When s is used in English. When to put the ending s in English and when es

English is categorized analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes to it (prefixes, suffixes, endings), but with the help of various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And so endings in English language not so many - just three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

The ending -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural Nouns

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For example:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church—church es

box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

It is used when it comes to events that occur constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She play s tennis every weekend. She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter "s book - my daughter's book

If the word is in or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parent s" house - her parents' house

Jame s' coat - James's coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

The ending -ed

Second form of the regular verb

This form is used to express . For example:

yesterday he paint ed the window frame. Yesterday he painted the window frame.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

Used in - Present Perfect, past perfect and others. For example:

She has live ed here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopp ed when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

For example:

Clos ed door - closed door

well-dress ed woman - a well-dressed woman

The ending -ing

Fourth form of any verb (present participle)

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleeping ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:

bark ing dog - barking dog

Bloom ing tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

swimm ing is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like to eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat outdoors.

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but by using various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Nouns in plural

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For example:

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church - churches

tomato - tomatoes

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

Present Indefinite is used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas. - Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend. Possessive nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written with an apostrophe ("). For example:

John's car - John's car

My daughter's book - my daughter's book

If the word is plural or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is added at the end of the word. For example:

Her parents "house - her parents' house

James' coat - James' coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

This form is used to express time. past simple. For example:

Yesterday he painted the window frame. He painted the window frame yesterday.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

It is used in perfect tenses - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has lived here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopped when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

For example:

Closed door - closed door

Well-dressed woman - a well-dressed woman

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleeping now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was washing my car. - Yesterday at 6 I washed the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:

barking dog

Blooming tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

Swimming is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like eating outdoors. - I like to eat outdoors.

The English language is a treasure trove of exceptions, special cases, and stable constructions. People who are just starting to study it, of course, are scared off by peculiar rules, and even more so by exceptions to them, but these difficulties arise only at first. As they master English grammar, students come to understand the simplicity and logic of this foreign language. And what was difficult at first glance, from the second it becomes immediately clear and obvious. We will verify this in practice by analyzing today's topic: the ending s of verbs in English, as well as the use of endings for nouns and adjectives.

Russian speech refers to synthetic languages, that is, to compose the correct context, we inflect words, add prefixes and suffixes to them, and also swap any members of the sentence. English, on the contrary, is a characteristic representative of the group of analytical languages. In his system, the main emphasis is placed on a strictly fixed order of the members of the sentence, and the additional expression of connections is carried out with the help of service and auxiliary words. Simply put, in such a speech, the relationship between words conveys not the endings of these words, but their place in the sentence and proximity to prepositions.

• Beautiful cat a sits by the doorAbeautifulcat issittingatthedoor (word order - subject).
• I see a beautiful cat at – Iseeabeautifulcat(word order - addition).
• I go to a beautiful cat e . – Igoto abeautifulcat(preposition of direction + object).

As you can see from the examples, the English get along admirably without a system of declension of words. But grammatical category There are still endings in their language, and it has as many as three representatives. What they look like and what their purpose is, we will learn in the following sections.

Ending s for verbs in English

The most common case of using an additional letter at the end of words is the setting of the verb in the 3rd person singular of the simple present tense. It includes pronouns he, she, it (he, she, it) and nouns that can be replaced by these pronouns. Recall that it refers only to inanimate objects, which in English can also refer to animals (as long as they are not pets).

Simple describes regular, ordinary, habitual actions, so it can often be found in the speech of the English. Accordingly, the incorrect statement of the predicate in the third person is a very gross mistake that will cut the ear of a foreign interlocutor. In order not to blush for your English, you need to remember a simple rule.

Consider the use of this law in practice.

• Shewatch es manyTV-showseveryday - She watches a lot of TV shows every day.
• It sound s very strange - Thissoundsverystrange.
• He eats chips s and drink s lemonade - heeatingchipsanddrinkslemonade.

For the third person, the verb ending is also preserved in the negative and interrogative form, undergoing a slight change to -es, and adding not to the main, but to the auxiliary verb. In this case, the main predicate is in the form of a simple infinitive.

• Do es Jessica write letter to him? – She do es n't write a letter to him.
• Is Jessica writing him a letter? She doesn't write a letter to him.
• Do es a koala become a big and strong animal? – It do es n't become a big and strong animal.
• Koala becomes a big and strong animal? She doesn't become a big and strong animal.
• Do es your father work as a lawyer? – He do es n't work as a lawyer.
• Is your father a lawyer? He doesn't work as a lawyer.

