A person has one need, which always and in any conditions needs to be satisfied. Whoever you are, whatever your occupation, you cannot do without good, good-quality food. It is not surprising that for a long time the food industry in one form or another has been the backbone of the economy of many states.

Our country is no exception. It must be said that the food industry in Russia has always been quite developed, since our state has almost always been an agricultural power. The resulting raw materials had to be processed for subsequent storage or sale, so that the corresponding branch of the national economy developed rapidly. In addition, Russia practically did not have a single peaceful century, so that it was necessary to constantly take care of supplying the army with high-quality food.

Brief historical excursion

The Russian food industry received its first blow during the First World War, and the gloomy time of the Civil War finally knocked it down. In comparison with 1900, food production fell five times at once. However, by 1927, the industry had almost completely recovered to its previous level, but it was not able to satisfy the needs of the young country.

The industrialization of the state, the sharp increase in construction and the expansion of production in all corners of the USSR led to the need for a radical revision of the food industry that had existed until that time. The relevance of this was the higher, the more high-quality raw materials began to give collectivized agricultural cooperatives and collective farms. Approximately in the same years, statistical departments deduced the average statistical figures for the needs of people of various professions in nutrients and individual product categories.

During the Patriotic War of 1941-45, almost the entire food industry of Russia, located in the central parts of the state, was again destroyed. The situation was saved only by the timely evacuation of most of the enterprises to the East. By the way, it is thanks to this circumstance that Kazakhstan today has an advanced food industry in that region.

It should be noted that the day of the food industry in Russia, which is celebrated on October 19, is largely created in memory of the heroic work of industry workers who ensured continuous food supplies to the rear and to the front.

Post-war issues

Five years later, many branches of the national economy, including the food industry, were restored to their previous, pre-war level. But we have already said that even before the industry could no longer satisfy the increased needs of a rapidly growing and developing country. In fact, the situation was even worse. The point is that the population countryside fed almost exclusively on the products that were grown in the garden. People practically did not buy industrial products.

At that time, the country urgently needed as many workers as possible. The natural "candidates" for their role were just the same peasants. But it was impossible to transport them to cities, since in this case the number of people who consumed food could rapidly increase. Of course, this situation could lead to starvation. It was necessary to urgently reorient the industry to new standards. Invaluable assistance in this was provided by the main institutions of the food industry in Russia (Moscow, Kuban), whose specialists developed many programs for re-equipping the industry.

Unfortunately, the approach taken on the ground to resolve this problem was completely wrong. Collective farmers were forbidden to keep livestock in personal farmsteads, or their number was legally limited. It was assumed that in this case, labor productivity would increase significantly. Of course, in order to achieve this goal, production output standards were constantly raised. As for crop production, in order to increase the grain harvest, the authorities decided to start plowing chernozem in Kazakhstan.

It was then that it became clear that there is a chronic shortage of qualified specialists for the normal exploitation of plowed lands. In fact, it turned out that only 40% of the entire cultivated area could be used in accordance with agricultural standards. Because of the soil, it quickly fell, which, in the end, led to the need to purchase grain from abroad.

perestroika

By the beginning of the 1990s, the Russian food industry was far from being in the best condition. Due to legendary mismanagement, National economy lost up to 40% finished products and valuable raw materials. In the period from 1970 to 1986, the medical and physiological supply of many professions was constantly declining. In fact, only representatives of the party elite, the military, sailors, pilots and astronauts ate normally in this regard.

At the beginning of 1991, the needs of the population for vegetables, bread and pasta were covered by about 80-90%. As for sugar, lard, meat, milk and poultry, this figure was hardly 55-60% at best. Who is not familiar with queues for “scarce” products that have become one of the signs of the late USSR? All institutes of the food industry in Russia in those years experienced a catastrophic shortage of personnel, the level of training of specialists graduating from them was rapidly falling.

After 1991, a rapid decline in overall production began. Some sectors of the food industry have reduced their output by 60%. The state of the market was rapidly deteriorating also due to the fact that potential buyers simply did not have the funds to buy products of domestic manufacturers. All this happened against the backdrop of a powerful flow of cheap imported goods that poured like a river through the opened borders. Each production of the food industry in Russia in those years was simply forced to resort to unprofitable dumping, designed to maintain at least some interest of buyers in their products.

The state of the technical component of the industry

By the beginning of the 90s, everything was very sad in this area. Physically, much of the equipment is already half obsolete, and as for the moral "wear and tear", it was completely outrageous. The growing technological backwardness and financial instability of the economy further aggravated the already far from the most brilliant position of the domestic food industry.

As a result Russian production was unable to provide its own population with food. The situation was all the more serious, the more often the sanitary and epidemiological services revealed the complete non-compliance of many imported goods with even the most basic standards. Legs with salmonellosis are far from the worst of what was found then. Naturally, the Russian food industry itself received raw materials of this quality. 2014 is much better in this regard, our sanitary and epidemiological control bodies are working much more intensively.

