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The Eysenck Personality Inventory or EPI test was published in 1963 and contains 57 questions. With this test you can find out your type(sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic). You will be able to measure: level of introversion-extroversion, level of emotional stability. The test has become a classic in the history of psychology.
24 questions are aimed at identifying extraversion-introversion, 24 others - at assessing emotional stability-instability (neuroticism), the remaining 9 constitute a control group of questions designed to assess the sincerity of the subject, his attitude to the examination and the reliability of the results.
As a result of passing the test, we will measure 3 characteristics:
- Scale "Assessment of lies" - 9 questions. Allows you to measure how sincerely you answer questions. Those who score 5 or more on this scale are probably trying to look good and not being completely honest in their answers.
- Scale "Extraversion" - 24 questions. Measures your level of extraversion/introversion.
- Scale 'Neuroticism' - 24 questions. characterizes emotional stability or instability.
For simplicity, below is diagram with the qualities of character inherent in a particular type of personality. In order to correlate the test results to the diagram, it is enough just to check in which square the description of your qualities is located. Note that the EPI is a simplified type of personality measurement scale, so if the test came up with a result that doesn't match what you thought, then you're probably right!
Instruction
It is very important to understand that your temperament is a dynamic value, not a static one. This means that when taking the test in different time you can get excellent results. You are asked to answer 57 questions. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first "natural" answer that comes to mind. Answer quickly and accurately. Remember that there are no "good" or "bad" answers. Any of your answers will be correct. The total time spent on passing the test should not exceed 3 minutes. We wish you good luck!
The division of all people into extroverts and introverts was first proposed by Carl Gustav Jung in his work Psychological Types, published in 1921. This division later became the most famous way to determine "who is who" in this world in terms of psychology. From the offices of psychoanalysts and scientific treatises, it migrated into our everyday life. With its help, we try to understand ourselves and everyone around us - but at the same time we rarely think about what it means.
Most people are sure they know: extroverts are active, sociable and open people, and introverts are more closed, self-absorbed, sensitive and timid. In fact, everything is a little more complicated.
It is quite possible to be a sociable introvert or a timid and sensitive extrovert. Introverts, like extroverts, can be active, creative, and show leadership traits, but they will do it in their own way.
Introversion and extraversion are the most misunderstood division in psychology.
From Jung's point of view, extroverts are more interested in the outside world, while introverts are more interested in the inner world. For him, these are basic psychological attitudes, "directions of movement of the libido" (i.e., vital energy). The psychology of personality has come a long way since Jung, but modern research confirm that such a division really exists.
Introverts are less interested in the external rewards and stimuli that give meaning to an extrovert's life - active communication, approval from others, money or fame. Some researchers even suggest that instead of the word "introversion" it is better to use the quality "impartiality" or "detachment". Introversion is defined as the tendency to focus on one's own mental life. This does not mean that introverts are not interested in money or sex - they are interesting, just to a lesser extent.
But introversion does not make a person timid or unsociable at all. Timidity and hypersensitivity to negative emotions does not depend on introversion, but on another quality - neuroticism. Many qualities that are often attributed to introverts - for example, a tendency to reflection and a love of order - are also not associated with introversion, but with completely different, independent characteristics.
The main way to determine personality in modern psychology is the so-called "Big Five". Here, each person can be described using five qualities: extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness And conscientiousness/conscientiousness. Each of these qualities is not a polar division, but a spectrum. This means that no one can be a "pure" introvert or extrovert. Therefore, it is not surprising that in different situations people can show different sides of his personality.
From where a person is located on the graph "extroversion - introversion", it does not depend on how easily he will experience negative emotions. But the amount of positive emotions is closely related to extraversion: research has shown again and again that extroverts are generally happier and more satisfied with their lives. This does not mean that introverts are more unhappy - they just react more calmly to external stimuli.
Emotions in introverts and extroverts differ even physiologically.
Colin De Young, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, was one of the first to draw attention to the differences in the brain function of extroverts and introverts. It turned out that extroverts have a more active dopamine reward system, so they need constant stimulation from the outside. What is happiness for an extrovert is death for an introvert, so most introverts do not like to be in noisy companies and be the center of attention. They just don't enjoy it.
Apparently, the degree of extraversion is a quality that is largely inherited. There have been attempts to discover its genetic basis, but they have not yet yielded significant results. The desire to get new impressions inherent in extroverts is sometimes explained by the “adventurism gene” (allele 7R of the DRD4 gene). This gene determines the sensitivity of certain groups of neurons to the neurotransmitter dopamine.
