"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...
Gorodetskaya painting - folk artistic fishery. Bright textural patterns are performed by a free smear with graphic stroke. Russian motifs were decorated with a wide variety of household items and decorative attributes.
History of fishery
Motherland Gorodetsky painting - Volga region. Residents of the village of Hlebiha, Kuryso, Savino, Bukino and some other villages were decorated with spindles by carvings, and then tinted the ornament to then sell products at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. Over time, colorful patterns completely suppressed a carved decor, and bright drawings began to call Nizhny Novgorod painting.
The term "Gorodetsky Pattern" appeared only in the 1930s, when the public became known for the work of one of the most selfless researchers of Russian folk fishers V.M. Vasilenko. Gorodets - the main market for the market of painted utensils. The masters took into account this fact, and on the patterns were displayed, morals, images associated with the town. Over time, the painting has become an artistic personification of culture and colors of the city and its surroundings.
Local craftsmen were skillfully managed in a tree thread. Forest spaces allowed masters to use cheap and affordable material to create their masterpieces. Flower fishery is associated with Peter the First, which demanded that his military ships decorated with carvings and painting. Over time, the ships were redesigned closer to new conquered lands, and folk craftsmen began to look for other directions to apply accumulated experience.
The flowering of Gorodetsky fishery began in 1870, when the icon painter of the cucumber arrived in one of the villages. His goal was to update the paintings of the local church. It was he who helped local masters to master new skills: "Revital" proteins, using several paint balls at once, other techniques.
Colors of Gorodetsky painting
For painting used initially egg paints. For replacing, they came oil, tempera and gouache compositions. The coloring composition was applied on a canvas large stains, without forming pre-clear contours.
Initially, the masters worked on the primed surfaces. Later, after World War II, a raw tree was chosen as the basis. This allowed drawings to make it easier, giving them transparency.
- Zamilevka. For patterns in the form of berries and flowers, such colors are used: ocher, pink (mixing red and white tones), pure red, bordeaux (red and black), blue (blue and white), blue. For registration of leaflets use blank green. Little leaves and curls sometimes decorated with brown paint.
- Tayneck. The main colors of the windows: black, brown and blue. Due to the use of deep black tone, against which the key elements of the ornament were drawn, it was possible to get a bright and rather contrast pattern. If a brown tone was used for the Taynevka, the painting was easier and gentle.
- Loose. For the discharge used white color. Yellow tint used less often. It was needed only if the leaves were given bulk accents.
Basic colors by numbers
The main colors that are traditionally used for city ornaments:
- Ocher(# CC7722);
- Pink(# Ffc0cb);
- Red(# FF0000);
- Blue(# 00BFFF);
- Blue(# 964B00);
- White(#FFFFFF);
- Green(# 00FF00);
- The black(#000000);
- Yellow(# FFFF00).
Elements and motifs of Gorodetsky painting
There are three basic types of compositions. This is a "clean" floral painting, a composition with the inclusion of the "horse" motive and a complex storyline.
Floral ornament the simplest performed. Several elements of the ornament are isolated:
- "Bouquet" - a symmetrical image. These are small compositions consisting of 1 - 3 flowers. Decorate boxes, boxes, cups, solllers, cups, piles;
- "Garland" - a view of the "bouquet", when one large flower is located in the center, and a composition with smaller flowers is built around it;
- "Rhombus" - the variation of "Garlands". Some large flowers form the center, and the leaves and buds decrease on the top of the rhombus. The ornament more often decorates large chests, large cutting boards, cabinets and bread beds;
- The "flower strip" is a complex composition consisting of the upper and lower tiers. The ornament can be formed from the strip of the same flowers or from different color, form and type of floral elements;
- "Wreath" - variation of the "flower strip", but only a closed type. Usually decorates the surfaces of dishes, trays, caskets, wine barrels.
Motifs "Horse" and "Bird"
The symmetric and asymmetric compositions are distinguished. Birds and horses are most often placed in the center of the blooming tree or in the framing of wreath. There are products-kits, each of which has several motifs at once. For example, chicken and cockerel or two horses of different colors.
Specite look like similar patterns on black and red canvases. Basic Color: Osshes, Gold, Orange, Yellow. A pair image of feathered personifies family harmony and well-being. Horses symbolize success and prosperity.
Scene painting
Scene drawings are placed on large products: chests, dishes, countertops. The masters traditionally depict the scenes of tea drinking and celebrations, weddings on the background of a rich table, tables with cups, flowers and samovars. The people of people appealed towards the audience, which is often unnecessary to complex compositions attached some incredibility.
