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leaf arrangement e - the order of placement of leaves on the axis of the shoot (Fig. 26). May be: 
Leaf classification
Distinguish between simple and compound leaves. Leaves that have one plate (solid or notched) are called simple. Simple leaves atl
Rice. 27. Compound Leaves: 1 - ternary; 2 - palmate; 3 - unpaired pinnate; 4 - paired pinnate.
compound leaves- - leaves, consisting of several clearly separated leaf blades (leaflets), each of which is attached to a common petiole (rachis) with its petiole. Often a complex leaf falls off in parts: first the leaves, and then the petiole.
Depending on the location of the leaves, they distinguish (Fig. 27):
Pinnate leaves - leaves in which leaflets are located on the sides of the rachis. When the top of the rachis ends with one unpaired leaflet, such leaves are called pinnate(rosehip, white acacia). At parapinnate leaf, all the leaves have a pair (peas, yellow acacia).
Palmately complex leaves - leaves in which leaflets are not located along the length of the rachis, but only on its top in one plane (chestnut, lupine).
A special case of a complex leaf is trifoliate leaf - a leaf that has only three leaves (clover, sour).
The rachis of compound leaves can form lateral branches, then double-, thrice-four-pinnate leaves appear. For example, mimosa has a double-pinnate leaf.
Leaf venation
Venation- this is a system of conducting bundles in leaf blades.
Rice. 28. Leaf venation:
1 - parallel; 2 - arc; 3 - reticulate with a pinnate arrangement of the main veins; 4 - reticulate with a palmate arrangement of the main veins; 5 - dichotomous.
The nature of the arrangement of the veins and the shape of the leaf blades are closely related (Fig. 28). Distinguish:
simple venation- only one vein (mosses, club mosses) penetrates the leaf blade from the base to the top;
dichotomous venation- the leaf blade is pierced by forked branched veins (ginkgo);
arc venation- the leaf blade from the base to the top is pierced by several identical veins arranged in an arcuate manner (lily of the valley, hellebore);
parallel venation- the leaf blade from the base to the top is pierced by several identical veins, located strictly parallel (rye, sedge);
net venation- usually one vein enters the leaf blade from the petiole, which then gives branches - lateral veins, forming a dense network. Reticulate venation can be pinnate and palmate.
Rowan - perhaps one of the most common trees in Russia. With confidence, you can find out that every inhabitant of our country knows exactly what a mountain ash looks like. Older generations remember with pleasure the taste of sour berries, which become sweeter in the cold - a small part of childhood that remains with a person for life.
This plant can grow almost anywhere. This is explained by her unpretentiousness and endurance. That is why it is most often chosen for decoration. personal plot. Rowan can become really important element landscape design country house. Its advantages lie not only in its endurance, as mentioned above. Appearance rowan wood is pleasing to the eye and attracts attention, which can look advantageous against the background of monotonous decorative and complex decorations.
This article, as you could already understand from the previous paragraphs, will be entirely devoted to mountain ash. This well-known plant is of particular interest not only to botanists, but also to the general reader, who is drawn to interesting information about everything at once.
Rowan - description. Rowan characteristic
To get started, you just need to describe the mountain ash, as well as answer a very common question that applies to this plant. Many users on the network ask the question "Is the mountain ash a shrub or a tree?". If you think about it, then this question is very logical, if you look closely at the mountain ash, you really won’t immediately understand whether it is a shrub or still a tree.
Finding the answer to this question is very easy. It is enough to simply enter “Wikipedia mountain ash” into the search engine line, and all the information will be posted in the very first paragraph of the article on this comprehensive resource. The fact is that this plant itself is a tree, but at the same time there are also shrub varieties. Rowan looks like a not very tall tree with a straight trunk, as well as a crown, the shape of which can be described as ovoid.
Rowan trees are distinguished by the smoothness of the bark, as well as a grayish color. . Leaves may be different shapes : oblong-lacent or simply oblong, alternate, imparipinnate. This plant is indeed a very beautiful tree, which determines its popularity as a ornamental plant. The old leaves of this shrub are not pubescent, unlike the young ones.
Rowan is especially beautiful during its flowering, when it begins to bloom, and also looks very pretty in autumn. Flowers are collected in a kind of panicle, may be white color or have a pinkish tint. The smell, however, of rowan flowers is not very pleasant. This plant bears fruit annually, but do not be naive to believe that it is possible to harvest the “harvest” within the specified time frame. About once every three years, the plant gives a full "harvest".
Rowan tree usually blooms in late spring or early summer. Wherein fruit development begins in autumn in September. Gradually, from white berries, they turn into red or black fruits. Of course, maybe the berries of a mountain ash tree cannot stand on a par with berries of cherries or grapes, if we compare them taste qualities, but in terms of usefulness they may well argue with them.
