Topic: Seas, Inland Waters and Water Resources

Lesson:Features of the nature of the seas washing the shores of Russia

The purpose of the lesson: to find out which seas wash the shores of Russia, to study the features of the nature of the seas.

The seas washing the shores of Russia belong to the basins of three oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic.

Seas of the Arctic Ocean:

1. White
2. Barents
3. Karskoe
4. Laptev
5. East Siberian
6. Chukotka

Rice. 1. The seas of the Arctic Ocean and their characteristics ()

The seas of the Arctic Ocean lie mainly on the shelf territory, therefore, they generally do not differ in significant depths. The coastline of these seas is very indented. All seas of this ocean (except for the White Sea) are marginal.

Rice. 2. The sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean on a physical map ()

These seas are characterized by a harsh climate and are covered with ice for a significant period of time. An exception among them is the Barents Sea, whose waters are warmed by the warm North Atlantic Current.

Rice. 3. Inflow of warm waters into the Barents Sea ()

The severity of the climate and the ice cover increase in eastward... The salinity of the seas of the Arctic Ocean is low. These seas are used as a transport route, in addition, they are rich in biological and mineral resources, although due to the severity of the climate, their economic development is difficult.

Barents Sea differs in relatively warm waters in comparison with the rest of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. This sea is characterized by constant collisions of warm air masses and cold waters. The banks are heavily indented. The sea is distinguished by the diversity and richness of biological and other types of resources.

White Sea is internal. Summers are short and cool here. In the south, the water can warm up to +17 degrees.

Rice. 4. White Sea on the map ()

Kara Sea has a rather harsh climate. The water temperature in summer rises to +5 degrees in the south. Ice covered most of the year.

Laptev sea differs in the harshest climatic conditions.

differs in slightly warmer waters relative to the Laptev Sea. Array perennial ice reaches several meters.

Rice. 5. East Siberian Sea ()

Chukchi sea located in the east. Warmer water from the Pacific Ocean enters the Chukchi Sea through the Bering Strait.

1. Beringovo
2. Okhotsk
3. Japanese

Fig. 6. Pacific Seas ()

The seas of the Pacific Ocean are separated from the ocean by islands and peninsulas. These seas are characterized by ebb and flow, fogs, strong winds, storms. The seas of this ocean are rather cold, only the southern half of the Sea of ​​Japan is distinguished by relatively warm waters.

Bering Sea- the largest and deepest in Russia. The climate is cold, the weather is unstable. The sea is rich in fish and sea animals.

Rice. 7. Bering Sea on the map ()

Sea of ​​Okhotsk is under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, therefore climatic conditions quite harsh.

Japanese Sea among Russian seas The Pacific Ocean has the most favorable climatic conditions, although typhoons are typical for this sea.

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean:

1. Azov
2. Black
3. Baltic

All these seas are internal, warm enough. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean are of significant commercial, transport and recreational importance.

Baltic Sea- shallow sea, the shores are indented, quite fresh.

the warmest and deepest of the Russian seas of the Atlantic Ocean. In summer, the sea water warms up to +26 degrees. At a depth of more than 150 meters, the waters of the Black Sea contain hydrogen sulfide, so marine inhabitants live mainly in upper layers water.

Rice. 8. Black Sea ()

Azov sea- the shallowest and smallest sea. The maximum sea depth is 13.5 meters. The sea is highly desalinated.

The drainless basin belongs to Caspian Sea-Lake. It is the largest lake in the world by area. In ancient times, the Caspian Sea was a single whole with the Black Sea and was part of the World Ocean. The lake is rich in biological and mineral resources (primarily oil and gas).

Homework

1. List the seas of Russia belonging to the basin of the Arctic Ocean.

Bibliography

The main

1. Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 cl. general education. institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and people. Grade 8 - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2009 .-- 320 p.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education. institutions / I.I. Barinov. - M .: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011 .-- 303 p.

3. Geography. 8 cl .: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 48 p.

4. Geography. Russia. Nature and people. 8th grade: Atlas - 7th ed., Revision. - M .: Bustard; DIK Publishing House, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations

1. Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M .: Rosmen-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control. Geography. The nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial... - Moscow: Intellect-Center, 2010 .-- 144 p.

2. Tests on the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks ed. V.P. Dronova “Geography of Russia. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education. institutions "/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M .: Publishing house "Examination", 2009. - 109 p.

3. Getting ready for the GIA. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in the format of an exam. / Author-comp. T.V. Abramov. - Yaroslavl: LLC "Academy of Development", 2011. - 64 p.

4. Tests. Geography. 6-10 cells: Study guide/ A.A. Letyagin. - M .: OOO "Agency" KRPA "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Russian Geographical Society ().

5. The nature and population of Russia ().

The Russian Federation occupies a vast territory and is a major maritime power. The length of its water borders is almost forty thousand kilometers. From the north and east, our country borders only on the seas. They vary in size, depth and salinity. The ability to navigate and other uses of marine resources depends on these characteristics. Russian Federation mainly belongs to the marginal seas from the basins of three oceans: the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic. They cover over eight and a half million square kilometers. And our country carefully monitors the conservation of water resources and is fighting against their pollution. Even at school, each person gets acquainted with what seas wash Russia. But not all of them are familiar, for example, to the inhabitants of the middle lane.

What seas and oceans wash Russia?

The northern water area belonging to our country is part of the Arctic Ocean basin. Most of the seas are located there. All of them, except for Bely, are continental-marginal, and the boundaries between them are designated by islands and archipelagos. What seas wash Russia from the north? These are Beloe, Chukotskoe, Barents, East Siberia, Laptevs and Karskoe.

