"... How long am I in anguish hungry
Fasting involuntary to observe
And with cold veal
Truffles Yar to remember?..."
A.S. Pushkin.

Who has not heard of the legendary restaurant "Yar"!

The history of Yar begins in 1826, when at the corner of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinka in the house of the Senate clerk Ludwig Shavan (pictured left) “a restaurant was opened with a lunch and dinner table, all sorts of grape wines and liqueurs, desserts, coffee and tea at very moderate prices." The owner of this "restaurant" with the hotel was the Frenchman Tranquil Yard.

Photo from the 1900s

Arriving in Moscow, A. S. Pushkin repeatedly visited the Yard restaurant. On January 27, 1831, Pushkin, Baratynsky, Vyazemsky and Yazykov commemorated their mutual friend poet Anton Delvig, who died on January 14, here.
Pushkin in the restaurant had favourite dish- sweet soup with rhubarb.

Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky..

Petr Andreevich Vyazemsky 1792-1878.

Anton Antonovich Delvig (1798-1831).

Pushkin also had a favorite dish in the restaurant - sweet soup with rhubarb.

Just in case, I bring the recipe * - suddenly you want to try.
1 liter apple juice, half a kilo of raspberries, 150 g of sugar, honey to taste. Adding cinnamon, star anise, cloves and allspice peas to them, cook over low heat for 30 minutes. Then add 100 grams of rhubarb and 150 grams of cream to the boiling mass. Beat everything hot with a mixer, strain through a fine sieve, let cool. Served chilled. You can decorate with fresh mint leaves, whipped cream, vanilla sauce. (Served with chocolate muffins).

Photo of the end of the 19th century.

The police lists kept a list of persons who stayed at the hotel "Yara" (Yarda) and were under police surveillance. Pavel Alekseevich Golitsyn lived in 1832, a former participant in the foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, a member of the Union of Welfare. On January 6, 1842, N.P. stopped here while passing through St. Petersburg. Ogarev, and in February 1846, after a trip abroad, he was here again with N. M. Satin. "We haven't seen each other for several years..." said A. I. Herzen. With a beating heart, Granovsky and I rushed to Yar, where they stopped.
Several years - from 1848 to 1851. - "Yar" worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the Hermitage garden, on Petrovka, which we all know well, but in the old one on Bozhedomka **.
And in 1851, "Yar" opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park, on Petersburg Highway (now Leningradsky Prospekt) owned by General Bashilov. At this place, although repeatedly rebuilt, it still exists today.

Photo from the 1890s Restaurant "Yar" on the Petersburg highway.

This is now the beginning of Leningradsky Prospekt - a prestigious, central area "not too far from the Kremlin." And then, in the middle of the 19th century, it was a countryside area surrounded by gardens and cottages. Having moved out of town, Yar did not move into the category of provincial restaurants that are only of interest to summer residents. The road to Yar was brightly lit at night both in winter and in summer, and along it mad triplets jumped- all in "Yar". One of the most famous aphorisms about Yar - “They don’t go to Yar - they get to Yar” - very accurately reflects the specifics of the institution and its regulars. In "Yar" it was "hit", reaching a certain state... Intoxicated? No, a state of mind when this broad Russian soul asks for a daring revelry, scope and "no one can argue with me." That's when the troikas rushed to "Yar", to the gypsies.

It was at this time that the gypsy choir became an inseparable part of Yar. This choir, as well as the relationship between the singers and their fans, was led by Anna Zakharovna Ivanova, talented not only as a singer, but also as an organizer. The gypsy choir "from Yar" becomes the best in Moscow, the gypsies in it are the most vociferous and the most beautiful.

Here I will do small digression and a little about the gypsies .......

Look at this nice man, this is Count Alexei Orlov ("Count Alekhan") (1737-1807) - one of the most colorful figures of the adventurous and gallant XVIII century: hero, rich man, reveler, winner of the Turkish fleet at Chesme, brother of Catherine's favorite Grigory Orlov, the kidnapper of Princess Tarakanova, the creator of the Oryol trotter breed and, in the end, who started the fashion for gypsies in Russia.

Count Alekhan fell in love with gypsy singing during the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1774 he demonstrated to Moscow society a wonder - a gypsy choir and orchestra. He bought some of the choristers on the territory of modern Romania, where the gypsies were in slavery, recruited some in Russia from the gypsy ethnic group that had developed by that time, and then gave them freedom.

Ivan Trofimovich Sokolov was the leader ("chore-leader") of the first professional gypsy choir in Russia. The artists were assigned to the bourgeois class and settled on Bolshaya and Malaya Gruzinskaya streets in Moscow (this area somehow did not have a historical name).

Following the example of Alekhan, other "Catherine's eagles" Potemkin and Bezborodko started their own gypsy choirs in St. Petersburg. But still, the "capital" of the Russian gypsies forever remained Moscow.

Count Alexei Orlov passed away to the singing of his choir. According to modern doctors, familiar with the descriptions of the symptoms of the disease, he died of cancer. Before his death, he screamed and swore in pain so that it could be heard on the street, and the heirs, wanting to observe decency, ordered the gypsies to play and sing as loudly as possible.

In 1807, the new leader of the choir, Ivan Trofimovich's nephew, Ilya Osipovich Sokolov (1777-1848) - a gypsy singer, songwriter, became a favorite of the Moscow (later St. Petersburg) public. By that time, Moscow gypsies had become so famous that even Napoleon wanted to admire the famous Russian fun. But in 1812, the Sokolov choir, having donated a lot of money for the needs of the army, was evacuated to Yaroslavl before the arrival of the French, and all the combat-ready men of the choir volunteered for the hussar regiment with the outbreak of hostilities.

In 1852, "Yar" opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park (now the Dynamo sports complex is located here), on Petersburg Highway (now Leningradsky Prospekt). From about that time, the Sokolovsky choir began to perform in Yar. The fact is that then, for the purity of morals in city restaurants, it was forbidden to sing gypsies, and outside the outposts they had every right to perform (Tverskaya Zastava, now the Belorussky Station Square).

Under the new owner of the restaurant F.I. Aksenov also appeared in the restaurant: a large orchestra, Russian and Danish choirs, also winter Garden with all sorts of oddities. At that time, the choir was led by Anna Zakharovna Ivanova, a talented singer and at the same time an outstanding "manager". The gypsy choir "from Yar" was the best in Moscow, and the gypsies in it were the most vociferous and the most beautiful. In the event that any manufacturer was inflamed with love for the chorus girl, he had to pay the choir a large amount of money, in confirmation of the “seriousness” of his intentions. Only after that the choir was "not against it", and, of course, Anna Zakharovna led the process. It should be immediately added that, in accordance with the then prevailing moral atmosphere, all the money earned by the choir was divided among everyone, including the elderly.

