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TROUBLES (TIME OF TROUBLES)- a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power, which brought the country to the brink of disaster. The main signs of unrest are kingdomlessness (anarchy), imposture, civil war and intervention. According to some historians, Time of Troubles can be considered the first civil war in the history of Russia.
Contemporaries spoke of the Time of Troubles as a time of “unsteadiness”, “disorder”, “confusion of minds”, which caused bloody clashes and conflicts. The term "troubles" was used in everyday speech of the 17th century, office work of Moscow orders, was placed in the heading of Grigory Kotoshikhin's work ( Time of Troubles). In the 19th - early 20th century. got into research about Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky. AT Soviet science phenomena and events of the early 17th century. were classified as a period of socio-political crisis, the first peasant war (I.I. Bolotnikov) and coincided with it in time foreign intervention, but the term "distemper" was not used. In Polish historical science, this time is called "Dimitriad", since in the center historical events stood False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, False Dmitry III - Poles or impostors who sympathized with the Commonwealth, posing as the escaped Tsarevich Dmitry.
The prerequisites for the Troubles were the consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War of 1558–1583: the ruin of the economy, the growth of social tension.
The reasons for the Troubles as an era of anarchy, according to the historiography of the 19th - early 20th centuries, are rooted in the suppression of the Rurik dynasty and the intervention neighboring states(especially united Lithuania and Poland, which is why the period was sometimes called the “Lithuanian or Moscow ruin”) in the affairs of the Muscovite kingdom. The combination of these events led to the appearance of adventurers and impostors on the Russian throne, claims to the throne from the Cossacks, runaway peasants and serfs (which manifested itself in Bolotnikov's peasant war). Church historiography of the 19th - early 20th century. considered the Time of Troubles as a period of spiritual crisis of society, seeing the reasons in the distortion of moral and moral values.
The chronological framework of the Time of Troubles is determined, on the one hand, by the death in Uglich in 1591 of Tsarevich Dmitry, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, on the other hand, by the election of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, in 1613, followed by years of struggle against the Polish and Swedish invaders (1616–1618). ), the return to Moscow of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Filaret (1619).
First stage
The Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis caused by the assassination of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible his eldest son Ivan, the coming to power of his brother Fyodor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, the de facto ruler of the country, Boris Godunov, was stabbed to death by henchmen). The throne lost the last heir from the Rurik dynasty.
The death of the childless tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1598) allowed Boris Godunov (1598–1605) to come to power, ruling energetically and wisely, but unable to stop the intrigues of disgruntled boyars. The crop failure of 1601-1602 and the famine that followed it caused the first social explosion (1603, the Cotton Rebellion). External reasons were added to internal ones: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Commonwealth, were in a hurry to take advantage of Russia's weakness. The appearance in Poland of a young Galich nobleman Grigory Otrepiev, who declared himself a "miraculously saved" Tsarevich Dmitry, was a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor.
At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with a small army. Many cities of southern Russia, Cossacks, disgruntled peasants, went over to his side. In April 1605, after the unexpected death of Boris Godunov and the non-recognition of his son Fyodor as tsar, the Moscow boyars also went over to the side of False Dmitry I. In June 1605, the impostor became Tsar Dmitry I for almost a year. However, the boyar conspiracy and the uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. Two days later, the boyar Vasily Shuisky was “shouted out” by the tsar, who gave a sign of the cross to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial.
By the summer of 1606, rumors spread around the country about a new miraculous rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry: an uprising broke out in Putivl under the leadership of a runaway serf Ivan Bolotnikov, peasants, archers, and nobles joined him. The rebels reached Moscow, laid siege to it, but were defeated. Bolotnikov was captured in the summer of 1607, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.
The new contender for the Russian throne was False Dmitry II (origin unknown), who united around himself the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish detachments. Having settled since June 1608 in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname " Tushinsky thief”), he laid siege to Moscow.