Components of the food industry in Russia

One of the main pillars of this industry in our country (and throughout the world) is animal husbandry. We will discuss it now. This branch of the national economy provides at least 60% of valuable raw materials from which domestic food products are produced. Alas, there are few regions in Russia in which nature allows you to breed beef cattle. One of them is the Caucasus. The social situation there is such that the recovery of the industry (relatively) became possible only in last years.

Accordingly, all the last time at least 60% of the needs of the country's population in the same beef was covered exclusively by imports, because of which the Russian food industry suffers. 2014 was marked by the introduction of Western sanctions. Oddly enough, but it is the latter circumstance that allows us to hope for the prudence of the authorities, which, perhaps, will nevertheless pay attention to their own producers.

Cattle breeding

In our country, it is developed in two directions: meat and dairy and Developed only in where the climate and fodder base make production cost-effective.

Domestic dairy products in recent years have been of fairly high quality. The problem lies in the small amount of subsidies that the state directs to maintain the industry. Theoretically, this is due to our country's accession to the WTO, but this fact does not prevent Germany and France from supporting their own farmers. To date, a paradoxical situation has developed: despite the fact that the country is able to provide at least 89% of the demand for dairy products on its own, we continue to purchase it abroad.

Because of this, the Russian food industry suffers greatly. The report of industry experts for the past year shows that the country is able to reach a completely independent supply of milk in five to seven years. Instead, domestic producers are again left without government orders and funding.

As for beef, the situation is even worse. The fact is that in our country there is practically no dairy cattle breeding as such. All meat of domestic origin that appears on the shelves of our stores is from dairy cattle. It has such low nutritional characteristics that in the food industry it is used exclusively as an additive to pork. It is impossible to organize the production of full-fledged steaks or sausages from it, but these products could contribute to a significant increase in the income of Russian food producers.

Pig breeding

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that at least 2/3 of the total demand for raw meat is covered by pig breeding. Domestic products from it are of excellent quality and are always in high demand among consumers. The problem is that pork is a rather expensive product, since large subsidies for the construction of large pig-breeding complexes are needed to obtain it. The reality is that the state is in no hurry to invest in them, preferring to finance foreign manufacturers. Russia's own food and processing industry at this time is experiencing a chronic lack of funds.

Branches of the food industry in Russia

And now let's look at the main branches of the food industry in Russia. The principle of placing processing enterprises on the territory of the country is based on two factors at once: raw materials and consumer. In most cases, when building new enterprises, they are guided precisely by the availability of raw materials, since a lot of them are required for the production of food products. When transporting more or less long distances, huge costs are required to ensure its safety, and therefore production under such conditions becomes simply unprofitable.

Depending on the combination of all these factors, experts distinguish three branches of the food industry that are common in Russia:

• Starch and molasses, sugar and vegetable oil, canned vegetables gravitate to the sources of raw materials. For example, we have sugar production only in the Caucasus and Central Black Earth regions, since it is simply unprofitable and stupid to transport somewhere hundreds of thousands of tons of raw materials, from which only a few tens of tons of finished products come out. The largest Russian food industry enterprises (ASTON, Yug Rusi), which produce vegetable oil, are also located there.
• On the contrary, the production of the bakery industry can be found throughout the country. This allows it to be attributed to the consumer food industry. Grain is relatively easy to transport, the yield of finished products from raw materials is quite large.
• Mixed industries: flour and meat. The primary processing of raw materials is carried out in the immediate vicinity of the places of its production, and then the semi-finished products are sent to the places of their final processing. A perfect example is fish. Its freezing is carried out on fishing trawlers. Salted herring, for example, is produced even in Udmurtia, from which the nearest sea is more than one thousand kilometers away.

Other characteristics of the industry

In general, the domestic food industry includes hundreds of production cycles that are highly complex. The most important are the basic varieties. Their products are primary raw materials for more complex industries. These industries include: the flour milling industry, the production of raw sugar, the production of milk with its subsequent cooling.

All enterprises of the food industry in Russia specializing in the production of fish or slaughter of livestock can also be counted among them. But here we already have to make distinctions between industries: the same beef can be immediately sent to store shelves, or it can be used for the production of sausages, meat bread, etc. It is the latter processes that are considered the most important, since the products obtained as a result of their implementation bring the lion's share of the profits to the manufacturer.

Important production features

The food industry only in our country satisfies the needs of millions of consumers. This is due to the huge variety of companies, some of which have been on the market for more than a hundred years (Nestle, for example). The peculiarity of this industry is that you need to constantly find some new tastes and forms of release, as the interest of consumers needs to be maintained. It is for the latter reason that the modern food industry is interested in the invention of new packaging and ways of its design.

Simply put, the food industry, not only in our country, but also abroad, employs thousands of people involved in the production of glass, paper, plastic and metal packaging. In many ways, this also determines the raw material nature of the location of the industry's enterprises: it is better to bottle the same beer in the immediate vicinity of the factories that produce plastic and glass bottles. Carrying them across half the country is a costly business.