Some features of growing
When planting any plant, be sure to first learn about the features of its cultivation. This will avoid possible subsequent death of the plant as a result of improper care.
- In the case of mountain ash, you can not worry when planting it. As already mentioned above in this article, this plant is very, very hardy and unpretentious, and feels quite comfortable on almost any soil. Also, do not forget about another important quality of this plant - frost resistance. This ability allows the mountain ash to endure even the most severe winters quite calmly. In addition, the plant boasts resistance even to high temperatures.
- This plant is ideal for lovers of a beautiful landscape who prefer to put a lot of effort into caring for plants, as it requires little to no constant, regular watering. True, in the summer it is recommended to periodically moisten the soil under the rowan tree. Also, thanks to its strong and developed root system, the plant will not fall in front of strong gusts of wind. It should also be noted that the plant is resistant to highly polluted city air.
The value of mountain ash as an ornamental plant
It has already been said above that mountain ash is often used by landscape designers as an ornamental plant. Moreover, both rowan trees and shrubs are used. Rowan popularity used for decoration, due to a number of reasons. First of all, be sure to indicate the beauty of the crown of a mountain ash tree or shrub, which distinguishes with density and compactness. Of course, plants with a “weeping” crown shape are most often used.
It is also worth noting the beauty of rowan leaves, which are distinguished by their unusual shape. In addition, in autumn the leaves become orange-reddish tint. In addition, bright rowan berries, which are able to maintain their beautiful colour even until late winter.
Types of mountain ash
Many people do not even know that there are different types of mountain ash. Most often you can stumble upon rowan species with red berries, but there are also chokeberry varieties mountain ash (photo), which are highlighted as a separate species. It is worth noting that the fruits of both species have medicinal properties. The most common type of this plant is the mountain ash. In total there are more than forty varieties.
Serious work on the selection of rowan species was carried out at one time by the famous Russian scientist Michurin. The scientist brought out several new hybrids of this plant. It was thanks to his research that chokeberry already mentioned in this article. It, in principle, is very similar to the common rowan species, but does not belong to this species. In fact, this is a separate hybrid plant, which has its own name - chokeberry.
medicinal properties
The fruits of mountain ash have long been used by people as a folk remedy. Rowan berries contain various vitamins, as well as glucose, fructose and sorbic acid. All these components very beneficial to the body especially weakened by disease.
- Some ailments should be identified, in which decoctions from useful rowan berries are sometimes used. It is recommended to drink such decoctions for hypertensive patients and people suffering from atherosclerosis. Also this folk remedy can help with disorders of the heart, kidneys and liver. Rowan juice can be used in cases where a person has gastritis, hemorrhoids or low acidity. One of the beneficial components of the fruit this plant- sorbic acid - can become a serious assistant in the fight against dysentery bacillus and staphylococcus aureus.
- The berries of the plant are sometimes used as a preservative for food products and also for water purification. Our ancestors even had a certain way of purifying water - at night, a branch of this plant was simply thrown into a bucket of water. This method not only allowed the water to remain fresh for a long time, but also gave a pleasant aftertaste.
The meaning of rowan in ancient rites
The importance of mountain ash was noted in antiquity. The cases of using the plant as a decorative ornament and medicine, but even in pre-Christian Russia in some regions people used mountain ash for certain rituals. For example, there were wedding ceremonies, which involved lining shoes with rowan leaves for the newlyweds, as well as rowan berries were put in their pockets.
The specified plant in this case used as a symbol of protection against the possible intrigues of witches and sorcerers. Also rowan trees for the same purpose were planted next to the house. Rowan was also used to expel spirits that brought various diseases and ailments to people.
In addition, the value and significance of mountain ash among the people emphasizes the existence various legends that have been passed down through generations by word of mouth. For example, you can point out an interesting and original legend that tries to explain the presence of bitterness in the taste of rowan fruits. According to this legend, the mountain ash was created by the devil himself from Eve's tears when she was expelled from paradise.
It was believed that this served as a kind of symbol of Satan's victory over mankind. But after the Creator discovered the similarity of the rowan tree leaves with the cross, he took it from the devil's garden. This could not please the devil, who later set out to destroy his own creation so that it would not go to the Creator and people. But he did not succeed in doing this, only as a result of an attempt rowan berries have become bitter.
Decorative and medicinal properties mountain ash, which has already been discussed in this article, are not the only advantages of this beautiful plant. The qualities and properties of the wood of this tree make it possible to make various joinery products from it. Here it is necessary to mention the main advantages of rowan wood- strength and elasticity.