The largest and deepest seas washing the shores of our country are the Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering seas. They are located in the Pacific Ocean basin. What seas still wash Russia? Our country owns several reservoirs of the Atlantic Ocean: Black, Azov and Baltic. These seas are inland.

In addition to these 12 reservoirs, Russia is also adjacent to the largest inland sea from the drainless basin of Eurasia. It is often called a lake because it does not connect to the ocean. This is the Caspian Sea.

Arctic Ocean basin

What seas wash the shores of Russia from the north? Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Barents Sea, Chukchi Sea and White Sea. These six seas are the largest group and occupy a large area - more than four million square kilometers. All of them are characterized by the fact that they are very small. In addition, they are marginal because they are separated by islands or archipelagos. In some places, it is even impossible to accurately determine the border between them. Only the White Sea is located in the interior of the mainland, but according to other characteristics it differs little from the rest.

What are the features of the northern seas of Russia?

• they are quite small; the deepest of them is the Laptev Sea; average depth it is about 500 meters;
• the water temperature in these places is very low, even in summer it rarely rises above 10 degrees, so in winter almost the entire surface of the northern seas is covered with ice;
• economic value the basin of the Arctic Ocean is not very high: in these waters, beluga whales, seals and some fish are caught.

Pacific Ocean Basin

From the east, the shores of Russia are washed by three seas: the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese. They are warmer than the bodies of water in the Arctic Ocean. In addition, these bodies of water are much larger and deeper. By type, these seas are not entirely marginal - they are limited by large islands. And the water exchange between them and the Pacific Ocean occurs through the straits.

Studying the features of these reservoirs, one can answer the question of which of the seas washing Russia is the deepest. This is the largest Bering Sea. Its depth reaches four thousand meters.

But otherwise it has the same features as other seas of the Pacific Ocean, namely:

• great ebb and flow;
• many storms, strong winds, fogs and even tsunamis;
• perform useful functions: shipping and fishing are well developed on these seas.

Atlantic basin and Caspian

These are the warmest bodies of water in Russia. All three seas of the Atlantic Ocean - Baltic, Black and Azov - are inland. They are quite small and communicate with the ocean through straits and other seas.

The Caspian Sea generally belongs to the closed Eurasian basin. It is very similar in characteristics to Black and Azov: the same shallow, warm, not very salty and rich in fish. In addition, these seas are widely used for shipping and tourism. The climate of the Baltic is more severe, the shores are indented. But all the same, this sea is just as shallow, almost fresh, but rich in fish.

Why know which seas wash Russia?

The water resources of our country are of great economic importance. Russia has access to the seas of three oceans. They give it many advantages: they facilitate economic ties with other countries, provide opportunities for the development of recreation and tourism, and are of great commercial and raw material value. Information about which seas and oceans wash Russia, allows you to learn more about the native country, its economic activities, climatic conditions and tourism opportunities.

Russia possesses huge reserves, which are unevenly distributed over the area. Most of them are concentrated in the north, less in the south. The country has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of about 61 thousand km. In addition to the oceans and seas, there are more than two million rivers and the same. All water resources are actively used in the economic activities of the state. In total, Russia is washed by 13 seas, 1 of which is closed, and the remaining 12 belong to the basins of the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans. This article provides a list and short description all seas and oceans washing the territory of the Russian Federation.

Atlantic Ocean

The seas of the Atlantic Ocean wash the western coast of the state. These include the Azov, Black and Baltic Seas. The coastline is about 1,845 km long. The largest rivers flowing into these seas are Luga, Neva, Don, Matsesta and Ashe.

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean and the seas of its basin wash the northern part of Russia. The total length of the coastline is 39,940 km. The basin of the Arctic Ocean includes the Chukchi, Kara, East Siberian, White, Barents Seas, as well as the Laptev Sea. flowing into the Arctic Ocean include the Lena, Yenisei, Ob, Northern Dvina and Pechora.

Pacific Ocean

The waters of the Pacific Ocean wash the territory of Russia from the east. The coastline is 17,740 km long. The Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering seas are located on the Asian coast of the country. Amur, Anadyr are the largest rivers in the Pacific basin.

Map of the seas and oceans that wash the territory of Russia

As you can see on the map above, the country's shores are washed by twelve seas. Another, the Caspian Sea, has an internal drainage basin and is the largest enclosed body of water in the world. The seas of Russia differ from each other in origin, temperature, maximum depth, bottom topography, degree of salinity and diversity of flora and fauna.

The seas of the Atlantic Ocean that wash Russia:

Azov sea

The inland sea in southwestern Russia, which is the shallowest in the world. The Sea of ​​Azov can be considered the gulf of the Black Sea. The length from north to south is 231 km, and the maximum depth is up to 14 m. In winter, the reservoir freezes over, and in summer it warms up well. Due to the predominantly positive temperatures in the waters, life is actively developing. It is home to 80 species of fish, including commercial ones.

Black Sea

The waters of the Black Sea wash the southwestern borders of the country. Its length from north to south is 580 km. The maximum depth exceeds 2 thousand meters. Most of the cyclones that go throughout the year originate over the Atlantic. Numerous rivers significantly freshen the coastal waters of the sea. Due to the high content of hydrogen sulfide in the water, the bottom is uninhabited. At shallow depths, there are both Mediterranean and freshwater fish species: anchovy, horse mackerel, tuna, stingray, bream, pike perch, ram.

