INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
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Civil War. These are unforgettable pages of our past, when there was a clash of different political forces, social groups, individuals. It was not about which of the opposing forces would be the winner, but which one would be defeated, but their very physical existence. Hence the special sharpness and cruelty of the struggle. The tragic consequences of this war were the split of society into “us” and “them”, the depreciation of human life, the collapse National economy. Regardless of who won, the main victim of the Civil War was the people. A civil war, unlike ordinary interstate wars, does not have clear boundaries; it is impossible to draw a front line in it. In the Civil War, class relations come to the fore, pushing aside all the rest. Universal human values, such as mercy, tolerance, humanism, are relegated to the background, giving way to the principle “He who is not with us is against us”. During the period of the Civil War, the struggle takes on the most extreme forms, bringing with it mass terror, irreconcilable malice and bitterness of people. It is no coincidence that Russia lost 11.5 million of its citizens in it.
Lesson type: lesson of analysis and synthesis.
Lesson form: practical lesson.
Technology: pedagogical workshop.
Goals:
Equipment:
Preliminary work:
The class is divided into six groups of 4 people. The division into groups was carried out taking into account the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of each student. The division into groups involves the joint implementation of problematic tasks, the development of collective solutions, the cultivation of self-respect for each other. Prepared packages with documents, multimedia presentation.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Inductor. In order for the participants of the workshop to get used to the historical situation and deeply feel the tragedy of the civil war, the word “fate” was chosen as an inductor. Students are offered cards on which the main social groups population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century ( Attachment 1 ). So, at the beginning of the workshop, participants randomly choose a card with their “fate”.
2. Creative task. In the course of the analysis of documents, it is proposed to draw up a socio-economic portrait of their estate or class, to describe how the category of people in question could live on their annual income.
3. Work with materials. Students work with materials “Annual Income of Different Populations” ( Appendix 2 ), “Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897.” ( Annex 3 ), “Lifestyle and manners different groups population” ( Appendix 4 ). The materials are given to the groups according to the categories of the population they represent.
4. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.
5. Intermediate reflection. Determination of the main result of the presented results of the work: was social life polarized in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
6. Gap. Students are invited to listen to a historical retrospective offered by the teacher:
1914 - Russia enters the first world war;
1915 - 1917 - national crisis
1917 - February bourgeois - democratic revolution;
October 1917 - the proletarian revolution, as a result of which the Bolsheviks came to power.
The teacher's story is accompanied by a multimedia presentation of historical events. The students are given a problem task: in what conditions do the participants of the workshop find themselves now, continuing to “live” the chosen fate.
7. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials “Events of the Soviet Power” ( Appendix 5 ).
8. Socialization. Students in groups offer their own answers and determine their attitude to the new government - the power of the Bolsheviks
9. Appeal to new information. Students are invited to analyze the programs of the "white", "red" and "green" movement. ( Appendix 6 ). What movement will be supported by this or that social category of the population (put a flag of your color on the table).
10. Socialization. Students explain why they supported a particular movement.
11. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials on how each side defended its interests ( Annex 7 ).
12. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.
13. General reflection. What is the tragedy of the Civil War?
M. Tsvetaeva.
All lie side by side
Don't break the line.
Look: soldier
Where is yours, where is someone else's
White was - became red:
Blood stained.
Was red - became white:
Death whitened.
14. Homework. Prepare oral reports about the participants in the Civil War.
Attachment 1.
The main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century:
Appendix 2
Annual income of different population groups
Prices in Russia before 1914
Appendix 3
Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897
Appendix 4
Way of life and mores of different groups of the population
Working class: 11, 5 - an hour working day, fines were taken away up to half of the workers' earnings, a high degree of exploitation - the capitalists took 78 kopecks from each ruble as profit. Spending in favor of workers (hospitals, schools, insurance) accounted for 0.6% of the current expenses of entrepreneurs. Families of workers lived in apartments of a bed-and-cabin type. Closet - part of the room, separated by wooden partitions.
Bourgeoisie: among the Russian capitalists, small and medium-sized ones prevailed, the bourgeoisie was divided into two categories - Moscow (those from the merchant environment) and St. Petersburg (those from the bureaucracy). Entrepreneurs sought to squeeze out the maximum income, using rude methods of competition, such as boycott, pressure, extortion from the population. The government extradited the industrialists at the beginning of 1905. Illegal loans for 63 million rubles, written off debts for 33 million rubles.
Landlords: the basis of wealth was land ownership, a profitable article was given by entrepreneurship, noble communities were further developed, the privilege of the nobility was preserved - they enjoyed an advantage in being appointed to public service, were not subjected to corporal punishment, and were sued with equals.
Middle peasants:“strong” peasants - owned up to 20 acres of land, gave 20% of marketable bread, as a rule, fellow villagers did not use hired labor, with the exception of seasonal work.
Fists: rural bourgeoisie, rich peasants who had 40-50 acres of land each, gave 30% of marketable bread, hired impoverished fellow villagers.
Laborers, peasants(one horse, one cow), horseless peasants: had 8 acres of land with a “subsistence minimum” of 15 acres, the ruin of peasant farms, going to work in cities or to richer fellow villagers.