Merchants and golden youth, squandering their father's fortunes, sometimes organized crazy festivities in the Yar and often simply smashed the restaurant premises, but even these facts, which were not entirely decent for a respectable institution, did not discourage the rest of the public from him.

The enterprising A.A. became the next owner of the restaurant. Sudakov, who agreed with the management of a nearby hippodrome on mutual customer service. The hippodrome was then the center of Moscow social life, close to Tverskaya Zastava and to the place of festivities of the "clean public" - Petrovsky Park. The venerable fathers of families, having fed their children cakes in the park's pastry shops, could indulge in a spree in the Yar in the evening.

Persons of the imperial family and literary bohemians, railway concessionaires, bankers and stock traders, artists, lawyers spent their time in the Yar. Savva Morozov was a regular at Yar. Przhevalsky, Chekhov, Kuprin, Gorky, Stanislavsky came here ... In all this magnificence, the "folk healer and psychotherapist" Rasputin was not averse to noisy walks.

Visitors were "treated with all sorts of food" in the huge majestic halls and cozy rooms located on the balconies. According to the archives, "Yar" was considered the number 1 restaurant in Russia and Europe. Why in Europe? Yes, because the French chefs of "Yara" cooked no worse than their countrymen, and in terms of the assortment and quality of plant, animal, and especially gourmet products, Russia at that time was far ahead of all of Europe taken together. In "Yar" the choice of products for cooking various dishes was innumerable.

The great Russian bass Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873-1938), as soon as the public lost interest in himself, came to Yar, sang from the balcony of the main hall, then arranged a noisy brawl with visitors. The next day, all of Moscow knew about it, a full house in the "Bolshoi" was provided.

Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky (1853-1935), Russian journalist, prose writer, poet. He was one of the best reporters in the capital's press, his "horse" was the criminal chronicle and reports, he wrote about the most notable and sensational events, he was called the "king of reporters". Gilyarovsky was the most famous and recognized connoisseur of Moscow. This manifested itself at all levels: the writer brilliantly knew the history of the city and its modernity, architecture and geography, high society and the Moscow "bottom". Gilyarovsky was a living legend. The most incredible stories and incidents were associated with his name. There were legends about the physical strength of "Uncle Gilyai": he could bend a copper penny with his fingers, tie a poker in a knot. Contemporaries, noting the versatile talents of Gilyarovsky, considered the talent of communication to be one of his most notable talents. Many famous contemporaries were his friends: Chekhov, Bunin, Kuprin, Chaliapin and many other writers, artists, actors. Of course, Gilyay visited Yar and colorfully described the sprees for which the restaurant became famous.

The position that "Yar" took in relation to its guests - the satisfaction of any ( absolutely any) whims and defeat of the imagination - did a restaurant powerful magnet, which attracted the Volga and Siberian capitals with relentlessness.

Petersburg Highway both in winter and in summer at night was brightly lit, and frantic troikas galloped along it - in "Yar".

Photo from the beginning of the 20th century. Petersburg highway. "Yar" on the right behind the trees.

As they used to say then: "They don't go to Yar - they get to Yar". When the broad Russian soul demanded revelry - that's when - in "Yar". If, of course, moshna allowed. There is scope, there is the famous gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna.
In 1871 Fedor Ivanovich Aksyonov became the owner of Yar. The restaurant flourished.

Photo 1900. The old building of the restaurant "Yar".

In 1895, after the death of Aksyonov, "Yar" was acquired by Aleksey Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved everything with his mind and talent. In 1910, he rebuilt "Yar" (architect A. Erichson): from wooden house the restaurant has turned into a solid palace with columns. It remains in this building to this day. Houses for employees were built next to the restaurant.
"Coachman, drive to Yar" - a song dedicated to Sudakov, they sang it during the grand opening of the new restaurant building.

Photo 1911 New building "Yara".

Visitors were regaled in huge majestic halls and cozy rooms located on the balconies. In the courtyard of the restaurant, a beautiful summer garden for 250 seats was laid out with mysterious stone grottoes, arbors covered with ivy, a fountain and lawns. In pre-revolutionary times, "Yar" became famous for revelry, so colorfully described by Gilyarovsky.

One of the Yar's regulars was Savva Morozov.

MOROZOV Savva Timofeevich (1862-1905)

One winter, he drives up to his favorite restaurant (this was before its restructuring), but they don’t let him in. Some merchant walks - the restaurant rented "at the mercy" (banquet service, that is). Morozov then picked up some kind of bareness, led him to a restaurant and ordered to break the wall - "I'm crying for everything." They break the wall, Savva Timofeevich is sitting in the top three, waiting, which means that he can call on the black ones. Not subject to persuasion. I don't want to call the police either - a regular customer, he left so much money in the restaurant. Somehow he was persuaded by a gypsy from the choir not to destroy the restaurant.
And then the merchants liked to play in the "aquarium". They ordered the huge white piano to be filled with water to the brim and the fish were launched into it.
There was also a price list in "Yar" for those who like to have a good time. The pleasure of smearing a waiter's face with mustard, for example, cost 120 rubles, and throwing a bottle into a Venetian mirror cost 100 rubles. However, all the property of the restaurant was insured for solid money.

Photo 1910 Summer hall of the restaurant "Yar".

The restaurant also had an imperial box, although Nicholas II did not visit the restaurant, but Grigory Rasputin visited it more than once. However, like his future killer, Prince Felix Yusupov.
At different times, "Yar" was visited by Chekhov and Kuprin, Gorky and Leonid Andreev, Balmont and Bryusov, Chaliapin, artists brothers Vasnetsov, Levitan, Repin, Vrubel, Serov...

Photo from the 1910s The new building of the restaurant "Yar".

In February 1918 Yar was closed. The Bolsheviks then had no time for grouse with pineapples; nettle soup was put on the agenda. Only the song remained from Yar:
Sokolovsky choir at "Yar"
Was once famous.
Sokolovskaya guitar
It's still ringing in my ears.
The troika rushes quickly to the "Yar",
Soul bursts into space
To forget the guitar
Hear the gypsy choir...
Chorus:
Everywhere money, money, money
Everywhere money, gentlemen,
Life is bad without money
Doesn't fit anywhere....