The main costs of the food industry

If we talk about the profitability of this kind of production, then the Russian food industry enterprises incur considerable costs due to the need to purchase modern packaging lines and machines, the prices for which are not particularly democratic. The cost of professional packaging design is very high. Add to this payments to designers, marketers, certification costs and promotion of their products. Thus, the modern food industry is a very, very costly industry.

The main problems of the food industry in our country

In general, we have already talked about many of them. Thus, the development of the food industry in Russia is greatly complicated due to the almost complete absence of state support industries. There are a lot of expenses for setting up production (see above), even more taxes, and there is no real interest of the first persons of the state in ensuring the country's own self-sufficiency.

It should not be forgotten that there are several major players in the industry that control the food market almost all over the world. Everyone knows these companies: Nestle, Coca-Cola, Unilever and others. So, almost all carbonated water is produced at factories whose shares are owned by Coca-Cola. The same is true in the situation with chocolate: even by buying domestic sweets, you are sponsoring the Swiss Nestlé.

Of course, these Russian food industry companies are profitable in a certain sense, since they pay considerable taxes to the federal budget. The other side of the coin is that the domestic production of carbonated water alone is almost completely killed, since it is simply unrealistic for small companies to compete with such “whales” of the global industry. Here are the main problems of the food industry in Russia.

soft drinks industry

Wine industry

· Confectionery industry

· Canning industry

Pasta industry

Oil and fat industry

· Butter and cheese industry

Dairy industry

Flour and cereal industry

Meat industry

brewing industry

· Fruit and vegetable industry

· Poultry industry

· Fishing industry

· Sugar industry

Salt industry

Alcohol industry

· Tobacco industry

· Baking industry

The food industry is the largest component of the national economy, with more than forty separate industries involved in the production of food both in ready-made, and semi-finished products.

The largest groups of food industries are:

meat, fish,

dairy (includes butter and cheese production),

flour and cereals,

food products.

The group of food industry enterprises that produce industrial goods, in turn, is divided into a variety of industries: pasta, baking, fruit and vegetable, alcohol, sugar, wine, liquor, salt, tea, etc.

There are two main categories of the food industry.

The first is those industries that work with imported raw materials and are focused on railway junctions, ports of import of products, and large industrial centers. Products manufactured in them have a high transportability. The second category includes industries focused on raw materials and on the consumer.

Most of the food industry belongs to the processing industries. However, there are enterprises included in the extractive industries: this is the extraction table salt, fish and several species of edible wild plants.

For the processing of raw materials in the food industry, various methods are used. They are obliged to ensure the complete safety of the use of food products for human health, improve their nutritional value, taste and commercial qualities. After all, there are many food products that are not suitable for consumption in their natural form, as they contain components dangerous to human health, or are poorly absorbed. Conventional production technologies do not fully ensure the safety of ready-to-eat products. However, a change in technological processing can significantly improve the quality of food products, significantly extend the shelf life. When processing raw materials, the basis of the technological process is a series of sequential operations.

In the production of food products, processes based on bacterial and non-bacterial fermentation of food raw materials play an important role. The first includes fermentation that occurs during the manufacture of wine, cheese, beer, etc. The second includes processes that occur with the help of their own enzymes, for example, during the aging of meat. This can also include the use of artificial enzymes.

One of the main ways of processing raw materials is canning.

Recently, other methods of processing food raw materials have become widespread: sterilizing filtration (used in the production of juices, beer), tenderization (the use of electric current), the use of high-frequency currents for the fastest heat treatment.

In order to improve the health of people, other food industries are being created in economically developed countries that produce special goods.

The food industry is a set of industries whose enterprises produce mainly food products. Almost every relatively large settlement has enterprises in this industry. In some countries, the food industry is an industry of international specialization, in others it satisfies the needs of only its population.

The sectoral structure of the food industry is complex. It includes enterprises producing food products, as well as soap and perfumery and cosmetic products.

The location of enterprises in the industry is mainly influenced by two factors: orientation to the raw material base or to the consumer.

The location of enterprises near the areas of production of raw materials is explained by the fact that in some industries (sugar, alcohol, canning industry) the consumption of raw materials far exceeds the mass of the finished product. In addition, such agricultural raw materials are not very transportable.

The attraction of enterprises to consumption areas is explained by the fact that most food industries produce mass products that have a limited shelf life and cannot be transported over long distances. Therefore, bakeries, confectionery and pasta factories, breweries are created in areas where products are consumed, regardless of whether there are raw materials for them here.

Sugar factories are located as close as possible to sugar beet or cane crops, since these raw materials do not withstand long-distance transportation. Tobacco as a raw material does not require local processing. Therefore, tobacco factories, for example in Western Europe, use exclusively imported raw materials.

Cities have a particularly great influence on the location of the food industry, since their population is the main consumer of meat, milk, eggs, and bread.

The main type of food industry enterprises are plants, which combine the integrated use of raw materials with the complete processing of waste. There are sugar, canning, oil-fat and other factories.

For example, an oil and fat plant produces vegetable oil, solid fat, mayonnaise, margarine, soap from waste, detergents, drying oil, glycerin, etc. Nothing is wasted at meat-packing plants. Even the horns and hooves of animals are used in industry, and some animal organs are a valuable raw material in the manufacture of medicines.