Second phase
Troubles are associated with the split of the country in 1609: two tsars, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Germogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories that recognize the power of False Dmitry II, and territories that remain loyal to Shuisky were formed in Muscovy. The successes of the Tushinites forced Shuisky in February 1609 to conclude an agreement with Sweden, which was hostile to Poland. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. This gave the Polish king Sigismund III a pretext for intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk and reached the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. False Dmitry II fled from Tushin, the Tushinites who left him concluded an agreement with Sigismund in early 1610 on the election of his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.
In July 1610, Shuisky was overthrown by the boyars and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power temporarily passed to the “Seven Boyars”, the government, which signed an agreement in August 1610 with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as king, on the condition that he accept Orthodoxy. Polish troops entered Moscow.
Third stage
The Troubles is connected with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which did not have real power and failed to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the contract, to accept Orthodoxy. With the growth of patriotic sentiments since 1611, calls for an end to strife and the restoration of unity intensified. The center of attraction for patriotic forces was the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, Prince. D.T. Trubetskoy. The formed First Militia was attended by the noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, the Cossacks of I. Zarutsky, and the former Tushins. K. Minin gathered an army in Nizhny Novgorod and Yaroslavl, A new government was formed, the "Council of All the Earth". The first militia failed to liberate Moscow; in the summer of 1611 the militia broke up. At this time, the Poles managed to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes - to take Novgorod, a new impostor appeared in Pskov - False Dmitry III, who on December 4, 1611 was "announced" the king there.
In the autumn of 1611, on the initiative of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, invited by him, the Second Militia was formed in Nizhny Novgorod. In August 1612, it approached Moscow and liberated it on October 26, 1612. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov tsar, his father, Patriarch Filaret, returned to Russia from captivity, with whose name the people linked hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery. In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovsky was signed with Sweden, which received the fortress of Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded with Poland: Russia ceded to it Smolensk, Chernigov, and a number of other cities. The territorial losses of Russia were able to compensate and restore only Tsar Peter I almost a hundred years later.
However, the long and severe crisis was resolved, although the economic consequences of the Troubles - the ruin and desolation of a vast territory, especially in the west and southwest, the death of almost a third of the country's population continued to affect another decade and a half.
The Time of Troubles resulted in changes in the system of government. The weakening of the boyars, the rise of the nobility, who received estates and opportunities legislative consolidation behind them the peasants had as a consequence the gradual evolution of Russia towards absolutism. Reassessment of the ideals of the previous era, which became apparent Negative consequences boyar participation in the government of the country, the rigid polarization of society led to the growth of ideocratic tendencies. They expressed themselves, among other things, in the desire to justify the inviolability Orthodox faith and the inadmissibility of deviations from the values of the national religion and ideology (especially in opposition to the “Latinism” and Protestantism of the West). This intensified anti-Western sentiments, which aggravated the cultural and, as a result, the civilizational isolation of Russia for many centuries.
Natalya Pushkareva
Time of Troubles in the history of Russia is difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. The country at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries suffered a severe socio-economic and political crisis. Tatar invasion, Livonian war, and domestic politics Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to the maximum intensification of negative trends and an increase in discontent among the country's population. These most difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Russia. Historians identify separate, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.
The first period, the beginning of the Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many applicants. The son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the tsar's wife, received power. It was his policy that eventually led to the discontent of the people.
The Time of Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, miraculously surviving son of the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized as a rather large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Russia. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But, his support for serfdom caused violent dissatisfaction among the peasants, and too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.
The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by Bolotnikov I.I. The militia was made up of people from all walks of life. Participation in the uprising was taken not only by peasants, but also by serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, townspeople. But, in the battle near Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.
The outrage of the people only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army assembled by him moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both tsars, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.
But Shuisky did not manage to retain power for a long time. He was seized and forced to take the veil as a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.
The final, third period of the Time of Troubles is the time of the struggle against the interventionists. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired the character of a national one. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.
The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the appearance on the Russian throne of a new dynasty - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.
Years of unrest led to horrific results. The consequences of the Troubles are the complete decline of crafts and trade, the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Time of Troubles were expressed in a serious lag of the country from the states of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.
The Time of Troubles (Trouble) is a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The turmoil coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power.