After the revolution, the restaurant was closed. Sudakov was arrested. For a short time, in the New Economic Policy, he also worked as a restaurant, and then a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film technical school, and VGIK were registered here in turn. In the 1930s it was rebuilt as the Pilots' Club.

Photo from the early 1930s.

"Yar" was gone, and songs about him sounded all over the world. There, across the ocean, the young Hollywood star Deanna Durbin sang the old song "Hey, coachman, drive to Yar", accompanied by an "American" gypsy choir.

Photo from the end of the 1930s. Former "Yar", rebuilt as a club of pilots.

In the early 1950s the building was once again rebuilt, now beyond recognition, and the hotel "Sovietskaya" was opened in it with the restaurant of the same name. A little later, the gypsy theater "Romen" drove into the side of the hotel - the spirit of the old "Yar" and the gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna turned out to be attractive.

Photo 1952

Photo 1954 by A. Tartakovsky. Hotel "Soviet".

Vasily Stalin was here, and the King of Spain Juan Carlos, and Indira Gandhi, and Vysotsky with Marina Vladi, and " The Iron Lady with Konrad Adenauer.

Photo taken in 1955. Side facade.

Photo from the 1960s

In 1998, the reconstruction of the restaurant began, reviving the former glory of Yar.
To date, the pre-revolutionary interior has been restored: the frescoes of the beginning of the century on the ceiling and walls have been restored, the chandelier of 1912 (as well as the lamps of 1952) has been put into operation, the fountain in the courtyard, made according to the design of the fountain of the Bolshoi Theater, has been recreated.

Sources - http://dedushkin1.livejournal.com; http://allday.ru

Yaroslavl region during the Kievan Rus

The early history of the Yaroslavl region is closely connected with the formation of Yaroslavl as a fortification to protect the path from the Volga to Rostov. Tradition connects the emergence of Yaroslavl with the name of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who later became the Grand Duke of Kiev. His warriors destroyed a pagan settlement called "Bear's Corner", whose inhabitants were engaged in fishing and hunting. According to legend, Prince Yaroslav the Wise conquered the local pagan tribes by hacking to death with a battle ax the "sacred" bear, which they worshiped. The coat of arms of Yaroslavl reminds of this event - "In a silver shield, a bear, standing, holds a golden ax in its left paw." Almost a thousand years ago, in 1010, Prince Yaroslav the Wise built a fortress city on the site of a pagan settlement on the right bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with it, and named it "in his own name."
In 1218, Yaroslavl became the "capital city" of an independent principality. The beginning of the brilliant flourishing of the rich Volga city was interrupted for many years by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Like many other Russian cities, Yaroslavl was burned to the ground in 1238, but did not kneel before the enemy. There have been numerous uprisings here. In memory of one of them, a low mountain beyond the Kotorosl River is called Tugova, which in translation from Old Slavonic means Sorrowful: the Yaroslavl people who died in the struggle for the independence of the Motherland are buried here.

Yaroslavl region in the XV-XVII centuries.

In 1463, the Yaroslavl principality became part of the united Moscow. V XVI-XVII centuries Yaroslavl is an important point of trade relations with the countries of the East and Europe. Foreign merchants had numerous farmsteads in the city, from where they sent goods to Moscow, other Russian cities and even to Persia (Iran).
In 1612, in Yaroslavl, with the money of local merchants, a 25,000-strong militia was formed, which, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, liberated Moscow captured by the Poles. The most influential residents of Yaroslavl took part in the election of a new Russian sovereign. Mikhail Romanov was called to the kingdom, marking the beginning of the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty.

Yaroslavl region in the XVII-XIX centuries.

The 17th century is a golden age for the Yaroslavl region, characterized by the flourishing of the original Yaroslavl school of architecture and icon painting.
XVIII century - the industrial heyday of the region, the transition from crafts to manufactory. In 1722, the Yaroslavl Large Manufactory (now the Krasny Perekop Combine) was formed, textile enterprises in Pereslavl, Rostov, Uglich.
In 1796, the Yaroslavl province was formed with the center in Yaroslavl, which included, in addition to the old cities (Rostov, Uglich, Romanov), newly established ones (Danilov, Myshkin, Rybinsk, etc.). Given administrative structure persisted until the beginning of the 20th century.
TO early XIX century in Yaroslavl, there were already 12 manufactories and 69 factories. In 1838, the merchant A.F. Vakhromeev built a factory for the production of white lead (now the paint and varnish factory of Russian Paints OJSC), in late XIX century in the town of Konstantinovka, the first oil refinery for the production of mineral oils was built, at the origins of which stood the chemist D. I. Mendeleev. Seasonal crafts were developed on a massive scale, commercial agriculture grew, and livestock breeding developed.
In 1870-1898 Yaroslavl province was connected railways with Moscow, Vologda, Kostroma, St. Petersburg. In terms of the number of workers, Yaroslavl itself ranked eighth among the 103 most important industrial centers of Russia.

Yaroslavl region in the first half of the XX century.

First World War burst into the life of the calm Yaroslavl province. Refugees from the western provinces appeared. Factories and workshops were rebuilt in a military way. Favorable orders were received by the owners of the Big Yaroslavl Manufactory, large mills. Foundry-mechanical and wire-nail factories, wool-spinning, wadding, weaving factories were evacuated from the front-line regions to Yaroslavl.
Difficulties with the delivery of cars from abroad forced the development of the domestic automobile industry. In 1915, the tsarist government decided to build its own car factories, including in the Yaroslavl province.
The construction of the Yaroslavl plant was carried out by " Joint-stock company aeronautics V.A. Lebedev. Vladimir Alexandrovich Lebedev was a very competent engineer and worked as a test pilot at the aviation plant named after. Shchetinin. Lebedev's interest in Yaroslavl was caused by aviation plans:
Initially, it was planned to build an aircraft factory in Yaroslavl. In January 1916, on the outskirts of Yaroslavl, behind the Romanovskaya Zastava, the construction of the plant began. At the beginning of 1917, 100 people were already working at the plant. They produced 285 cabins and 105 bodies for Renault ambulances. In March 1917, in Yaroslavl, following the example of St. Petersburg, factory committees were created and an 8-hour working day was introduced.
The civil war began. Auto repair shops from Smolensk were evacuated to Yaroslavl, and in mid-August 1918, the auto repair shops and the plant merged.
In the troubled year of 1918, a White Guard rebellion broke out in Yaroslavl. The working committees of Yaroslavl created Red Army detachments and repelled the attacks of the White Guards. Many workers after these events did not return to their jobs, but joined the Red Army.
June 28, 1918 issued a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on nationalization. The Lebedev plant was also nationalized and was named the Yaroslavl State Automobile Repair Plant.
On August 11, 1919, the Council of Labor and Defense issued a resolution on the allocation of the most important defense facilities to the strike group. The Revolutionary Military Council allocated 200 skilled workers to the plant, as well as funds and equipment for the completion of workshops.
In 1929, the Yaroslavl province was abolished, and its territory was included in the newly formed Ivanovo region.
The administrative-territorial formation of the Yaroslavl region was established in 1936 as a result of the division of the Ivanovo industrial region into Ivanovo and Yaroslavl. within the borders Yaroslavl region turned out to be the territory of the former Yaroslavl province, as well as most of the former Kostroma province and Pereslavl district of the former Vladimir province.
In 1944 the region was divided into Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions.

Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War

In the autumn of 1941, the Yaroslavl region found itself in the frontline zone. The country's leadership decided to establish the production of Shpagin submachine guns (PPSh) at the Yaroslavl car repair plant.
On November 28, 1941, the Yaroslavl City Defense Committee decided:
"To organize the production of submachine guns (PPSh) at the enterprises of Yaroslavl and Kostroma, bringing up to 01.02.1942 to 20 thousand sets per month." The workers of some enterprises of Yaroslavl received a "booking" from the Army.
In the autumn of 1941, the Yaroslavl Communist Division began to form. Many men who have a "booking" voluntarily enrolled in it. The front was getting closer. The Yaroslavl people left in two echelons to build fortifications at the Bolshaya Vishera station and on the Kalinin Front.
Men who had gone to the front were replaced in production by women, teenagers. They mastered the difficult professions of welders and drivers. For teenagers, an 8-hour working day was established. They gave extra food, opened a school. In 1942, an automechanical technical school was opened.
Many Yaroslavl fought and were awarded medals and orders for military merit. During the war years, the documentary-feature film "69th Parallel" was shown in cinemas more than once about the heroes - submariners, commanded by the famous submariner Hero of the Soviet Union N.A. Lunin.
One of the real heroes of the film is Sergey Alexandrovich Lysov from Yaroslavl. During the war years, he was a captain of the 3rd rank on this submarine, which torpedoed 17 fascist warships.
The Yaroslavl Communist 234th Infantry Division fought the most fierce battles in the Smolensk region in the Prechistina region. During the battles of 1942-1943, more than three thousand Yaroslavl residents laid down their lives in this area.
On the initiative of the veterans of the division and with the active participation of the Smolensk State District Power Plant, a monument to the Yaroslavl soldiers who died in the Smolensk region was erected on the site of the fighting in the village of Ozerny on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Victory.
Assistance to the front by the inhabitants of the Yaroslavl region was not limited to the production of military equipment.
In October 1941, funds were raised in Yaroslavl for an armored train, which was sent to the front in the Velikiye Luki region. Yaroslavl Komsomol members raised funds for the submarine Yaroslavsky Komsomolets, which was led by the famous Yaroslavl Rear Admiral Kolyshkin.

Yaroslavl region in the postwar years

The war caused great damage to the Yaroslavl region. Some of the factories by the end of 1945 had not been restored after the bombing. Was worn to the limit industrial equipment, since during the war years it was not modernized and was not overhauled.
Enterprises had to switch to the production of civilian products in a short time, which required serious changes in technological process. As a result, in 1945 the volumes industrial production in industry amounted to only 72% of the pre-war level.
The restoration of the national economy was carried out within the framework of the 4th five-year plan (1946-1950). In the industry of the Yaroslavl region, 15 industrial facilities were reconstructed and built during these years. The general indicators of the industrial area by the end of the five-year plan were to reach the indicators of 1940 and surpass them, which would make it possible to solve a number of problems. social problems: abolition of the rationing system, price reduction, housing construction.
During the five years Special attention paid to large enterprises of heavy industry, which, with successful work, were supposed to carry the entire industry of the region. One of these enterprises was the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant. The government paid great attention to the automotive industry at that time. In the summer of 1945, in Moscow, on the territory of the Kremlin, a demonstration of new Soviet automotive technology was held. Among the many models of cars: ZIS-110, GAZ, UAZ, Pobeda, Moskvich.
Serious changes took place in other enterprises of the region. The Rybinsk Printing Plant has again returned to the production of printing equipment. In these post-war years, the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station was completed. Four more power units were put into operation here. The station reached its design capacity. The filling of the Rybinsk reservoir has been completed. Thus, the major hydraulic engineering work that was carried out in the 30s ended. In addition to these enterprises, the Rybinsk Electrotechnical Plant should be noted, which at first arose as a repair plant, but soon became a large one. independent production, as well as the Semibratov Plant of Gas Cleaning Equipment.
By the end of 1948, Yaroslavl industry had fulfilled the plans of the five-year plan by the end of 1948, and by the end of the five-year plan, industry had surpassed the level of 1940 by 46%. These were very important figures.
And yet, the years of the seven-year plan became for the industrial region the time of a real industrial boom. In seven years, about 300 new industrial facilities were to appear on the map of the region, including such an industry giant as the Novo-Yaroslavl Oil Refinery.
In terms of production volumes, the Yaroslavl Region exceeded the seven-year plan in the field of industry by 57%. Main production assets have almost doubled.
All this testified that the Yaroslavl region was industrially more developed than the entire USSR as a whole. The indicators of its industrial development were significantly higher than the average indicators in the country.