As already mentioned, there are quite a few different varieties of this plant, but one of them boasts rather large fruits. Berries of large-fruited mountain ash really large compared to the fruits of other varieties of this plant. One berry can weigh twenty grams, and have a diameter of three and a half centimeters. The fruits of large-fruited mountain ash are very tasty. At the same time, this variety is not as unpretentious as other types of mountain ash. She does not really like winter, so she needs special care. An interesting fact about the large-fruited mountain ash is that it was bred in the Crimea by the Crimean Tatars.
Rowan with sweet fruits instead of bitter, it was first found in the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir Region. From there it spread throughout Russia. It was this variety with sweet fruits, called Nevezhensky, that was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the mass production of tincture, which was called Nezhinskaya.
ROSE. Rowan mixed. Sorbus commixta
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The form:small tree with one or more trunks
The size: 4-8 m height, 20-30 cm diameter
Sheet: complex, odd-pinnate, with 9-13 leaflets, not shiny, leaflets lanceolate, long-pointed, acutely serrate, almost glabrous, lighter below, redden in autumn
Leaf arrangement: another
flowers:milky white, 1 mm in diameter, collected in large paniculate inflorescences up to 15 cm in diameter
Fetus: bright red berry, about 6 mm in diameter,
Habitat: mountain coniferous forests and forests of stone birch, most often settles in clearings and burnt areas, taking part in the first stages of forest restoration
Additionally:
Since ancient times, Russian people have been partial to a slender tree, whose openwork complex leaves delight the eye, the crown is decorated with shields in spring. white flowers, and in autumn - fiery red clusters of berries. Do not count the poems and songs composed about the Russian beauty mountain ash , belonging to the Rosaceae family. Rowan inflorescences do not emit an exquisitely beautiful aroma, their smell is rather unpleasant, but there is an old belief that the smell of mountain ash drives away various diseases, and branches thrown into the water disinfect it.
Rowan enters the second tier various types forests both on the plains and in the mountains. In closed plantations it grows as separate specimens, but in "windows", on edges and clearings it forms purebred plantations. Renewed by seeds, which are carried mainly by birds, as well as stump shoots and root offspring. Having a superficial root system, it does not tolerate soil salinization and stagnant water. It tolerates some shade, although it thrives best in full sun. Winter-hardy, grows rapidly up to 25–30 years, then its growth slows down somewhat. Quite durable, lives up to 200-300 years.
Rowan is famous not only for its external beauty. Rowan wood is used to make various small crafts. Rowan berries have one significant drawback - they contain sorbic acid glycoside, which gives them a bitter taste. However, after the first frost, the glycoside is destroyed, the berries lose their bitterness and become tasty and fragrant. In addition, they are extremely useful.
Rowan apples (namely, this is what rowan “berries” are called from the point of view of botany) contain sugars and organic acids, trace elements and vitamins. Especially a lot of ascorbic acid, carotene, vitamin P. The sorbic acid contained in the fruits is a natural preservative, so the fruits of mountain ash are stored without any processing. The smell of flowers, which is not the most pleasant for humans, is very attractive to bees. Rowan honey is reddish, coarse-grained and fragrant.
Rowan is a well-known medicinal plant. In folk medicine, flowers and fruits of mountain ash are used as a diuretic, choleretic, laxative and diaphoretic. Official medicine uses rowan berries as a vitamin remedy. Juice from fresh berries is recommended for low acidity of gastric juice. There is one among the mountain ash, the fruits of which have and medicinal properties, and excellent taste, - rowan elderberry, growing on Far East Russia. It is a shrub or small tree, usually no more than 2 m high (maximum 4 m). Fragrant jam, compotes, jelly are prepared from fruits.
Other species of the Rosaceae family:
Admiring the curly crown of the beautiful mountain ash, many do not even suspect that in nature there are 84 species of this plant, supplemented by a considerable number of hybrid forms. Rowan settled in the Northern Hemisphere, having mastered its temperate zone. 34 species grow in the Russian expanses, some of which have been cultivated and used as an ornamental shrub.
The species differ significantly from each other. The color of berries and bark, rowan leaf and other features are different for each variety. There are very few real mountain ash in the forests, they are rare. Basically, the unique beauty of a person pleases rowan undergrowth - miniature deciduous trees 3-6 meters high. The most common and famous view shrub trees recognized mountain ash.
Which rowan leaves are: complex or simple?
The length of pinnate leaves reaches 10-20 centimeters. The long thin reddish petiole is studded with 7-15 practically sessile broadly lanceolate or elongated, pointed, serrated along the edge, miniature leaves (3-5 cm long), entire from the lower end and sharply serrated at the apex.
rowan foliage in spring and summer
In spring, dense fluff is clearly visible on the leaves. They are covered with hairs both above and below. By summer, the hairs will fall off, the delicate fluff will disappear, exposing the surface, just like it happens with other trees, for example, with aspens. A fluff of hairs prevents the rapid evaporation of the liquid that saturates young fragile leaf blades.