Causes of Trouble:
1. Heavy systemic crisis Moscow state, largely associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Contradictory domestic and foreign policies have led to the destruction of many economic structures. Weakened key institutions and led to loss of life.
2. Important western lands were lost (Yam, Ivan-gorod, Korela)
3. Sharply aggravated social conflicts within the Muscovite state, which covered all societies.
4. Intervention of foreign states (Poland, Sweden, England, etc. regarding land issues, territory, etc.)
5. Dynastic Crisis:
1584 After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fyodor took the throne. The actual ruler of the state was the brother of his wife Irina boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov. In 1591, under mysterious circumstances, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry, died in Uglich. In 1598 Fedor dies, the dynasty of Ivan Kalita is stopped.
Course of events:
1. 1598-1605 The key figure of this period is Boris Godunov. He was energetic, ambitious, capable statesman. In difficult conditions - economic ruin, difficult international situation - he continued the policy of Ivan the Terrible, but with less cruel measures. Godunov led a successful foreign policy. Under him, there was a further advance to Siberia, the southern regions of the country were mastered. Strengthened Russian positions in the Caucasus. After a long war with Sweden in 1595, the Treaty of Tyavzinsky was concluded (near Ivan-gorod). Russia regained the lost lands on the Baltic coast - Ivan-gorod, Yam, Koporye, Korela. An attack was prevented Crimean Tatars to Moscow. In 1598, Godunov, with a 40,000-strong noble militia, personally led a campaign against Khan Kazy Giray, who did not dare to enter Russian lands. Construction of fortifications was carried out in Moscow (White City, Zemlyanoy Gorod), in border towns in the south and west of the country. With his active participation in 1598, a patriarchate was established in Moscow. The Russian Church became equal in relation to other Orthodox churches.
To overcome the economic ruin, B. Godunov provided some benefits to the nobility and townspeople, at the same time, undertaking next steps to strengthen the feudal exploitation of the broad masses of the peasantry. To do this, in the late 1580s - early 1590s. B. Godunov's government conducted a census of peasant households. After the census, the peasants finally lost the right to move from one landowner to another. The scribe books, in which all the peasants were recorded, became the legal basis for their serfdom from the feudal lords. The bonded serf was obliged to serve his master throughout his life.
In 1597, a decree was issued on the search for fugitive peasants. This law introduced "lesson years" - a five-year period for detecting and returning fugitive peasants, along with their wives and children, to their masters, for whom they were listed according to scribe books.
In February 1597, a decree was issued on bonded serfs, according to which one who had served for free hire for more than six months turned into a bonded serf and could be released only after the death of the master. These measures could not but aggravate class contradictions in the country. The masses were dissatisfied with the policies of the Godunov government.
In 1601-1603. there was a crop failure in the country, famine and food riots begin. Hundreds of people died every day in Russia in the city and in the countryside. As a result of two lean years, the price of bread rose 100 times. According to contemporaries, almost a third of the population perished in Russia during these years.
Boris Godunov, in search of a way out of this situation, allowed the distribution of bread from the state bins, allowed the serfs to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But all these measures were not successful. Rumors spread among the population that people were being punished for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov, who had seized power. Mass uprisings began. The peasants united together with the urban poor in armed detachments and attacked the boyar and landlord households.
In 1603, an uprising of serfs and peasants broke out in the center of the country, led by Khlopko Kosolap. He managed to gather significant forces and moved with them to Moscow. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and Khlopko was executed in Moscow. Thus began the first peasant war. In the peasant war early XVII in. three large periods can be distinguished: the first (1603 - 1605), major event of which there was Cotton's rebellion; the second (1606 - 1607) - a peasant uprising led by I. Bolotnikov; third (1608-1615) - the decline of the peasant war, accompanied by a number of powerful performances by peasants, townspeople, Cossacks
During this period, False Dmitry I appeared in Poland, who received the support of the Polish gentry and entered the territory of the Russian state in 1604. He was supported by many Russian boyars, as well as the masses, who hoped to ease their situation after the “legitimate tsar” came to power. After the unexpected death of B. Godunov (April 13, 1605), False Dmitry, at the head of the army that had gone over to his side, on June 20, 1605 solemnly entered Moscow and was proclaimed tsar.
