulp and paper industry and in the production of refractory products, as well as porcelain.

Clay is a mineral, which is also represented by a construction variety, as well as shale. This material is used for the manufacture of refractory bricks, and also forms the basis of heat-resistant products. Among the species, bentonite occupies an important place. It is formed by the chemical breakdown of volcanic ash. In water, this variety swells and increases in volume several times. It is used in well drilling and in the production of drilling fluids.

Clay is a mineral, which is also represented by a fuller variety, which is valued for its bleaching properties when refining petroleum products. Filters are made from this type of clay, which are used in the purification of mineral and vegetable oils.

Another variety is lump clay, which is called pottery. It has found its application in the manufacture of dishes. Shale is an important raw material that, together with limestone, is used in the production of Portland cement. The most common in nature are:

• sandstone clay;
• white clay, which is kaolin;
• red clay.

Grades are used for the production of refractory products, as well as faience and porcelain.

Basic properties

Clay is a mineral that has a number of properties, among them are:

• air and fire shrinkage;
• plastic;
• sintering;
• fire resistance;
• viscosity;
• color of ceramic shard;
• porosity;
• shrinkage;
• dispersion;
• swelling.

Clay is the most stable waterproofing agent that does not allow moisture to pass through, which is one of the important qualities. Clay soil is resilient. It is developed in wastelands and wastelands. The development of root vegetation in clay deposits is impossible.

To maintain quality groundwater the water resistance of the material is useful. Most of the quality artesian springs lie between the clay layers.

Specifications and additional features

Now you know if clay is a mineral. However, this is not all that should be known about this rock. It is also important to familiarize yourself with the main characteristics, for example, the specific and volumetric weight of ground clay, which is 1400 kg / m 3. Chamotte clay is characterized by an indicator of 1800 kg / m 3.

When clay is in the form of a dry powder, its volume and specific gravity is 900 kg/m 3 . The density of wet clay is also important, which varies from 1600 to 1820 kg / m 3. For dry, this figure is approximately equal to 100 kg / m 3. Dry raw materials have a thermal conductivity that reaches 0.3 W / (m * K). For a material in a wet state, this parameter is 3.0 W / (m * K).

Symbol

The symbol for clay should be of interest to you if you are studying it. When there are sand impurities in the material, it is indicated by dashes and dots. If there are boulders in the clay, then circles are added to the strokes. Shales have the same designation as layered clay, these are long strokes, densely spaced and drawn in the direction of the layers.

sand and clay

Sand and clay are the minerals that are the most common. They are formed during the destruction of rocks like granite. Under the action of water, sun and wind, granite is destroyed, this contributes to the formation of clay and sand. They differ in color from each other: sand is more often yellow, sometimes gray, while clay is white or brown.

Sand consists of individual particles of different sizes. The grains are not attached to each other. Therefore, the sand is free-flowing. Clay is made up of small particles, similar to scales, well fastened to each other. Sand is a sedimentary rock or may be artificial material from rock grains. Usually it consists of almost pure mineral quartz, the substance is silicon dioxide.

Natural material has grains with sizes within 5 mm in diameter. The minimum value is 0.16 mm. Sand can be classified according to the conditions of accumulation. With this in mind, the material is divided into the following types:

• alluvial;
• deluvial;
• nautical;
• lacustrine;
• eolian.

If the sand appeared as a result of the activity of reservoirs, then it has a more rounded particle shape.

Properties of granite

Sand, clay, granite, limestone are minerals. If we consider granite in more detail, then it is a magmatic platonic rock of acidic composition. At the core are:

• potassium feldspar;
• plagioclase;
• quartz;
• biotite;
• muscovite

Granite is common in the continental crust. Its density reaches 2600 kg / m³, while the compressive strength is 300 MPa. The material begins to melt at 1215 °C. In the presence of pressure and water, the melting point drops to 650 °C.

Granite is the most important rock in the earth's crust, it is widespread and forms most all components. Among the varieties of granites, alaskite and plagiogranite can be distinguished. The latter has a light gray color with a sharp predominance of plagioclase. Alaske is a pink granite with a sharp predominance of potassium-sodium feldspar.

Limestone properties

Considering the table of minerals: sand, clay, granite, limestone, you can focus on the latter. It is a sedimentary rock of organic or chemogenic origin. The basis is most often calcium carbonate in the form of crystals of different sizes.

Limestone consists of shells of marine animals and debris. The density of the material is 2.6 g / cm 3, its frost resistance is F150. The compressive strength is equivalent to 35 MPa, while the loss of strength in wet conditions reaches 14%. The porosity of the material is 25%.

Finally

Clay is a sedimentary rock that, when combined with water, begins to soak and separate into separate particles. As a result, a suspension or plastic mass is formed. Clay dough is plastic, and in its raw form it can take any shape. After drying, the material retains it, but decreases in volume. Plastic clays are also called oily, because they seem to be just like that to the touch. If the plasticity is low, then the material is called lean. Bricks from it quickly crumble and have poor strength.

The rock is sticky and has a binding ability. It is saturated with a certain volume of water, and after that it no longer allows liquid to pass through, which indicates water resistance. Clay has a covering power, so earlier it was widely used for whitewashing the walls of houses and stoves. Among the properties, sorption should be highlighted. This is expressed in the ability to absorb substances dissolved in water. This characteristic allows the use of clay for the purification of vegetable fats and refined products.

clay properties

Types of clay

Clays are classified according to composition, origin, color, their practical use. If one of the minerals predominates, clays are named after this mineral - kaolinite, halloysite, etc. More often, clay is represented by a mixture of three or more minerals, i.e. is polymineral. Usually clay contains impurities, fragments of various or minerals, organic matter and newly formed minerals, with a high content of which there is a transition from clay proper to clayey sands, clayey coals, etc. Their numerous physicochemical and technological properties (plasticity, swelling, shrinkage, sintering, fire resistance) depend on the chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition of clays , swelling, adsorption, etc.), which determine the industrial applications of clay and clay rocks.

Adsorption clays

According to the mineralogical composition, adsorption clays are mainly montmorillonite, they are distinguished by an increased binding capacity, a high capacity of exchangeable bases, and adsorption and catalytic activity. Clays belong to this group.