Appendix 5
The first measures of the Soviet power:
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Analysis of terrorist actions in the Civil War.
From the newspaper “On the Way”, October 7, 1918: “The following telegram was received from the headquarters of the brigade N ... (Southern Front): “I report that the delegates of the N regiment found abandoned, covered with straw, killed Red Guards in the amount of 31 people. It is impossible to identify the identity of those killed, because the corpses are completely mutilated: almost all of them have their heads pierced, their eyes gouged out, their ears cut off.”
From the order of the Governor of the Yenisei and part of the Irkutsk province S.N. Rozanova, March 27, 1919:
"one. When occupying villages previously captured by robbers, demand the extradition of their leaders and leaders; if this does not happen, shoot the tenth.
2. Villages, the population of which will meet government troops with weapons, burn; to shoot the adult male population without exception; seize property for the benefit of the treasury.
3. For the voluntary supply of robbers, not only weapons, but also food, clothing and other guilty villages will be burned, and property will be collected in favor of the treasury.
4. Take hostages among the population, in case of actions of fellow villagers directed against government troops, shoot the hostages mercilessly.”
V.V. Shulgin An excerpt from the memoirs “1920”:
Reds are robbers, murderers, rapists. They are inhuman, they are cruel. For them there is nothing sacred, they rejected the traditions, the commandments of the Lord. They despise the Russian people. They kill, they torture. This means that the whites who are at war with the reds precisely because they are completely different reds ... Plundering is an indelible shame for them.
Whites only kill in combat. Who pinned the wounded, who shot the prisoner - he is deprived of honor.
Whites have a god in their hearts.
Whites only want to be strong in order to be kind... Are these people? It's almost holy...
“Almost saints” and started this white deed ... But what came of it? My God!
I saw how the venerable regimental father in large galoshes and with an umbrella in his hands, bogged down in the mud, ran around the village after the robbing soldiers. Chickens, ducks and white geese scattered in all directions, “white” soldiers ran after them, behind the soldiers a priest with a white beard.
In one hut, a “commissar” was hung up by the arms… A fire was laid out under him and slowly roasted… a man, and all around a drunken gang of “monarchists” howled “God save the Tsar”.
From the novel by A. Tolstoy "Walking through the torments":
On September 5, the Moscow and Petrograd newspapers came out with the ominous headline: "The Red Terror."
“It is instructed all Soviets to immediately arrest the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, representatives of the big bourgeoisie and officers, and hold them as hostages. If you try to raise an uprising - immediately apply mass execution unconditionally. We need to immediately and forever secure our rear from the White Guard bastards. Not the slightest delay in the application of mass terror.”
The civil war, in my opinion, is the most cruel and bloody war, because sometimes close people fight in it, who once lived in one whole, united country, who believed in one God and adhered to the same ideals. How does it happen that relatives get up on different sides barricades and how such wars end, we can trace on the pages of the novel - the epic of M. A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don».
In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were reliable support Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And before the people there was a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - red, promising equality in everything, but denying faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, main character novel, previously opposed to bloodshed, he easily decides the fate of others. Of course, the first murder of a person strikes him deeply and painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but war makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.
In my opinion, main reason Sholokhov sees the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, in the drama of the transition from the old, centuries-old way of life, to a new way of life. Two worlds are colliding: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.
A civil battle, in my opinion, is the most cruel and bloody battle, because sometimes close people fight in it, who once lived in one whole, united country, who believed in one God and adhered to the same ideals. How does it happen that relatives stand on opposite sides of the barricades and how such wars end, we can trace on the pages of the novel - the epic of M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don".
In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And before the people there was a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - red, promising equality in everything, but denying faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov announces, "in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father." Even Grigory Melekhov, the main character of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a person hits him hard and painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but the battle makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, moreover women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it really "for the need of the rich are driven to death"? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this battle is becoming meaningless, because one cannot fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.
In my opinion, the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, Sholokhov sees in the drama of the transition from the old, centuries-old way of life, to a new way of life. Two worlds collide: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.
The civil war, in my opinion, is the most cruel and bloody war, because sometimes close people fight in it, who once lived in one whole, united country, who believed in one God and adhered to the same ideals. How does it happen that relatives stand on opposite sides of the barricades and how such wars end, we can trace on the pages of the novel - the epic of M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don".
In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And people faced a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - the Reds, who promise equality in everything, but deny faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a person strikes him deeply and painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but war makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.
In my opinion, the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, Sholokhov sees in the drama of the transition from the old, centuries-old way of life, to a new way of life. Two worlds are colliding: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.
GENERAL EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
Study the texts and determine what images of "reds" and "whites" are present in the mass consciousness of the descendants - participants in the Civil War in Russia.
In the mass consciousness of the descendants - participants in the Civil War in Russia, there are opposite images of the "Reds" and "Whites": the Reds are good, brave, honest heroes, and the Whites are insidious, cruel, stupid people. And exactly the opposite: whites are noble, honest heroes, and reds are negative, rude, cruel.