Baltic Sea

The reservoir, located in the north-west of Russia, with a length of 660 km. It is an inland sea. Maximum depth Baltic Sea is 470 m. The cyclones that form near the Atlantic bring frequent rain and wind to the Baltic. Due to the abundance of precipitation, the water in the sea is slightly saline, so there is little plankton in it. Smelt, Baltic herring, Baltic sprat, whitefish and many others live among the fish.

Seas of the Arctic Ocean that wash Russia:

Barents Sea

The waters of the sea wash part of the northern coast of the country. The length of the coastline is 6645 km. The maximum depth exceeds 590 m. The North Atlantic Current and the Arctic air have a dramatic effect on climatic conditions. Summer temperature does not rise above + 10 ° C. Ice does not melt in the northwestern part all year round... The waters are rich in plankton. More than a hundred species of fish live here, some of them are commercial, for example, halibut, haddock, and catfish. represented by seals, bears and belugas. The coastal rocky cliffs are home to various bird species such as gulls, guillemots and guillemots.

White Sea

Inland sea, washing the northern part of the state. The length exceeds 600 km, the maximum depth is 343 m. The White Sea is slightly larger than the Azov Sea. Winters are long and harsh, while summers are humid and cool. Cyclones prevail over the reservoir. The water is slightly salted on the surface. The world of zooplankton and phytoplankton is not very developed. There are about fifty species of fish, which is significantly less than in neighboring seas. This is due to the harsh climate and low salinity. Cod, smelt, chinook salmon, pollock, salmon are of great commercial importance. The fauna is represented by belugas and beluga whales.

Kara Sea

The waters wash the islands and archipelagos of northern Russia. The length of the coastline is 1500 km, the maximum depth is 620 m. The average water temperature does not exceed 0 ° С. Throughout the year, a significant part of the sea surface is covered with ice. Salt water at river mouths becomes almost fresh. According to the latest research, there are oil and gas deposits in the shelves. Brown and red algae grow well in the sea. Fish resources are rich in navaga, flounder, chinook salmon, nelma and smelt. Yes: sei whale and fin whale.

Laptev sea

The marginal reservoir of the Arctic Ocean, 1300 km long. The maximum depth is 3385 m. The sea is located near the Arctic Circle, which significantly affects the climate. Winter temperatures average -26 ° C. The region is affected by cyclones carrying blizzards and winds. In summer, the air warms up to + 1 ° C. Melting ice and runoff Siberian rivers dilute the salt water of the sea. Vegetable world represented by a variety of algae and plankton. Near the coastal strip you can find sea urchins and. Large freshwater fish emerge from river mouths to feed. The fishery is not developed, since the sea is frozen in ice most of the time. Among mammals, beluga whales, walruses and seals do well.

East-Siberian Sea

The sea in the Arctic Ocean basin adjacent to the northern coast of Russia. The length of the coastline exceeds 3000 km, the maximum depth is about 900 m. The average air temperature in winter is -28 ° С. The reason for such low temperatures is cold winds carrying air masses from Siberia. Summer air temperature rises to + 2 ° C on average. The fauna is scarce due to the harsh climate. The fish fauna of the coastal zone includes whitefish and sturgeon. Large mammals include beluga whales, walruses, and polar bears.

Chukchi sea

Border water body in the north of the country. The greatest depth is 1256 m. Throughout the year, the sea receives little sun rays... A sharp drop in temperature begins in the fall. Winter is characterized by strong winds and an average temperature of -28 ° C. Cover the reservoir with ice all year round. The Chukchi Sea is home to grayling, char and cod. Phytoplankton serves as food for cetaceans. Polar bears live on drifting ice floes, forming a whole population.

The seas of the Pacific Ocean that wash Russia:

Bering Sea

The reservoir in the northeastern part of the Pacific coast has a coastline length of 13,340 km, maximum depth - 4151 m. There are numerous islands near the coast. In winter, the average air temperature does not rise above -23 ° C. Summer temperatures average + 10ºС. The Bering Sea is covered with ice almost all year round. The coast is indented by capes, bays and spits. Gulls, hatchets and guillemots have chosen the high banks. The aquatic world is famous for its variety of salmon and flatfish. The gentle banks are home to walruses, sea otters and polar bears.

Japanese Sea

The waters of the Sea of ​​Japan wash the eastern coast of Russia. The length of the coastline is 3240 km, the maximum depth is 3742 m. Location in temperate latitudes affects the local climate. In winter, north-westerly winds blow over the surface. Typhoons often occur at this time. Inflow river waters minor. The coast is inhabited by starfish of all sizes and colors, hedgehogs, shrimps and sea cucumbers. The fishery covers cod, flounder, pollock and herring. After a storm, relatively safe jellyfish can be seen on the shore.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

Semi-closed body of water washing the southeastern coast of the country. The maximum depth is 3916 m. The monsoon climate prevails on the coast. January temperatures drop to -25 ° C. Summer maximum is + 18 ° С. The coastal area is home to crabs, mussels and starfish. Among mammals, killer whales, seals and fur seals can be distinguished. In the open sea, fishing is conducted for flounder, capelin, coho salmon and pink salmon.