Favorite theme of drawings - exteriors of houses with carved shutters, bright platbands, chimneys. The painting was complemented by wells, wicker fences with flowers or jugs and sitting roosters. In addition, to "enrich" the canvas could be an image and other animals - dogs, cats, chickens with chickens.
Technique fulfillment by Gorodetsky painting
The painting is performed directly on a wooden basis, which is initially soaked with yellow, red and black flowers. Each main color is "broken", thus, increasing the number of colors in the palette is smoothly twice.
On the surface with thin lines of pencil outline the main lines of the painting. Special attention is paid to the "nodes" of the drawing, that is, the largest and most important elements. Middle and small parts act as binders of large patterns and can be performed during improvisation.
In the murals of painting a wide brush form the basis of the flower. Usually, it is a stain incorrect round or oval shape. On top of the light spots are applied a darker than. The entire painting consists of simple elements: staples, arcs, spirals, strokes, drops and itself is the podmuelka itself.
The final stage is the application of contrasting (black or white) strokes and points over the finished pattern. This stage is carried out with the help of the finest tassel. As soon as the web will dry up, the painting is "fixed" with a thick layer of lacquer coating.
Flowers - Health Symbol
Flowers are an indispensable part of any city work.
For a good mastering the city painting, it is enough to draw only four flower. Let's get together to portray these four flower. They are drawn in three stages: submarike; Petal guidance; Observation.
Prepare paper, pencil, one artistic brush and so far only one paint from the Guachi set is craplac. Draw a pencil on a sheet of paper in a row four mug: the first is smaller, the rest are the same (See Fig.).
With the help of a brush and cherry paint (craplac), we draw in each of these circles a round color spot; On the first two - on the side, and on the other two - in the middle. For convenience, in the future we will call it a span with a spout. Now you give these four flowers of the same paint (craplac).
On the first circle Draw an arc. To do this, keeping a brush in the fingers (perpendicular to the sheet of paper), begin to restore the arc at first only slightly touching the paper with the tip of the brush, then we make a strong pressure on the brush (while the brush leaves a wide smooth mark) and end the arc again with a thin line. It turns out a beautiful arc in the form of a young month (Fig. A).
On the second circle We draw the same arc, but now it's not around the edge, but inside a circle. And on the edge of it - rounded petals in the form exactly the same as an arc, only smaller. It turned out a flower with something like a rose (Fig. B).
On the third round Petals Draw around the edge of the circle (Fig. B).
At the fourth round Testing droplets by adjusting. They are located along the radius around the nose drawn in the center (Fig. D).
Now compare your flowers with those in the picture ... Watch all the arcs to have rounded rounds and convex, as an inflated by the wind of the sail, so that the third and fourth flowers are quite large (no less than 1/3 of the circle diameter in which they are posted).
Terminology
- bud (Fig. A);
- rose flower (Fig. B);
- rosan (Fig. B);
- chamomile (Fig. d).
In other sources, the same flowers may be called a friend!
Color
Let's talk about what color the flowers we learned to draw.
While we will draw all the colors only with pink and blue. Pink flowers in painting many, and blue - little. There may be no more than one quarter of the total number of flowers, or even less, or even may not be in the city painting.
Gorodetsky flowers are always drawn on color circles. When you start to paint work, first paint only colored circles (this is plated). Why so? Such is the tradition. It is enough to be able to portray only four flower, about which it is told here, and the impression of the huge number of these flowers is created only due to their coloring - red, pink, blue, blue, oath, brown, cherry and even black. There are no flowers only orange, yellow and purple.
Again, draw the same four circles from which we started to learn to depict Gorodetsky flowers. Any of four circles with a blue scattering, and the remaining three - pink scattering. Now we draw the same flowers on these submarines as in the figure.
Please note that on the blue circle of petals and spout of the flower, we carry the cobalt blue, and the pink submarines describe the red paint.
Observation
We now turn to the third stage: It remains on the colors to do observation. Feedback on colors make white paint using an art bruster N2 and N3.
The tip of the brush is carefully dipped into the white gouache and decorate flowers with dots and elastic strokes. The first thing is to put a white point in the center of all nose, then finish the spout points in Rozanians and daisies, and the spout of buds and roses will be powered by white arc. And then absolutely elegant strokes finish the spin on the rose (those that are located on the "Meridians").
Everything! Flowers we learned to write! Council: Perform the colors on the colors only which are indicated in the figure. This is a tradition. And the tradition must be respected.
Master A.V. Sokolova suggests 18 species of Gorodetskaya colors - roses, daisies, bathing, multi-treat flowers resembling field geranium.