In summer, usually matte, leathery and rough leaves, painted on top in dull green tones, the felt gray bottom shines with pale bluish hues, almost close to white-silver color.
rowan leaves in autumn
Green in summer, rowan leaves go through three color stages in autumn. Yellow at the beginning, they gradually turn to shades of orange (from light to intense). And in the end are painted in crimson color palette. The autumn crown of the plant glows with golden, orange and terracotta tones.
Foliage, obsolete, begins to fall. But mountain ash does not lose whole sheets (unlike many other trees and shrubs). The constituent parts fall off one by one from the pinnate leaf. He, losing miniature leaves one after another, as if falling apart into separate parts.
The petiole of a huge leaf is gradually exposed. And only when completely exposed, the main brick-red vein parted with the plant, flying away from it last.
Foliage of unusual rowans
When they talk about the grace of a tree, the charms of its clusters and the unusual openwork of crowns, they usually mean mountain ash. However, the world abounds with other magnificent views mountain ash, although they are much rarer.
Types of whole-leaved mountain ash have unique biological features making them very attractive. The beauty of their whole, often pubescent leaves deserves special attention.
Rowan Aria
An unusual whole-leaved tree dotted Western European sparse forests. It, rising up to 10-12 m, spreads its luxurious crown in breadth by 6-8 m.
The shape of the rowan leaf Aria is similar to those that are sprinkled with alder branches. It is solid, rounded-elliptical, leathery, with a pointed or blunt apex, sharply-double-serrated along the edges, reaches a size of 14 x 9 cm. Its top is juicy green in the middle of summer, and the bottom is white-felt, grayish, as if powdered with flour.
Therefore, in Russian it is called powdery mountain ash. The tree, gleaming with silvery foliage shimmering in the breeze, effectively contrasts against the colorful background formed by the surrounding plants.
I wonder then, what color are the leaves of mountain ash in autumn? Aria's autumn foliage is colored in a special way. Its immense crown with the onset of autumn shines with chic bronze hues.
Rowan intermediate
This species, often called the Swedish mountain ash, is represented by single, slender trees 10-15 meters high, growing wild in Central European, Baltic and Scandinavian forests. A single sheet of mountain ash, the photo of which was filmed by professionals and amateurs, is very thin.
Above in summer it is dark green, below it is pubescent with gray hairs, in autumn reddish hues. The shape of shallow, on average twelve-centimeter whole leaves is oblong-ovate. Decorative silvery foliage forms an original oval crown around a smooth grayish trunk.
rowan elderberry
Shrubs scattered over the undergrowth and independent thickets of rowan elderberry settled in the open spaces Khabarovsk Territory, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. They captured the Okhotsk coast, the Kuriles and penetrated into Japan. Shrub trees are distinguished by their relatively low height (up to two and a half meters), straight naked offspring darkish-brown with a bluish bloom, and a rounded ovoid discharged crown.
On gray branches with clearly defined lenticels, odd-pinnate 18-centimeter leaves are concentrated. Petioles of terracotta scale are studded with oval-lanceolate sharp-serrated leaves, almost naked, glossy dark green. Their number varies from 7 to 15.
Rowan Koehne and Vilmorena
These original straight-stemmed trees are representatives of the Chinese flora. For habitat, they chose the forests covering the temperate and warm zones in Central China. Vilmorena differs from Köhne in greater height (the first is up to 6 m, the second is up to 3 m) and the decorativeness of the crown.
The crowns of plants are sprinkled with unpaired leaves. 12-25 leaves fit on 20 cm petioles, the edges of which are sharply serrate from tip to base. The seasonal rhythm of these plants is very close. The autumn leaf of the mountain ash is painted in purple, red-violet colors.
Foliage of mountain ash Glogovina
You will meet the medical bereka (the second name of the plant) in the Caucasus and in the Crimea. She captured part of the Ukrainian lands, those that stretched across the south-west of the country. Its natural range is spread across Western Europe and Asia Minor. You come across single trees and compact groups every now and then in the undergrowth and shrubbery, in the second layer of forests and on sunny slopes.
Slender 25-meter rowan trees are covered with rounded crowns. The offspring shimmer with olive hues. Relic trees are dark gray, furrowed with cracks. Possessing a long (up to 17 centimeters) plate, the mountain ash leaf is simple, broadly ovate.
The plate at the base is rounded heart-shaped, and its tip is pointed. It is with finely serrated edges, equipped with 3-5 sharp blades. Its top is glossy, dark green, and the bottom is hairy-pubescent. The autumn palette of leaf blades varies from yellow to orange.
There are two varieties of Glogovina: pinnately dissected and with pubescent foliage. Both form magnificent solo, group and avenue plantings.