The food industry in developed countries has achieved great success. Among them, there are those that are famous for their traditions in the production of high-quality food or stand out for the scale of production.

Denmark is called the "dairy farm" of Europe. Switzerland, the Netherlands, France are known for the production of hard cheeses. High-quality canned meat is produced by many the developed countries Europe and America, fish - Norway, Iceland, Spain and Portugal, vegetables - Bulgaria and Hungary. Italy is the birthplace of spaghetti and pizza. Germany is famous for its sausages and beer, wines - France and Spain. Recently, new industries have been developed - the production of ready-to-eat and frozen foods, various food additives.

15 .timber industry

timber industry- a set of industries related to the harvesting and processing of wood. One of the oldest branches of the economy.

The timber industry, like the chemical industry, has a rather complex structure. Conventionally, all branches of the forest complex can be divided into four groups:

Timber industry - timber harvesting

· Woodworking industry - mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood. Board production, furniture production, lumber production, etc.

· Pulp and paper industry- mainly chemical processing of wood, production of cellulose, cardboard and paper.

· Wood chemical industry - production of charcoal, rosin and turpentine.

As in other industries in Russia based on the extraction of raw materials, a significant share of the revenue in the timber industry is generated by the export of unprocessed raw materials - roundwood. For a long time, Russia has been the main supplier of wood raw materials to Europe and the Middle East, to China and Japan.

In addition to country specifics, there are general features of the development of the industry: an increase in the market shares of substitute goods and a decrease in the shares of timber and paper products. For example, the advent of plastic packaging has led to a reduction in the consumption of paper, and the development of the Internet has led to a reduction in the consumption of newsprint.

In Russia, there is no private ownership of forest land, which is replaced by long-term lease of forest land for recreational and logging purposes. However, in a number of countries there is private ownership of land. For example, in the United States, forest land management is a big business worth more than $500 billion. Forest land in the country covers about 500 million acres, of which 53% is owned by non-industrial private owners, 30% is publicly owned, 4% is owned by industrialists, and 8% are owned by financial investors.

The peculiarities of the food industry include the fact that it is part of the agro industrial complex. It is focused on the production of products to meet the basic needs of the population in food. Food industry enterprises collect raw materials, process them and bring them to a form in which it is best to organize delivery to the end consumer.

Taking into account the report of scientists from the leading research institutes of the country and their tables, the development of agriculture has a great influence on this area of ​​production. It determines the characteristics of the sectoral composition of the food industry in the region, its capacity and other important qualities.

What industries are included in the food industry?

There are the following branches of the food industry:

• production of soft drinks;
• winemaking;
• confectionery industry;
• canning;
• pasta;
• oil and fat and cheese;
• flour and cereals;
• fruit and vegetable;
• poultry farming;
• bakery;
• brewery;
• salt;
• alcohol;
• tobacco and others.

Classification

The sectoral structure of the food industry implies its division into the following categories:

• include enterprises that work with imported raw materials. Their placement is focused on large transport hubs - railway, ports and others. The products they produce usually have a high transportability;
• include plants and factories that are located closer to raw materials or to the final consumer.

How is the production process carried out?

Most businesses of this type belong to the processing industries. Only a few of them have a mining direction (the release of salt, fish, and others). For high-quality processing of primary raw materials, each plant uses its own technological schemes, but they all come down to ensuring the high safety of the final product.

The methods used should improve the taste of manufactured products, make them more attractive to buyers. Also, all technological processing schemes, if possible, should ensure a long shelf life of products, which is very important during their long-term transportation over long distances.

In the production of food products, not the last role is assigned to the organization of the processes of bacterial and non-bacterial fermentation of raw materials. In the first case, fermentation is implied, which occurs with beer, wine, cheese, etc. The second group includes products that achieve the desired characteristics with the help of their own enzymes (for example, when meat ages).

There are other, no less popular, methods of processing raw materials - canning, stabilizing filtration (subject to fruit juices, beer), tenderization (using electrical voltage) and many others.

Characteristics of the food industry in Russia

Animal husbandry is the most developed in Russia. This industry occupies a leading position, since it provides about 65% of the raw materials for the further production process. Livestock enterprises are mainly located in the European part of Russia, where the climate is milder and there is enough fodder.

Most of the products of this industry (about 70%) are supplied through animal husbandry.

You can also note other areas that are developed in Russia:

• enterprises for the production of sugar, starch, canned food are located relative to the sources of raw materials. For example, a large ASTON plant is located in the south of the country. It specializes in the production of oils and similar products. In the Caucasus there are enterprises for the production of sugar;
• factories producing bakery products are distributed evenly throughout the country. They have a binding only to the consumer;
• any plant related to the flour-grinding, meat or fish industry is located relative to the place of extraction of raw materials.