In what ways do you think they contradict each other? What question might arise from this contradiction?
Who are the heroes in the Civil War?
Formulate your own version of the educational problem, and then compare it with the author's.
Who is right in the Civil War
REPEATING THE REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
Explain the meaning of the term Civil War.
A civil war is a large-scale armed confrontation between organized groups within a state or, more rarely, between nations that were part of a previously unified united state. The goal of the parties, as a rule, is to seize power in the country or in a separate region.
Signs of civil war are the involvement of the civilian population and the significant losses caused by this.
Ways of waging civil wars often differ from traditional ones. Along with the use of regular troops by the warring parties, the partisan movement, as well as various spontaneous uprisings of the population, and the like, are becoming widespread.
Remember in the history of which countries there were civil wars (10th grade).
Civil wars happened in the history of the USA, Italy, Spain.
What are the events of the revolution of 1917-1918. led Russia to the Civil War?
The events of the revolution of 1917-1918 led Russia to the Civil War:
dispersal of the Constituent Assembly,
The signing of the Brest peace with Germany,
The activities of the Bolshevik food detachments and commanders in the countryside (confiscation of bread from wealthy peasants)
Decree on land that caused the economic crisis
Prohibition of free trade in bread
Analyze the composition of the opposing forces.
Make a conclusion: on whose side was the truth in the Civil War?
Three opposing forces:
Reds, Bolsheviks ( most of workers, the poorest peasantry, part of the intelligentsia);
- "democratic counter-revolution", Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, anarchists (part of the workers, the middle peasantry);
Whites, KaDets and monarchists (Cossacks, former landowners, capitalists, officials, officers, a significant part of the intelligentsia)
Conclusion: in the Civil War it is difficult to determine the right. The "whites" defended the rule of law and statehood, the "reds" fought for something new, for changes, but with dictatorial, violent methods.
The White movement began to take shape at the beginning of 1918, when generals M. Alekseev, L. Kornilov and A. Kaledin gathered volunteer units in Novocherkassk. The volunteer army was headed by General A. Denikin. In the east of the country, Admiral A. Kolchak became the leader of the Whites, in the north-west - General N. Yudenich, in the south - A. Denikin, in the north - E. Miller. The white generals failed to connect the fronts.
The Whites, like the Reds, used the peasantry for constant requisitions - the armies had to be fed. This angered the peasants.
Analyze the text and draw a conclusion on the problem of the lesson "Which side was the truth in the Civil War?"
In the Civil War, whites fought for legal order and the preservation of a country with a thousand-year history. The Reds are for the idea of building a new, just socialist society. "Greens" (peasant detachments) - for the right to live on their own land, without paying taxes to anyone and without state intervention. The share of guilt of each party, any citizen of Russia must determine for himself. Only the desire not to repeat the tragedy of the Civil War, to avoid violence and learn to negotiate with each other can unite us in this matter.
Moscow: Left Socialist-Revolutionary rebellion suppressed - the formation of a one-party Bolshevik dictatorship in Soviet Russia.
Highlight 3-4 main events that, on the one hand, predetermined the victory of the Reds, and on the other, the defeat of their opponents
Armed suppression of opponents of Soviet power by the Bolshevik-Left SR detachments of the Red Guard. Education anti-bolshevik governments in Ukraine, the Don, in the Transcaucasus and other outskirts of the former empire.
Soviet Russia: the announcement of the "Red Terror" (September 5, 1918) - the taking of hostages from the "former propertied strata" and their execution for each attempt on Soviet leaders. Formation of the Republican Revolutionary Military Council headed by L.D. Trotsky (a supporter of strengthening discipline by executions for desertion), the abolition of the election of commanders, the involvement of military experts - former tsarist officers, control of the army through communist commissars.
Moscow: 10th Congress of the RCP (b) (March 1920): rejection of "war communism" (surplus appraisal, prohibition of trade) and transition to the NEP (tax in kind, freedom of trade), but confirmation of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by the Communist Party.
PROFILE MATERIAL
Complete your solution to the problem of the general educational level by considering it in a new aspect: "Why did the Reds win the Civil War?"
Conduct a critical analysis of the sources and draw a conclusion on the problem of the lesson "Why did the Reds win the Civil War?"
The Reds won the Civil War because their actions were clearly organized, centralized, and tough. In addition, they announced the transition to a new economic policy than attracted the peasants to their side. The Whites did not have such centralization, on the contrary, the commanders of their troops competed with each other and they acted more cruelly than the Reds, restoring the pre-revolutionary order.
Conduct text analysis. What reasons for the victory of the Reds are highlighted in each of them?
Each of these texts gives similar reasons:
Unity and centralization of the Bolsheviks
Attracting military specialists of the tsarist army to the side of the Bolsheviks
Make a conclusion on the problem of the lesson "Why did the Reds win the Civil War?"
The Reds won the Civil War because their actions were clearly organized, centralized, and tough. In addition, they announced the transition to a new economic policy, which attracted the peasants to their side. The Whites did not have such centralization, on the contrary, the commanders of their troops competed with each other and they acted more cruelly than the Reds, restoring the pre-revolutionary order.