Mountain ash alder-leaved
Primorye, Japan, Korea and China were affected by isolated and grouped trees with narrow pyramidal crowns of mountain ash. They scattered over broad-leaved and cedar forests. Straight glossy dark brown trunks, directed to the sky, reach a height of 18 meters.
The distinctive features of the leaflets are simple, broadly oval, sharply serrated forms, distinctly expressed venation, and the length of a dense leaf blade not exceeding 10 cm. Their outlines are similar to those of alder leaves. Hence the name of the tree.
The spring light green leaf of the mountain ash casts a slightly bronze coating. In the summer leaf, the lower surface is yellowish, and the upper surface is intense dark green. Autumn shines with juicy bright orange hues. The tree is especially beautiful at the moment spring flowering and autumn leaf fall.
The rowan tree, along with white birch and red viburnum, is one of the floral symbols of Russia. Its branches, densely dotted with red berries in autumn, are very decorative. In addition, the fruits of ordinary mountain ash have economic and medical use, serve as an excellent help in the winter for birds remaining for the winter.
Where does ordinary mountain ash grow, what is its life expectancy
The Latin specific epithet of mountain ash - Sórbus aucupária - comes from lat. avis - bird and capere - to attract, catch. This is due to the fact that rowan fruits are attractive to birds and were used as bait to catch them.
The life expectancy of a rowan tree is up to 80 years, there are individual 200-year-old trees.
The range of distribution of mountain ash is almost all of Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus; comes to Far North, and in the mountains it rises to the very border of vegetation, where it becomes already a shrub. Introduced throughout the world in the temperate zone.
And where does rowan grow in Russia? In our country, these trees are common in the forest and forest-steppe zone of the European part, in the North Caucasus, in the Urals. It grows in separate specimens, without forming continuous thickets, in the undergrowth or the second layer of coniferous, mixed, occasionally deciduous forests, in forest clearings and edges, between shrubs. Shade-tolerant and winter-hardy plant.
What does mountain ash look like: photos and characteristics of flowers, leaves and fruits
Rowan ordinary - a tree reaching a height of 10 to 20 m. The crown is rounded, openwork. Young shoots are grayish-red, pubescent. The bark of mature trees is smooth, light gray-brown or yellow-gray, shiny.
Buds are felt-fluffy. Leaves of ordinary mountain ash up to 20 cm long, alternate, unpaired pinnate, consist of 7-15 almost sessile lanceolate or elongated, pointed, serrated leaflets along the edge, entire in the lower part and serrate in the upper, green above, usually matte, noticeably paler below, pubescent. In autumn, the leaves turn golden and red.
The flowers of ordinary mountain ash are numerous, five-membered, collected in dense corymbose inflorescences up to 10 cm in diameter; inflorescences are located at the ends of shortened shoots. The receptacle is narrow-like in shape - a calyx of five wide-triangular ciliated sepals. Corolla white (0.8 ... 1.5 cm in diameter), five petals, many stamens, one pistil, three columns, lower ovary. Exudes during flowering bad smell(caused by trimethylamine gas). Blooms in May - June.
As can be seen in the photo, the fruits of ordinary mountain ash are almost spherical, apple-shaped, bright orange-red, about 1 cm in diameter, weighing 0.3-0.5 g, juicy, bitter-sour, tart, ripen by the end of September:
Cultivated varieties of mountain ash begin to bear fruit in the 4-5th year after planting. During the period of full fruiting (at the age of 15–25 years), up to 100 kg of fruit can be collected from a tree. More or less abundant harvests are repeated after 1–2 years.
Look at the photo of what an ordinary mountain ash looks like in culture and in its natural habitat:
The benefits and uses of ordinary mountain ash
Rowan fruits contain 5–16% sugars (fructose, glucose, sorbose, sucrose), 0.5–3.0% organic acids (including sorbic and bactericidal), pectin, vitamins A, C and K, carotene , flavonoids, tocopherol, folic acid, riboflavin, amygdalin. Also, the benefits of ordinary mountain ash are due to the significant content of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and other trace elements.
Rowan Nevezhinskaya differs in accumulation a large number ascorbic acid (up to 100 mg / 100 g), not inferior to the fruits of black currant, strawberry and sea buckthorn. Varieties of hybrid mountain ash contain less ascorbic acid, but more vitamin P (0.4–0.8%). In sweet varieties, the pulp is strongly astringent, juicy, when fully ripe - sweet and sour, fragrant. When frozen or heated, astringency and bitterness disappear. At the onset of removable maturity, the fruits crumble easily, and are poorly stored fresh. From the fruits of mountain ash, tinctures, compotes, jams, marshmallows, etc. are prepared. Dried fruits are used as a preventive and therapeutic vitamin remedy.