The ending s of Present simple verbs in English has its own nuances of use and pronunciation, which the table below will help us to parse.

At the end of the section, we note that in the third person a special form is also have verbs(3 l. - has) and to be (3 l. - is, in PastSimple- was). In sentences, such constructions are often abbreviated to form ‘s’ endings. It ’ s(is/was) a pen. He ’ s(has) learned 10 words.

Ending s on nouns

The second most popular way to meet English ending- is to make the plural of a noun or put it in possessive. In both cases, nouns in English have the letter s added to the stem.

Usually, the plural is formed by adding a simple s. But, if we take a noun ending in sh, tch, ss, ch, x, o, then the ending, as in the case of verbs, turns into es. An important role is played by borrowed nouns ending in -o. They, unlike the original English words, will only accept the letter s.

• Mygrandparentsgrowpotatoes es andtomato es atthedacha - My grandparents grow potatoes and tomatoes in their dacha.
• Wherearemyphoto s fromthebirthdayparty? Where are my birthday photos?

Another important feature is related to nouns ending in f/fe. In most cases, they change these letters to v and get the ending es. But there are some exceptions that use the letter s.

• Therearemanyshell weight intheroom - There are a lot of shelves in the room.
• The cats like to walk on the roof s – Catslovewalkonroofs.

In other cases, the rules for reading, spelling and pronunciation of s in English for nouns are completely the same as the table given in the section of verbs.

As for possessive forms, their ending is formed using a special character - an apostrophe (‘). Nouns h. get the ending -‘s, and noun. pl. h., if they already end in s get only an apostrophe.

• I remember my parents' advice - Irememberadvicemyparents.
• Jack's life is very interesting - LifeJackveryinteresting.

Endings ed and ing

And the last part speech, which English grammar endowed with endings - these are adjectives with endings ed and ing. The roots of their formation lie in verbs, so they can rightly be called participles. These adjectives in English are characterized by the expression of active or performed actions, which corresponds to Russian real and passive participles. At their core, both types of these words are the same, and differ only in additional endings. Therefore, it is important to understand what these endings hide in themselves.

Adjectives with the ending ing convey the characteristics of a person/object, its ability to take action, to influence someone. The expression answers the question "Which one?" and refers to the object of speech, not to the speaker. It is noteworthy that the form of the word completely coincides with the English present participle (participle I).

• I watched an interesting film yesterday - Ilookedyesterdayinterestingmovie.
• This lesson is very boring - Thislessonveryboring.
• It was an amazing evening - Thiswasstunningevening.

Adjectives with ed in English express the reverse side: the effect exerted by the subject. With their help, the speaker describes his state; the impression made on him by the subject of the conversation. Such constructions correspond to the past participle form (participle II).

• She was disappointed that her boyfriend hadn't called her - Shewasdisappointedtopics, whatherboynotcalledher.
• I was surprised that all my books were sold for 2 weeks– Iwassurprisedto that, whatallmybooksweresold outbehind2 weeks.
• My little brother is tired of his homework - Myyoungerbrothertiredfromhishomework.

The examples show that the meaning of the whole statement depends on the use of the ending. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to navigate in cases of using the endings ed and ing.

As we learned from the material, endings in English have an important function and can correspond to three parts of speech. Let's check the assimilation of the theory by doing small exercises.

These are actually all the endings that occur in it. Unlike the Russian language, which is rich in various endings. Due to the fact that there are only three endings in English, their use is found everywhere: in verbs, and in nouns, and in adjectives, and in gerunds, and in participles. Let's take a closer look at each of the endings and identify the most common cases of their use.

Ending s in English

So the ending -s in English (also -es) is used in the following cases:

1. The plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the noun:

cat - cats;
table - tables;
disk - disks;
window - windows.

2. If a noun ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, then -es is added:

fox - foxes;
bush - bushes;
potatoes - potatoes
dress - dresses.

3. However, nouns borrowed from other languages ​​and ending in -o add the ending -s:

photo - photos;
piano-pianos.

4. The ending - s in English (also - es) is used when using verbs in the third person singular in Present Simple (for he, she, it):

I play - he plays;
We go - she goes;
They see - it sees;

5. This ending is also used to form the possessive case of nouns, which is written with an apostrophe:

my mother's coat - my mother's coat;
brother's cup - brother's cup;
Susan's sister - Suzanne's sister.

6. In case the noun is plural or ends in -s, after that we put only an apostrophe:

his parents' anniversary - the anniversary of his parents;
students' books - students' books;
Lucas' wife - Lucas' wife.