It is impossible to imagine all the wealth of colors invented by Gorodetsky masters for 150 years of work of fishery. Only the most basic, common and beloved are shown here. These are primarily roses.
In the 1930s, working with famous masters of Zhostov tray, the famous Russian artist P.P. Konchalovsky argued that it was as difficult to write a rose as a portrait of a man. But writing this royal flower to masters of folk art is not only difficult, but also joyfully, otherwise it would be unconscious to him so often Zhostovtsy and the pains of wooden products, embroiderers and even blacksmiths.
The citymen never tried to make their flowers like natural, the convention of decorative techniques is not only not hidden, but even emphasized. A fantastic image of the flower is always created and it's skillfully, with an extraordinary fiction and inspiration.
Among the six types of roses, presented in the figure, there are no two identical in shape, nor in color, neither by the finest leather details. The author of the painting acts here as a thin colorist: roses are not just red, blue or pink - their thin color shades are difficult to identify with words. No less diverse and roses shapes: the patch of the middle of the flower, the number and pattern of petals varies. Some of them are round, others smoothly curved, third pointed. Each Gorodetsky flower has its own unique character.
Both rose, and bathing, and chamomile at first glance on them seem very intricate and difficult to perform. At first, it is difficult to understand how to start work on each floral form. But it is followed to remember that even the most complex forms in the population folded out of a number of simple elements.
There are several basic principles underlying the creation of most city-owned colors. Some of them has the basis of the so-called apple - quite large in size a circle performed by a medium-sized brush. Based on its development with additional paints and graphic cutters, you can create a fairly large number of varied colors. This is how city roses, bathing and chamomiles are formed.
Other flowers - let's call them field geranu - They have a small round middle-beating and various lightweight petals, whose semi-transparency is emphasized by the finest leather hatching. For the final finishing of floral forms, along with Bellyls, black color is often used, very beloved in Gorodetsky painting.
There is another artistic principle of writing city colors - these are the so-called flowers in texture. The fact is that traditional Gorodetsky works were written, as a rule, in color backgrounds, however, since the 1950s, the product began to prevail, the artwork for the painting of which was a natural non-colored tree in the assortment. In this regard, the masters had to solve quite a lot of new artistic tasks. Experienced artists of the city found peculiar decorative solutions of compositions, not only adapting to the letter in the texture of the city color palette, but also by creating new peculiar methods of writing colors. Fragments of unwrapped wood were included in the structure of the flower.
Bibliography
Gorodetskaya painting - Russian folk artistic fishery. There is from the middle of the XIX century in the city of Gorodets.
Bright, concise city painting (genre scenes, horses, cocks, roosters, floral patterns), made by a free smear with white and black graphic stroke, decorated with strawberries, furniture, shutters, doors.
In 1936, the Artel (from the 1960 factory "Gorodetskaya Painting"), manufacturing souvenirs; Masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin.
Features
In Nizhny Novgorod painting, you can distinguish between two types - Pavlovsky and city paintings, which were decorated with chests, arcs, sleighs, children's furniture, dons for sniffs and many small binding items.
Gorodetsky style is characterized primarily by meaning. In painting, the main impression give genre scenes. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in shape, and sometimes bordered with cartoon. This is the life of the peasantry, merchants, a lush costume parade.
Floral motifs are held a significant place - lush "Rosans", written wide and decorative. According to the expression A. V. Bakushinsky, the master became a genuine painter.
V. S. Voronov, who wrote that "Nizhny Novgorod manner represents us the most pure version of genuine picturesque art, overcoming the framework of a graphic capture and based exclusively on elements of painting ..."
Next to genre realistic motifs in Gorodetsky painting also live and idealized, decorative images of birds and animals. There are exotic lions and leopards. Especially often the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in proud, militant pose. Most often these are paired images, heraldically addressed to each other.
Gorodetsky motifs - urban life scenes
Panel. "My favorite town". Kolesnikova
Punk "Street" Kolesnikova
Panel "Walking Sloboda" Kolesnikova
Panno "Gard Male" Kolesnikova
Gorodetsky master painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings by merry garlands and bouquets. Where the plot allows, the master willingly use the motif of the lush curtain, praised by a cord with brushes. The decorativeness of the motives is emphasized by the decorativeness of colors and techniques.
Favorite backgrounds are bright green or stressful red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which it is especially juicy splashing the depletion of Gorodetsky Colorite.
In the characteristic of the plot, the scattered tones give rich shades of color transitions. The painting is carried out with a brush, without a preliminary drawing, a free and juicy blow.