Closed seas that wash Russia:

Caspian Sea

The only closed sea in the southwest of Russia. The length of the coastline is 1460 km, the maximum depth is 1025 m. Based on some features, the Caspian Sea should be called a lake. But the salinity of the water, the size and the hydrological regime indicate that this is a sea. There are many islands along the coast. The waters of the Caspian Sea are unstable, they rise and fall. Winter temperatures average -1 ° С, and by the middle of summer they rise to + 25 ° С. More than a hundred rivers flow into the Caspian Sea, the largest of which is the Volga. In winter, the northern part of the sea freezes over. The flora and fauna are unique. It is inhabited exclusively by endemics, species that live only in the water area of ​​the Caspian Sea. Near the coast there are goby, herring, sturgeon, white fish, shrimp, pike perch and beluga. A unique mammal is the Caspian seal, the smallest member of its family.

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Brief characteristics of sea waters

The territory of the Russian Federation is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as by the waters of the inland Caspian Sea.

The total length of the country's maritime borders is estimated at more than 44 thousand km. The total area of ​​the sea water area falling under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation is at least 7 million km 2. At the same time, 60% of the total river runoff goes to the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. Table 2.21 provides a characteristic of the seas washing the territory of Russia.

Table 2.21. Characteristics of the seas washing the territory of the Russian Federation

About 60% of the total runoff of the country's rivers flows into the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. The total catchment area of ​​the sea basins of this ocean in Russia is about 13 million km 2, or almost three quarters of the territory of the state.

Table 2.22 shows the water balance in Russia as a whole and in the context of the basins of some seas.

Table 2.22. Water balance in Russia as a whole and in the context of the basins of some seas

* Excluding large islands in the Arctic Ocean.

Sea water quality

Eutrophication of marine and coastal ecosystems is an unexpected new problem that no one knew about 30 years ago. Today it has become obvious that the increase in toxic phytoplankton is occurring with increasing intensity. Strong eutrophication is observed in closed and semi-closed seas, for example, in the Black Sea. Since the Stockholm Conference, changes in natural sedimentation have become one of the main threats to coastal ecosystems. Urbanization processes lead to an increase in residential and industrial areas, which, in turn, can lead to changes in natural sediment flows.

According to observations carried out by organizations of the Roshydromet system and the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, as well as monitoring of the state of the geological environment of the continental shelf (GMGSSH) of the North-West of Russia, carried out by the Center for Monitoring the Geological Environment of the FGUNPP "Sevmorgeo" at federal test sites in the waters of the Barents, White and Baltic Seas quality marine ecosystems are assessed as follows.

Arctic Ocean basin

Barents Sea

In general, the geoecological situation has retained its features compared to 2006. The geological and geophysical studies carried out made it possible to state that in the Barents Sea, despite the intense technogenic load, the upper horizons of the geological environment (bottom sediments and Quaternary formations of the Holocene age) are practically not disturbed. There is no pollution in most of the water area, and before the start of the stage of exploitation of oil and hydrocarbon feedstock on the Barents Sea shelf, it comes to the disposal of oilmen in a nearly pristine form.

According to measurements in 2007 in Pechora Sea, in contrast to 2006, the content of this type of pollutant increased in the bottom layer of water, which reflects an increase in the load on the marine environment of the development of land oil field Varandey (fig. 2.11).

Rice. 2.11. Change in the average content of heavy metals in the bottom water of the Pechora Sea in 2001-2007, mg / l

In bottom sediments, as well as in near-bottom waters, the content of heavy metals increased in 2007 and almost approached the level of the approximate permissible concentration (Figure 2.12).

Rice. 2.12. Change in average concentrations of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Pechora Sea in 2002-2007, mg / g

The specific activities of the technogenic radionuclide cesium-137 are at the background level, and increased values at stations 570 and 574 are determined by a higher content of the clay fraction in the bottom sediments.

Pollution of the Kola Bay is formed under the influence of the runoff of large rivers, as well as industrial and household wastewater coming from 40 enterprises, cities and towns located on the shores of the bay. The largest volume of effluent comes from enterprises and vessels of the fishing fleet, ministries of defense, transport and municipal services.

The oxygen regime in the bay is satisfactory, the content of dissolved oxygen in the 0-bottom layer varied within 8.63-13.30 mgO 2 / dm 3. Water saturation with oxygen is good - 89-123% (2007). At the same time, the pH of sea waters ranged from 6.43 to 8.06. The total alkalinity in the waters of the bay increases from south to north as salinity increases. With depth, alkalinity increases, which is determined by the predominance of sea waters and a decrease in the effect of

The Kola Bay is at the same time a place of unloading of the terrestrial water system, an area of ​​intensive navigation, the location of a number of large civil and military ports and small parking lots.

A threatening source of oil pollution is sea transportation, which is increasing due to the redistribution of traffic volumes and an increase in its production in the Arctic regions.

In the water area of ​​the Kola Bay, especially in the water area of ​​ports, it is possible to visually detect the presence of an oil slick.

The inflow of petroleum products with wastewater, according to incomplete reports of enterprises, in the period 2002-2007. decreased from 58 to 28 tons / year, but in addition to the organized discharge, there is constant pollution of the bay from a large number ships and various floating equipment. With a formal reduction in the supply of petroleum hydrocarbons with wastewater, their concentration in the waters of the bay tends to grow, increasing from 0.06 mg / dm 3 in 2003 to 0.35 mg / dm 3 in 2005.

A slight increase in the concentration of a number of heavy metals in the western part of the Murmansk Trench is due to their introduction from the North Cape Current from Norway and England. The increase in the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in bottom sediments can be unambiguously associated with the increasing intensity of tanker shipments of petroleum products.

Compared to the background values ​​of the selected heavy metals for the Barents Sea, the bottom sediments of the Kola Bay are significantly more polluted. Most high values COPs higher than 2.0 were established in the area of ​​the commercial and fishing ports of Murmansk (stations 510, 511).