The legendary restaurant "Yar" - the brainchild of the French chef Mr. Tranquil Yard - at first, on January 1, 1826, was located in the house of the merchant Shavanne at the corner of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinnaya. It soon became very popular with gourmets who fell in love with Yar for its exquisite menu and excellent wine cellars. One of the Yar's regulars on Kuznetsky was Alexander Pushkin, who captured the memory of the restaurant in one of his works.
Later - from 1848 to 1851. - "Yar" worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the Hermitage garden, on Petrovka, which we all know well, but in the old one on Bozhedomka. But soon it opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park, on Petersburg Highway, owned by General Bashilov, who rented his estate for a restaurant. The fact is that for the purity of morals in city restaurants, gypsies were forbidden to sing, and outside the outposts they had every right to perform. Merchants and young people, squandering their father's fortunes, sometimes organized crazy festivities in Yar and often simply smashed the restaurant premises, but even these facts, which were not entirely decent for a respectable institution, did not discourage other people from him. Bryusov, Chekhov, Kuprin, Chaliapin, Stanislavsky, Gilyarovsky, artists, writers, lawyers often visited Yar.
In 1895, "Yar" was acquired by Aleksey Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved everything with his mind and talent. Sudakov, who agreed with the management of a nearby hippodrome on mutual customer service. The proceeds from this brilliant idea made it possible to rebuild the restaurant. In 1910, he rebuilt "Yar" (architect A. Erichson): from a wooden house, the restaurant turned into a solid palace with columns, with summer garden for 250 seats, with a fountain, stone grottoes and pavilions covered with ivy. Houses for employees were built next to the restaurant.
The restaurant in 1910 was valued at 10 million rubles in gold, a huge figure. The restaurant with its service buildings occupied an entire block, the restaurant had its own power plant, its own water pumping station, a car park, its own stables, summer terrace, flower beds, the back of the property was framed by "mountains" - made from stones brought from the Caucasus.

The house to the right of the building of the Sovetsky Hotel is the house for the employees of the restaurant. Previously, its side tower-orker was decorated with a spire. To the left of the restaurant was the house of Sudakov himself, which, unfortunately, has not been preserved.

In pre-revolutionary times, "Yar" became famous for revelry, so colorfully described by Gilyarovsky. One of the Yar's regulars was Savva Morozov. One winter, he went to his favorite restaurant, but they didn’t let him in - some merchant was walking - the restaurant was rented out. Savva tried to be indignant, they say, he is a regular customer, he left a lot of money here, but they still refused to let him into the restaurant. Then the angry Morozov went to Petrovsky Park, picked up some kind of squalor there, led him to the restaurant and ordered to break the wall in order to enter the restaurant through it on a straight troika. They break the wall, Savva Timofeevich is sitting in the top three, waiting. Not subject to persuasion. I don't want to call the police either - I'm a regular customer. Somehow, a gypsy from the choir persuaded him not to destroy the restaurant: "Father, what are you doing, we will remain without income," in general, they persuaded him, he paid off all the "burglars", spat on everything and left.
The famous millionaire Khludov came to Yar accompanied by a pet tigress.
And then the merchants liked to play in the "aquarium". They ordered the huge white piano to be filled with water to the brim and the fish were launched into it.
There was also a price list in "Yar" for those who like to have a good time. The pleasure of smearing a waiter's face with mustard, for example, cost 120 rubles, and throwing a bottle into a Venetian mirror cost 100 rubles. However, all the property of the restaurant was insured for solid money.
"Yar" was visited by Grigory Rasputin and Felix Yusupov, Chekhov and Kuprin, Gorky and Leonid Andreev, Balmont and Bryusov, Chaliapin, artists brothers Vasnetsov, Levitan, Repin, Vrubel, Serov...
After the revolution, the restaurant was closed, moldings were torn off the ceilings, the fountain and the garden were destroyed, the property of the restaurant was taken out. Sudakov was arrested. The fate of the owner of Yar is tragic - after the revolution, he and his children were often arrested, the Central Committee was summoned, they were regularly "shaken", considering him the owner of a huge fortune, he could not emigrate abroad. Later, Sudakov worked as a simple accountant in an ordinary Soviet office. To live out his life, he went to the village. He did not like to talk about Yar, this topic was closed to him. After his death, he was allegedly buried in Moscow at the Vagankovsky cemetery. Such are the rise and fall of the owner of Yar, who began his career as a "boy" in a tea shop, achieved everything with his work, intelligence and talent, turned the cult restaurant into an empire, and ended up as an ordinary employee in a state organization...
Until 1952, the building of the former restaurant housed a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film school, VGIK and the Pilot's House. In 1952, on the personal instructions of Stalin, a hotel complex in the Russian Empire style was added to the building of the Yar restaurant. Now the former building looks almost unrecognizable, only the arched windows can identify Sudakov's "Yar". "Yar" was renamed into the restaurant "Soviet". A little later, the gypsy theater "Romen" drove into the side of the hotel - the spirit of the old "Yar" and the gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna turned out to be attractive.
Restaurant "Soviet" was widely known as a "restaurant for the privileged" - diplomats, party leaders and close associates. During these years, "Soviet" was repeatedly marked with pennants and honorary awards. Was here Vasily Stalin, and King of Spain Juan Carlos, and Indira Gandhi, and Vysotsky with Marina Vladi, and the "Iron Lady" with Konrad Adenauer.
Over time, the restaurant fell into decay, but since 1998 it has experienced its next birth under its former name - "Yar". The restaurant was restored - the pre-revolutionary interior was completely restored here, the frescoes of the beginning of the century on the ceiling and walls were put in order, the chandelier of 1912 was repaired, the fountain in the courtyard, made according to the project of the Bolshoi Theater fountain, was recreated.
Such is the history of the restaurant "Yar".

It seems that it has always been accepted, but it was Yar, the famous restaurant, which today is called legendary, that laid the foundation for the grandiose metropolitan feasts.

Over the entire period of its existence, starting from the 20s of the 19th century, the Yar moved and rebuilt more than once, was used for its intended purpose and without it, experienced the best of times and not the best, and after almost two centuries again became what it was for Chekhov, Kuprin, Gorky and Chaliapin fell in love with their time. Indeed, quite a few eminent guests visited the Yar. Since recently, everyone can join this list. However, in order to revel, as the Moscow rich used to revel, it is better to explore the territory in advance. Well, it won't be a spree.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Walk so walk

The history of Yar began on the eve of 1826, when the Frenchman Trunkl Yar opened a restaurant named after himself at the intersection of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinnaya streets. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper then reported that a "restaurant with a lunch and dinner table, all sorts of grape wines and liqueurs, desserts, coffee and tea, at very reasonable prices" had opened. The enterprising Yar decided not to limit himself to one "Yar", and later For twelve years, a branch of the famous restaurant has been opened in a wooden one-story building near Petersburg Highway (now Leningradsky Prospekt). A few years later, the restaurant on the Kuznetsky Most was closed, and since then it has worked only here, behind the Tverskaya Zastava.

The premises of the restaurant, in which a small garden was arranged, then consisted of a small common room and several private offices. There were no amusements at Yar, and it differed from the usual modest establishment only in that the cuisine here was excellent, and sometimes the owner himself could feed a belated guest.

After Trankl Yar, the owners of the restaurant changed one after another, and now it is difficult to say under whom exactly the gypsies first appeared here. This always attracted the public, because at that time it was possible to listen to a gypsy choir only in a country restaurant: in Moscow, gypsies were forbidden to sing.