From a neuroscience perspective, the differences between introverts and extroverts are differences in the reward system.
As psychologist Marty Olsen Laney writes in The Incorrigible Introvert, extroverts are just as sensitive to dopamine, so they need higher doses of this “pleasure substance.” For an introvert, pleasure turns into overexcitation and fatigue much earlier. But they have another, more “calm” neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, working more actively.
Differences in the work of the reward system lead to the fact that introverts are less prone to sociability and an active lifestyle. Any economist (or just a sane person) can easily explain to you why where profits fall, investment falls. This is how our psyche works.
Many people consider themselves introverts because of their high sensitivity. If any embarrassing remark hurts you, if you deeply empathize with other people and often need solitude, this may mean that you are a highly sensitive person, but not necessarily an introvert. American psychologist Elaine Eyron, who first described the features of a hypersensitive personality, for some time believed that introversion and hypersensitivity are one and the same. But it soon became clear that 30% of hypersensitive people are extroverts.
In general, it is generally accepted that there are more extroverts in the world than introverts. In fact, we do not have any exact information about this. Perhaps extroverts are just always in the public eye. They are easier to notice, they are more likely to prefer big companies and gather in groups. In addition, socially adapted introverts can easily behave like extroverts. To do this, they do not even always need to pretend. In addition to extroverts and introverts, there are also ambiverts - people who share the traits of both. In a way, we are all ambiverts.
In the most famous book about introverts, Susan Cain writes about how modern culture began to focus more and more on the ideals of extroverts. To succeed, a person must be able to sell himself, be an active and sociable enthusiast. Even in the creative environment, a lot depends on marketing.
Using America as an example, she describes it as a transition from a culture of character to a culture of personality: at this point, advice books and self-help books appear that promise readers that they will learn how to impress other people and achieve benefits. Introverts are not very interested in all this, but they are forced to adapt.
Recently, you can notice the opposite trend: journalists and psychologists in every possible way extol the thoughtfulness and sensitivity of introverts. Susan Cain also does not resist this temptation. She even calls introverts “thinkers” and writes: “If you sit in the yard under a tree, while others clink glasses on the terrace, it is more likely that an apple will fall on your head.”
But introversion alone will not make you a thinker.
Division along this spectrum is just one of possible ways determine the qualities of a person. There is no doubt that it is convenient to divide all of humanity into two opposing camps. But this is just as wrong (or just as true) as dividing all people into bald and hairy. Temperament affects our actions and largely determines our emotions, but its importance should not be exaggerated. It should be remembered that each person is much larger and more complex than his temperament.
An introvert is a person whose energy is directed inward. He is not bored with himself. He is calm and reasonable, attentive to details and cautious in decisions.Introverts sometimes seem gloomy, withdrawn and completely antisocial. But at heart they are sweethearts. It's just that social contacts take energy from them.
In the inner circle of an introvert - two or three people. Laconic with strangers, he is ready to discuss for hours interesting topics with those he loves.
Loneliness for an introvert is a lack of involvement in someone else's life. He can be lonely even in a crowd. An evening with or a contemplative walk - here The best way for an introvert to recuperate.
Who are extroverts?
An extrovert is a person whose energy is directed towards external world. He is sociable, open and active. Looks at everything with optimism. Not afraid to take the initiative and be a leader.Because of their impulsiveness, extroverts sometimes seem empty. But do not confuse emotionality with superficiality.
Extroverts draw energy from communication. Loneliness for an extrovert is when there is not a soul around, there is no one to have a word with. They have many friends and acquaintances.
Extroverts are fun. In order not to get bogged down in a routine and kindle an inner fire, they will go to a club or invite guests.
What about Carl Gustav Jung?
In 1921, Carl Gustav Jung published his book Psychological types". In it, he introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion. Jung considered extroverts and introverts through the prism of the predominant mental function - thinking or feeling, sensation or intuition.To the fundamental work of Carl Jung, many scientists have addressed and are still addressing. The extravertive-introvertive typology formed the basis of the Myers-Briggs theory, the Big Five personality model, and Raymond Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire.
In the 1960s, Jung's ideas were taken up by the British psychologist Hans Eysenck. He interpreted extraversion and introversion through the processes of excitation and inhibition. Introverts are uncomfortable in noisy crowded places, as their brain processes more information per unit of time.
Are introverts smarter?
