When the ending s is added to the verb. Ending -ED: spelling, pronunciation, use

Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you should have noticed that endings play an important role in the formation of words, verb tenses, and various grammatical structures.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English language, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be applied and how to use it in grammar.

Ending in English -ed helps to form the simple past tense of regular verbs. Of course, you remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

• Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayIhave workedinkitchen garden.
• Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

Time Present Perfect and past perfect regular verbs in English are also formed with the ending -ed:

• Jimhasjustvisit ed us. Jim has just visited us.
• Ann said she had play ed tennis yesterday. - Annasaid, whatyesterdayshe isplayedintennis.

The same ending is used to form tenses Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again, for regular verbs:

• We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - Tomorrowtomorningwealreadylet's vote.
• Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, whatcooktesttoFriday.

It can be concluded that in the formation of past tenses for regular verbs, without ending -ed just not enough.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

Passive voice irregular verbs well, just attracts this ending! With the end -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For example:

• The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
• The house was repair ed by my parents. The house was renovated by my parents.
• Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to the infinitive form of the passive voice:

• Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech with the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Pay attention to the following suggestions:

• Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed because of his grades.
• They were disappointed ed to learn about itThey were disappointed when they found out about it.
• brown-ey ed - brown-eyed

We read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with such an ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

• [ d] - after voiced consonants(Besides [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,g,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform inform— informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend- borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

• [ t] - after voiceless consonants(Besides [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask to ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

• [ ID] - after sounds [d] and [t]:

end end ended["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited We read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's sum up, dear readers. Without this ending, the formation of the past tenses of regular verbs is not complete; without this ending it is impossible to form passive voice; the ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are used to it, we wish everyone else to make friends with this ending as soon as possible.

When is the ending s put in English and when is es?

1. A lot of options. If we reduce everything to one rule, then it will sound something like this:
   in the general case, S is put, and ES is an auxiliary.

   http://www. alleng. ru / mybook / rn3-3 . htm
   remove all spaces from the link

2. he, she, this is the 3rd person singular in the present simple :)) I wanted to write in more detail, but I can’t, “The answer cannot be added.
   Try not to use characters from the English layout in your answer.! "
3. 
   

   Examples:
   book books
   

   Examples:
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   
   
   
   
   

   Examples:
   

   Examples:
   
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   
   Examples:
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   

4. The ending -s/-es is added to nouns to form plural. The ending -s / -es is added to verbs to form the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple (Present Indefinite) form. The rules for adding -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
   1. standard case adding the ending s to a noun or verb.

   Examples:
   book books
   to look (he/she/it) look s look (he/she/it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
   then the ending es is added to the word

   Examples:
   addre ss addresses address address;
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   church churches church churches;
   to pass pass es pass (he/she/it) passes;
   to sma sh smash es to break (he/she/it) breaks;
   to d o does (he/she/it) does;
   to rela x relaxes to relax (he/she/it) relaxes;
   to cat tch catch es to catch (he/she/it) catches;
   to teach teaches to teach (he/she/it) teaches;
   Note that nouns borrowed from other languages ​​that end in
   on o, add the ending -s.

   Examples:
   photo photo s photography photography;
   pian o 2 piano s piano 2 pianos;

   3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced by -i.

   Examples:
   bab y bab ies baby babies;
   to fl y flies fly (he/she/it) flies;
   Note that if the -y is preceded by a vowel, then the -y is retained and the ending is added
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   to stay stay s stop (he/she/it) stops;
   4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural
   -f , -fe are replaced with v and added ending -es.
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
   there is no plural substitution of f for v. The plural is formed only
   by adding the ending s.
   Examples:
   chief chief s chief chiefs;
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   handkerchie f handkerchief s handkerchief handkerchiefs;

5. The ending -s/-es is added to nouns to form the plural. The ending -s / -es is added to verbs to form the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple (Present Indefinite) form. The rules for adding -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
   1. The standard case of adding the ending s to a noun or verb.

   Examples:
   book books
   to look (he/she/it) look s look (he/she/it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
   then the ending es is added to the word

   Examples:
   addre ss addresses address address;
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   church churches church churches;
   to pass pass es pass (he/she/it) passes;
   to sma sh smash es to break (he/she/it) breaks;
   to d o does (he/she/it) does;
   to rela x relaxes to relax (he/she/it) relaxes;
   to cat tch catch es to catch (he/she/it) catches;
   to teach teaches to teach (he/she/it) teaches;
   Note that nouns borrowed from other languages ​​that end in
   on o, add the ending -s.

   Examples:
   photo photo s photography photography;
   pian o 2 piano s piano 2 pianos;

   3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced by -i.

   Examples:
   bab y bab ies baby babies;
   to fl y flies fly (he/she/it) flies;
   Note that if the -y is preceded by a vowel, then the -y is retained and the ending is added
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   to stay stay s stop (he/she/it) stops;
   4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural
   -f, -fe are replaced with v and the ending -es is added.
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
   there is no plural substitution of f for v. The plural is formed only
   by adding the ending s.
   Examples:
   chief chief s chief chiefs;
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   handkerchie f handkerchief s handkerchief handkerchiefs;

English is categorized analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes to it (prefixes, suffixes, endings), but with the help of various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. By comparison, Russian is synthetic language, and it is the morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

The ending -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural Nouns

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For example:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church—church es

box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

It is used when it comes to events that occur constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She play s tennis every weekend. She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter "s book - my daughter's book

If the word is in or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parent s" house - her parents' house

Jame s' coat - James's coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

The ending -ed

Second form of the regular verb

This form is used to express . For example:

yesterday he paint ed the window frame. Yesterday he painted the window frame.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

Used in - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has live ed here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopp ed when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

For example:

Clos ed door - closed door

well-dress ed woman - a well-dressed woman

The ending -ing

Fourth form of any verb (present participle)

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleeping ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:

bark ing dog - barking dog

Bloom ing tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

swimm ing is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like to eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat outdoors.