For the first time in the history of observations, the indicator of the change in the average content of heavy metals in the bottom water (mg / l) of the Kola Bay turned out to be lower than the MPC, which clearly indicates a decrease in the level of pollution with heavy metals in the water column due to a decrease in the discharge of untreated wastewater. However, this reduction is mainly achieved by reducing the content of zinc and lead.

White Sea... High and extremely high levels of pollution of the waters of the Dvina Bay were not observed during the observation period.

According to the results of hydrochemical surveys of the Dvinsky Bay, the oxygen regime was satisfactory. The content of oxygen dissolved in water averaged 9.48 mg / l with a concentration range of 6.58-11.20 mg / l. The saturation of the water masses of the bay with oxygen varied within 62-100%, the minimum value (62%) was recorded in June at station No. 12 at a depth of 10 m. Compared to the previous year, the oxygen regime did not change significantly.

Water pollution with oil products was insignificant. The average concentration was 0.03 mg / l. The maximum concentration of 0.19 mg / l (3.8 MPC) was determined in June at station No. 16 in the bottom water layer. Compared to the previous year, the level of pollution of the waters of the Dvinsky Bay with oil products has slightly decreased. The average content of nitrites was 1.0 μg / l, no excess of MPC for nitrites was noted. The maximum concentration of 3.5 µg / l was recorded in June at station No. 19 in the bottom water layer.

The results of observations in the White Sea confirmed the earlier conclusion that the geological environment of this sea basin is one of the most prosperous in the North-West of Russia. The most unfavorable from the point of view of the manifestation of exogenous processes, including pollution of bottom waters and bottom sediments are:

Kut part of the Kandalaksha Bay, where polymetallic anomalies in bottom sediments have been established, which may be associated with mineralization on the adjacent shores of the Kola Peninsula. The appearance of anomalous strontium values ​​can be considered characteristic, which is most likely associated with the transshipment of apatite in the Kandalaksha port. This is evidenced by the spatial relationship of these anomalies, the complex nature of the anomalies, where there are also increased concentrations of oil hydrocarbons and a number of heavy metals.

The mouth of the Northern Dvina, where a powerful marginal filter is in its delta, traps most of the pollutants that accumulate in the inter-island channels. Excessive masses of phenols enter the sea, forming clear jet anomalies from the mouth to the central part of the basin. Elevated concentrations of other elements were not found within the delta of the Northern Dvina.

In the Kandalaksha Bay, it was possible to document the fact of groundwater infiltration into the bottom layer of the sea basin. This indicates a broader, than previously thought, development of water exchange processes in water areas with underground horizons.

In general, the nature of the White Sea ecosystem remains stable and in terms of pollution level it is significantly cleaner than the Baltic Sea, including the Gulf of Finland, as well as certain areas of the Barents Sea. The content of oil products in the near-bottom waters of the White Sea is low (Fig. 2.13).

Rice. 2.13. Change in the content of oil products in the bottom water in the central part of the White Sea in 2001-2007, mg / l

Availability increased level phenolic pollution of waters at the outlet of the Kandalaksha Bay (station 306) and above the Solovetsky Islands indicates the influence of municipal wastewater (Fig. 2.6.4).

Rice. 2.6.4. Change in the content of phenols in the bottom water in the central part of the White Sea in 2005-2007, mg / l

In contrast to the increased average level of pollution by oil products of the entire White Sea, due to high values ​​in Onega, Dvinsky and Kandalaksha bays, in the central part in 2007 a decrease in the level of pollution is observed.

In this part of the White Sea in 2007, a decrease in the level of phenol pollution of bottom waters was observed.

The most polluted waters with heavy metals and oil products are observed at the outlet from the Kandalaksha Bay and in the central part of the White Sea. Contamination of bottom sediments with oil products is significantly below the minimum permissible level (MRL).

Laptev sea... In 2007, no observations were made of the degree of pollution of sea waters on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the system of Roshydromet and Rosvodresursy.

On the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), observations of the waters of the Neelov Bay (the Laptev Sea) are carried out, but not as sea waters, but as a surface water body (reservoir).

Sea of ​​Okhotsk... In 2007, no observations were made of the degree of pollution of sea waters on the territory of the Magadan Region in the system of Roshydromet and Rosvodresursy.

Japanese Sea... The coastal waters of the sea are characterized by high level pollution with oil products, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration by 10 or more times. The level of pollution of sea waters with oil products increased in comparison with 2006 in the Zolotoy Rog Bay (from 3.2 to 4.8 MPC), in the Diomede Bay (from 2.4 to 4.2 MPC), in the Eastern Bosphorus Strait (from 2 up to 3 MPC), in the Amur Bay (from 1.2 to 3.6 MPC). In the Ussuriisk Bay and the Nakhodka Bay, OHC pollution remained at the 2006 level and exceeded the MPC by 1.4 times. The excess of MPC by petroleum hydrocarbons was observed in 87.5% of samples from the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait; in 96% - the Golden Horn; in 93.8% - Diomede Bay; in 99.2% - in the Amur Bay; 38.9% - in the Ussuriysky Bay and 95.1% - in the Nakhodka Bay. Compared to last year, there was an increase in the average annual concentration of pesticides: DDE - 2 times in Zolotoy Rog Bay and 6 times in Nakhodka Bay, DDD - 2 times in Zolotoy Rog and Diomed Bays, Vostochny Bosphorus Strait, Nakhodka Bay and 5 times in the Ussuriysky Bay, DDT - 1.8 times in the Golden Horn Bay and in the Ussuriysky Bay. In the Amur Bay, the average annual concentration of DDT has increased by 3 times.