Ending ed in English

When is the ending ed used in English?

1. If the verb is used in the Past Simple and it is correct, the ending -ed must be added to it:

She wached the concert yesterday. She watched the concert yesterday.
He looked for it two days ago. - He was looking for him two days ago.
I borrowed this dress from a friend. I borrowed this dress from a friend.

2. Also, this ending is used when it comes to the third form of the regular verb (past participle) in Perfect tenses:

She has learned English since she was 5.
The snow had stopped when we arrived.
I will have dressed the baby by 10 a.m.

3. A verb ending in -ed is sometimes translated as an adjective (what? what? what?)

folded T-shirt - folded T-shirt;
blessed marriage - blessed marriage;
opened door - open door.

Always look to see if a noun follows such a word in order to know which part of speech is more correct to translate a verb with an ending; ed.

Ending ing in English

In what cases is it used ending ing in English?

1. If we are talking about the fourth form of the verb (or present participle) - the times of the Continuous group:

She is typing now.
He was walking along the street when he saw an accident.
I will be reading tomorrow at 5 p.m.

2. We can also translate a word ending in -ing as an adjective if it is followed by a noun related to it:

sleeping baby - sleeping baby;
crying lady - crying woman;
boring book - a boring book.

3. You can also translate a word with the ending - ing noun (see the Gerund topic) - it all depends on the context and word order:

Stealing is a crime. - Theft is a crime.
Walking is good for your health. - Walking is good for health.
I like dancing. - I love dance.

Outcome.

Where is the apostrophe placed?

An apostrophe is placed at the end of a word; newcomers to English call it an upper comma.
A comma, at least the top one, even the bottom one, changes everything. Familiar to us since childhood: Execution cannot be pardoned. In Russian, the comma changes its meaning.AT English apostrophe only changes the quantity, but it changes everything!

The girl " s phone number - girl's phone number
one girl, the same

Move the apostrophe one letter to the right, after -s":

The girls " phone number - girls phone number
many girls at once, a list

Her number - not everyone will get, but their number - here it is, on the Internet on a pink background, call whenever you want.

This is how the apostrophe works in English. His job is to form the possessive animated noun. The apostrophe works either in pair with the letter s, or alone. We will see.

Forming the possessive case

1. Singular noun: an apostrophe followed by an s:

The exception is the pronoun it:
it - he, she, it + s without an apostrophe = its - his, her.
Russia and its rules. - Russia and its rules.

If we see it's with an apostrophe, so we see a non-possessive case: his her, and the abbreviation: it is- is it, or it has- it has.

2. Plural noun - apostrophe one, without the letter s:

				"
who? - girls girls		whose bag? → girls girls "		bag girls girls " bag

There is no difference in pronunciation, it sounds the same. The difference is visible only in the letter:

girls - girls (who?)
gir ls"- girls (whose?)
girl "s - girls, girls (whose?)

In English, all nouns are plural. numbers end with -s, usually. But there are exceptions to this rule, for example: man - men man - men, woman-women woman's woman. To such exceptions, add an apostrophe along with the letter s.

3. Apostrophe along with -s:

The possessive case has been formed. Now the letter -s at the end of the word needs to be pronounced correctly - depending on the letter that comes before it.

How to pronounce a word with an apostrophe - rules

Letter s after an apostrophe, it is pronounced either loudly, or deafly, or like. Three options:

1. Loud.
After a voiced consonant s pronounced loudly [z] - girl "s.
I have read the story "From one girl" s diary" by Chekhov. - I read Chekhov's story "From the diary of a girl."

2. Deaf.
After a voiceless consonant s pronounced dull [s] - cat "s.
Did you see the movie Cat's Eye? - Have you seen the movie "Cat's Eye"?
No! Why do people like horror movies? - Not! I don't understand why people love horror movies?

3. Like /iz/.
After a hissing or whistling sound -
-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z, -zz: horse's, George's.

Brisk English apostrophe - result

Apostrophe - he is nimble. We see it in front of the letter s, then - after, but always with an animated noun.
Apostrophe before letter s- is a noun. in units number in attraction. case: girl "s day - girl's day.
Apostrophe after letter s- is a noun. in plural number in attraction. case: girls" day - girls' day.
Apostrophe again before letter s- is a noun. - plural exception.number in attraction. case: women "s secrets - women's secrets.

In English, the apostrophe is also used for abbreviations:
it "s = it is - this is,
it "s = it has - it has.
But the apostrophe shows its nimble and reckless character only when the possessive case is formed. Whose? Whose? Just add an apostrophe!