Yar became famous for its revelry, merchant revelry and amusements in the 1870s. Merchants frolicked as best they could. For example, they “played in an aquarium”: they poured water into the piano and let live fish into it. Also in Yar there was a special price list: it cost 120 rubles to smear a waiter's face with mustard, and 100 rubles to throw a bottle into a Venetian mirror. Such fun was only in the hands of the owner: all the property was insured, and he received money both from the carousel and from the insurance company. In 1896, the restaurant was acquired by a new owner - Alexei Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved success with his mind and talent.

Alexey Akimovich Sudakov. Photo: From the archive of the restaurant "Yar"

Service at Yar has always been distinguished by refinement, and now even more so: “A lover of boiled sturgeon or sterlet would approach the pool, point his finger at one or another fish. It was immediately caught with a net, and the amateur cut out a figured piece from the gill cover with scissors. When this fish was served on the table, already boiled, a piece was applied to the cutout. If it matched, then the fish is the one! No cheating."

In 1910, Sudakov rebuilt Yar according to the project of architect Adolf Erichson: the restaurant turned from a wooden house into a palace with columns. The glory of "Yar" grew every year: soon the restaurant completely acquired the status of a Moscow landmark, a must-see.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Pastvu.com

Then there were two huge halls in Yar: the summer "White" and the winter "Napoleonovsky", decorated with impressive luxury even for those times.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Pastvu.com

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Pastvu.comEach hall had its own stage. Upstairs were numerous offices with balconies looking out into the hall like theater boxes. The restaurant also had an imperial box, although Nicholas II never visited Yar: Grigory Rasputin did it for him.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Pastvu.com

With the growing popularity of Yar, the concert program also expanded: the best artists, including circus performers and magicians, performed on the stage of the restaurant.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Despite the general amusement, the manners in the restaurant were the strictest. famous singer Nadezhda Plevitskaya, who began her pop career here, recalled Sudakov as follows: “A dignified and strict merchant, he demanded that the actresses not go on stage in a large neckline: Moscow merchants take their wives to Yar and “God forbid, so that no indecency did not have". Aleksey Akimovich, by the way, for many years was the headman of the neighboring St. Sergius Church on Khodynka. At his own expense, he built several schools in his homeland in the Uglichevsky district, and provided assistance to former fellow villagers.

Soon a revolution broke out: the restaurant worked until February 1918 and was subsequently closed. All property was confiscated. For several days, silverware, Meissen porcelain, paintings and crystal were taken out of Yar.

In October of the same year, the Workers' Club was opened in Yar. IN AND. Lenin. During the years of the New Economic Policy, he worked as a restaurant for a short time, until VGIK moved here in 1924. In the late 1930s, the building was transferred to the Air Fleet Administration. Here it was decided to open the Pilots' Club, since the Central Airfield was located nearby, on the Khodynka field. The next restructuring began in 1939: one of the restaurant halls turned into a club room, the second - into a living room. Here, in June 1941, the 18th division of the people's militia of the Leningrad region of Moscow was formed.

In 1947, the son of Joseph Stalin, Vasily, was appointed commander of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District, and it was on his initiative that a new restructuring of the Yar began in the early 1950s: with an extension along Raskova Street, which was called the Soviet Hotel. In room 301, which is now called Stalin's, the leader's son lived for a year.

A restaurant was opened for hotel guests in one of the halls of the former Yar, where they received only high-ranking persons, and later world celebrities. V different years Margaret Thatcher and Mother Teresa, Pierre Cardin and Indira Gandhi, Mireille Mathieu and Jean-Paul Belmondo visited here. Another hall, the former "White", first became the "Victory" cinema, and later - just a concert hall. From 1969 to this day, the only professional gypsy theater in the world, Romen, has been located here.

"Yar" today

During the years of perestroika - now countries, not buildings - both the restaurant and the hotel fell into a very deplorable state. In 1998 a new general manager Valery Maksimov began the reconstruction, thanks to which the former glory gradually began to return to the Yar.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Sovetsky, which has now become a four-star hotel, can be reached from the Dynamo metro station. To the left of the entrance is the reception and shelves with traditional Russian souvenirs, to the right is the entrance to the restaurant.

Moscow. Hotel "Soviet". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

At the entrance to the halls, guests are traditionally greeted by a bear in a hat with earflaps and a helpful waiter - a tribute to traditions, nothing less. Nearby is a book of reviews and suggestions with entries in all languages ​​of the world. On the opposite wall- portraits of eminent guests and an aquarium with ocean oysters and king crabs, which can be prepared right there on request.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

In the hall, which is called “Yar”, today it has been recreated original interior XIX century: with a two-tiered stage, heavy velvet curtains, stained-glass windows, a crystal chandelier and frescoes on an almost twenty-meter ceiling.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

They tried to keep the green bar adjoining the hall the way it was under Sudakov: a massive wooden sideboard, on the walls there are old engravings with views of Moscow and lamps reflected in mirrors.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

The hotel itself has a restored post-war interior. As before, the malachite hall is decorated with a white grand piano, and the floors are traditional red carpets. In general, the spirit in the hotel "Soviet" has been preserved the most that neither is Soviet. What, by the way, is not used by the first generation of filmmakers.

Moscow. Hotel "Soviet". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

In the Yara menu, meanwhile, there are dishes that were served here even before the revolution: they are marked with an asterisk. Oxtail jelly, mincemeat from Rostov herring, Staromoskovsk borscht, sterlet in champagne, old Russian pork - from the names alone it starts to suck in the stomach. Pushkin's dessert stands apart - a cold sweet raspberry and rhubarb soup served with chocolate muffin and vanilla sauce.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

By the way, Pushkin himself never visited Yar on Leningradka - the poet was reputed to be a frequenter of the first Yar on Kuznetsky Most, and it was about him that he later recalled:

How long will I be in anguish hungry
Fasting involuntary to observe
And cold veal
Truffles Yara commemorate...

Whether there will be new lines dedicated to the modern dishes of the legendary restaurant will become known very soon - in about a hundred years.