It is very diverse - from a wide smear to the finest line and a virtuoso stroke. The work of the master is fast and economical. Therefore, it is very generalized, easy to do, free in the movement of the brush. Gorodetsky floral paintings, multi-time and expressive works of Mastersov A. E. Konovalova and D. I. Kryukova.
History of Gorodetsky painting
The painting, which is now called Gorodetsky, was born in the Volga region, in the villages located on the shores of clean and light river patterns. In the villages of Kosko, Kuryso, Hlebiha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye, etc.
In the XVIII century There is a center for the production of spinning Donets and toys. The peasants were taken to sell their products to the fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting made on these products was named Gorodetskaya.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Daly explains that the word "Donets" means "a plank, which sits on our rice, sticking the comb in it." After graduating, she took out the comb, and the Donets hang on the wall, and it decorates the hut. Therefore, the folk craftsmen paid special attention to the decoration of the boards by carvings and painting.
The spreader was the right companion throughout the life of the peasant. Often served as a gift: Groom gave her bride, father - daughters, husband - wife. Therefore, the Donette was chosen elegant, colorful, everyone for joy and surprise. The straw was inherited, she was shouted and stored.
To decorate the wizard boards, they used a kind of technique - inlay, very rarely found in folk art. The figures were cut out of the tree of another breed and inserted into the corresponding deepening. These inserts made from dark sea oak, reliefly stand out on the light surface of the Donets. Having a two shades of wood and using the simplest tool, the folk craftsmen turned the Donets into the work of art.
The famous master of incrouted Donets with Tryna was L. V. Melnikov.
In the future, the masters began to apply the Donets to the Tintask. A bright combination of a yellow background with a dark oak, adding blue, green, red made it elegant and colorful.
From the second half of the XIX century. A complex and time-consuming inlay technique was replaced by a bracket with tints, and then began to prevail a picturesque manner of decoration.
The plots of the ancient Gorodetskoy painting were images of birds, flowers, riders on the horses, young ladies and cavaliers, scenes from folk life.
Nowadays, the traditions of old masters are striving to revive and enrich folk craftsmen working at the Gorodetskaya Painting Factory Factory in Gorodets. Among them are the winners of the premium. I.E. Repin. It is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Casatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, TM Kovna, A.V. Sokolova.
Marina Belova..Other. Derevo, Gorodetskaya painting.
Marina Belova.Postavetsy. Bocate. Derevo, Gorodetskaya painting.
Tray M.M. Belova. Tree, Gorodetskaya painting 2005.
Set of cards. Visual benefits for elementary school.
Bird in Gorodetskoy painting - a symbol of family happiness.
Gorodetskaya painting comes from the icon, and, just like in the icon, there is a lot of symbolic. Bird is a symbol of family happiness.
Look at the city birds - they always have a fat tummy. A bird in Gorodetskoy painting has an acutely character silhouette: she has a flexible line of neck and chest (sinusoid), tail - in the form of a butterfly wing, filamentous beaks and legs. Traditionally, such a coloring of the bird: a torso - black, tail - cherry (craplac), green wing. Two of these three colors are available in a set of gouashe colors: black and craplan, and Gorodetskaya green - stuffed. Gorodetsky birds are depicted in two stages: first, three paints are made by the brush, it is a torso, a wing and a tail of the bird, and then it draws white paint to the branch. The figure shows the most characteristic venxes of Gorodetskoy bird. Revolution is made on a white paint bird - with a thin artistic brush. Here you can use the entire arsenal of Gorodetsky ... And arcs, and strokes, and droplets, and points.
Strichi They are very different in length and width, and they are satisfied like this: the brush is kept in the fingers and, barely touching the paper end, spend the line thin at the beginning and end with a large or smaller pressure in the middle. The strokes made a branch on the wing and the tail of the birds, on the neck and at the bottom of the tummy.
Droplets Made by adjustment, known to modern children from a kindergarten, where they are taught to this reception. Drops are made: sideways the tip of the artistic brush (with white paint) is easily and smoothly touched on the paper, at the same time the trace remains in the form of a drop.
How to put points Know everything.
To draw arcFor this, it is necessary to keep the brush in the fingers (perpendicular to the paper sheet), we begin to restore the arc at first only slightly touching the paper by the tip of the brush, then we make a strong pressure on the brush (while the brush leaves a wide smooth mark) and complete the arc again.
Start drawing a bird of traditional colors. Later, of course, you trust other options for coloring Gorodetskoy birds. And yet, with the time you will conclude that the traditional combination is the most successful of all.