According to the results of a comprehensive assessment and individual hydrochemical indicators in 2007, the water quality of the Amur Bay and Diomede Bay deteriorated. The quality of the waters of the Diomid Bay has passed from the IV class “polluted” to the V class “dirty”, and the Amur Bay - from the III class “moderately polluted” to the IV class “polluted”.

The quality of the waters of the Ussuriisky Bay and the Nakhodka Bay has not changed and belongs to the III class "moderately polluted". The quality of the waters of the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait still belongs to the IV class “polluted”, and the Zolotoy Rog bays - to the V class “dirty”. The pollution index of the waters of the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait and the Golden Horn Bay increased in comparison with 2006.

Atlantic Ocean basin

Baltic Sea... The Russian part of the Baltic Sea is divided by natural and artificial barriers into the upper (Neva Bay) and lower (eastern part of the Gulf of Finland) regions. These areas differ significantly in abiotic conditions and structural and functional characteristics of the ecosystem.

Neva Bay- the shallowest part and the most desalinated part of the Gulf of Finland. Hydrochemical and hydrophysical properties of water are determined by the influence of the river flow. Neva River and economic activities on the coastal area. The salinity of the water north of the Sea Canal was 0.07%. During 2007, in the eastern part of the Neva Bay, off the southwestern coast of Vasilievsky Island, hydraulic engineering works were carried out related to the alluvial new territory for the construction of the Marine Passenger Terminal. As a result of hydrotechnical works related to the reclamation of the new territory in the Neva Bay to the north and south of the Sea Canal, the transparency of the water sharply decreased (in May-October 2007, in most cases, the water transparency in the larger water area of ​​the Neva Bay was only 0.3- 0.1m). The influence of these hydraulic works on the decrease in transparency and increase in water turbidity extended to the shallow water zone of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. The pollution of the water area of ​​the Neva Bay with heavy metals is to the greatest extent determined by the excess of MPC by copper, zinc and manganese. High BOD5 values ​​were recorded in the southern resort area. The average concentration for the year was 4.04 mgO 2 / dm 3. The highest values ​​of BOD 5, which exceeded the standard value by more than two times, were recorded in July and October. The content of total (dissolved) phosphorus was significantly lower than in previous years. The average concentration of total phosphorus for the entire water area of ​​the Neva Bay was 9 μg / dm 3 (414 samples). This may be due to the fact that in 2007 large-scale hydraulic engineering works were carried out in the Neva Bay with soil removal and the formation of a large amount of suspended particles, on which a significant amount of dissolved phosphorus was adsorbed. In 2006-2007. the waters of the Neva Bay by WPI value (1.56) are characterized as "moderately polluted", class III.

The greatest negative changes in the geological environment in 2007 occurred in the Neva Bay during the creation of a new harbor for the passenger terminal in front of Vasilievsky Island. A sharp increase in the amount of suspended material was recorded here, which led to a decrease in oxygen in the bottom layer of water and an increase in the total mineralization of waters;

In 2007, the tendency of an increase in the level of pollution of bottom sediments with oil products continued (almost 2.5 times higher than the MPL). The level of concentration of oil products in the bottom waters slightly decreased in comparison with 2006, but it was below the MPC, i.e. there was practically no pollution.

Production in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland building sands and ferromanganese nodules. Negative impact of these processes consists in the formation of large volumes of suspended matter in aquatic environment during their extraction, and, as a result, contamination of vast areas of the shelf with heavy metals and other pollutants.

A significantly higher level of contamination of the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland by the specific activity of cesium 137 is noted as compared to other seas of the north-west of Russia. At st. 93 (north of Powerful Island) from year to year the absolute anomaly of 1150 Bq / kg remains, which is the "Chernobyl trace".

V Curonian Lagoon during the entire study period, the oxygen content was within the normal range (7.3-12.9 mg / l). Significant fluctuations in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen (0.011-0.915 mg / l) were noted. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC. The content of oil products in the surface layer varied from 0 to 0.2 mg / l; detergents (synthetic surfactants) - from 0 to 0.07 mg / l. In 2007, the most polluted areas of the Curonian Lagoon were the southwestern and southeastern areas.

Kaliningrad (Vistula) bay- the Russian and Polish parts of the gulf, respectively. The waters of the Kaliningrad Lagoon are more exposed to the action of sea waters than the waters of the Curonian Lagoon. At the mouth of the river. Pregoli had cases of high and extremely high water pollution. The concentration of nitrite nitrogen varied in the range of 0.011-0.024 mg / l. The content of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC level. The concentration values ​​of ammonium nitrogen varied from 0.013 to 2.4 mg / L. The content of detergents in the water over the entire observation period ranged from 0.029 to 0.23 mg / l. In the Kaliningrad Bay, the most polluted areas are the mouth of the Pregolya River and the northeastern part of the Bay, on the hydrochemical regime of which the waters of the Pregolya River have a significant impact. The water at the mouth of the Pregolya River and in the northeastern part of the bay is characterized as "dirty" and "very dirty", in the rest of the bay - as "conditionally clean" and "clean".

Black Sea... In 2007, observations were made over the quality of the marine environment in the area of ​​deep-water outlets in the Anapa-Adler section. The monitoring results showed that the concentration of pollutants in seawater did not exceed the MPC. The influence of discharges from deep-water outlets on the quality of the marine environment has not been revealed.