Production of bread and bakery products

Production capacities of the Russian food industry

Productive capacity various industries food industry in Russia is as follows:

• . Own production sugar reaches 3.3 million tons. The main raw material in this case sugar beet emerges. Raw cane sugar is also used, which is delivered from abroad;
• confectionery. In recent years, the production capacity of this industry is more than 3500 thousand tons of products per year. Most enterprises of this type are located in the Central Federal District (about 40%). The leading companies are Mars, Wrigley, Mondelis Rus;
• oil and fat. It mainly manufactures products such as butter, margarine, vegetable fats, mayonnaise. Enterprises of this type mainly use raw materials obtained from the territory of the country. Leading branch of the industry -. The South of Russia company owns about 30% of the entire market of the country;
• dairy. More than 1500 employees work in this industry various enterprises. On average, the country produces about 16.5 million tons of milk, 0.5 million tons of cheese, 0.6 million tons of butter per year. Leading enterprises are Wimm-Bill-Dann, Ochakovo and Voronezh plants, Permmoloko;
• meat. Has about 3600 factories different type. Basically, they work with outdated equipment, so the volume of imported meat in Russia is significant;
• fish processing. The main region where the main enterprises of this industry are located is the Far Eastern Fisheries Basin. It provides 2.4 million tons of products per year;
• alcoholic beverages and wineries. Enterprises belonging to this industry are mostly evenly distributed throughout Russia. During the year, the country produces up to 66.6 million decaliters of vodka, 6.9 million decaliters of cognac, 15.6 million decaliters of champagne, 32.1 million decaliters of wine;
• brewing. Baltika is considered the leading enterprise in this industry. It occupies 37% of the entire beer market in Russia and is actively exported to other countries of the world. Also working in this industry are Sharypovsky, Angarsky, Barnaul, Zhiguli plants.

The development of the food industry in different countries of the world

All over the world there are many industries that offer products suitable for further processing - flour milling, meat, fish, dairy and others. Basically, they represent certain agricultural formations, specially equipped places for slaughtering livestock or catching fish. As a result, products are produced that can be immediately delivered to the market to the end consumer or sent for further processing.

Based on these features, powerful corporations have appeared in the world, which are incredibly popular among consumers. For example, these are Nestle, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others. Each of the corporations is represented by a variety of enterprises that are located around the globe.

The most successful countries with a developed food industry are Australia, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China and many others. There are also factories that specialize in the extraction and production of exotic products - tea, tobacco, some fruits and vegetables, spices, etc. They are mainly located in countries such as Uganda, Thailand, China, India and others.

The enterprises that are located on their territory most often work with primitive equipment. They use the simplest technological schemes, which does not prevent them from obtaining large volumes of products. Basically, every factory located in these countries sells its goods in territories where there is a huge demand for them.

Introduction

In Russia, the food industry has a huge potential. This is due to the presence of large resource bases and the abundance of agricultural products. It should be noted that at present the food industry in our country is one of the leading.

Our manufacturers adopt the experience of their foreign colleagues and are not afraid to experiment. It is very important that they take care of the technical and technological renewal of production. In addition, our state strictly monitors that all food safety standards are observed.

The food industry in Russia is represented by thousands of enterprises of various forms of ownership and different size. A large number of manufacturers leads to very high competition in the sales market. Therefore, the food industry today does not stand still. All the time there is an introduction of various technical innovations.

It should be noted that almost the entire assortment in grocery stores is currently made up of goods. domestic production. This is evidence of progress in the development of the Russian food industry.

The food industry in Russia unites about 30 industries, which are characterized by certain biotechnologies for the manufacture of products and various organization of production. The largest of them can be called the following groups of industries: meat, dairy, oil and fat, confectionery, baking, brewing.

The economic and food security of the country and the health of the population largely depend on the results of the work of food industry enterprises. However, now the situation of many food industry enterprises remains quite difficult. This is due to factors such as lack of funds for technical re-equipment, low purchasing power of the population, high prices for imported raw materials.

Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this work is to identify the main problems in the development of food industry enterprises in Russia and ways to solve them.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider food industry enterprises by industry;

Analyze the results of the work of enterprises in 2010;

Analyze state of the art food industry enterprises in Russia, their features and main tasks for development;

The work was written with the help of articles from periodicals, mainly the journal "Food Industry" and "Economic Sciences.

General characteristics of food industry enterprises in Russia

Characteristics of food industry enterprises by industry

One of the features of the Russian food industry is the formation of vertically integrated corporations. Confectionery, fat-and-oil, dairy, meat-processing branches of the food industry are represented by various large holdings. So, in the oil and fat industry, a large manufacturer, the NMGK group of companies, includes various plants and plants operating in all cycles of the production of oil and fat products. The large Siberian holding "Russian meat products" has not only meat processing and manufacturing enterprises, but also with its own distribution network, .

In the food market of Russia, enterprises producing food products can be divided into the following main groups:

1) large vertically integrated holdings focused on the development of production based on their own raw material base (they began to form in the mid-90s) - Cherkizovsky Meat Processing Plant, Wimm-Bill-Dann, CJSC "Parnas M".