Once in Moscow, False Dmitry was in no hurry to fulfill the obligations given to the Polish magnates, since this could hasten his overthrow. Having ascended the throne, he confirmed the legislative acts adopted before him, which enslaved the peasants. Having made a concession to the nobles, he aroused the discontent of the boyar nobility. Lost faith in the "good king" and the masses. Discontent intensified in May 1606, when two thousand Poles arrived in Moscow for the wedding of the impostor with the daughter of the Polish governor Marina Mniszek. In the Russian capital, they behaved like in a conquered city: they drank, rioted, raped, and robbed.
On May 17, 1606, the boyars, led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, plotted, raising the population of the capital to revolt. False Dmitry I was killed.
2. 1606-1610 This stage is associated with the reign of Vasily Shuisky, the first "boyar tsar". He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry I by decision of Red Square, giving a cross-kissing record of good attitude to the boyars. On the throne, Vasily Shuisky faced many problems (the uprising of Bolotnikov, False Dmitry II, Polish troops, famine).
Meanwhile, seeing that the idea with the impostors had failed, and using as a pretext the conclusion of an alliance between Russia and Sweden, Poland, which was at war with Sweden, declared war on Russia. In September 1609, King Sigismund III laid siege to Smolensk, then, having defeated the Russian troops, moved to Moscow. Swedish troops seized the Novgorod lands instead of help. So in the north-west of Russia began the Swedish intervention.
Under these conditions, a revolution took place in Moscow. Power passed into the hands of the government of the seven boyars ("Seven Boyars"). When in August 1610 the Polish troops of Hetman Zolkiewski approached Moscow, the boyars-rulers, who were afraid popular uprising in the capital itself, in an effort to maintain their power and privileges, they committed treason to their homeland. They invited 15-year-old Vladislav, the son of the Polish king, to the Russian throne. A month later, the boyars secretly let Polish troops into Moscow at night. It was a direct betrayal of national interests. The threat of foreign enslavement hung over Russia.
3. 1611-1613 Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it laid siege to Moscow, but failed because of internal disagreements. The second militia was created in autumn, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. Letters were sent to the cities with an appeal to support the militia, whose task was to liberate Moscow from the invaders and create a new government. The militias called themselves free people, at the head was the Zemstvo Council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.
Outcomes of Troubles:
1. Total number The death toll is equal to one third of the country's population.
2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system was destroyed, transport communications were destroyed, vast territories were taken out of agricultural circulation.
3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Severskaya land, Baltic territories).
4. Weakening of the positions of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening of foreign merchants.
5. Emergence of a new royal dynasty On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. He had to solve three main problems - the restoration of the unity of the territories, the restoration of the state mechanism and the economy.
As a result of peace negotiations in Stolbov in 1617, Sweden returned to Russia Novgorod land, but left behind the Izhora land with the banks of the Neva and the Gulf of Finland. Russia has lost its only outlet to the Baltic Sea.
In 1617 - 1618. another attempt by Poland to seize Moscow and elevate Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne failed. In 1618, in the village of Deulino, a truce was signed with the Commonwealth for 14.5 years. Vladislav did not renounce his claims to the Russian throne, referring to the treaty of 1610. Smolensk and Seversk lands remained behind the Commonwealth. Despite the difficult terms of the peace with Sweden and the truce with Poland, a long-awaited respite came for Russia. The Russian people defended the independence of their Motherland.
Literature
1. History of Russia: textbook / A. S. Orlov [and others]. - M.: Prospekt, 2009. - S. 85 - 117.
2. Pavlenko, N.I. History of Russia from ancient times to 1861: textbook. for universities / N. I. Pavlenko. - M.: Higher. school, 2004. - S. 170 -239.
1598-1613 - a period in the history of Russia, called the Time of Troubles.
At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia was going through a political and socio-economic crisis. Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
The first period of turmoil characterized by the struggle for the throne of various applicants. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he was unable to rule and was actually ruled by the brother of the king's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies aroused the discontent of the masses.