Inland seas

Caspian Sea... In the coastal regions of the Republic of Dagestan, observations were carried out near the cities of Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Izberbash, Derbent, in the mouths of the Terek, Sulak, Samur rivers, as well as in the open part of the Middle Caspian in the section from about. Chechnya to the Mangyshlak Peninsula. The average content of petroleum hydrocarbons (OH) in all surveyed areas varied within the range of 0.4-1.6 MPC. The maximum concentration was recorded in the area of ​​the city of Kaspiysk. Average concentrations of ammonium nitrogen did not exceed 1 MPC, phenols - 1.0-6.0 MPC. In 2007, the seaside waters of the river. The Terek was assessed as “moderately polluted”, in the area of ​​the cities of Makhachkala, Derbent, Kaspiysk, Izberbash, the coastal areas of the Sulak and Samur rivers - “polluted”.

Azov sea... In 2007, the pollution of the waters and bottom sediments of the Sea of ​​Azov was the lowest since 1998, approximately at the level of 1995. The most polluted are coastal waters in the areas of active economic activity and the mouths of inflowing rivers.

The average salinity in the Russian part of the Azov Sea was 6.63 0/00 - at the level of 2006. In the Kerch Strait, the average annual salinity was 11.86 0/00.

Average annual values ​​of dissolved oxygen at observation points in 2007 varied within 5.52-9.47 mg / dm 3. One of the main problems was an episodic sharp decrease in oxygen content in water (on average in the Sea of ​​Azov - more than 20%). In the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay, as the shallowest water area, it led to fish "freezing". This low oxygen content was due to the extremely high temperatures in summer.

The main quantities of biogenic pollution enter watercourses with domestic wastewater, as well as in the form of surface runoff from the territories of agricultural facilities and settlements. Municipal waste water is extremely rich in phosphorus, and this is the main reason local accumulation of labile phosphorus compounds in areas where people and animals are concentrated. Excessive intake of phosphorus into the environment causes algal blooms, which affects not only the organoleptic properties of water, but also greatly impairs the oxygen regime of the reservoir after their mass dying off.

In 2007, practically in all areas of the sea, a decrease in the content of phosphates was noted, with the exception of the Eastern region of the Taganrog Bay, where an increase in concentration was noted due to the addition of phosphates by the Don river flow (in the delta, phosphate concentrations were noted - 2-3 MPC). At a distance of 10-15 km from the delta, the concentrations decrease and do not exceed the MPC standard for phosphorus and phosphates.

The decrease in the content of phosphorus phosphates in the water of the Sea of ​​Azov is associated with the consumption of it aquatic organisms, as well as the transition to bottom sediments during the formation of insoluble forms. Currently, human economic activity is the dominant factor in the formation of river runoff by phosphate compounds.

The average annual concentration of oil products in the Sea of ​​Azov has significantly decreased compared to 2006 in all regions; for the last 3 years the MPC standard has not been exceeded.

Exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (1.2-2.0 MPC) in the Sea of ​​Azov was recorded sporadically for nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

Average annual concentrations for almost all ingredients (including those exceeding the MPC) have decreased compared to previous years of observation.

In 2007, the water pollution index (WPI) decreased in most sections due to a decrease in the concentration of oil products and most heavy metals.

The greatest anthropogenic impact affected waters near large settlements (the cities of Taganrog, Yeisk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Temryuk). This is due to the removal of pollution from the waters of rivers and estuaries, polluted by discharges from rice paddies, the influx of runoff from adjacent fields and sewage from sea and fish ports, fish factories, as well as the removal of pollution from storm waters of residential areas of cities and towns. In 2007, coastal waters near large settlements The Azov region had 3 quality classes - “moderately polluted”.

Description of the Black Sea

Description: The Black Sea is connected with the Marmara and Mediterranean Sea the Bosphorus Strait, with the Sea of ​​Azov, the Kerch Strait. Oceanic salinity in the Black Sea is 1.8%. (in the Mediterranean 37%). The area of ​​the Black Sea is 423 thousand square kilometers, the depth is 2245 meters, and contains 527 cubic kilometers of water.
The peculiarity of the Black Sea is that at a depth of over 150 meters, the habitat of anaerobic bacteria begins, the result of which is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms in need of oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea, which makes up 12-13% of the total volume of the sea, 80% of the entire fauna of the Black Sea is marine species penetrated here through the Bosphorus. The rest of the brackish-water organisms, common in such bodies of water throughout the planet. And fresh species from the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. The water in the Black Sea is moderately cold.

Marine life

The Black Sea is poorer in species than the Mediterranean, it is home to species that tolerate a wide range of water salinity, which do not need great depths at any stage of development. All types can be divided into two large groups: permanent and temporary.
The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals: 500 species of unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - these are fish and mammals (sharks, dolphins), 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of molluscs, the rest are invertebrates of different groups.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean at will. But big number species are constantly brought here, regardless of their desire, through the straits: Black Sea - Bosphorus - Sea of ​​Marmara - Dardanelles - Mediterranean Sea.
In the Bosphorus, there are always two currents - the upper one carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara and further to the Mediterranean. The lower one delivers saltier, warmer water to the Black Sea. With it, the thickness of the stream is 2-8 meters, planktonic organisms are brought into the sea. Live starfish, ophiuras, sea urchins were found here.
The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae, 350 species of microscopic planktonic algae, a lot of various bacteria.
Most planktonic algae use solar energy to build themselves from simple connections... Some algae, like animals, can only eat ready-made organic matter.
Algae noktiluk (night light) has become a predator - noktiluk has no chlorophyll, it looks like a miniature transparent apple with a plait tail, it got its name for its ability to glow.