2) transnational corporations with production facilities in the Moscow region and other regions of the country (began to appear in the first half of the 90s) - "Danone" (France); "Ehrmann", "Campina" (Germany); LLC "Pepsi-Cola General Bottlers", "Mars" (USA); Cadbury (Great Britain);

3) holding companies with participation of foreign capital - OAO Baltika Brewing Company, Kampomos; OAO Petmol.

4) regional processing enterprises that started work back in Soviet period and successfully passed the stage of reorganization of the management and production structure in the second half of the 90s.

5) small production shops, entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity, as a rule, producing and selling their products in the same region.

At the beginning of 2008, the food industry in Russia included 49,973 operating enterprises (including enterprises producing beverages and tobacco).

Food industry enterprises have a number of features that determine their production structure:

Seasonality of production in industries processing agricultural raw materials, seasonality of use in them work force and uneven loading of fixed production assets throughout the year;

A high level of material intensity of manufactured products, which requires taking into account the influence of the economic mechanism on the level of use of raw materials and other material resources, economic incentives to improve the quality of agricultural raw materials and final food products;

The specific nature of production in a number of industries, which is manifested in significant volumes of production of products that quickly deteriorate and require short periods of storage and sale;

The material and technical base of the food industry, which makes it necessary to saturate it with modern equipment, progressive technologies as an important prerequisite for the intensification of management at the enterprises of the industry;

The focus of production on the direct consumer, which makes the food industry the most susceptible to the introduction of market relations that affect the organizational structure;

The need to introduce new food products with overcoming various organizational barriers that arise in the process of differentiation and diversification of the industry;

The high qualification skills and abilities required of workers who, due to the small number of vocational educational institutions that train modern workers for food industry enterprises, have to be trained at enterprises, .

Consider the food industry in each industry.

The bakery industry is one of the leading branches of the food industry. More than 18 thousand bakeries operate in this industry (including 1.5 thousand large ones), among which more than 50% are small bakeries.

One of the features of the baking industry is the concentration of production capacities at large enterprises and, at the same time, the presence of a large number of small enterprises of various forms of ownership. The industry is represented by both newcomers - private bakeries, and former state-owned bakeries, which were corporatized during privatization.

In Russia, the bulk of bread production is concentrated in large enterprises. More than 80% of all bakery products are produced here. Bakery enterprises of relatively small capacity (3500 thousand tons of products per year), which are called mini-bakeries, have become widespread, the number of which is 10 thousand.

Small businesses have adapted to the demands of the market and occupy their segment by developing a wider range of products and finding enterprises within walking distance from the buyer.

In the last decade, 200 bakeries out of 1500 have ceased to exist, many dozens of bakeries have reduced bread production by several times. The production of bakery products, according to official statistics, has been declining in recent years: in 2000, 9.1 million tons of products were produced, in 2003 - 7.8 million tons.

In 2004-2005 there is, although insignificant, but an increase in production volumes (8.1 million tons and 8.4 million tons, respectively). However, in 2008, the analyzed indicator fell again to 7.5 million tons. Despite the decline in production volumes, the population's need for them was fully satisfied.

As for meat processing enterprises, they continue to operate in conditions of an acute shortage of the main production resource - domestic raw materials of animal origin. However, the macroeconomic indicators of the meat industry retain a positive trend - since 2001, the production volumes of the main types of meat products have been growing. So in 2008, 2016.9 thousand tons of poultry meat were produced (11.6% more than in 2007), pork - 501.7 thousand tons (at the level of 2007). At the same time, 280.3 thousand tons of beef were produced, which is 1.4% lower than in 2007.

Enterprises harvest and slaughter livestock, poultry, producing meat, canned meat, sausages, semi-finished products (cutlets, dumplings). Along with the production of food products, dry animal feed, valuable medical preparations (insulin, heparin), as well as glues, gelatin and feather-down products are produced.

The dairy industry is a branch of the food industry that combines enterprises for the production of various dairy products from milk. The industry includes enterprises for the production of animal butter, whole milk products, canned milk, powdered milk, cheese, cheese, ice cream, casein and other dairy products.

The production of dairy products in Russia is stagnating due to the lack of raw materials caused by the still difficult situation in the country's livestock complex, a significant reduction in the number of dairy herds and, consequently, a decrease in gross milk yield in farms of all categories. Over the past 5 years, the production of raw materials (milk) in farms of all categories has practically not grown and is kept at the level of 32 million tons.

As of 2008, due to the shortage of domestic raw materials, the average annual capacities of enterprises are used by less than half: for the production of animal butter - by 30.8%, dry whole milk - by 40.5%, skimmed milk powder - by 48%, canned food dairy - by 50.4%. This indicates significant potential for the industrial processing of raw materials (milk), increasing the production of dairy products in a wide range.

Modern dairy plants or factories carry out complex processing of raw materials, produce a wide range of products, are equipped with mechanized and automated lines for bottling products into bottles, bags and other types of containers, pasteurizers and coolers, separators, evaporators, cheese makers, automatic packaging machines.