As a medicinal raw material, the rowan fruit is used, which is harvested ripe in August - October before frost, dried in dryers at 60 ... 80 ° C or in well-ventilated rooms, spreading a thin layer on cloth or paper.
Because of the bitterness, the fruits are practically not eaten fresh, more often after frosts, when they lose their bitterness. They are mainly used for processing. They are an excellent raw material for the alcoholic beverage and confectionery industries, the production of soft drinks. When canned, they are used to prepare jelly, sweets such as "rowan in sugar", jam, marmalade, jam, marshmallow. The fruits are dried and made into "fruit powders" and flour.
Mountain ash - medium-productive spring honey plant, gives bees nectar and pollen; nectar productivity - up to 30 ... 40 kg per hectare of plantings. Rowan honey is reddish and coarse-grained, with a strong aroma. The fruits of mountain ash are rich in vitamin C (up to 160 mg%) and carotene (up to 56 mg%).
The use of ordinary mountain ash in ornamental horticulture and landscaping is widespread and is widely bred. Decorative throughout the year, especially during flowering and in autumn color. Has many garden forms, including weeping, narrow-pyramidal, yellow-fruited, with pinnate-lobed leaves, etc. It has a fractionally porous reddish wood, from which turning products, jewelry, and furniture are made. Rowan bark can be used as a tanning raw material.
The fruits serve as excellent food for birds, shoots - for livestock. Raw ripe fruits can be fattened for livestock and poultry.
How to grow an ordinary mountain ash: planting and care (with photo)
Having become acquainted with botanical description rowan, learn how to grow these trees.
Mountain ash withstands frosts down to minus 50 ° C, resistant to pests and diseases, unpretentious to growing conditions. Rowan blossoms quite late - in May - June, and therefore the flowers are rarely damaged by spring frosts. Due to its high winter hardiness, mountain ash can be grown in harsh climatic conditions countries where other fruit crops cannot be cultivated.
Growing rowan requires open, well-lit areas, although trees can tolerate partial shade or rarefied light. Rowan trees tolerate the wind well, so they can be safely planted in open spaces.
Mountain ash can grow on any soil, although they prefer light, slightly acidic and rich in humus, with good water permeability. During dry periods, care should be taken to keep the soil at the surface roots of mountain ash moist. Soil moisture for mountain ash is provided not only by irrigation, but also by annual generous mulching. Excellent mulch, as well as acidifying organic material for mountain ash, are garden compost, leaf humus, bark, wood chips, shavings.
Mountain ash almost does not need pruning and crown formation. Remove only broken or damaged branches at the beginning of the season, or carry out formative pruning if the tree needs to be kept under control. Of the diseases, mountain ash is affected by plant cancer and burns. fruit trees, are sometimes attacked by garden pests: aphids and mites.
Species mountain ash is propagated by seeds (in autumn), and varietal - by green cuttings (at the beginning of summer), grafting with a dormant bud (in summer) or cuttings (during the cold period). It is possible to propagate mountain ash by ordinary grafting in the cold season; ordinary mountain ash is used as a stock, because. it has the strongest root system.
Plants can be planted along the northern and eastern borders of the site at a distance of 1–4 m from each other, depending on the thickness of the trees.
Mountain ash is photophilous, but puts up with some shading. Forms a powerful root system and gives high yields if provided with good lighting.
Rowan absolutely does not tolerate swampy peat soils, saline or too dry. The groundwater level should not be higher than 1.5–2.0 m.
Planting an ordinary mountain ash is done in spring or autumn. This tree starts growing earlier than other fruit crops, and therefore the spring planting dates should be especially early. Before growing mountain ash, you need to prepare planting pits. In less severe conditions, it can be planted in the fall.
For vigorous varieties, the depth of the pits should be at least 60 cm, and the diameter should be 100 cm, for low-growing varieties, the depth should be 50 cm, the diameter should be 80 cm.
It is recommended to add 20 kg of manure (2 buckets), 0.8–1 kg of superphosphate and 0.1–0.15 kg of potassium sulfate to the pit. The manure is evenly mixed with the soil, 2/3 of mineral fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the pit, and 1/3 to the lower part of the soil, poured by a cone. Mineral fertilizers are not applied to the soil of the upper part of the pit, where the roots of the seedling are placed, in order to avoid burns. Of great importance when caring for ordinary mountain ash after planting is abundant watering (2-3 buckets of water). In dry weather, watering is done 3-4 times.
These photos show planting and caring for mountain ash in the garden:
The near-trunk circle, taking into account the growth of roots, increases annually by 0.3–0.4 m. Its diameter in the first year is 1.5 m, in subsequent years it is 1 m larger than the diameter of the crown. In early spring and in autumn, before leaf fall, it is necessary to dig the trunk circle to a depth of 10-15 cm so as not to damage the skeletal roots. In the spring-summer period, 3–4 loosening of the soil is carried out to a depth of 5–6 cm. To preserve moisture, it is good to mulch tree trunks with manure or peat with a layer of 8–10 cm. g of nitrogen, 150 g of phosphate and 100 g of potash fertilizers per 1 sq. m near the trunk circle.