Sea water balance

Water balance is a very important characteristic of the marine ecosystem, since any changes in the natural mechanism of inflow and outflow of water are reflected in salinity, temperature, density and other properties of water masses and, consequently, on the living conditions in them.

There are no and cannot be once and for all established components of the water balance of the sea. From year to year they change depending on weather conditions, the magnitude of the river runoff, the temperature and humidity of the air, affecting the evaporation of moisture from the sea surface, from the strength, direction and duration of winds and many other reasons. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about some average long-term indicators of the water balance, calculated on the basis of observations, measurements and assessments carried out over a number of years.

The components of the Black Sea water balance include river runoff, atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain and snow, evaporation from the sea surface, and water exchange through the Bosphorus and the Kerch Strait. It should be noted that two currents of opposite directions operate in the straits. In the Bosphorus Strait, the upper current is directed from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea, and the lower one - from the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea. In the Kerch Strait, the upper current is directed from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea, and the lower one - from the Black Sea to the Azov Sea. According to averaged long-term data (Shimkus and Trimonis), the water balance of the Black Sea can be expressed by the following values:

Inflow of water into the Black Sea (km per year)

• With river flow 346
• With atmospheric precipitation - 119
• Downstream in the Bosphorus - 176
• From the upstream in the Kerch Strait - 32

Total - 694

Source of water from the Black Sea (km per year)

• Evaporation - 332
• Through the upstream in the Bosphorus - 340
• Downstream in the Kerch Strait - 32

Total - 704

As you can see, the rivers bring 346 cubic meters to the Black Sea. km fresh water and almost the same amount (340 km), but already salty water flows out of the Black Sea through the Bosphorus. Atmospheric precipitation supplies fresh water to the sea almost three times less than it escapes into the atmosphere by evaporation. In other seas, all components of the water balance differ significantly, this is understandable. But in the Black Sea, more than in some other seas, people have recently been interfering with the mechanisms for regulating the water balance. For example, by irrevocable withdrawal of fresh water for irrigation or other economic purposes. In these cases, river runoff into the sea is reduced, which entails a number of changes in the functioning of the ecosystem. Here the modern fate of the Aral Sea comes to mind, reduced to a small reservoir precisely because of the excessive use of river flow in the cotton fields in the region. However, the fate of the Aral Sea does not threaten the Black Sea in any way, if only because it will not become shallow as long as there is a connection with the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus. And especially water-intensive crops are not grown here. Nevertheless, fresh water is also consumed here in considerable quantities. For example, in the sixties and seventies of the last century, plans were made to use large volumes of water from the rivers flowing into the Black and Azov Seas, primarily for the development of irrigated agriculture in the arid regions of the Northern Black Sea and Azov Sea regions. From the standpoint Agriculture and animal husbandry, it seemed then a major project of transforming nature for the better for man.
On the other hand, this promised great changes in the marine environment and the loss of biological resources both in the Black Sea and in the Azov Sea. Experts, hydrologists and oceanographers, made forecasts of expected events in the sea and estimated the possible damage they would cause to commercial fish and other valuable organisms. For example, Professor A.M. Bronfman and Dr. E.P. Khlebnikov wrote in 1985 that with the expected growth of irreversible water consumption in the Azov Sea basin in 1980-2000, the average salinity of water in it will increase from 12.13% in 1981 (the% sign means the number of grams of salt per kilogram of sea water) to 14.46% in 1995 and up to 15.58% in 2000. It was with such an accuracy that the constructed mathematical models predicted the value of water salinity. With regard to the Black Sea, Professor K.A. Vinogradov and Doctor D.M. Tolmazin noted in 1971 that, subject to the withdrawal of 40% of river runoff, the salinity of water in the Black Sea will tend to 33%, reaching this value in about 7000 years. By 2000, a number of authors predicted an increase in salinity in the Black Sea from 18% to 21-22% and a sharp deterioration by this time of living conditions for many marine organisms, primarily for pontic relics. In connection with the reduction of river flow, it was predicted that the sea would "advance" into open estuaries, such as the Dniester and Dnieper-Bug estuaries, and an increase in water salinity in them from the current level of 2-3% to 18-20%. As a preventive protective measure, Professor FS Zambriborshch (1971) proposed to build dams at the mouths of these estuaries in the areas of Ochakov and Zatoka. This will create reservoirs of a new type, F.S. Zambriborsch, but there is no other effective way to save the brackish-water fauna of estuaries and their rich fish resources. mathematical models. Later it became clear that mathematical "ecological models are often based on extremely simplified conceptual models of systems. Therefore, answering questions of practice on problems environment, ecologists, as one of them wrote, are often more like ancient Greek oracles than scientific experts and consultants. Of course, this applies to the ecological mathematical models of the 60s and 70s of the last century. Later they became more perfect. Time has passed, and now we can draw some conclusions. As modern studies show, events in the Black Sea region developed according to a different scenario than predicted. By different reasons, including economic and political, a large irreversible withdrawal of river flow by the end of the century had not yet occurred. Rivers continue to pour into the Black Sea, practically, the same volumes of fresh water. Salinity in the open waters of the Black Sea remained at the same level - about 18%. It slightly increased in open estuaries and in the Sea of ​​Azov, however, far from reaching the predicted values.
For example, the current average salinity of the Sea of ​​Azov is 13.8%, and it was predicted - 14.46% in 1995. It can be argued that the salinity of the water remained at the level at which serious biological rearrangements in the ecosystem can not be expected.