Many psychologists, sociologists and neuroscientists around the world are trying to figure this out. So far without success. But the more research is done, the more it becomes clear that extroverts and introverts work differently.The line of demarcation is dopamine. It is a neurotransmitter produced in the brain and is responsible for the feeling of satisfaction. In the course of a scientific experiment, it was found that extroverts in a state of excitement have strong activity in the tonsils and nucleus accumbens. The former are responsible for the process of emotional stimulation, and the nucleus is part of the dopamine system (pleasure center).
Extroverts and introverts produce dopamine in the same way, but the reward system responds to it differently. For extroverts, the processing of stimuli takes less time. They are less sensitive to dopamine. To get their "dose of happiness", they need it along with adrenaline.
Introverts, on the other hand, are overly sensitive to dopamine. Their stimuli travel a long and complex path in brain regions. In their reward system leading role plays another neurotransmitter - acetylcholine. It helps to reflect, concentrate on the task at hand, work productively for a long time and feel good during the internal dialogue.
How do I know if I'm an introvert or an extrovert?
To determine the type according to Jung, Gray-Wheelwright tests and the Jungian Type Index (JTI) questionnaire are usually used. Psychologists also use the Eysenck personality questionnaire. At the everyday level, you can go through more or analyze your behavior.I don't like either one or the other. Who am I?
According to Carl Jung, introversion and extraversion do not exist in their pure form. "Such a person would be in a madhouse," he said. The author of the popular book "" Susan Kane agrees with him.Every person has traits of an extrovert and an introvert. Signs of one or the other may prevail depending on age, environment and even mood.
People who most time are in the middle of the introversion - extraversion scale, they are called ambiverts (or diverts).
Ambiverts are not ringleaders, but they can enthusiastically participate in what they like. Activity is replaced by passivity and vice versa: the soul of the company can easily become a shy quiet person. In some situations, ambiverts chatter uncontrollably; in others, words have to be dragged out of them with ticks. Sometimes they work well in a team, but some tasks prefer to be solved alone.
How do introverts and extroverts interact?
The first step to effective communication is respect for individual differences.| If your friend is an introvert | If your friend is an extrovert |
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The picture test will help you hear the signals that your own subconscious sends.
Depending on what you see in the image, this test will tell you about the hidden traits of your character. If you want to understand yourself, the following psychological experiment is what you need. Look at the presented picture and tell me what first caught your eye?
If you saw lips, how does the test interpret it?
You are not accustomed to succumb to provocations and try to live in harmony with yourself. Sometimes people around you try to piss you off, but they fail. You feel calm in those situations where others become nervous. Although you are great at dealing with aggression, you prefer to avoid it.
Also the test says that you can be too naive. You try to trust people, but not all of them are able to justify your trust. Some take advantage of your kindness for selfish purposes.
Many perceive your calmness and gullibility as weakness, but on the contrary, this is a manifestation of inner strength. Close people can always count on you. They listen to what you say because they trust you.
The trees caught your eye
The test interprets this choice as a vivid manifestation of the character of an extrovert. People who do not know you well consider you a soft and supple person, but this is not so. You do not like the senseless manifestation of aggression, but you can easily insist on your own. You understand when to show strength, and when to step back from what is happening.
Relatives feel your support in any situation. You are not shy about showing your love, but you expect the same in return. If you are betrayed, you can severely punish the offender. So it's not always easy for you to find mutual language with people, but those closest to you understand how lucky they are to have you.
You can see the roots in the picture.
You are a typical introvert who does not like it when outsiders interfere in his life. The test says that you are more immersed in your own thoughts than in what is happening around. First for you - inner world, but sometimes you are able to admit others into it.
It's not easy for people to gain your trust, but it's worth it. Your strengths are strict moral principles, the ability to perceive criticism and the constant desire for self-development.
Do you hide in your shell when there are too many events going on around you at the same time? Do you only get energized when you're alone? Can't you pull words out of you with ticks at crowded gatherings? Do you notice the smallest details that others don't even think about? The best holiday for you is the circle of your closest friends, and not a noisy party?
Congratulations! You seem to be an introvert!
Dr. Marty Olsen Laney wrote an excellent book, The Invincible Introvert: How to Succeed in an Extroverted World?. If you constantly feel that something is wrong in communicating with other people, that you often do not fit into different companies, if you like to be alone, if you often hear offensive “keep it simple”, if you are considered withdrawn, self-conscious, shy , and you are tired of noisy crowded events, test yourself with this test.