It is noteworthy that at present, mini-factories for the production of milk and fermented milk products. Such factories can be placed on the territory of a small settlement, military camp or farm. Such mini-workshops are produced at the factory, completely ready for work. The leaders among various milk processing workshops are KOLAKS mini-productions, which is confirmed by various awards received by the developers and manufacturers of these mini-factories.

Thus, at present, farmers can compete with monopoly plants in their region, since such mini-production requires significantly lower costs compared to a large plant. This is due to the cost of transporting raw materials, and the wages of workers. In addition, farmers have the opportunity to process their own raw materials without the participation of intermediaries.

2010 was a landmark year for the Russian milk processing market. The two largest players were taken over by international corporations: the French holding Danone took over Unimilk, and the American company PepsiCo acquired Wimm-Bill-Dann,.

The oil and fat industry of Russia combines a complex of industries interconnected by the commonality of the feedstock and the sequence of stages of its processing. Different groups of industries are also characterized by the general purpose of the products they produce.

Oil and fat products (vegetable oil, margarine, mayonnaise) are produced by 76 large enterprises (including 52 oil plants) and 1,300 small workshops and enterprises of various forms of ownership. Over the past 5 years, according to Rosstat, the capacity of enterprises for the processing of oilseeds has increased from 4.39 to 7.97 million tons (1.8 times).

New large processing enterprises have been built. Corporation "ASTON" has put into operation the oil extraction plant LLC "ASTON" for the processing of sunflower seeds. Sodruzhestvo Group of Companies has launched a soybean processing plant in the Kaliningrad region. In addition, small enterprises are being built to meet the needs of the local population in some regions of the country in oil and fat products.

At present, the main manufacturers vegetable oils: Yug Rusi agricultural holding, whose enterprises are located in the main oilseed production regions. Thus, one of the factories of the agricultural holding OOO Zolotaya Semechka is the largest in Russia in the production of vegetable oils. The plant's capacity is 3000 tons of oilseeds processing per day, or 1 million 100 thousand tons per year.

Processing of fruit and vegetable products in the Russian Federation began to revive after the 1998 crisis: juices, compotes, jams, canned vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruits made in Russia are regaining their lost positions,.

The main share (85%) of fruit and vegetable products continues to be produced by specialized large and medium-sized enterprises.

The share of Russian producers in the canned fruit and vegetable market is about 10%. The main ketchup producers on the Russian market are Baltimore, Petrosoyuz, and Unilever. Today, the largest enterprises producing crispy potatoes include Frito Lay Manufacturing LLC (Moscow Region), Russian Product OJSC (Moscow), R.S.K. (Moscow region) and JSC "Pishchekombinat Vologda".

The main difficulties for enterprises are the low quality of agricultural raw materials, the lack of cash working capital necessary to ensure uninterrupted production, low level of equipment with modern types technological equipment. The problem of selling canned fruits and vegetables is acute.

The confectionery industry is an industry that produces high-calorie foods, which, as a rule, contain a large amount of sugar. The sector of production of chocolate and chocolate products remains the most dynamically developing in the industry. The Russian market of chocolate products is highly concentrated.

Almost all-Russian sales of chocolate products are accounted for by 6 large giants. These are the international giants of the confectionery industry: Nestle (in Russia it owns the Samara confectionery factory Rossiya, the Kama confectionery factory in Perm and the Altai confectionery factory in Barnaul), Kraft Foods (owns the Pokrov confectionery factory, Vladimirovskaya Oblast) and Mars (USA), Cadbury, the United Confectioners holding, which includes the largest domestic chocolate producers - Rot Front OJSC, Krasny Oktyabr IFF OJSC, the Babaevsky concern and the SladCo confectionery association, consisting of JSC "SladKo" (Yekaterinburg) and JSC "Confectionery factory "Volzhanka" (Ulyanovsk).

SladCo is one of the largest manufacturers of confectionery products in Russia, one of the ten leaders in the confectionery industry and produces all major types of confectionery products - chocolate, sweets, caramel, cookies, waffles.

In recent years, a number of new enterprises and workshops have been organized. The number of specialized enterprises has increased. There are about 200 of them, more than half of which are small (with a capacity of up to 5 thousand tons per year). At the same time, there is a growing number of enterprises with a capacity of over 20 thousand tons, where the capacity utilization factor is significantly higher than the industry average (about 70%).

The enterprises of the confectionery industry control approximately 87% of consumer market. In general, at present, the country's confectionery industry can be characterized as a successfully functioning link in the agro-industrial complex. There are 1,500 specialized and other food enterprises, producing confectionery products with a total average annual production capacity of 3.3 million tons, .

Over the past ten years, the Russian brewing industry has gone from one of the backward branches of the food industry to an efficient sector of the Russian agro-industrial complex.

Among the important trends in the industry is the desire to consolidate the brewing market through large-scale mergers. The main reasons for this are a noticeable increase in prices for the main raw materials (malting barley, malt and hops), as well as packaging materials.

As a result of consolidation, 6 large companies control 90% of the Russian beer market. These are Baltika (38%), SanInbev (19%), Heineken (14%), Efes (10%), Sab Miller (5%), Ochakovo (4%) companies.