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but by using various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural Nouns

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For example:

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church - churches

tomato - tomatoes

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

Present Indefinite is used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas. - Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend. Possessive nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written with an apostrophe ("). For example:

John's car - John's car

My daughter's book - my daughter's book

If the word is plural or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is added at the end of the word. For example:

Her parents "house - her parents' house

James' coat - James' coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

This form is used to express the Past Simple tense. For example:

Yesterday he painted the window frame. He painted the window frame yesterday.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

It is used in perfect tenses - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has lived here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopped when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

For example:

Closed door - closed door

Well-dressed woman - a well-dressed woman

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleeping now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was washing my car. - Yesterday at 6 I washed the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:

barking dog

Blooming tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

Swimming is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like eating outdoors. - I like to eat outdoors.

Probably each of us remembers how he stood at chalk board in the lesson of the beautiful and powerful Russian language, and for some unknown reason, he drew an arc over the word, then a tick, then a square. This whole entertaining process was pathetically called parsing a word by morphemes, namely into: a prefix, a root, a suffix and, of course, an ending. We will talk about the latter, but only in English, today. There might be something you don't know!

Speaking purely in the language of grammar, then under the concept of "ending" ( ending) or the buzzword "flexion" ( inflexion) from the Latin “to bend” - to bind, it means the variable part responsible for the process of forming various variations of the same word, to the main form of which special elements are added. Through these manipulations, grammatical meanings, that is, the special role that a unit of speech performs in a sentence. The endings in English grammar include: possessive ("s); plural (- s / -es); present 3rd person + singular (- s); past tense (- d), (-ed) or (- t) and ending (- ing). Well, now in order.

Inflection ""s" in English

Possessive ( possessive case) is used when we need to say that something belongs to someone. This very case is formed by adding a special sign to the end of the word " " » apostrophe and endings «- s". Below are a few examples to illustrate.

Ending -s / -es / -ies in English

First, the simple present tense, known to everyone as the Present Simple. It is used when we talk about some facts or ordinary actions.
We form the present tense using the basic form of the infinitive (without the particle to). Golden Rule: third person singular ( he / she / it) just requires an ending after itself - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Every morning Kelly eat s a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter and drink s a mug of coffee for breakfast.
Every morning, Kelly eats a blueberry jam sandwich with peanut butter for breakfast and drinks a mug of coffee.

Secondly, when it is necessary to use a plural noun ( plural nouns), according to the rule of plural formation, to the form of a noun in singular, depending on which letter is at the end, the ending is added - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Pumpkin, don't forget to buy 10 donuts s.5 orange s and 3 bananas s, please.
Pumpkin, please don't forget to buy 10 donuts, 5 oranges and 3 bananas.

Ending -ed / -ied / -d / -t in English

First, the ending ed inherent regular English verbs(regular verbs), which are used in past simple. As you know, the simple past tense is used to state a fact or describe a series of actions that directly followed each other in the past. Education formula: verb(without to): bombinate ( buzz) + ed = bombed(buzzed). Example in context:

James got in the old clunker, started the engine and drove off.
James got into his wreck, started the engine, and pulled away.

Secondly, - ed also found in the past participle ( participle II). Participle - golden mean, where the signs of the verb, adjective and adverb coexist comfortably, which answers the question " what (s) did?», « which?". For example:

The quote, present ed in the article caught my attention.
The quote presented in the article caught my attention.

The Quote which? or " what did?» — presented, i.e. the action, as it were, has already been completed - it has already been used in the article. The participle defines the subject in the sentence, supplementing it with new facts and signs.

Ending -ing in English

Firstly, the ing ending is used when constructing long English tenses continuous = Progressive. For example:

Currently, my bearded mate is play ing PS4.
AT this moment my bearded buddy plays on ps4.

Here Present Continuous: Auxiliary linking verb to be in the required form + infinitive of the semantic verb without to, but with the ending - ing. However, tenses that emphasize an action or state in the process also include Perfect Continuous = Perfect Progressive. For example:

A bearded mate of mine has been play ing PS4 for six hours already.
My bearded buddy has been playing PS4 for 6 hours now.

Present Perfect Continuous: Linking Auxiliary Verb to have in the right form + been + infinitive of a semantic verb (without to), but with the ending - ing.

Secondly, - ing found in the present participle ( participle I), which answers the following questions: which?», « what doing?», « what doing? Example:

That woman chill ing on the sofa, is my future wifey.
That woman relaxing on the couch is my future wife.

We observe that the participle is formed by adding the ending - ing to basic verb form and introduces new features that are characteristic of the subject.

PARTICIPLE I
verb base + -ing
finagle + -ing = finagle ing

PARTICIPLE II
verb base + -ed
finagle + -ed = finagle ed

Thirdly, the same inflection is also used with the gerund ( gerund), a special form of the verb that behaves in a sentence like subject(subject), an object(predicate) or predicate(definition/circumstance). The gerund to some extent resembles a verbal noun, for this reason it can be translated into Russian as an infinitive, subordinate clause or noun. A few examples to illustrate:

My buddy's favorite occupation is hang ing out with friends.
My friend's favorite pastime is hanging out with friends.

Well, to be honest, I'm not engrossed in pastel draw ing.
Well, to be honest, I'm not into pastels.

Types of English endings

Today we have put together the most common endings that are used everywhere in the English language. We hope that from now on you will have a complete picture of what the ending is, what it can be, when exactly and where it should be used. If there were few endings, then catch English suffixes for dessert. Yummy!

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