Assessment of one's own introversion
Take an introversion test on a day when you are in a calm, relaxed state. Sit somewhere in a secluded corner, so that no one interrupts you. Consider each statement to see if it fits or doesn't fit with your personality as a whole, regardless of what you would like to see in yourself, as well as how you feel from time to time. Do not analyze anything and do not think deeply about each point. The first impression is usually the right one. For an outside assessment, it is better to call on a friend or girlfriend for help. Compare your own grades with his or her grade. If opinions differ, discuss both points of view.
Answer the questions with "True" or "False", then sum up the "True" answers and look at the comments at the end of the list to determine if you are an introvert, in the middle of a psychological continuum, or an extrovert. So:
- When I need to rest, I prefer to spend time alone or with one or two close people, rather than in a group.
- When I'm working on a project, it's more convenient for me not to interrupt for a long time, I don't like to do work in small portions.
- I sometimes rehearse what I have to say, from time to time I make written notes for myself.
- In general, I prefer to listen rather than talk.
- People sometimes think I'm calm, mysterious, aloof or quiet.
- I like to celebrate some special occasions with one or a few close friends rather than having big holidays.
- I usually need to think before I react or say something.
- I tend to notice those details that many do not see.
- If two people were arguing before I arrived, I can feel the tension in the air.
- If I say I will do something, I almost always do it.
- I feel anxious if I have a tight deadline to complete a project and can't relax.
- I can "pass out" if there is too much going on.
- I like to observe some activity before I connect to it.
- I create strong, lasting relationships.
- I don't like to interrupt others and I don't like being interrupted.
- When I receive a lot of information, it takes me time to sort it out.
- I don't like overly exciting environments. I can't imagine why people go to watch horror movies or ride rollercoasters.
- Sometimes smells, tastes, food, weather, noise, etc., irritate me greatly.
- I creative person and I have a well developed imagination.
- After social events, I feel empty, even if I was fine.
- I prefer to be represented, not to represent others.
- I can start to grumble if I am surrounded by people or in the thick of things for too long.
- I often feel uncomfortable in new surroundings.
- I like it when people come to my house, but I don't like it when they stay for a long time.
- Often I think with horror of having to make a phone call back.
- Sometimes I feel empty in my head when I meet people or when I am unexpectedly asked to say something.
- I speak slowly and pause in conversation, especially if I am tired or if I try to think and speak at the same time.
- I don't consider casual acquaintances friends.
- I don't feel like I can share my ideas with other people until the work is completely finished.
- People surprise me when they think I'm smarter than I think I am.
Add up all answers "True". Now read the following comments to determine which category you fall into.
20–29 True: You are deeply introverted. Thus, it is essential for you to understand how to direct the flow of your energy and how your brain processes information. You are connected to life through ideas, experiences, hopes and values. External environment has no power over you. Understanding the nature of introversion can help you use your inner knowledge to chart your own path. Study yourself and the phenomenon of introversion.
10-19 "Correct": You are somewhere in between. As an ambidexter, you are both introverted and extroverted. You may feel torn between the need to be alone and the desire to be out in public. Therefore, it will be very useful for you to pay attention to what kind of environment and what situations always energize you. You judge yourself through your own thoughts and feelings and through the standards accepted in society. This gives you a broad perspective, but at times you may find yourself seeing both sides of a situation and not knowing what your position is. It is very important for you to learn how to assess your temperament in order to be able to maintain energy balance.
1–9 True: You are more of an extrovert. You judge yourself in light of other people's values and reality. To make a change, you operate within the limits of what exists. When you reach middle age, you may be surprised to find that you want to take a break from socializing and that you feel the need to have time for yourself, but you will not know how to achieve this. You can develop techniques and help yourself remember what to do when you need to be alone. To do this, you will need to balance your extrovert skills. This can be achieved by learning some more introverted skills.
If you're still not sure if you're an introvert or an extrovert, think about how to answer the following question: In a crisis situation, do you tend to feel like you've closed off and somehow separated from everything, and react by moving slowly? Or do you tend to immediately physically move, take action without thinking?
When some stressful event occurs, we return to the most basic pattern of behavior embedded in us. If you tend to step back and the silence falls over you like a thick fog, then you are more of an introvert. If you are more extroverted, you react by immediately putting yourself into action. Both of these reactions have their own value.
So, if you are an introvert, it only means that you are a much rarer and more unique type of person than most people (75% of the world's population are extroverts). And you have a lot of underestimated virtues! But you have to learn a lot of things to survive and succeed in a world ruled by extroverts. You will have to learn things that extroverts do by themselves.
It is important to understand that an introvert and an extrovert are innate properties of your nervous system. And no one can make an introvert an extrovert and vice versa. However, you can always learn some unusual things.