OJSC Baltika Brewing Company is the largest Russian brewing company, the leader of the Russian beer market with a share of more than 42%.

The Baltika brand is one of two Russian brands (along with Lukoil) included in the list of 100 largest world brands. trademarks, compiled in April 2007 by the British newspaper Financial Times.

In recent years, there has been significant progress in providing the industry with domestically produced malt. Malt production increased from 490 thousand tons (2000) to 1.4 million tons in 2008, that is, it increased almost 3 times. The main contribution to this achievement was made by brewing companies, which built and commissioned malt plants. These are Baltika, Ochakovo, Efes companies. In addition, the Russian Malt company built and put into operation malting plants in the Moscow region (Voronovo village), Voronezh region (Elevatorny village), and Oryol region (Znamenka village) with a production capacity of 100 thousand tons per year of malt each. All built malting plants are equipped with high-performance equipment, modern malt production technologies have been introduced.

The production of soft drinks and mineral waters continues to develop at a fairly high pace. The production of soft drinks in 2008 amounted to 601.8 million decalitres, or 100.6% of the production in 2007, mineral water - 8005.8 million half liters, or 110.2% of the 2007 volume.

The main producers of soft drinks and mineral waters in Russia, along with the world leaders Coca-Cola and PepsiCo: OST-AQUA CJSC, Megapak LLC, PK Master LLC, Borodino CJSC of the Moscow Region, Moscow Beer - Non-Alcoholic Plant " Ochakovo".

Currently in Russia there is a consolidation of the industry, which is associated with an increase in the market share of its participants. main role transnational corporations Danone, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle and some major Russian producers of dairy products and juices - Wimm-Bill-Dann play here.

In the face of fierce competition Russian manufacturers soft drinks (including mineral waters), much attention is paid to improving the quality of products and improving the design of the design.

Food industry - a set of enterprises engaged in the production of raw materials, materials and products aimed at meeting the nutritional needs of the population. The agro-industrial complex is a complex conglomerate of enterprises and organizations whose goal is to produce, process and bring products to final condition. The productivity and degree of development of agriculture has a direct impact on the quality and productivity of various branches of the food industry.

The main elements of the food industry in Russia

The priority direction in the country is animal husbandry. This industry provides about 65% of valuable raw materials, from which all kinds of food products are subsequently made.

There are two main areas:

1. Meat and dairy segment;
2. Dairy farming.

The climate and forage base are acceptable only in the European part of the state, where the main centers of production are concentrated. Almost 70% of all raw meat is replenished by pig breeding. Pork is an expensive product, but it is always of excellent quality and is in demand among consumers.

Branches of the food industry in Russia

Production facilities depend on the raw material base and consumer factors. There are three main areas in the country's food industry:

1. Enterprises of the dairy sector, starch, molasses, sugar, canned food of plant origin gravitate to the sources of raw materials. For example, in the south there is a large ASTON concert, where butter is produced. Sugar is actively produced in the Kavkazsky region;
2. The objects of bakery production are located throughout the country relatively evenly. Binding is carried out according to the consumer principle;
3. Flour mills are located only near the places where raw materials are mined. The same way the situation with the meat and fish industry.

Development of food industries

AT pre-revolutionary Russia the first enterprises were formed for the subsequent development of the food industry. The flour-grinding, sugar, oil-pressing, alcohol and liquor production lines were considered the most developed. All segments developed quite actively.

The first blow to the economy came during the First World War. At that time, the productivity of all spheres fell by 3-5 times. It took several decades for all industries to fully recover. Collective farms and agricultural cooperatives were formed to produce high-quality raw materials.

During Patriotic War the food industry fell into decline again. However, in the postwar period Agriculture and the prerogative industries were among the first to recover. The country grew and developed rapidly. The food industry could hardly meet the needs of the population. The growing mismanagement and incorrect distribution of resources led to the fact that by the beginning of the 90s the national economy was losing up to 40% of finished products and raw materials.

Light and food industry of the countries of the world

The food and flavor industries are complex in their structure. Currently, several major groups have formed around the world. Basic industries that offer products for further processing (flour, sugar, dairy, fish, meat) are presented in the form of agricultural formations, places for slaughtering livestock and catching fish. Such products can either go immediately to the market or be transported to more complex technological processes enterprises.

In the food and flavor industries around the world, powerful concerns have developed that produce high-quality products with a name. For example, Nestle, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others.

Each corporation owns a huge number of enterprises scattered around the world. Each country forms a complex of enterprises in the industrial sector according to the characteristics of its economy, the country's potential, climate and various resources.

To date, the countries with the most advanced food industry are: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, Chile, China. Separately, it is worth mentioning countries that are engaged in the sale of exotic goods (tea, tobacco, pearls, exotic varieties of fish, seafood, fruits, dried fruits, vegetables). The most famous of them: Uganda, India, China, Japan, Iceland, Thailand, Tanzania, Peru, Mozambique.

It is worth mentioning the fact that production in these countries is built on rather primitive principles. Most of the products are created at the base production facilities, and then transported to the regions where there is the highest demand for this type of goods.