Moscow. Restaurant "Yar". Photo: Ekaterina Zel / Strana.ru

Yaroslavl Territory

FROM ANCIENT TIMES

TO ENDXVCENTURIES

MOST IMPORTANTDATESANDEVENTS

20 - 15 thousandyearsback- the beginning of the settlement of the territory of the region by people

IImillenniumbeforen. uh. - Fatyanovo culture

Imillenniumbeforen. uh. - Imillenniumn. uh. - Dyakovo culture

IXv. - the first mention of the Merya tribe, the beginning of the settlement of the region by the Slavs

862 G. - the first mention in the annals of the city of Rostov

988 -1010 gg. - reign in Rostov Yaroslav the Wise

992 - the beginning of the Christianization of the Yaroslavl region

1071 G. - the first mention in the annals of the city of Yaroslavl

1148 G. - the first mention in the annals of the city of Uglich

1152 G. - the foundation of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky

1207 G. - allocation of the Rostov principality

. 1218 G. - separation of the Yaroslavl principality

1237 - 1238 gg. - Mongol-Tatar invasion of North-Eastern Russia

4 Martha 1238 G. - battle on the river Sit

1240 G. - Neva battle

1242 g. - Battle on the Ice

1257, 1262 gg. - uprisings in the cities of the region against the Mongol-Tatars

1260 - 1299 gg. - official dates of the reign of Fedor Cherny in the Yaroslavl principality

8 September 1380 G. - Battle of Kulikovo, in which Yaroslavl regiments took part along with other Russian troops

IIhalfXVv. - the final inclusion of the Yaroslavl lands in the Moscow state

§one. ancient history Yaroslavl land

Stone Age

Scientists have long been interested in the question of the time of the appearance of man on the territory of our region. There were different points of view on this issue. Now, thanks to archeology, we know that our distant ancestors appeared on the territory of the Upper Volga about 13-14 thousand years ago. This is the time of the ancient Stone Age - the Paleolithic.

The oldest settlement of people of this time is called Zolotoruche. It is located near the city of Uglich. Archaeologists have found here a variety of flint tools: chisels, axes, knives, piercers and other items. People of this period hunted bulls, reindeer, as well as smaller forest animals.

In the era of the Middle Stone Age - the Mesolithic (12-10 thousand years ago), tribes of hunters and fishermen lived on the territory of our region. These tribes built their settlements along the banks of the rivers.

During the hunt, they knew how to use not only a spear, but also a bow and arrows. Fishing and gathering played an important role in their lives.

People lived in small tribal communities, and for housing they used small semi-dugouts dug in the ground.

Approximately 8-6 thousand years ago, the era of the new Stone Age, the Neolithic, began. People of this time continued to engage in hunting and fishing. During archaeological excavations, flint arrowheads and spears, bone harpoons, fish hooks, and wooden fish traps were found. Our ancestors also knew various means of transportation - boats, skis, sledges, rafts.

One of the sites of the Neolithic people was discovered in the 1970s right on the territory of modern Yaroslavl - in the Zavolzhsky part of the city, opposite the Strelka. This is the Zavolzhye parking lot. It existed about 6-4 thousand years ago. This is the oldest human settlement on the territory of Yaroslavl.

As can be seen from the above examples, in the Stone Age, the territory of our region began to be populated by primitive hunters and fishermen.

Bronze Age

Bronze Age tribes are also known on the territory of the Yaroslavl Territory. These tribes were called Fatyanovo because the first traces of these tribes were found near the village of Fatyanovo near Yaroslavl.

Now many burial grounds of these tribes are known. For example, Volosovo-Danilovsky, where about 120 graves were found.

The Fatyanovites were cattle breeders. They raised pigs, sheep, cows and horses. Fishing and hunting were secondary occupations. In the burials there were bones of bears, wild boars, deer and other animals. Artifacts made from the bones of a bear, its teeth and fangs were found in all the burial grounds. Probably, the bear was considered among the Fatyans a sacred animal, the patron of cattle. The remnants of the bear cult were preserved on the territory of the Yaroslavl Territory in the future.

The Fatyanovo people used tools made of bronze, but they also kept stone products for a long time.

They themselves were engaged in metalworking, they knew how to smelt axes, spearheads, as well as all kinds of metal jewelry - rings, rings, bracelets.

Pottery among the Fatyanovites was done by women. They molded vessels from clay, and then burned them at the stake. The Fatyanovo tribes were at the stage of patriarchy, that is, the main

men played a role in the economy and management. Economic activity was strictly divided by sex and age. Life expectancy reached 40 years, although people aged 50 to 60 are buried in some burials.

Later, the Fatyanovo tribes clashed with numerous Finno-Ugric tribes and disappeared into them. And the remnants of the Fatyanovo culture are traced by archaeologists right up to the appearance of Slavic tribes on the Upper Volga.

iron age

And how did our distant ancestors live in the Iron Age? We can also judge this from the materials of archaeological excavations. They testify that the forest strip was then inhabited by numerous tribes of the pre-Slavic, Finno-Ugric population - the Dyakovites. They were named after the settlement found by archaeologists near the village of Dyakovo near Moscow.

Hillfort Bereznyaki (Reconstruction)

One of these settlements existed on the territory of the central part of modern Yaroslavl. Scientists called it Medveditsa settlement. It was located on the banks of the Medveditsky stream, approximately in the place where the Church of the Savior on the City is now located.

The most famous settlement of the Dyakovites on our territory is the ancient settlement of Bereznyaki, excavated by archaeologists near Rybinsk in the place where the Sonokhta River flows into the Volga. This hillfort was a well-fortified settlement with a moat, a rampart and a log fence. It contained the remains of a large house in the center of the village, a forge, several residential buildings,

as well as the so-called "house of the dead" with finds of burnt bones. Perhaps these are the remains of corpses.

The inhabitants of the village were engaged in the manufacture of iron tools, as well as cattle breeding. Archaeologists have found iron axes, knives, arrowheads, bronze and glass ornaments.

Another settlement of the Dyakovites is the Popadya settlement. In contrast to a settlement, an unfortified settlement is called a settlement in archeology. This village existed at a distance of about 20 km from Yaroslavl in the area of ​​the modern sanatorium "Red Hill". It was located on the elevated right bank of the Volga in the place where the small river Peksha flows into it.

Archaeologists have unearthed a large family home. It was a log building 20 meters long and 6 meters wide with a deep earthen floor.

There were three active and two abandoned hearths in the house. These were recesses in the floor about one meter in diameter, lined with stones along the circumference.

In the center of the house there was a small adobe oven, which stood on the stones. Such a multi-hearth house speaks of the disintegration of tribal relations among the Dyakovo people and the separation of individual families. These families built log houses with dirt floors and stone hearths. The size of such family dwellings was about 25 square meters. In total, there were 12 buildings in the settlement.