Image of the image of Gorodetskoy Bird
Receivers writing to Gorodetskoy Birds Every wizard has its own. They are differently starting this work. We will show how it does. A.V. Sokolova..
One movement of brush, saturated black paint, she writes the front part silhouette of birds - Her beak, bending of the neck, convex breast, starting with the thin line of the beak and gradually thickening the smear when writing a cervix and breast of birds.
The next stroke, also thickening the book, how would the wing ride. As a result, we see the holistic abis of the body of the bird and we can proceed to writing the richest decoration of her tail.
One of the most common options is a lush, resembling revealed fan tail Paving. His first feather is a free smooth smear from the wing to the level of the bird's head. Then, from this first pen makes a long wave-like smear, ending somewhat lower than the body of the bird. To complete the tail-liner, it is necessary to connect the end of the wave-like line with the lower edge of the wing.
Wing Draw in the form of a drop-shaped leaf.
Continuing work, it is necessary to fill the color of the contour of the bird of the bird and its tail - the possibilities of color options are notishable here.
So that the bird finally came to life, you should write to her paws. In the city and in this case, expressive premiums have been developed. At first, the tops of the paws are attributed to the calf, similar to the leaves, and then thin black brush - the lower parts with curls. In the eyes there is an amazing transformation: without paws, it seems to slightly slides on the stroit of water, and with the legs - as if it easily rides on the grass. Tiny detail completely changed the character of the bird. At the next stage, the scallop is attributed to the bird's head.
Unlike colors when writing birds, the receptions of the ottenie are used infrequently. Red tail-fan is risening dark (corrupt) feathers. They are fanlikely diverse from the wing and even protrude beyond the edges of the painted tail silhouette. Feathers are written with long smooth movements of the brush with a small pressure and bend, starting with the top stick and ending with the bottom. At the same time, the features are located at such a distance from each other so that it can be possible to work and leaks. Bellys are made of wreaths: poultry eyes write, fine feathers on the breast, elegant spiral and hatching decorate the wing.
The completion of the work will be the cutting of the bright tail of the bird - between dark red feathers will appear wide soft feathers of white. The hand that writes them must be solid, flexible and calculating. Then the rhythm appears in the drawing of the feathers and they will become inappropriate.
Bird painting sequence - Gorodetsky Pheasant
World of Gorodetsky Birds Also rich and inexhaustible, like the world of Gorodetsky colors. There are also prideous black roosters with fiery crests and trouble-free "rosy", black starlings and white swans, magnificent pavushos, chinno speakers among colors and herbs, and more great many unusual, fabulous birds.
Views of Gorodetsky Birds
Birds in the plot of Gorodetsky painting
Products with Gorodetsky painting. Birds
Fig. on right: F.N. Casatova. Birds. Panel. 1995 SPGIMZ. Colorist solution panel is based on color and tone nuances. The completion and ease of the pattern give elegant white and colored bodies, made slightly muted paints.
Fig. left: A.E. Konovalov. Birds. Dish. 1970s. The painting on the texture of the tree (without prior applying) appeared on the fishery at the end of the 1950s. Due to economic difficulties (lack of paint). It has still been preserved and became a kind of technique, entering the texture of the tree in the artwork of the work.
Fig. on right: N.S. Privalovskaya. Cutting board. 1995
Fig. left: A.E. Konovalov. Birds. Highchair. 1950s. Gorodetsky historical and artistic museum complex.
Lesson No. 1. Acquaintance with the traditional motive of Gorodetsky painting - "bird".
Organization of classes. Children should become acquainted with Gorodetsky plots, in which this motive is present. Show children every stage of painting. Birds are usually drawn from the wing, then the chest is performed, and the line is applied focusing on the wing line. After that, draw the rest of the body. When the contour is applied, the entire surface of the drawing is painted, leaving only the main inner lines. After that, it is embarrassed, that is, to a detailed study of the image with the help of thin smears, strokes and applying brighter shades on the contour.
Perform the task. Children independently complete a symmetrical composition, entering the Gorodetsky Pheasant to the right or left of the panel.
Lesson No. 2. Acquaintance with the image of various types of Gorodetsky birds.
Organization of classes. The image of the bird in Slavic mythology is associated with the dream of the sky. Our ancestors believed that on the side of the clouds is the magic garden - "Iri". A global tree grows there, the top of which amazing birds live. Birds also served as intermediaries between the Earth and the powerful heavenly forces, from which the human life was largely depended. A teacher tells children about the image of birds in decorative and applied art, about symbols and mythology associated with the image of the bird in folk art; Shows and calls city birds.
Perform the task. Children choose birds to copy and arbitrarily enter it into the proposed frame.