When growing ordinary mountain ash, during tree care, slurry diluted 2–3 times, as well as bird droppings diluted 10–12 times, are used for feeding.
During the period of full fruiting, when the crown thickens and the branches become bare, they have to be thinned out and shortened. Pruning is done in early spring.
In wet years, rust of rowan leaves can develop, against which spraying with Bordeaux liquid is used.
When caring for ordinary mountain ash in pest control, agrotechnical measures are very effective - cleaning and burning fallen leaves; autumn and spring digging of the soil to destroy wintering pupae; cleaning and destruction of damaged fruits before caterpillars emerge from them; collecting nests and shaking beetles from trees onto litter with their subsequent destruction. Mice and hares do not damage mountain ash.
Requirements for seedlings of ordinary mountain ash
Seedlings should not be dried, without leaves, have a branched aerial part and root system, without mechanical damage.
Annual seedlings can be unbranched, 120 cm high, stem base diameter 1.2 cm.
Annual seedlings can also be branched, 130 cm high, they have a smaller trunk diameter - 0.9 cm, the length of the main branches is 8-10 cm.
In two-year-old seedlings, the bole (above-ground part before branching) should be 40–60 cm, 2.4 cm in diameter, have at least 4 main branches and a root neck with a diameter of at least 1 cm. The length of the branches is 40 cm. be at least 4 main roots with a length of at least 20 cm, the aerial part must be at least 20 cm, have at least 2 main branches and a root collar with a diameter of at least 7 mm.)
Another requirement for common seedlings is that at the age of two years they must have at least 7 main roots with a length of at least 40 cm.
Types and varieties of ordinary mountain ash: photo and description
As a result of crossing mountain ash with hawthorn and medlar, with other types of mountain ash, as well as by selection from wild-growing mountain ash, several hybrids and varieties with remarkable economic qualities were obtained.
In Russia, non-bitter forms of mountain ash were found in the village of Nevezhino, Nebylovsky district, Vladimir region, from where they spread widely throughout the center of Russia. Through popular selection, a number of varieties were selected subsequently registered under the names Kubovaya, Zheltaya, Krasnaya. The variety of forms is due to seed propagation, and selection of kidney mutations. Several promising varieties Nevezhinsky variety group were registered by the Soviet pomologist E. M. Petrov. Later, he continued breeding work with mountain ash and obtained a number of hybrids from crossing Moravian and Nevezhinsky mountain ash with each other and Michurin varieties.
An exceptionally important role in improving the range of species and varieties of mountain ash was played by the Russian breeder I. V. Michurin. As the main object of work, he used the ordinary bitter mountain ash, which he crossed with chokeberry, mountain ash, apple tree, pear, hawthorn and medlar.
In the future, work on selection of mountain ash continued in the city of Michurinsk at VNIIG and SPR. The varieties Businka, Vefed, Daughter of Kubovoy, Sorbinka were created there, which are the result of crossing Nevezhinskaya and Moravian mountain ash.
Selection work with mountain ash was also carried out at VIR and other Russian institutions. Pomologists divide rowan varieties into two varieties: Moravian and Nevezhinskaya. The first variety type includes varieties of Central European origin: Beissneri, Konzentra, Moravskaya, Rosina, Edulis, the second - varieties of Eastern European origin: Yellow, Red, Kubovaya, Nevezhinskaya, Sakharnaya.
Varieties Rossica and Rossica Major, which were introduced by the German company Shpet at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries from near Kyiv, may be descendants of the Moravian mountain ash, which was widely cultivated in Ukraine at that time.
New varieties of Russian breeding come from both Nevezhinskaya and Moravian mountain ash.
Bead. Resistant to extreme growing conditions. The fruits are round, red, weighing 1.9 g. The pulp is creamy, very juicy, sweet and sour. Tasting score 4.3 points. The fruits contain: dry matter 25%, sugar 10%, acid 2.2%, P-active substances 165 mg%, carotene 9 mg%, vitamin C 67 mg%. Productivity of 20 kg from a tree. The tree is medium-sized, 2.5–3.0 m, with a rounded crown. It enters fruiting at the 3-5th year.
Daughter of Cuba. Winter-hardy, drought-resistant, resistant to pests and diseases. Fruits weighing 1.8 g, oblong, bright orange, with a reddish blush. The flesh is bright yellow, very juicy, tender, without astringency and bitterness. Tasting score 4.5 points. The fruits contain 168 mg% of P-active substances, 76 mg% of vitamin C, 8 mg% of carotene. Yield 36 kg per tree. The tree is medium tall, with a paniculate, sparse crown. Enters fruiting in the 5th year.