The inhabitants of the village were engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. Among domestic animals, pigs and horses predominated, the meat of which was used for food. From the bone, the inhabitants made various tools of labor, as well as carved figures of animals. For example, a bone figurine of a bear was found. This find is associated with the religious ideas of the population, among which the cult of the bear continued to exist. The remnants of this cult survived until the 10th-11th centuries and were later reflected in the Yaroslavl coat of arms.

The inhabitants of the Popadya village were also engaged in fishing, which is evidenced by the finds of weights. Hunting gave them furs - a commodity that was exchanged for metal and jewelry. Among the finds there are imported things, for example, cross-shaped brooches (clasps), which were then common in the Southern Baltic, as well as glass beads.

Popadya settlement was suddenly abandoned by the inhabitants due to some kind of catastrophe that ended in a fire. Fleeing from the fire, the inhabitants were forced to leave many things, according to which the archaeologists restored the way of life of the village.

Meryane

In the VI-IX centuries, the tribes of the Finno-Ugric ethnic group lived on the territory of the Yaroslavl Volga region - Merya, who historically were the successors of the Dyakovites.

We know about the Meryans not only from archaeological sites. Some chronicle evidence has been preserved about them. The well-known Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" under the year 907 tells about Merya as a tribe that lives in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bNero and Kleshchino (Pleshcheyevo) lakes. In the same year, the chronicler reports, the Meryans participated in the campaign Kiev prince Oleg to Byzantium.

The Yaroslavl Volga region was the outskirts of the Mary land, but traces of their stay have been preserved here too. The famous Meryan settlement Medvezhiy Ugol was located on the Strelka, in the center of modern Yaroslavl. It is with him that the legend connects the arrival of Prince Yaroslav the Wise here, the murder of a bear and the founding of the city. Until now, numerous Meryan names of settlements, rivers, lakes, etc. have been preserved on the map of the Yaroslavl region. For example, Timerevo, Kotorosl, Kurba, Nerl, Nero, Tunoshna, Tolga and others.

The most famous Meryan settlement on our territory was the Sarskoye settlement. It existed from the 7th to the 11th century at the confluence of the Sara River into Lake Nero. Blacksmithing, bronze casting and jewelry production were developed in the settlement.

Archaeologists have found there a large number of objects of labor, weapons, jewelry, hoards of coins and trade equipment, which indicates the development of trade relations of the settlement. The economy of the inhabitants of the settlement was based on agriculture and cattle breeding. Cattle dominated among domestic animals.

Slavic colonization of the region

In the 9th century, the first Slavic settlers appeared in the Volga-Oka interfluve. They created new settlements here or settled on already inhabited lands. The local residents - the Merya - were partially forced out by the Slavs, partially became part of the new population and quickly disappeared among the Slavs.

The most famous archaeological sites of this period are the Timerevsky, Mikhailovsky and Petrovsky cemeteries. They were discovered at the end of the 19th century near Yaroslavl and got their names from nearby settlements.

In the 20th century, archaeologists studied these monuments in detail and discovered many interesting things. A large settlement was discovered near the Timerevsky burial ground. On its territory, on the banks of the Sechka River, in 1968, a treasure trove of silver oriental coins - dirhams, which belonged to the 8th-9th centuries, was found. Part of the treasure was lost, but still managed to collect about 1500 coins.

In 1973, another hoard of dirhems was discovered on the banks of the same river, numbering about 2,760 coins. Scientists have established that the found coins were minted on a vast territory - Dirham from the Timerevsky settlement in Central Asia, in Persia, in Syria, on the Arabian Peninsula and in other places. This information allowed scientists to conclude that our territory has very close trade ties with the countries of the East through the Great Volga Route. Among the finds, archaeologists also discovered a “Scandinavian trace”. During excavations, archaeologists found a male burial with a sword, combat knife and other military armor. The handle of the sword was decorated with ornaments, and on the blade one could see the inscription in Latin - ULFBERHT. It was the brand of the famous Rhine workshop, which also spoke of the trade relations of our

lands with Western Europe.

The found things, as well as the study of human burials, led scientists to very important conclusions. It turned out that among the burials of the 10th century, 13% were Scandinavian, 12% were Slavic, and 75% were Finno-Ugric. The composition of the population was mixed, but so far the Meryans predominated.

Already in the 11th century, the Slavic element increased significantly, the Scandinavian almost disappeared, and the Meryan element was greatly reduced. As scientists say, the Slavs assimilated the Merians. This is how the process of formation of the population of the Yaroslavl Volga region proceeded.

At the first stage, the Ilmenian Slavs, who came from the Novgorod lands, participated in the Slavic colonization. Then the Vyatichi, who came from the southwest and south, joined this process. They moved along the Oka and further up its tributaries.

From the Yaroslavl Volga region, through Lake Nero, the Slavs got to Lake Kleshchino. The settlement of Kleshchin from the center of the Meryansk district became a stronghold for them in the development of the Zalessky region. The Slavs settled in the unoccupied territories without the military seizure of the Meryan lands. Archaeologists failed to find traces of the destruction of the Meryan settlements and settlements. The local Meryan nobility became part of the Slavic nobility.

Slavic colonization was accompanied by cultural influence on the Meryan tribes. The mixing of Slavic and Meryan tribes was also facilitated by the fact that the difference in their socio-economic development was small.

It is interesting

Among the coins of the second Timerevsky treasure, which consisted of about 2760 oriental coins, scientists found several very rare, unique coins. These include, for example, the dirham of the ruler of the Arab Caliphate, Idris II (820-821), minted in the city of Vatite. To date, only two such coins are known in the world. One is kept in the numismatic collection of the National Library in Paris. And the second, Yaroslavl, was transferred for permanent storage to the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.

1. When can we attribute the appearance of the first people on the territory of our region? Find on the map of the Yaroslavl region and show the places of the first human settlements in the region.

2. Tell about economic activity tribes of the Stone Age.

3. Tell us about the economic activities of the inhabitants of the Iron Age.

Yaroslavl Territoryfrom ancient times to the endXVcentury

4. How did ancient people make tools?

5. Tell us about the most famous settlements of ancient people in our region (Popadinsky settlement, Bereznyaki, Medvezhiy Ugol and others).

6. Find on the map of the Yaroslavl region geographical names of Finno-Ugric origin. What ethnic groups participated in the formation of the Old Russian population of the Upper Volga region?

7. What interesting finds were made by archaeologists duringexcavationsTimerevsky burial ground? Tellabout themmore.