The turmoil began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry (in reality, Grigory Otrepyev), who allegedly miraculously survived the son of Ivan the Terrible. He lured a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry was supported by the governors, and then by Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. But he acted too independently, which caused discontent of the boyars, he also supported serfdom, which caused a protest of the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry I was killed and V.I. Shuisky, with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the turmoil was marked by the board False Dmitry I(1605 - 1606)
The second period of turmoil. In 1606, an uprising broke out, led by I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the rebels included people from different strata of society: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. In the battle of Moscow they were defeated. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.
But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon appears False Dmitry II. In January 1608, his army headed for Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even received salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden and the Commonwealth began aggressive hostilities. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.
Shuisky was tonsured a monk and taken to the Chudov Monastery. In Russia, an interregnum began - the Seven Boyars (a council of 7 boyars). The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.
So, the second stage was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of False Dmitry II, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).
Third Period of Troubles characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war took on a national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky reached Moscow. And on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was liberated. The troubled times are over.
The results of the turmoil were depressing: the country was in a terrible situation, the treasury was ruined, trade and crafts were in decline. The consequences of the Troubles for Russia were expressed in its backwardness in comparison with European countries. It took decades to restore the economy.
13. Russia's entry into the era of modern times. First Romanovs.
TROUBLES (TIME OF TROUBLES) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power, which brought the country to the brink of disaster. The main signs of unrest are kingdomlessness (anarchy), imposture, civil war and intervention. According to a number of historians, the Time of Troubles can be considered the first civil war in the history of Russia.
Contemporaries spoke of the Time of Troubles as a time of “unsteadiness”, “disorder”, “confusion of minds”, which caused bloody clashes and conflicts. The term "troubles" was used in everyday speech of the 17th century, office work of Moscow orders, was placed in the heading of Grigory Kotoshikhin's work ( Time of Troubles). In the 19th - early 20th century. got into research on Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky. In Soviet science, the phenomena and events of the early 17th century. classified as a period of socio-political crisis, the first peasant war ( I.I. Bolotnikova) and the foreign intervention that coincided with it, but the term "distemper" was not used. In Polish historical science, this time is called "Dimitriad", since at the center of historical events were False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, False Dmitry III- Poles or impostors who sympathized with the Commonwealth, posing as the escaped Tsarevich Dmitry.
The prerequisites for the Troubles were the consequences oprichnina and Livonian War 1558–1583: economic ruin, growing social tension.
The causes of the Time of Troubles as an era of anarchy, according to the historiography of the 19th - early 20th centuries, are rooted in the suppression of the Rurik dynasty and the intervention of neighboring states (especially united Lithuania and Poland, which is why the period was sometimes called "Lithuanian or Moscow ruin") in the affairs of the Moscow kingdom. The combination of these events led to the appearance on the Russian throne of adventurers and impostors, claims to the throne from the Cossacks, runaway peasants and serfs (which manifested itself in Bolotnikov's peasant war). Church historiography of the 19th - early 20th century. considered the Time of Troubles as a period of spiritual crisis of society, seeing the reasons in the distortion of moral and moral values.
The chronological framework of the Time of Troubles is determined, on the one hand, by the death in Uglich in 1591 of Tsarevich Dmitry, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, on the other hand, by the election of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty to the kingdom Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613, the subsequent years of the struggle against the Polish and Swedish invaders (1616-1618), the return to Moscow of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Filaret (1619).
First stage
The Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis caused by the assassination of the king Ivan IV the Terrible his eldest son Ivan, the coming to power of his brother Fedor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, the de facto ruler of the country, who was stabbed to death by henchmen Boris Godunov). The throne lost the last heir from the Rurik dynasty.
The death of the childless tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1598) allowed Boris Godunov (1598–1605) to come to power, ruling energetically and wisely, but unable to stop the intrigues of disgruntled boyars. The crop failure of 1601-1602 and the famine that followed it caused the first social explosion (1603, the Cotton Rebellion). External reasons were added to internal ones: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Commonwealth, were in a hurry to take advantage of Russia's weakness. The appearance in Poland of a young Galich nobleman Grigory Otrepiev, who declared himself a "miraculously saved" Tsarevich Dmitry, was a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor.
At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with a small army. Many cities of southern Russia, Cossacks, disgruntled peasants, went over to his side. In April 1605, after the unexpected death of Boris Godunov and the non-recognition of his son Fyodor as tsar, the Moscow boyars also went over to the side of False Dmitry I. In June 1605, the impostor became Tsar Dmitry I for almost a year. However, the boyar conspiracy and the uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. Two days later, the boyar Vasily Shuisky was “shouted out” by the tsar, who gave a sign of the cross to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial.
By the summer of 1606, rumors spread throughout the country about a new miraculous rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry: an uprising broke out in Putivl under the leadership of a runaway serf Ivan Bolotnikov, peasants, archers, nobles joined him. The rebels reached Moscow, laid siege to it, but were defeated. Bolotnikov was captured in the summer of 1607, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.
The new contender for the Russian throne was False Dmitry II (origin unknown), who united around himself the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish detachments. Having settled since June 1608 in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname "Tushinsky Thief"), he laid siege to Moscow.
Second phase
Troubles are associated with the split of the country in 1609: two tsars, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Germogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories that recognize the power of False Dmitry II, and territories that remain loyal to Shuisky were formed in Muscovy. The successes of the Tushinites forced Shuisky in February 1609 to conclude an agreement with Sweden, which was hostile to Poland. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. This gave the Polish king Sigismund III a pretext for intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk and reached the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. False Dmitry II fled from Tushin, the Tushinites who left him concluded an agreement with Sigismund in early 1610 on the election of his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.
In July 1610, Shuisky was overthrown by the boyars and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power temporarily passed to the “Seven Boyars”, the government, which signed an agreement in August 1610 with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as king, on the condition that he accept Orthodoxy. Polish troops entered Moscow.
Third stage
The Troubles is connected with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which did not have real power and failed to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the contract, to accept Orthodoxy. With the growth of patriotic sentiments since 1611, calls for an end to strife and the restoration of unity intensified. The center of attraction for patriotic forces was the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, Prince. D.T. Trubetskoy. The formed First Militia was attended by the noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, the Cossacks of I. Zarutsky, and the former Tushins. In Nizhny Novgorod and Yaroslavl he gathered an army K.Minin, a new government was formed, the "Council of All the Earth". The first militia failed to liberate Moscow; in the summer of 1611 the militia broke up. At this time, the Poles managed to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes - to take Novgorod, a new impostor appeared in Pskov - False Dmitry III, who on December 4, 1611 was "announced" the king there.
In the autumn of 1611, on the initiative of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, invited by him, the Second Militia was formed in Nizhny Novgorod. In August 1612, it approached Moscow and liberated it on October 26, 1612. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected the 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, his father, Patriarch Filaret, returned to Russia from captivity, with whose name the people linked their hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery. In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovsky was signed with Sweden, which received the fortress of Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded with Poland: Russia ceded to it Smolensk, Chernigov, and a number of other cities. The territorial losses of Russia were able to compensate and restore only Tsar Peter I almost a hundred years later.
However, the long and severe crisis was resolved, although the economic consequences of the Troubles - the ruin and desolation of a vast territory, especially in the west and southwest, the death of almost a third of the country's population continued to affect another decade and a half.
The Time of Troubles resulted in changes in the system of government. The weakening of the boyars, the rise of the nobility, who received estates and the possibility of legislatively assigning peasants to them, resulted in the gradual evolution of Russia towards absolutism. The reassessment of the ideals of the previous era, the negative consequences of the boyars' participation in the government of the country, and the severe polarization of society led to the growth of ideocratic tendencies. They expressed themselves, among other things, in the desire to justify the inviolability of the Orthodox faith and the inadmissibility of deviations from the values of the national religion and ideology (especially in opposition to the “Latinism” and Protestantism of the West). This intensified anti-Western sentiments, which aggravated the cultural and, as a result, the civilizational isolation of Russia for many centuries.