Vefed. Winter hardiness is high, relatively resistant to diseases and pests. Fruits weighing 1.3 g, round-pointed to the base, elegant, pink-red. The flesh is yellow, tender, sweet and sour, pleasant when eaten fresh. The fruits contain: dry matter 20.5%, sugars 9.5%, acids 25%, carotene 32 mg%, vitamin C 96 mg%, vitamin P 176 mg%. Tasting score 4.6 points. Yield 17.2 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, with a rounded sparse crown. It enters fruiting in the 3-4th year.
Ruby. Winter-hardy. Fruits weighing 1.3 g, ruby, flattened, shaped like lily of the valley flowers, with a smooth wide-ribbed surface. The pulp is yellow, juicy. The fruits contain: sugar 12.4%, acid 1.3%, vitamin C 21 mg%, P-active substances 948 mg%. Tasting score 4 points. Yield 17 kg per tree. The tree is medium, the crown is drooping. Enters fruiting in the 3-4th year.
Fabulous. Berries weighing 0.5 g, round-oval, red, sweet and sour, juicy, fragrant. They contain: sugar 6.3%, acid 1.9%, vitamin C 118 mg%. Productivity is 126 c/ha. The variety is winter-hardy, resistant to pests and diseases.
Sorbinka. Winter-hardy, highly adaptive, resistant to pests and diseases. The fruits are very large, weighing 2.7 g, rounded, red. The pulp is yellowish, juicy, sweet and sour. Tasting score 4.4 points. The fruits of this variety of ordinary mountain ash contain: solids 23%, sugar 8%, acid 2.8%, vitamin C 114 mg%. Yield 19 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, with an obovate crown. It enters fruiting in the 4th year.
Titanium. Winter hardiness is increased. Fruits weighing 1.2 g, round, slightly ribbed, dark cherry, with a wax coating. The pulp is intense yellow, sweet and sour. They contain: dry matter 20%, sugar 10.2%, acid 1.4%, catechins 494 mg%, vitamin C 33 mg%. It is characterized by abundant fruiting.
Scarlet Large. The variety was obtained at VNIIGiSPR im. I.V. Michurin by crossing S. ancuparia × a mixture of pear pollen and S. ancuparia var morairica.
The variety is highly resistant. A tree of restrained growth, with a spreading rounded crown. The branches depart from the trunk under the characteristic obtuse angle, annual shoots are thick. Fruiting mixed type. The number of fruits in the shields reaches 150 ... 160 g or more.
The variety is early-growing, richly fruiting annually. The yield of young orchards is 20…25 t/ha. Resistant to pests and diseases.
The fruits ripen in early September. The mass of scarlet, large, juicy fruits is 2.3 ... 2.5 g. The fruits are collected in shields of 150 ... 160 pieces and weighing 300 ... 400 g. The shape of the fruit is round, slightly flattened at the calyx, with pronounced tubercles. The flesh is intensely yellow. The taste is piquant, sweet and sour with a slight tartness and a specific aroma.
It is suitable for storage and production of high-quality processed products;
There are a large number of types of mountain ash.
Rowan cashmere (Sorbus cashmiriana) - reaches a height of 8 m. A tree with white or pink flowers spring and white or cream berries in autumn.
As you can see in the photo, the leaves of this type of ordinary mountain ash tree acquire a yellow-golden color in autumn, and the berries are well preserved until winter.
Rowan sargent(Sorbus sargentiana) is a slow growing tree reaching maximum height 10 m, with bright red berries and bright orange leaves in autumn.
Rowan Kene (Sorbus koehneana) is a small tree (up to 8 m in height) with long leaves, consisting of a large number (up to 33) of narrow serrated fingers. Rowan Kene of the White Wax variety is distinguished by unusual white porcelain berries on long red stalks. Berries of rowan Kene are well preserved until almost spring.
Rowan mixed, Japanese (Sorbus commixta) is a fast-growing tree, reaching a maximum height of 10 m. The mixed elongated rowan leaves, consisting of 13 ... 17 fingers, acquire a charming crimson color by autumn. Berries are yellow-orange.
Sorbus Wilmore, Chinese (Sorbus vilmorinii) is a small tree (up to 5 m tall) with curved branches and feathery leaves that turn deep burgundy in autumn. Wilmore rowan flowers are creamy white, berries are light or pink. Ideal for small gardens.
Mountain ash Hubei obtuse (Sorbus hupehensis var. obtusa, rosea) is a small unusually decorative mountain ash with pink berries, originating from China.
These photos show the types and varieties of ordinary mountain ash grown in the middle lane:
