Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

"Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov"

Faculty:

Institute of Arts and Art Education

Abstract on the topic:

Gorodets painting on wood.

Work completed

Student group Hgg-112

Illarionova Natalia.

scientific adviser

Vartsava R.M.

G. Vladimir 2012

History of Gorodets painting.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Elements, plots and techniques of Gorodets painting

Composition in Gorodets painting

Bibliography

Illustrations.

History of Gorodets painting

The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in villages located on the banks of the clear and bright river Uzora. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye and others. In the 18th century. there is a center for the production of spinning donets and toys. Peasants took their products to sell at the fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting made on these products was called Gorodetsaya. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word "bottom" means "a plank on which a spinner sits, sticking a comb into it." Having finished the work, she took out the comb, and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, craftsmen paid special attention to decorating boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the life of a peasant woman. It often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father gave it to his daughter, the husband gave it to his wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen elegant, colorful, to everyone's joy and surprise. The spinning wheel was inherited, it was protected and kept. To decorate the boards, the craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay, which is very rare in folk art. The figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into recesses corresponding in shape. These inserts, made of dark bog oak, stood out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having wood of two shades and using the simplest tool, craftsmen turned the bottom into a work of art. In the future, the masters also began to use the tint of the bottom. A bright combination of a yellow background with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made it elegant and colorful. From the second half of XIX in. the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay was replaced by tinted bracket carving, and then the pictorial style of decoration began to predominate. The plots of the ancient Gorodets painting were images of birds, flowers, horse riders, young ladies and gentlemen, scenes from folk life. Nowadays, the traditions of the old masters are being revived and enriched by folk craftsmen working at the Gorodets painting factory of art products in the city of Gorodets. Among them are award winners. I.E. Repin. This is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Kasatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, T.M. Rukina, A.V. Sokolov.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Tools and materials. For painting, it is desirable to have three brushes: squirrel art (No. 2 or No. 3), kolinsky art (No. 1 or No. 2) and flute (No. 2 or No. 3). A flute is a flat, soft hair brush used for underpainting and framing. Nowadays, Gorodets artists paint products with oil and tempera paints. Requires eight: black, white, scarlet, speckled red (cherry), cobalt blue light (bright blue), yellow, chromium oxide and red iron oxide. Another paint is also needed - cinnabar (bright red). To get the color scheme of the Gorodets painting, you need to mix paints. In addition to those that are in the gouache set, you need to get four new colors: light blue, light pink, light ocher and green Gorodets (Fig. 1). To get light blue, white paint(zinc white) add a little cobalt blue light (bright blue paint). Light pink is obtained by mixing white paint with cinnabar or white with scarlet. For light ocher, they take light yellow and a little red iron oxide.

Elements, plots and techniques of Gorodets painting

At the beginning of training, it is very important to learn how to hold the brush correctly. It must be in a strictly vertical position relative to the work (Fig. 2). The elbow is fixed, and the hand is completely free to perform inextricable plastic strokes, both on smooth planes and on spherical or cylindrical surfaces. In the process of work, you can lean on the protruding little finger, lightly touching the product with it. Ornament occupies a significant place in wood painting. Ornament is a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements. The main elements of the Gorodets painting are circles, brackets, dots, drops, arcs, strokes, spirals (Fig. 3). It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of "pattern" and "ornament". A pattern is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows. They, given in a certain system, rhythmically ordered, will make up an ornament. Mastering the painting of the pictorial type, to which Gorodetskaya also belongs, they are performed without first drawing the outline of the drawing. Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages. The first is underpainting, i.e. circular motion with a brush, applying one color spot. Underpainting is done with a wide flat brush - a flute or squirrel No. 3. If there is not enough paint, then the underpainting will turn out to be pale, inexpressive; If there is too much, then the paint will peel off when it dries. The second stage is shade (or shade), i.e. applying a bracket. To correctly draw a bracket, at first you just need to lightly touch the tip of the brush and draw a thin line; to the middle, press the brush hard, and complete the bracket again with a thin line. Make sure that the brush is perpendicular. The third stage is revival (or revival), i.e. fine cutting of ornamental forms with whitewash. Animations are always applied to monochrome silhouettes, which gives them some volume. Mastering Gorodets painting begins with writing flowers, which are depicted mainly in a circle. Gorodets flowers are diverse in color and shape. Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity. Buds (Fig. 7) - a variety of Gorodets flowers. First, the main color spot (underpainting) is applied in a circular motion with a brush. Then they proceed to the detailed development of the ornament (shade). Perform it in black, burgundy or kraplak red. The development of the bud movement with a brush, applying one color spot.

The shape of the bud depends on how the brackets are located. It can have one or more brackets. If there are a lot of brackets, you need to start drawing with the smallest one, gradually increasing them in size and bringing them closer to the edge of the underpainting. It must be remembered that the buds are always small in size. At the end, revival is applied with whitewash. Kupavka is the most common flower in the Gorodets ornament. Her underpainting is larger in size than that of the bud. They begin to paint with a small circle along its edge, then make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the shape is the same as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - animation is usually done with whitewash. Applying animation requires very careful and precise execution, so it must be done with a confident stroke of a thin brush. Rosan reflects the main features of a flower, i.e. has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the form of a circle. The size may be larger than the bathing suit. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Rosan in the painting of Gorodets is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique of painting the brackets is the same as that of the kupavka. Variants of development with animation are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, spirals. Chamomile flower is not complicated in technique. Lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the surface, quickly attach and lift the brush. The result is a smear-drop - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it. The rose is the most complex flower. The painting begins with an underpainting - the main volume of a flower-circle, a central rounded petal is added to it below, smaller petals are placed in a circle around it to the very core, which occupies the center of the upper part of the flower.

After the silhouette of the flower is created, they begin to develop it: the elements of the central part are limited by a large bracket and turned to the core. The bracket arc and the core in the upper part of the flower are drawn in black, burgundy and red kraplak. The edges of the petals can be circled with the same paint as the core. The most difficult thing in a rose is the animation. Inside the bracket arc, first draw a small bracket with a linear cut. Then, two to four drops are drawn on both sides of the arc, depending on the free space inside the arc. Small brackets are drawn outside the arc. Inside the bracket arc, you can draw dots-stamens. Gorodets leaves are very diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

A simple Gorodets leaf is depicted as a pumpkin seed. A more complex one is written like this: draw a smooth arc with a brush and connect it with a curved line, making sure that the sheet at one end remains wide. The leaves are always wide, rounded and splayed. Leaves are depicted in two stages: with underpainting and animation. If the underpainting is done with Gorodets green paint, then the revival is done with black paint, if with Gorodets dark green paint, then white is added to the revival of black color. Gorodets bird is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various versions: this is a proud peacock, and a frowning turkey, and a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the curve of the neck and chest, then they draw a line that defines the shape of the head and back, then they define the line of the wing, the filiform beak and legs. Most often, the body is made in black, the wing is painted over with Gorodets green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette and painted over. This is best done in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is drawn in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. Animations are made with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

The Gorodetsky horse is a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict him in several ways. Some free fly strokes write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with color spots, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane bounded by the harness and saddle lines remains light in this variant. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made in white.

gorodets bird

Flowers are a symbol of health

Flowers are an indispensable part of any Gorodets work.

For a good mastery of Gorodets painting, it is enough to be able to draw only four flowers. Let's learn how to draw these four flowers. They are drawn in three stages: underpainting; pointing petals; animations.

Prepare paper, pencil, one art brush and so far only one paint from the gouache set - kraplak. Draw four circles in a row on a piece of paper with a pencil: the first one is smaller, the rest are the same (see pic.).

Using a brush and cherry paint (kraplak), draw a round colored spot in each of these circles; on the first two - on the side, and on the other two - in the middle. For convenience, in the future we will call this speck a nose. Now let's finish these four flowers with the same paint (kraplak).

On the first circle draw an arc. To do this, holding the brush in the fingers vertically (perpendicular to the sheet of paper), we begin to direct the arc at first only lightly touching the paper with the tip of the brush, then we press hard on the brush (the brush leaves a wide smooth mark) and complete the arc again with a thin line. It turns out a beautiful arc in the form of a young month (Fig. a).

On the second circle draw the same arc, but now not along the edge, but inside the circle. And along its edge - rounded petals in shape are exactly the same as the arc, only smaller. The flower turned out to be somewhat reminiscent of a rose (Fig. b).

On the third round draw the petals along the edge of the circle (fig. c).

On the fourth round draw the droplets using the priming method. They are located along the radius around the spout drawn in the center (Fig. d).

Now compare your flowers with those in the picture ... Make sure that all the arcs are rounded and convex, like wind-blown sails, so that the noses of the third and fourth flowers are large enough (no less than 1/3 of the diameter of the circle in which they are placed).

Terminology

• bud (Fig. a);
• rose flower (Fig. b);
• rosean (fig. c);
• chamomile (Fig. d).

In other sources, these same flowers may be named differently!

Color

Let's talk about what color the flowers that we learned to draw will be.

For now, we will draw all the flowers only in pink and blue. There are many pink flowers in the painting, but few blue ones. There may be no more than one quarter of the total number of flowers, or even fewer, or even not at all in the Gorodets painting.

Gorodets flowers are always drawn on colored circles. When they begin to paint the work, at first they draw only colored circles (this is the underpainting). Why so? Such is the tradition. It is enough to be able to depict only four flowers, which are described here, and the impression of huge number These flowers are created only thanks to their color - red, pink, blue, blue, ocher, brown, cherry and even black. There are no flowers only orange, yellow and purple.

Again, draw the same four circles from which we began to learn how to depict Gorodets flowers. Any of the four circles will be painted with blue white, and the remaining three with pink white. Now on these underpaintings we will draw the same flowers as in the picture.

Pay attention to the fact that on the blue circle we point the petals and the nose of the flower with cobalt blue, and paint the pink underpaintings with red paint.

revives

Now let's move on to the third stage: it remains to do on the flowers animations. The animations on the flowers are made with white paint using an N2 and N3 art brush.

The tip of the brush is carefully dipped in white gouache and the flowers are decorated with dots and elastic strokes. First of all, they put a white dot in the center of all spouts, then the noses of roses and daisies are edged with dots, and the spouts of the bud and rose are circled with a white arc. And then the animations on the rose (those that are located along the “meridians”) are finished with very elegant strokes.

All! We learned to write flowers! Advice: make the animations on the flowers only as shown in the picture. This is a tradition. And tradition must be respected.

Master A.V. Sokolova offers 18 types of Gorodets flowers- roses, daisies, cups, multi-petal flowers resembling field geraniums.

It is impossible to imagine all the richness of flowers invented by Gorodets craftsmen over 150 years of work in the craft. Here are shown only the most basic, common and beloved by city dwellers. First of all, it's roses.

In the 1930s, working with the famous masters of Zhostovo trays, the famous Russian artist P.P. Konchalovsky argued that painting a rose is as difficult as a portrait of a person. But it is not only difficult, but also joyful for masters of folk art to write this regal flower, otherwise Zhostovo and woodwork painters, embroiderers and even blacksmiths would not turn to it so often.

City dwellers have never tried to make their flowers look like natural ones, convention decorative techniques not only not hidden, but even emphasized. A fantastic image of a flower is always created and it is done skillfully, with extraordinary invention and inspiration.

Among the six types of roses presented in the picture, there are no two identical in shape, neither in color, nor in the finest whitening details. The author of the mural acts here as a subtle colorist: roses are not just red, blue or pink - their subtle color shades are difficult to describe in words. No less diverse are the forms of roses: the cutting of the middle of the flower, the number and pattern of the petals vary. Some of them are round, others are gently curved, others are pointed. Each Gorodets flower has its own unique character.

And rose, and kupavka, and chamomile at first glance at them seem very intricate and difficult to perform. At first, it is difficult to understand how to start working on each flower form. But remember that even the most complex shapes in folk painting made up of a number of simple elements.

There are several basic principles underlying the creation of most Gorodets flowers. Some of them are based on the so-called bullseye - a fairly large circle, made with a medium-sized brush. Based on its development with additional paints and graphic cuts, you can create quite big number variety of colors. This is how Gorodets roses, cups and daisies are formed.

Other flowers - let's call them field geranium - have a small round center-berry and light petals of various patterns, the semi-transparency of which is emphasized by the finest white shading. For final finishing In flower forms, along with whitewash, black is also often used, a very favorite color in Gorodets painting.

There is one more artistic principle writing Gorodets flowers - these are the so-called flowers by texture. The fact is that traditional Gorodets works were painted, as a rule, on colored backgrounds, but starting from the 1950s, works with natural unpainted wood served as the background for painting began to prevail in the assortment of craft. In this regard, the masters had to solve quite a lot of new artistic tasks. Experienced artists of Gorodets found original decorative solutions for compositions, not only adapting the texture of Gorodets color palette, but also creating new original techniques for writing colors. Fragments of unpainted wood were incorporated into the structure of the flower itself.

Bibliography

Gorodets painting is a wonderful drawing technique that was created in Russia. Often even in kindergartens there are lessons on the art of depicting objects and animals in unique bright colors with elements of a fairy tale.

History of Gorodets painting

Usually decorated with Gorodets painting wooden crafts. Since it was originally folk craft drawing on wood of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

It received its development in the second half of the 19th century, not far from the village of Gorodets, hence the name. There were many forests in that area, so the material came out cheap. And from it, in turn, children's toys, furniture, houses and much more were made. Paintings were used to decorate wooden objects, which could not do without bright garlands of flowers.

So gradually it was transferred to almost all household items of people. And images of various fairy-tale plots and colorful flowers gave the paintings a special memorable plot.

This technique is still popular today. You can easily find pieces of furniture, especially for children, decorated with lush flowers. And since the elements are quite large, teachers in kindergartens began to use during creative classes step by step drawing gorodets painting.

Elements and technique of their execution in Gorodets painting

Real masters of Gorodets painting, first of all, pay attention to the position of the hand during work. The brush must be held only vertically so that it can rotate between the fingers (thumb, index and middle fingers) without obstacles. With the correct setting, all elements of the painting are given without much effort.

Painting is carried out in two stages:

• underpainting;
• animations.

For underpainting, large brushes are used, filling the entire figure at once. For example, all horses are completely covered with black paint, except for the harness. Performing such a technique is available even for a five-year-old child. The main thing in it is to smear the paints in an even and thin layer so that there are no gaps left.

Animation is a technique by which a sketch of a drawing turns into a picture. In this case, brushes are used thin (artistic). They work only with black and white paint, unlike underpainting, where any color is acceptable. Dip only the tip, and all the details are done carefully.

With animation, various dots and curls are applied, which help to revive the picture. But they have strict rules of execution. For example, you can apply only arcs, dots, strokes and droplets. The main thing is to touch only the end of the brush work, so that the strokes are even and beautiful.

Absolutely all elements of Gorodets painting are applied without a preliminary pencil sketch. That is why each work is individual.

How to depict flowers in Gorodets painting

To make the pictures especially good, consider the step-by-step drawing of Gorodets painting using flowers as an example. They are considered a symbol of health.

To master the technique of Gorodets painting well enough, it is enough to learn how to draw four flowers. The work is carried out in three stages, unlike the rest of the elements:

• underpainting;
• pointing petals;
• animations.

While you are studying, as well as if the kids are doing the work, you can use a pencil in the "Gorodets painting" drawing technique. Step-by-step drawing for children, and for adults, will look like this:

1. Draw four circles on a sheet of paper with a pencil (three identical and one smaller)
2. Take a thin brush and put round spots with cherry paint (in the first two - on the side, and in the remaining ones - in the middle)
3. Using the same paint, on the first circle we draw an arc from the edge. To draw it correctly, hold the brush perpendicular to the sheet of paper. Barely touching, start drawing, then press, and finish again with a thin line.
4. On the second circle, draw the same arc, but not along the edge, but inside. And place the petals on the edge. Make them the same as the previous element, only smaller.
5. On the third circle, distribute the petals already around the circumference.
6. In the fourth, draw droplets using the blotting method. They should be arranged along a radius around the central spot.

When you have learned how to draw elements separately, let's move on to making a flower:

1. First, draw underpainting - large spots of paint in the form of a circle. We take any color, usually pink or blue.
2. On these circles we apply one of the selected patterns that we learned to draw - this is the stage of pointing the petals.
3. Now we complete the work with animations. They are performed on flowers with white paint. We make neat drawings or put dots to revive the pattern.

The image of flowers is the basis of the "Gorodets painting" style. Step by step drawing in kindergarten such patterns will bring children a lot of joy and teach them accuracy, since everything must be done without a sketch, and arcs and animations must be done with extreme precision.

in the kindergarten group

As we have already said, Gorodets painting is perfect for children. Consider how to carry out a phased drawing of Gorodets painting in senior group kindergarten.

To begin with, tell the children what Gorodets painting is in general and show the illustrations. To make it easier for them to do the work, do it together by drawing on a sheet attached to the board. Begin:

1. Draw a body that looks like two drops that look into different sides and connected with a stick.
2. Next, draw the head. It is not necessary to complicate it, take an oval, add ears and an elongated muzzle.
3. Now legs. Small triangles in the right places, sticks from them and also triangles (hooves) at the end.
4. We depict the mane and tail with yellow paint, using semicircles in the work.
5. We draw a saddle (children choose their own color).
6. We draw eyes, a bridle and decorate a saddle.

It was a step by step drawing of a horse. Gorodets painting will help the children become more accurate and develop them Creative skills. And also you will be able to introduce young artists to geometric shapes.

We paint the board with Gorodets painting with children

Particularly interesting for children in kindergarten will be the phased drawing of Gorodets painting on wooden board as a gift to parents. You can ask pupils in advance to bring workpieces from home for work. And the lesson itself is built as follows:

1. We tell a little about the history of Gorodets painting.
2. We determine the center of each board, put a point there with a pencil.
3. Draw a circle with the selected color.
4. When it dries, we apply petals on top (we choose one flower option for everyone).
5. After waiting a bit, take a thin brush and apply streaks in white.
6. The remaining space is allowed to be supplemented with curls.
7. We paint over the outline of the board with a continuous strip of the same color as the flower.

Such an activity will bring the children a lot of impressions, and the memory will remain for a lifetime. Recommend varnishing the board at home with your parents so that the paint does not peel off over time.

Tips for working with children in the implementation of Gorodets painting

If you plan to carry out a phased drawing of the Gorodets painting with your students, do not forget:

1. First, do all the elements yourself.
2. Choose the same pattern for everyone.
3. If you see that someone is failing, help.
4. Do not forget to praise the guys in the process of work.
5. Remember that the basis of Gorodets patterns is underpainting, which is done in one color, and there should be no gaps, and animations are done with a thin brush.

Gorodets painting is a drawing of elements of a fairy tale, so children will definitely like this work.

Emma Zhavnovskaya

Gorodets painting- one of the traditional Russian folk crafts. This wonderful painting difficult to confuse with another. Paints Gorodets painting bright, juicy, cheerful - and everything in it is symbolic. Black horses with a steep neck and thin legs are a symbol of wealth, unprecedented birds are a symbol of happiness, and flowers- health and success in business. Let's try draw the simplest pattern flowers and buds. Here's one.

For this we need: brushes of different sizes, gouache or acrylic paints.

With a wide brush, we tint the circle under the "tree".

Mixing white gouache with red and blue, we get shades of pink and blue. Hold the brush vertically. We draw circles, the so-called "underpainting"

With blue and red gouache we draw "underpaintings" of a smaller size, slightly going to the main circle.

We decorate our rosan with petals, on buds draw arcs.

Now we proceed to the image of leaves and twigs. Applying with a brush, we make symmetrical leaf prints.

And finally, the most important thing. Our pattern needs to be revived. We take the thinnest brush and with a light touch we apply “animations” with white paint in the form of dots, arcs, droplets, strokes. Do not overdo it. The main thing here is to comply

knowing of limits.

As you can see, nothing complicated. Good luck everyone!

Whistle birds.

Decorative plates.